Principle of Tripod Warning Sign
The reflective part in the warning sign is made by using the retro-reflective principle of high-refractive-index glass beads and the micro-diamond-shaped reflective principle of the reflective crystal lattice, and is made by advanced processing after focusing. It can reflect the distant direct light back to the light-emitting place, and has good retroreflective optical performance no matter in day or night. Especially at night, it can display the same high visibility as during the day. Warning signs made of this high-visibility reflective material can be easily spotted by night drivers no matter if the user is in a remote place or under the interference of light or scattered light. The emergence of reflective materials successfully solved the night driving problem of "seeing" and "being seen".


The study of molecular lights, also known as luminescence, is a fascinating area of science that involves the study of light emission from molecules. This phenomenon is employed in a wide range of applications, from the production of OLED displays to the development of new sensors and optical probes. In this article, we will explore the science behind molecular lights, the applications of this technology, and some of the fascinating research taking place in this field.
The Science of Molecular Lights
At its simplest, luminescence is the emission of light by a molecule. This process occurs when energy is absorbed by the molecule, causing it to become excited. As the molecule returns to its ground state, it may release the excess energy as light. The energy of the light emitted depends on the specific electronic transitions that take place within the molecule during the luminescence process.
There are a number of different types of luminescence, including fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence. In fluorescence, the excited state is relatively short-lived, meaning that light emission occurs quickly after excitation. In phosphorescence, the excited state is longer-lived, meaning that light emission occurs over a longer period of time. Chemiluminescence, on the other hand, is the result of a chemical reaction, and often results in the emission of light without any external energy source.
One of the key factors that determines the efficiency of luminescence is the ability of the molecule to efficiently convert the absorbed energy into light emission. In particular, the efficiency of the process depends on the quantum yield, which is the ratio of photons emitted to photons absorbed. Understanding and controlling this process is essential for developing new applications of luminescence, such as in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Applications of Molecular Lights
Molecular lights have a wide range of applications, encompassing everything from lighting and displays to biomedical imaging and sensing. One of the most well-known applications of luminescence is in OLED displays, where organic molecules are used to emit light. These displays are increasingly used in TV screens, smartphones, and other electronic devices.
Another area where molecular lights are important is in biomedical research. Luminescence can be used to image living cells and tissues, providing insights into cellular processes and disease mechanisms. For example, researchers have developed luminescent nanoparticles that can be used as imaging probes to highlight cancer cells or detect bacterial infections.
Molecular lights are also important in sensing and detection. For example, chemiluminescence is used in forensic analysis, where it can help to identify traces of blood or other substances. Luminescent materials can also be used for gas sensing or as optical probes to detect changes in pH or ionic strength.
Research in Molecular Lights
There is ongoing research into new materials for molecular lights, as well as into the development of new applications for these materials. For example, researchers are exploring the use of quantum dots, which are nano-sized particles that exhibit luminescence. These materials have potential applications in everything from displays to solar cells.
There is also research taking place into the use of molecular lights for sensing applications. For example, researchers are developing new luminescent probes that can detect changes in temperature or pressure, as well as new materials that can selectively bind to particular molecules, such as DNA or proteins.


AHEAD is a 3D AR HUD (head-up display) developed by NAVER LABS. It is an HUD unlike any other, displaying information such as automotive navigation, forward collision warning (FCW) and lane departure warning (LDW) on the windshield optically and seamlessly.
Existing HUDs can disrupt drivers’ concentration as the principal focus of what is displayed and what actually appears on the road differ. When focusing on the HUD information image, the road appears blurry, and vice versa. To tackle this problem, AHEAD applied 3D optical technology to provide information in convergence with the road for all ranges of drivers’ field of view, both near and far.
Early this year, AHEAD drew much attention by being awarded at the CES 2019 Innovation Awards. As announced at the time, AHEAD has been promoting a development project to link localization technology of NAVER LABS with advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) using data from HD maps. The result of this project was verified through an actual test drive demonstration.
AHEAD, self-developed by the NAVER LABS Autonomous Driving Team, provides driver-assistance information, such as lane-level navigation, guidance and warning, and functions for safe driving, such as FCW and LDW, based on localization results using HD maps of roads.
Roads are very special, and at the same time, ordinary. In order to parse the nuances of such discrepancy and gain a better understanding of roads for the future of road spaces, NAVER LABS is continuing and furthering its research on a wide range of technologies.


These glasses apart for their lovely design offer photochromic lenses that are light-adaptive depending on the outdoor light, basically darkening automatically when exposed to sunlight.
Their polarized lenses offer great advantages when it comes to decreasing eye strain and discomfort in bright sunlight.
They also reduce reflections from water for example, significantly improving your ability to see objects below the surface of a lake, stream or the ocean (a great benefit for both fishing and boating).
Even when the lens color lightens our sunglasses still filter out 100% of all UV and 99% of reflected glare.
These polarized sunglasses with photochromic lenses are a great choice for anyone who is frequently in and out of the sun on any given day.


Lumenpulse AlphaLED is a leading specification-grade LED lighting solutions manufacturer. Established via Lumenpulse’s acquisition of AlphaLED in 2014, Lumenpulse AlphaLED offers a range of sustainable, high-performance LED luminaires for retail, commercial and architectural applications.
AlphaLED was the first LED manufacturer in the UK to offer a 5-year warranty, guaranteeing the quantity and quality of light. The company quickly earned a reputation for durable, high-performance products with prestigious projects around the world.
Founded in 2006, Lumenpulse has since established itself as an LED leader, with innovative technology and strong industrial design. The company has 437 employees, with offices in Montreal, Québec City, Boston, Paris, London and Manchester.
Image: Lumenpulse AlphaLED – Night of Heritage Light at Liverpool Docks


Around 1000AD, the first vision aid was invented, called a reading stone, which was a glass sphere that was laid on top of the material to be read that magnified the letters.
Around 1284 in Italy, Salvino D’Armate is credited with inventing the first wearable eye glasses. The ingenious American inventor Benjamin Franklin invented bifocal spectacles in 1784. he was getting old, and was having trouble seeing objects both close up and at a distance. He grew so tired of switching two different pairs of spectacles, so he devised a way to have both type of lenses fit into a single frame. The distance lens was placed at the top, and the up-close lens was placed at the bottom. Bifocal spectacles are made this way even today.
The oldest known lens was found in the ruins of ancient Nineveh, and was made of polished rock crystal, 4 cm in diameter.
Around the year 1752, eyeglass designer James Ayscough introduced his spectacles with double-hinged side pieces. The lenses were made of tinted glass as well as clear. Ayscough felt that white glass created an offensive glaring light that was bad to the eyes. He advised the use of green and blue glasses. Ayscough glasses were the first sunglass like eye-glasses, but they were not made to shield the eyes from the sun, they corrected for vision problems.
Edwin H. Land invented a cellophane-like polarizing filter (patented in 1929), the first modern filters to polarize light. Polarizing celluloid became the critical element in polarizing sunglass lenses; it is a process that reduces light.


Inflect Lighting 31.5" Curved Optic Lenses LED Light Bar 18000 Lumens
The Inflect 31.5" light bar is a great option for a bright alternative to your stock headlight. Made with Osram 3W chips you can count on a high quality, bright, long lasting light. The optic lens provides a clean, crisp light source that will light the pavement for safe driving.
- Size: 31.5"
- Lumens: 18000
- Operating Voltage: DC10~30V
- Waterproof: IP67
- Osram 3W Chips
- Color Temperature: 6000K
- Lifespan: Above 50000 hours
- Material: Diecast aluminum housing
- Mounting Bracket: Stainless Steel bracket
- Lens material: PC
- Inflect Lighting Optic Lenses
*Wiring harness included


Available in two color temperatures (2700K and 4000K), 0.33W LED light sources form a pleasing grid pattern while providing bright, even illumination.
• Brushed Aluminium Anodized finish
• A specially designed prismatic acrylic diffuser prevents glare
• Multiple rows of LED light sources form a pleasing decorative pattern while providing bright, even illumination
• High-efficient light source – LED efficacy of 126 lumens per watt (4000K)
• Instant on/off; dimmable with TRIAC dimmer (120V-50/60Hz AC)


Lens Filter Wrench
Makes removal of the stock DJI Lens easy
Will not damage the lens
Will not harm the aluminum housing
I tried to muscle the lens off my Phantom 3, with absolutely no luck. And I have strong hands. I knew there had to be a better way, so I designed a wrench that would fit the DJI lens and get a good grip on it without harming it and provide the leverage needed to loosen the lens.
After removing the lens and seeing how thin the aluminum is around the lens, I believe that trying to remove the lens with your fingers puts stress on the aluminum and causes it to distort and put the threads in a mind. So no matter how hard you twist, it only binds the lens onto the Phantom that much more. The Lens Filter Wrench is designed to put the force onto the edge of the DJI lens, where it is strongest and least likely to warp. With the force applied only to the edge, the lens loosens easily and unscrewing it becomes a snap.


Groundbreaking sCMOS technology in a compact design
The pco.edge 4.2 is is equipped with an innovative scientific CMOS sensor providing crisp images and precise measurements.
The pco.edge series can be optionally upgraded with a water cooling system.
PCO’s edge 4.2 camera system is designed for users who require highest quantum efficiency, best 16 bit dynamic range, high frame rates, long exposure times and extremely low readout noise.
- thermal stabilization at 0°C / +5 °C
- extreme low readout noise of 0.8 e- med
- high resolution of 2048 x 2048 pixel
- dynamic range of 37 500 : 1 (USB) / 33 000: 1 (CL)
- quantum efficiency up to 70%
- exposure times from 100 µs to 20 s
- maximum frame rate 100 fps
- rolling shutter or global reset mode
- lightsheet mode
- camera link full or USB 3.0 interface
- small form factor: 102 x 79 x 70 mm
- optional: water cooling system


Both LED and UV nail lamps emit UV wavelengths and work in the same way. However, UV lamps emit a broader spectrum of wavelengths, while LED lamps produce a narrower, more targeted number of wavelengths.
How can you tell the difference between UV and LED nail lamps?
What is the Difference Between an LED and UV Nail Lamp? Both LED and UV nail curing lamps produce light which cures gel polish. The main difference between the two lamps is the technology within them, the type of bulbs they contain, and the type of light they produce. UV lamps can take longer to cure your gel polish.
Is LED or UV nail lamp safer?
LED lamps have much shorter curing times, but that’s because the UVA rays they emit are much more intense than regular UV lamps or even the sun, Adigun said. They’re so powerful that she didn’t know how they would compare to the UV exposure people get by being outdoors.
Can you dry regular nail polish with a LED light?
UV or LED lamps can’t be used with regular nail polish, and the polish won’t dry any faster if it’s placed under the lamp. When a UV or LED lamp emits UV light, a chemical reaction occurs that causes the polish to dry or cure. UV light causes a polymerization reaction, which hardens and cures the gel polish.
Can I use any LED light for gel nails?
Today, most gel polish brands will cure in LED or UV lamps, but not all of them do. CND Shellac is supposed to only cure in a UV lamp, but some people can get it to cure in an LED lamp. … As long as the gel polish cures in the lamp you have, you should be able to use it.
Why do gel nails hurt under UV light?
The pain or burning that you feel when you place your hand in the uv light, is called “heat transfer“. This is the gel curing which is basically shrinking while it hardens on the natural nail. The UVA light is attracted to the polymers in the gel which harden as the light penetrates them (i.e., curing).
Is a blacklight the same as a UV light?
A blacklight, also referred to as a UV-A light, Wood’s lamp, or ultraviolet light, is a lamp that emits long-wave (UV-A) ultraviolet light and very little visible light.
Is UV LED lamp harmful?
Exposure to UV radiation can cause damage to your skin, especially if you’re exposed over time. For example, it can lead to premature wrinkles, age spots, and even skin cancer. But the FDA views nail curing lamps as low risk when used as directed by the label.
Are LED lamps better than UV?
The main selling point of an LED lamp is the time that can be saved when using it compared to curing by UV lamp. Typically an LED lamp will cure a layer of gel polish in 30 seconds, which is a lot quicker than the 2 mins that it takes a 36w UV lamp to do the same job.
How often can you use UV light for nails?
Most gel devotees could easily reach those 12 visits in just six months. This estimate also relies on meticulous use of the lamps—never exceeding eight minutes total for one full manicure application.
How can I cure my nails without UV light?
Thankfully, there are alternative ways to cure gel polish with less UV exposure. While only an LED lamp can cure your polish as quickly and effectively as a UV light, using a non-UV gel polish, applying a drying agent, or soaking your nails in ice water could work as well.
What happens if you over cured gel nails?
Over-curing a gel is possible. Some gels will discolor when over-cured and some will lose the gloss, while others will do both or neither. So much of this depends on the gel and the curing light. Each manufacturer should be able to assist the nail technician in what issues they may see with over-curing the product.
Do Polygel nails need UV light?
Polygel nails need to be cured, and this can be done using an LED light or a UV lamp. Depending on the brand of Polygel you use, the time it takes to cure will differ slightly, but it should be around 30 seconds under an LED and 2 minutes using a UV lamp. Polygel will not harden unless it is cured.
Can I use my phone flashlight to cure gel nails?
So always opt for a good LED lamp to cure the nails and don’t settle for flashlights. You cannot cure gel nails using a flashlight. Using the appropriate tools for curing the nails ensure that your manicure lasts long and looks great.
Does ice water cure gel nail polish?
Quote from the video:
And then put them right into the ice water it should dry them in three minutes you have to keep them submerged for all three minutes and after that they should be dry. And good to go.
Can you use a hair dryer to dry gel nail polish?
Put the hairdryer down. Heat actually prevents your nail polish from drying, so a quick blast can do more harm than good. Let your nails dry naturally instead.
Can I use a blacklight to cure gel nails?
Though great in many ways, the bad news is LED lamps cannot cure all gel brands, but UV lamps can cure all LED polishes. If you decide to use a UV dryer to cure LED polishes, It may be necessary to decrease the amount of time you cure.
What is Polygel kit?
Quote from the video:
This file is double sided with a 240 grit for natural nails. And a 120 for using on the hardened poly gel.
How do you do Polygel nails without UV light?
Quote from the video:
And then use your color of choice I'm using the shade Dolce Vita and you apply it to the entire nail. And then dip it in the little powder. And then just like tap and shake it off.


Device for measuring three-dimensional objects, in order to create data for digital 3D models, for example for additive manufacturing. Various optical systems are used in the process. One example is laser scanners, in which a laser beam scans the surface of the objects, measures distances, and determines spatial coordinates. This results in a point cloud consisting of numerous individual measurements. A CAD program then models the resulting data into a three-dimensional object. In this way, immovable objects such as buildings or sculptures can also be mapped in 3D printing and can then be printed.


Munich-based Coriant has announced that Brazil-based regional telco services provider Copel Telecom has deployed 200G optical transmission technology from Coriant to scale its own fiber optic backbone network in the State of Paraná.
Powered by Coriant CloudWave Optics, the ultra-high speed service enables Copel Telecom to cost-efficiently meet the growing bandwidth demands of its end-user customers while also improving the low latency performance of end-to-end service connectivity.
The Copel Telecom fiber optic network provides the resilient foundation for an expanding subscriber base of residential high-speed internet services covering more than 81 cities as well as carrier-class corporate services offered in all 399 municipalities in Paraná.
Built upon the Coriant hiT 7300 Multi-Haul Transport Platform, the DWDM infrastructure supports 100G performance even in the most challenging fiber conditions, Coriant said.
Following the recent introduction of its CloudWave Optics capability, Copel Telecom has increased line-side transmission speeds on its hiT 7300-based long haul backbone network to 200G per wavelength, added Coriant. “In addition to increasing reach and spectral efficiency, the programmable interface solution enables Copel Telecom to reduce power, footprint, and cost as the network scales,” it said.
The Coriant service for Copel Telecom includes improvements to the Coriant Transcend Chorus transport network management system, which supports simplified end-to-end service provisioning and advanced network control through software-defined programmability and automation.


Triolight is known worldwide as a manufacturer of innovative LED lighting.
liniLED® is a high-quality flexible LED light strip that allows for an endless range of applications. liniLED® can be applied both indoors and outdoors, as functional or decorative lighting. Our co-extrusion technology with built-in reflection, guarantees an optimal light output. liniLED® is also available in a side-emitting version.
The liniLED® range is complemented with many accessories, such as: mounting profiles, aluminum profiles for diffused light, stair profiles, connection materials, dimmer switches, (RGB) controllers, power supplies, power boxes and casted LED Light lines in stainless steel profiles, etc.
- liniLED® LED Strips
- liniLED® Lines
- liniLED® Spots
- liniLED® Accessories
- liniLED® Custom/OEM
- liniLED® Demo


Lighting. SDMs are usually fitted with lamp situated below a ground glass or opaque plastic stage. The transparency of this stage affects the visibility of fine detail. Heavily opaque stages will scatter light and mask fine detail. Viewing fine detail may seem like a good thing, but not always: If you are trying to clearly see the shape of the valves only, the appearance of unnecessary detail can be distracting (see examples). In addition to the lamp CMs usually have sub-stage condensers with iris diaphragms, which allows greater control over lighting.
Colour balance. The lighting systems on budget microscopes may give a strong orange hue to the final picture. To combat this, use a blue filter between the lamp and stage. Digital users can additionally set the camera’s white balance setting to tungsten, and make final adjustments in programs such as Adobe Photoshop (see examples).
Vingetting (darkening of the edges). This can be caused by microscope’s eye piece or sub-stage lighting. To combat the former, zoom in the camera lens - the effective magnification will increase and image quality may suffer. Sub-stage lighting problems can be reduced by opening the iris diaphragm (if fitted), though this may reduce contrast and render fine detail invisible; and by ensuring that the bulb is fitted centrally and not shifted to one side of its chamber.
Focusing. For digital users, the camera linked to a TV rather than relying on the camera’s monitor will prove very useful. It is usually best to set the camera’s to infinity and set the focus via the microscope’s controls.
Image enhancement (see examples)


Let there be LIGHT!
There is much discussion these days around lighting, from Compact Flourescents (CFLs) to Light-emitting Diodes (LEDs) to whatever is on the horizon.
But, of course the most current discussions surround LEDs, which is mostly what we’ll use for both exterior and interior lighting at the new Pacific Audi dealership.
Believe it or not, LEDs were introduced in 1962. Early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light—often used in digital readouts and to illuminate alarm clocks, coffee makers, traffic lights, billboards and more. But modern versions are available across multiple wavelengths, with very high brightness. More info HERE; you may be surprised at the scope of LEDs present in your day to day life!
- LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including:
- Lower energy consumption / Higher efficiency – LEDs emit more light per watt than incandescent light bulbs, and their efficiency is not affected by shape or size.
- Longer lifetime – LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life; more HERE. Fluorescent tubes typically rate at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on the conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs at 1,000–2,000 hours. (More general Dept. of Energy info HERE.)
- On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly.
- Cycling: LEDs are ideal for frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often.
- Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed.
- Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in the form of infrared that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics.
- Shock resistance: LEDs are difficult to damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, which are fragile.
The showroom, which will have all LED fixtures, includes a light sensor mounted in the South end that will reduce the lighting by 50% when enough natural daylight is present! Wouldn’t that be nice at home? Likewise, in the service area, a light sensor will work in tandem with skylights (natural daylight!) to reduce lighting by 50%. In the showroom and service areas, light sensors will be pre-set to cut lighting by 50% when daylight illuminance levels reach a minimum of 25 footcandles (click on link for fun explanation), as determined by a field measure with a handheld light sensor. People in “individual” workspaces—including task lighting like desk lamp LED fixtures or cabinet mounted LEDs —will access their lighting controls through occupancy sensors.
On the inside of the overall building, lighting will be a mix of LED or flourescent, except spotlighting using metal halide fixtures. All lighting circuits and zones are scheduled, with occupancy sensors and time clock control from a master lighting control panel. This is a smart LEED⎝-credit requirement that highlights individual controllability and limits light pollution.
Finally on the outside, all pole-mounted heads are 180w LED and building-mounted are 68w LED. And all are controlled with photo cell sensors telling them to go “on”, followed by a time clock “off” from a master lighting control panel.
SEE you there!


|Description||KINETIC X2 REAR
A new revolution in lighting
Bringing together the brightness and 180 degree visibility of the Rapid range, the new Kinetic light adds an additional dimension. With a built in sensor which detects the movement of the rider, the beam will automatically change from flash to constant when stopping.
â€¢ 3 modes: Constant / Flashing / Rapid
â€¢ Up to 50 lumen output
â€¢ Fixed beam from pulse when stopping
â€¢ COB LED technology
â€¢ Li-Polymer battery
â€¢ 180 degree visibility
â€¢ Complex circuitry allows safe charge and discharge
â€¢ USB recharge (2 hrs)
â€¢ O-Ring attachment
â€¢ Battery auto save
â€¢ Low battery indicator
As with any product, specification is subject to change without prior notification. You are advised to confirm current specification before buying.


Welfare ！！！Less than $25 is not shipped Please place an order with other products
More than 60 percent of Motorcycle accidents happen at night (DOT). These Anti-Glare Driving Glasses reduce night riding glare and eye strain. Protect yourself with a pair of these glasses!
Great for motorcycles, outdoor activity, etc. Light weight and easy to carry. Protects your eyes from harm. The glasses have rubber padding around the lenses to give you excellent comfort, with vents to prevent fogging. Polycarbonate UV400 lenses which provide the ultimate in protection against the sun's harmful rays.


High-definition (HD) cameras have been used for many years in the fixed surveillance world to help deliver sharper, clearer images, and are particularly useful in identifying fine details. Recently, HD cameras have made in-roads in mobile surveillance applications, and have a number of features that can benefit a school or transit fleet.
With 1280 x720 resolution (three times the resolution of a typical analog camera), HD cameras can deliver a sharper and cleaner picture and allow you to digitally zoom to get a better look at the scene. These HD cameras, specifically designed for mobile environments, use progressive scanning to produce smoother images, reducing motion blur artifacts from moving vehicles. HD cameras have a complete digital signal flow from camera to recorder, reducing the signal noise and improving overall image quality. With these technical benefits, here are 3 specific scenarios where HD bus cameras can be most useful:
1. License plate capture
HD cameras using a telephoto lens can capture the license plates of vehicles illegally passing a stopped school bus. Zeroing in on the license plate using the digital zoom feature produces a higher quality image due to the higher resolution of HD bus camera. The extra sharpness and clarity of the HD cameras make them the ideal solution for capturing license plates of cars illegally passing the bus, even at high speeds.
Vehicles driving in HOV or bus lanes are a problem for public transit buses. A forward-facing HD camera with a wide angle lens can capture the license plates of cars driving in the bus lane in front of the bus. This camera offers a 90 degree field of view, giving an exceptional, wide-angle overview of the scene ahead while capturing license plates of cars in front of the bus.
2. Accident reconstruction
When a bus is involved in a traffic accident, crash investigators often look to video footage to see what took place outside of the bus. Whether it is a minor traffic accident, ora more serious incident involving pedestrians, video footage captured by a forward-facing HD camera provides sharp evidence to reconstruct the accident. A wide-angle view of the scene coupled with vehicle telemetry data, such as braking and signals, can aid in identifying who was at fault. This can help school districts or transit agencies avoid hefty litigation costs or insurance bills.
3. Identify faces more clearly
The higher resolution and cleaner images captured by HD cameras make identifying faces much easier. Obtain the visual evidence needed to determine who is at a bus stop and who boards the bus. Unfortunately, in today’s public transit and even school bus environment, crimes happen. High-quality images can help in the identification of the guilty parties and can be used as evidence for prosecution.
Seon’s stop-arm/windshield HD bus camera has been specifically designed for mobile applications —ideal for these situations where image quality and clarity is vital.
To see the difference HD makes when compared to a typical analog camera, CLICK HERE.


NASA trials validates use of quantum dots for optimised crop growth on space missions
The collaborative research demonstrated a 13 per cent biomass improvement for red romaine lettuce using UbiQD's orange-emitting, luminescent greenhouse product UbiGro, and a 9% increase for a new red-emitting film.
Image source: PR Newswire
UbiQD, Inc., a New Mexico-based advanced materials company, announced that it has published the groundbreaking results of the first phase of its NASA-funded plant trials in the open-access Nature Research journal, "Communications Biology." The study validates the use of quantum dots for optimised crop growth on space missions. The collaborative research and development project with the University of Arizona's Controlled Environment Agriculture Center (UA-CEAC) demonstrated a 13 per cent biomass improvement for red romaine lettuce using UbiQD's orange-emitting, luminescent greenhouse product UbiGro, and a 9 per cent increase for a new red-emitting film.
The plant trial was designed to maintain all growth parameters except spectrum and showed improved photosynthetic efficiency under the film treatments compared to the unmodified control case. These results demonstrate the importance of light color on plant growth, and how this technology can improve crop productivity, both on Earth and in Space.
"We are grateful for the opportunity to develop an understanding of quantum dot capabilities to improve crop production," said Gene Giacomelli, a professor of Biosystems Engineering at the University of Arizona, who leads the work at UA-CEAC. "Ultimately, UbiQD's technology is about the betterment of crop production, and will lead to new strategies for optimizing production in greenhouses."


We carry a variety of eyewear for men, women, teens and children. They are available in a number of styles from fashion-forward designer frames to more traditional and retro designs. Today’s frames are made from materials that include strong and lightweight plastic such as TR-90 and metal alloys such as titanium. Our selection is unique and quality.
Our office offers an array of eyeglass lenses to meet individual vision requirements. Some of the available lenses are:
• High Index Lenses are thinner and lighter than ordinary lenses.
• Multifocal Lenses correct for near and distance vision (bifocal) or near, middle/intermediate, and distance vision (trifocal).
• Progressive Addition Lenses correct for near, middle/intermediate, and distance vision without the lines of bifocal or trifocal lenses.
• Transitions® Lenses are clear indoors, but darken automatically when you go outdoors.
• Polycarbonate Lenses (required for children) are impact resistant and light weight.
• Trivex Lenses are our choice for drill mounts, rimless, and occupational lenses because they are impact resistant.
• Polarized Lenses reduce glare and provide protection from harmful UV rays.
Sunglasses are not just about style. They’re essential in protecting your eyes from harmful UV rays. We can make prescription, polarized, sunglass lenses for most frames. Although most sunglass purchases are for adults, children and babies also need UV protection. Studies have shown that 85% of the UV damage done to a person’s eyes occurs before they are 18 years old. We offer prescription and nonprescription sunglasses for all ages.
Our office can prescribe specialized eyewear to protect your eyes at work or at play. Specialty frames and prescription or non-prescription lenses are available for:
• Sports including basketball, baseball/softball, soccer, football, racquet sports, etc.


EST SCIENCE MEETINGchaired by
at Giardini Naxos, ME, Sicily, Italy
The European Solar Telescope (EST), is a 4-metre class aperture telescope designed to investigate our active Sun at very high spatial and temporal resolution and unprecedented polarimetric sensitivity. Equipped with state-of-the-art instrumentation, it will help scientists understand magnetic coupling throughout the solar atmosphere. EST will be installed in the Canary Islands (Spain) to benefit from unique observing conditions. First light is planned for 2027.


ADVA Optical Networking accomplished a joint field trial of its FSP 3000 CloudConnect and OpenFabric technology in Germany’s live network, Telefónica.
The high-density 1RU modular DCI technology achieved carrying wavelengths across infrastructure with no impact on live traffic and error-free 200Gbit/s transmission over a 290km data path.
The test demonstrated how the ADVA FSP 3000 OpenFabric creates an agile, flexible and highly scalable network; accelerating service availability and improving operational efficiency.
‘Cost-effectively tackling the fierce growth’
Holger Duhn, senior architect at Telefónica Germany, said: “Demand for network capacity is spiraling and this joint field trial is a key part of our response. Its success demonstrates how ADVA Optical Networking’s technology could help us to cost-effectively tackle the fierce growth in our customers’ data requirements.
“This trial shows that the ADVA FSP 3000 CloudConnect has the potential to maximise the value of our deployed infrastructure. Without the need for a major network upgrade, we’ve succeeded in transporting ultra-high-capacity alien wavelengths at distances spanning more than 1,000km.
“The FSP 3000 OpenFabric creates an OTN cross-connect optical layer so that lower-speed services can be aggregated onto high-speed wavelengths. This level of flexibility will be instrumental as we look to efficiently provide our customers with the data rates they require.”
‘The power to leverage deployed infrastructure’
300Gbit/s capacity was achieved using ADVA’s unique QuadFlex line card to combine two 150Gbit/s wavelengths operating at 8QAM within an optical super-channel. Designed for scalability and bandwidth optimisation, the ADVA FSP 3000 CloudConnect platform offers unrivalled efficiency.
Frank Hering, director at ADVA Optical Networking, added: “Our innovation is redefining optical transport. As this trial demonstrates, service providers now have the power to leverage so much more value from their deployed infrastructure. With our latest solutions, such as the new approach to OTN cross-connects offered by our FSP 3000 OpenFabric, we’re expanding the boundaries of possibility.
“Our FSP 3000 OpenFabric removes slot capacity assignments and the proprietary fabric adapters of a closed system, enabling a mix of optical services and scale. It DCIprovides network operators with total flexibility, allowing them to easily manage their traffic to meet demand.”
Written from press release by Leah Alger


Red Port LED Navigation Light DomeNav Range boats up to 20m
Red Port Bright LED signal light. Aesthetically designed round light, blends in with any hull or deck background.
Suitable for 12V an 24V systems, on boats up to 20m.
Order by 12pm, for Same Day Dispatch
47 in stock
All DomeNav Range of Navigation lights are suitable for vessels up to 20 metres in length.
Aesthetically designed with matching white glass cover, shows signal colour only when lit up.
Red Port Signal Light.
- Visibility: 2Nm
- Beam Angle: 112.5°
- Housing Colour: White
- Housing Material: Plastic
- Bulb Type: 1W LED
- Voltage: 8 – 30 V DC
- Wattage: 1.3W


5 edition of Optical measurements found in the catalog.
|Statement||Franz Mayinger, Oliver Feldmann (eds.).|
|Series||Heat and mass transfer|
|Contributions||Mayinger, F., 1931-, Feldmann, Oliver.|
|LC Classifications||QC367 .O585 2001|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xvii, 403 p. ;|
|Number of Pages||403|
|LC Control Number||2001020640|
ABOUT THE BOOK Engineering Metrology and Measurements is a core subject for mechanical, production, and allied disciplines in all the major universities in India. Although there are a few good books available on metrology, the coverage of topics on mechanical measurements is either scanty or. The microstructure associated with a material affects the angular distribution of scatter, and specific properties can often be inferred from measurements of that scatter. For example, roughness, material inhomogeneity, and particles on smooth surfaces contribute to optical scatter, and optical scatter can be used to detect the presence of such defects.
The ability to perform surface roughness measurements is critical to maintaining component quality within predefined limits. Surface Measurement Systems 3D Optical Surface Profilers from ZYGO are white light interferometer systems which offer fast, non-contact, high-precision 3D surface measurement and surface roughness metrology. You get. Analyzing Differences in Bacterial Optical Density Measurements between Spectrophotometers Brian C. Matlock 1, Richard W. Beringer 1, David L. Ash, Michael W. Allen2 and Andrew F. Page 1ThermoFisher Scientific, UV-Vis/Fluor-Molecular Spectroscopy, Wilmington, DE. 2ThermoFisher Scientific, UV-Vis/Fluor-Molecular Spectroscopy, Madison, WI. 2 Abstract
Our authors and editors. We are a community of more than , authors and editors from 3, institutions spanning countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of Cited by: 4. Download Engineering Metrology and Measurements By Raghavendra, Krishnamurthy – Engineering Metrology and Measurements is a textbook designed for students of mechanical, production and allied disciplines to facilitate learning of various shop-floor measurement techniques and also understand the basics of mechanical measurements. With a conventional introduction to the principles and.
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Nov 19, · Fiber Optic Test and Measurement [Dennis Derickson] on pashupatinathtempletrust.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. This is the most authoritative, complete source of test and measurement information for engineers who design and maintain fiber optic networks.
This book presents measurement principles for characterizing all three basic components of a fiber optic communication system: the optical 5/5(8). This book provides an introduction to the most important optical measurement techniques that are applied to engineering problems.
It will also serve as a Optical measurements book to selecting and applying the appropriate technique to a particular pashupatinathtempletrust.com: Oliver Feldmann. This book provides an introduction to the most important optical measurement techniques that are applied to engineering problems.
It will also serve as a guideline to selecting and applying the appropriate technique to a particular problem.
Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties.
Most optical phenomena can be accounted for using the classical electromagnetic description of light. Increasing possibilities of computer-aided data processing have caused a new revival of optical techniques in many areas of mechanical and Optical measurements book en gineering. Optical methods have a long tradition in heat and mass transfer and in fluid dynamics.
Global experimental information is not sufficient. Optical Spectroscopy bridges a gap by providing a background on optics while focusing on spectroscopic methodologies, tools and instrumentations. The book introduces the most widely used steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques, makes comparisions between them, and provides the methodology for estimating the most important characteristics of the techniques such as sensitivity.
With this accessible, introductory guide, you will quickly learn how to use and apply optical spectroscopy and optical microscopy techniques.
Focusing on day-to-day implementation and offering practical lab tips throughout, it provides step-by-step instructions on how to select the best technique for a particular application, how to set up and customize new optical systems, and how to analyze Cited by: 1.
Optical measurements that have been routinely used to assess visibility impairment are outlined in Table Measurements are grouped into four categories: scene monitoring, scattering, absorption, and extinction, which is the sum of scattering and absorption.
In most cases, the measurement is associated with some type of detector from which a voltage or current is extracted; however, for each. The contributions are aiming to provide practicing engineers, both in industry and research, with the recent state-of-science in the application of advanced optical measurements.
The book is written by selected specialists representing leading experts in this field who present new information for the possibilities of these techniques and give. This is a tiny but complete and well-illustrated handbook of optical instruments and measurements—what the authors calle a crash course, “What is that thing?”-type guide, full of practical lab tips and tricks throughout the book.
The benefits of optical measuring technology are its high point density and speed. You receive informative results in a very short time. We use various systems: multisensor coordinate measuring machines in the ZEISS O-INSPECT class, white-light sensors for non-contact surface assessment and topography measurement, plus the latest 3D scanners.
Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. Oct 20, · Optical measurement is a measurement technique that relies on the use of optical sensors to collect measurements.
There are advantages and disadvantages that must be weighed when using devices capable of optical measurement. This book deals with the practice of Optical Radiation Measurements with introductory material to introduce the topics discussed.
It will be most useful for students, scientists and engineers working in any academic, industrial or governmental projects related to optical radiation. The book contains chapters that treat in detail the procedures and techniques for the characterization of both.
Optical Scattering: Measurement and Analysis, Third Edition. Add to cart. Book Description. The first edition of this book concentrated on relating scatter from optically smooth surfaces to the microroughness on those surfaces.
in these systems. Scatter measurements, now routinely used to determine whether small-surface features are. Based on the author’s previous SAE book, Engine Combustion Instrumentation and Diagnostics, this book focuses on laser-based optical techniques for combustion flows and in-cylinder measurements.
Included are new chapters on optical engines and optical equipment, case studies, and an updated description of each technique.
Apr 01, · In this article, the question we’ll address is: when is optical measurement the right approach, and why. The Need for Speed. For many applications, the number one benefit of optical measurements is speed. Optical approaches can capture a great many high accuracy data points within a single field-of-view, almost pashupatinathtempletrust.com: Patrick Beauchemin.
Although these measurements are not as accurate as those provided by a linear scale, they are more economical and are certainly quite sufficient for many users' needs. Whatever kind of measurement you are doing, it's important to have the best optical resolution for feature detection.
Optical measurement system layouts and methods will be presented and compared, and the impact of such measurements as they relate to human factors such as visual perception will be discussed. All measurements and methods will be taught through a strong theoretical foundation moving then to a focus on practical applications of these results.
Optical Measurement Techniques • An accousto-optical modulator (Bragg Cell) can Make measurements of flow through the measurement plane.
Figure courtesy of DANTFigure courtesy of DANTEC Measurement TechnologyEC Measurement Technology. Title: Microsoft PowerPoint - pashupatinathtempletrust.com. Oct 01, · High-Tech Measuring Digital measuring units, devices, and apps have been developed that capture the many and precise measurements of the eyes and eyewear positioning, commonly called position-of-wear.
The iFit Dispensing System from Luzerne Optical Laboratories.Optical Measurements for Scientists and Engineers - by Arthur McClelland April Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this book to your organisation's collection. Optical Measurements for Scientists and Engineers.
Arthur McClelland, Max Mankin; Online ISBN: Author: Arthur McClelland, Max Mankin.A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text.


Analysis of Abrasive wheels
Abrasive cutting wheels operate at very high speeds – low density regions within the wheel can be very hazardous.
CDD have combined Xray mass measurement with laser thickness measurement to accurately map the density across the parts. The system calculates the spot density of each point on a 0.5mm matrix across the entire surface of the wheel. Up to half a million points are scanned on each wheel, as part on an in-line inspection system.
This is used as part of a process monitoring system to ensure even deposition of the abrasive material.


Movie lovers and TV buffs choose to install projectors formany reasons. First,you can enjoy screen dimensions vastly larger than most TVs, then retract it into the ceiling when it’s not in use. Projectors allow for dynamic, multipurpose spaces, where in one moment you’re chatting and playing games with friends and in the next, create a home theater setting.
But not all projectors produce the same image quality. Some projectors use an internal lamp as the video’s light source, while newer models use a laser light source. The difference between a lamp or laser creates different visual results—and the amount taken out of your wallet.
Sony, one of the most highly regarded projector manufacturers worldwide, builds both a laser and lamp 4K SXRD projector for home media rooms. We’ll compare the qualities of both so you can find the best fit for your Charlotte, NC home.
Lamp projectors are what most people are familiar with. DLP (Digital Light Processing) projectors use an internal lamp to project images on a screen. LCD projectors also use a lamp but offer sharper, crisper images and may appear brighter than DLPs.
Lamp-based projectors are a lower investment than laser projectors, and while you may have to replace the bulb every few years, full brightness will be restored when you do. Many high-quality lamp projectors are available, like Sony’s VPL-VW715ES, providing 1,800 lumens of brightness and 4K resolution.
Lamp projectors have a much shorter lifespan than lasers, with only 6,000 hours compared to laser’s 20,000. Still, that’s a lot of time before you’ll see image quality and brightness degrade.
In general, lamp projectors are not as bright and therefore offer a duller image than a laser would. It takes time for the lightbulb to warm up and requires an internal fanto prevent the projector from overheating. The whirring fan can be distracting, and if anything happens to the lamp, your projector is useless. Whereas in a laser lamp, if one laser diode fails, it can still function.
How does a laser produce a movie on your wall? If we’re getting technical, laser projectors use blue laser diodes that shine onto a phosphor-coated spinning wheel. The separated red, green, and blue colors are sent to a chip, sending the light through a lens onto the screen.
Laser projectors, like Sony’s VPL-VW915ES, last five times longer than lamp-based projectors. In fact, a laser projector could run continuously 24/7 for two years before it gave out. That means you could also play it for forty hours a week for a decade before needing to replace it.
Laser projectors produce much stronger color contrast and color accuracy than lamps, so your image screen won’t look ‘off’ or distorted. The laser’s performance is more consistent and steadier and won’t dim over time. The VW915 by Sony is brighter, too, at 2,000 lumens, so you’ll still see a clear image even if there’s some ambient light in the home theater.
Lasers have a more focused energy source, reducing heat dissipation. You won’t have to worry about it overheating, and it requires less power for an even brighter outcome.
Laser projectors are much pricier than lamp versions. But consider that you won’t have to change the bulb for a laser projector and likely won’t have to replace it in your lifetime.
If you want the best image quality and longest lifespan possible, then a laser projector is your best bet. If a lower price is important to you and you’re willing to sacrifice color and brightness, then go for a 4K lamp projector.
If you’re looking for 4K Sony projectors in Charlotte, NC, you can see them in action at The Integrated Home’s Showroom. Contact us here to learn more. We look forward to helping you!


This week, second graders worked with prisms to learn how white light is refracted to produce a rainbow. On a bright day, students were able to “make” their own rainbows using rectangular prisms in our outdoor science lab.
When light passes through a prism, the light bends. As a result, the different colors that make up white light become separated. This happens because each color has a particular wavelength and each wavelength bends at a different angle. The colors that appear are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (the colors of the rainbow- “Roy G. Biv”)!


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Filters are common accessories purchased by the photographer after buying the camera. Filters are usually always mounted on the camera lens that serves to filter out ultraviolet rays so that the color becomes brighter. In addition, the filter also to protect the lens from impact and scratches.
There are different types of filters are commonly used in a pemotertan. Include the following:
1. Filter Ultra Violet (UV). Media films are very sensitive to this type of light, the effect on the photograph is faded colors like misty. Sensors in digital cameras are not overly sensitive to UV light such as a movie, but the use of the UV filter will increase the color contrast of the images. The main function of the UV filter to protect the lens from scratches and impact. So if you do not use another filter, let alone the UV filter mounted on the lens.
2. Filter Neutral Density (ND). This filter is gray with various levels of concentration. Useful to reduce the intensity of light reaching the sensor. So it can shoot a longer exposure time. If you want to shoot slow speed during the daytime, ND filter is mandatory equipment.
3. Graduated ND filters. An ND filter with a density change gradually as gradation from dark to light. This filter is very useful for landscape photography in bright daylight. At the time of use, the more dense installed above, function to reduce the light from the sky and maintain the light from the mainland in order to obtain images with uneven illumination with blue sky.
4. Polarizer filter. Serves to reduce light reflection from non-metal surfaces. Very useful for shooting through the glass, such as shooting fish in aquariums or historical objects in the museum. This filter also improves contrast and color, as well as reduce light scattering. The effect was most apparent when used to photograph the clear sky with white clouds. Polarizer is very influential effect on the photo and can not be obtained through a digital process. There are 2 kinds of polarizer: linear polarizer with a straight line direction and circular polarizer (Pol Cir or CPL) which has the direction of the line of circular-polarizer viscosity can be adjusted by turning the front ring.
5. Filter Macro or Close Up. Function to change the focal length to allow for shooting an object with a very close distance. Also serves as a magnifying glass (magnifying glass). However, the use of a macro filter will take effect, such as lighting down 1-2 stops, reduced sharpness and DoF is narrower.
6. Filter Infra Red (IR). IR filter will pass infrared light and hold another spectrum of light. Basically, the camera sensor is designed to not be sensitive to IR light, thus causing the need for the use of IR filters lighting in a long time or a slow shutter speed.
7. Artistic filters or color. Provide shades usually associated with certain mood. For example, giving the impression of a cold blue color, while the color orange will give a warm impression. Yellow filter will enhance the contrast of the color of the sky and clouds. Currently, these shades can be added through the digital imaging process that is rarely used color filter
Find the related articles about Best Camera 2013 in Best Digital Camera 2013.
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Prof. Walter Sekundo is Medical Director of the Marburg Eye Clinic of the UKMG (University Clinic Marburg Gießen), Germany and Professor of Ophthalmology at Phillipps University of Marburg. He is a specialist in cornea, cataract and refractive surgery. He is one of the inventors of SMILE. Thanks to his data from long term experience with SMILE, he together with Prof. Blum recently published a paper on the 10 year results with this minimally invasive procedure. He is convinced that the future of corneal refractive surgery is minimally invasive.His interest is also in the management of presbyopic patients, considering several options such as corneal refractive treatment and lens based treatments.Prof. Sekundo is member in 7 national and international expert associations. He is also reviewer for several professional journal and the German “LASIK TÜV”. He is official instructor for other surgeons in the field of cornea and refractive surgery.


Leading industrial technology specialist Tracerco, part of the Johnson Matthey group has developed its novel inspection techniques to provide a rapid, cost effective and reliable method to assist operators and integrity management companies with statutory and routine vessel condition assessment in a subsea environment.
The TRACERCO DiagnosticsTM Scanning techniques have been widely used for over 50 years in the process industry to define tank inventories and to locate gas/liquid interfaces, liquid/liquid interfaces and solid accumulations.
The inspection technologies are now available for subsea application, to provide accurate and fully reliable subsea measurements for vapour/liquid interfaces contained within Mid Water Arches, Buoyancy Tanks, Mooring Points and other such subsea equipment. Vessel integrity can now be determined real time via online measurements, which effectively make the vessel transparent thereby, providing "insight onsite".
The technique is non-intrusive and is easily deployable by diver operated or ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle). The detector (pictured below in Figure 1) feeds real time inspection data to the TRACERCO DiagnosticsTM engineer on the deck, where expert interpretation provides the client with instant feedback.


In the labor production that may damage the eyes, the correct wearing of safety glasses can avoid or reduce the damage to the eyes, so how to wear protective glasses correctly? What precautions should be taken when wearing protective glasses? How to maintain protective glasses when not in use?
1. Precautions for wearing protective glasses
1. Before wearing the protective glasses, you must choose a style of the right size to ensure good tightness and avoid shaking or falling off during operation, which will bring safety hazards;
2. The frame of the glasses should match the face to avoid light leakage from the side. If necessary, use glasses with goggles or anti-side light;
3. Prevent the glasses from being damp and pressed, so as to avoid deformation damage or light leakage;
4. When the protective sheet and the filter are used in combination, the diopter of the lens must be the same.
Second, the maintenance method of protective glasses
1. If the protective glasses are temporarily placed, the outer side of the glasses should be facing up to prevent grinding lenses;
2. After use, apply a specially clean glasses cloth to wipe the protective glasses with water mist and stains;
3. Protective glasses should be placed in the corresponding glasses case. When not wearing glasses, please wrap them with glasses cloth and put them in the glasses case. Please avoid contact with corrosive items such as insect repellents, toilet cleaning supplies, cosmetics, hairspray, medicines, etc. during storage, otherwise the lenses and frames will be deteriorated, deteriorated, and discolored.


microscopes, it’s impossible to see one with the naked eye. At least, such was
the case in the past. We now have an image of a single atom floating in an
electric field that can be seen without the use of a microscope.
The picture “Single Atom In An Ion Trap,” taken by David
Nadlinger and featured above, won the Engineering and Physical Sciences
Research Council’s scientific photography competition. A single strontium atom
is embedded in a powerful electric field and then blasted by lasers, causing it
to radiate light.
Despite the fact that the atom is visible, it is not the
easiest to see. A faint blue dot can be seen in the center of the photo if you
look properly. A blue-violet laser illuminates the strontium atom in this
Strontium is used in this equipment because of its size:
one single atom has 38 protons and a diameter of a a few millionths of a
millimeter. Normally, this would be too minuscule to see, but this
configuration uses a creative approach to brighten the atom significantly.
A high-powered laser strikes a strontium atom in the
snapshot, causing the electrons surrounding the atom to become more energetic.
These charged electrons will occasionally emit light. An ordinary camera can
photograph the atom if there are enough energized electrons emitting enough
However, this does not imply that you will be able to see
the atom with your own eyes. This is a long-exposure photo, so even with all
that laser light, it’s too faint to see without special equipment. However,
given how small atoms are, staring at this photo is probably the closest you’ll


|CCTV Systems||Camera Resolution||4 Channel with CCTV Cameras in White or Black.||Our Installation Price|
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HD – High Definition: As of 2017, Analogue HD CCTV supports resolution of 720p and 1080p, whilst digital IP cameras support 720p all the way to 5 Megapixels.
Frame Rate: Typical frame rates of CCTV cameras are 25 FPS (frames per second). This means smooth video, whilst also keeping file size lower on the DVR hard drive.
Lenses: A CCTV lens is made from glass and focuses light from the scene onto the camera’s image sensor.
Field of View: This is the width or height of the scene monitored by the CCTV camera.
What is Depth of Field?
The depth of Field (DoF) can be defined as the zone that is focused on the video image, on the front to back axis. So, in all video there will be an area in front and behind the target area that is in focus. Sometimes there will be a very small focused zone and this is called shallow depth of field and a large zone of focus is called deep depth of field. Three key factors affect DoF: aperture, camera distance from the subject and the lens focal length.
Focal Length: The lens’ focal length determines the field of view at specific distances.
Varifocal Versus Fixed Lenses: With a fixed lens, you cannot adjust the focal length, zoom or angle of view. Most fixed lens cameras use a wide angle. On a varifocal lens, these settings can be adjusted.
More about Varifocal CCTV Cameras
Varifocal lens security cameras are generally more expensive than the fixed spectacles but offer the following advantages. With a fixed lens, your installer would have to physically move and reinstall the camera to adjust the field of view. With a varifocal lens, the installer can adjust the focal length to change the field of view. With a varifocal lens, the settings can be adjusted to capture a specific localised area at your premises, whether that be a doorway or a window etc. Even if a camera is positioned far away across a room then it’s still possible to zoom in and focus on the doorway. In other words, it’s easier with varifocal to capture the action you need. The people or objects in that area will be larger and therefore better for identification and to use as evidence. Sometimes the only location for a camera outside is under a roof overhang, but this may be too far away from the area you want to view and the solution without moving the camera mounting position is to use a varifocal lens and zoom into the scene you want to capture.
CCTV Smart Systems recommend and use varifocal lenses for our installations as we can adjust the lens easily and they are generally easier to work with.
Wireless CCTV Camera
Types of Iris: Auto, Fixed & Manual Iris. What is an Iris?
An iris is an opening or aperture that controls the level of light that travels through the lens. This is known as ‘exposure’. A CCTV camera iris works in a similar way to a still camera, the more open the iris is, the brighter the image will be. Control of the iris is important in increasing the quality of the image. The iris ensures an optimal light level to the CCD image sensor so that images are clear, sharp and have good resolution and contrast (see further down this guide).
Fixed Iris: A CCTV camera with a fixed iris is ideal for settings where the light levels are constant, for example indoors. These cannot be adjusted and are the least expensive.
Manual Iris: Similar to fixed irises but can be adjusted manually when installed. Again, suitable for indoor use.
Auto Iris: An auto iris is part of a motorised lens and has the ability to automatically adjust to keep a constant level of light in the video image – this is useful for environments where the light levels change, for example outdoors.
P-Iris: This is a ‘precise’ iris. It auto adjusts like the auto iris, but additionally, the camera’s software allows improved video clarity and depth of field. The key aim of the P-Iris is to improve the quality of the image by allowing optimal iris position so that the central, best-performing part of the lens is used as much as possible.
CCTV Smart Systems generally uses auto iris as it’s commonly available and because the camera adjusts itself in various light conditions, saving time and cost.
What is Pan, Tilt, and Zoom (PTZ)?
Pan, tilt, zoom (PTZ) is a type of IP camera where it’s possible for a user to control the position and movement of the camera lens remotely using an internet browser or specialised software.
Panning is the horizontal movement of the lens, left and right. Tilting is movement in the vertical axis, up and down. Zoom is the changing of the focal length of the lens to bring the subject closer or further away.
PTZ CCTV cameras often have the ability to have preset positions, so that the operator can easily monitor different images. Some PTZ cameras use ‘triggers’ so that when triggered by moving the camera is directed to a preset position, e.g. a doorway or valuable object. Some cameras also use auto-panning so that the camera moves automatically between presets, allowing a wider surveillance area.
The benefits of PTZ is that remote operation of pan, tilt, zoom allows an operator to cover a much wider area with one camera, saving money. Also, large areas can be covered with automatic presets.
Some PTZ cameras can use their PTZ functions to track moving targets.
What is Video Motion Detection?
Video motion detection (VMD) is the ability of a CCTV system to detect movement and switch on the recording. The VMD is controlled by the Digital Video Recorder.
For a business setting, VMD allows the operator monitoring the CCTV to not be continually focused on camera footage where there is no change in the image. The VMD system processor monitors the cameras continuously. Where there is no operator, VMD is useful to save hard drive space on the DVR as it will only record footage where motion is detected. Also, all the footage that is recorded will have movement events which can be played back to monitor, saving time on monitoring.
Motion detection will compare the current image to the previous one and if any of the pixels have changed then it has detected movement.
Auto-Tracking Objects with PTZ CCTV Cameras
Automatically tracking moving objects can be achieved with PTZ auto-tracking, which is a type of camera software closely associated with motion detection. Auto-tracking takes motion detection one step further and calculates which part of the image is moving and then defines it as an object. The camera will then move to keep that object in the frame. This is useful for tracking an intruder and generating evidence.
What is Contrast? Contrast is the separation between the brightest and darkest areas of the video image. Increasing contrast increases the separation between bright and dark, so shadows, for example, will appear darker, whilst light areas will be brighter. If the contrast is decreased then shadows will become lighter and highlights darker, bringing each one closer to each other.
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Monochrome Versus Colour
Cameras are available that capture video in colour, monochrome (black and white) or switch between these. The switching cameras are used for low lighting environments and the reason for using these is that monochrome is more sensitive to low lighting environments. Also, monochrome can be used with infrared lighting.
What is Night Vision? Night vision is the ability for a camera system to have a vision in complete darkness or improvement of vision in low light.
Near-infrared illumination is a popular method of night vision. With this method, the camera’s CCD detector is sensitive to near infrared radiation which is invisible. This is coupled with the infrared light emitting LEDs on the camera. At night, a lux (unit of illuminance) sensor on the camera detects low light levels and then switches the camera chip to monochrome and turns on white led lights and red infrared lights, the camera then records in black and white and you can see a clear picture recorded on the system.
Many incidents of crime will occur in the night time and so it’s important to install cameras that perform well at night.
What is License Plate Recognition CCTV Cameras?
Camera systems can also be enabled with LPR (License Plate Recognition). The British Police first invented LPR in 1976 and initially, it was a crude system with limitations, but several decades later though it is advanced and reliable.
LPR captures images or video of license plates and when processed this results in a text entry of the license plate.
What are Best Branded Versus Non-Branded cameras?
Branded Hidden cameras are preferable to cheaper non-branded models. With branded cameras there is a quality control process, the cameras comply to all relevant standards in Europe and they are more durable and reliable cameras. Unbranded cameras are not certified products. We use branded products as they are better quality.
QVIS is a good quality brand, but high-security organisations such as banks use Honeywell as they offer even better quality. Sony and Samsung are also very high quality.
Physically, unbranded and branded cameras may look the same or similar, but unbranded do not perform as well in terms of image quality.
My Final Thoughts
As you can see from reading this article, there are many parameters involved in choosing a CCTV camera. The variety of options can be bewildering and for the uninformed, choosing the right cameras for a specific application is not straightforward. Every link in the chain in a CCTV system is important, from the actual camera and its functionality to cabling and electrical power considerations. Each element needs to work together in harmony to deliver the best possible video image. We hope that you now have a better understanding of CCTV cameras and their application.
Areas Covered By CCTV Smart Systems
Birmingham, Bath, Blackburn, Bradford, Bolton, Chester, Coventry, Crewe, Derby, Blackpool, Huddersfield, Harrogate , Hull, Halifax, Liverpool, Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Leeds, Manchester, Milton Keynes, Motherwell, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham, Northampton, Oldham, Peterborough, Preston, Sheffield, Stockport, Slough, Sutton, Sunderland, Southend-on-Sea, Stoke-on-Trent, Cleveland, Teesside, Warrington, Wakefield, Wigan, York.


Whenever we decide to buy LED lights, we mainly take factors like cost, durability, brightness and energy efficiency into consideration and most often forget important factors like Heat Sink, Beam and Kelvin ratings.
We don’t deny that energy efficiency, brightness and cost are not important factors to consider but while selecting LED lights Beam Angle, Heat Sink and Kelvin ratings are also equally important and deserve the same attention.
Here is how Heat Sink, beam angles and Kelvin temperatures make your LED Lighting more amazing and useful.
Heat Sink: Construction, importance and uses
LED lights have taken over both CFL and Tungsten LED bulbs in a very short span of time because of their high durability and energy efficiency factor. Before the arrival of LED lights, it was Tungsten and CFL lights being widely used all over the world.
A Tungsten bulb can merely serve you 5,000 hours of power while as an LED light can last for as long as 100000 hours that is equivalent to 12 years. So durability is certainly major decision to take while purchasing LED Bulbs and Tube Lights.
How long will the light lost, this question invariably pops up. Did you know which feature of LED light decides its durability? The feature is Heat Sinks of LED lights which are placed at their back. A question may come into your head that if the LED lighting is working properly then why you should care about Heat Sinks installed at the back of it.
- For your information, we will like to add to your knowledge that heat sink is not a vestigial or less important feature in any aspect for LED lights, in fact, it is this factor that decides the durability of a light. So more the heat sinking capacity of a light, the higher will be its durability. The strength of a heat sink will be decided by the material of which it is made.
- All of us have experienced that when an electric current is passed through a bulb, some energy is definitely converted into heat energy. In case of incandescent bulbs, its percentage is quite high and in case of LED, it is negligent in almost all LEDs.
- If it is slightly high in an LED light, it is definitely going to affect the durability of it. This is because more energy will be wasted in converting energy into heat and less will be available for converting into visible light thereby affecting the luminous performance of LED lights.
- The luminescent performance of LED lights is measured in Watts/ Lumens. More watts an LED light consumes, less is its efficiency & more the Lumen rating of a light, higher is its efficiency.
Construction Of A Heat Sink
Hence to increase the efficiency of lights, Heat Sinks are used. If you are still wondering what this heat sink is and how it increases the efficiency of an Electric bulb, then learn about it here.
It is like a washbasin installed in the kitchen which drains excess water to facilitate a smooth and continuous flow of water in it. The heat sink in LED drains the heat produced so that it doesn’t produce any effect on the efficiency of the light.
The efficiency of a heat sink is determined by its size, finishing and orientation with the light and most important on the material used in its construction. The copper would have been the better choice but due to its expensiveness, nowadays aluminum is used in heat sinks which are also a very efficient heat conductor. The size of the heat sink should be large and it should be coated with paint.
Colour Temperature And Kelvins
The colour temperature determines the colour of the light source. The LED Lights are classified as Daylight, Natural, Warm and cool colours. Each LED light on the basis of its colour gives it a specific look and feel. And each colour has its certain specific applications. Though the description of the colour is given on the packages of LED lights, you still need to know which LED light is apt for which atmosphere.
The colour temperature of LED lights is measured in Kelvins. This unit is unique for LED lights. Higher Kelvin rating means cooler the light colour will be and lower ratings will mean warmer colour lights. The Kelvin ratings of an LED light starts from 2700K to 6500K. For your information, the temperature has nothing to do with the Kelvin ratings of a bulb.
- Warm White Light – 2700K- 3500K; calm and reducing light; better for living rooms, dining rooms and bedrooms
- Natural White Light- 3500K to 4500K; cool and clean; mimics sunlight, good for any location.
- Day Light- 5000K-6000K; clear crisp; ideal for security lights, garages, or retail locations and offices.
- Cool White Light- 6000K-7000K; good in commercial and industrial applications to foster alertness.
LED Lights And Significance Of Beam Angles
LED Lights are unidirectional that is they emit light in a very specific direction. So it becomes important to devise a way to ensure the right spread of an LED light. The best way to do it will be select a beam angle for a bulb.
Though the beam angle is usually mentioned in the package it is important for you to know which typical beam angle suits which environment or need. The beam angles start from 15- 100 and occasionally can go up to 120 and 180 as well. Remember the efficiency of the LED lights can decrease if the beam angle is higher.
- Spotlight- Beam angle 30; high brightness: fewer watts; used in shops, malls and workshops mainly; serves a decorative purpose.
- Downlighting– Beam angle above 30; ideal for high power LED lamps; used indoors to illuminate rooms
- For High Ceilings– Beam angle 30-45 & lower 60-100 degree.
- Outdoors And Street Lights – lower beam angles
LED Lights consume 9 times save energy than the conventional lights and still offer supremely bright light. From compact capsule styles to on-trend filament bulbs, you have a very wide choice available to select an LED light of your favorite color, desired wattage brightness, durability, shape and design. You can purchase LED Lights online as well as offline. There are sites that sell LED Lights Online. Compare Led lights prices according to the size and capacity. They can also vary with the design and shape.


100% Accuri OTG Gen.2 Anti Fog Goggles Clear - Black
The 100% Accuri 2 sets new standards for premium performance at an affordable price and offers first-class protection, vision and comfort! Here as OTG (=over the glass) variant and thus the salvation for spectacle wearers, who can thus wear their optical glasses under the goggle.
With exceptional attention to detail, all three Gen 2 models offer a 17.5 percent increased vertical field of view over Gen 1 models.
All three Gen 2 models are compatible with the Tear-Off system, have an extra-wide silicone-coated mounting strap for maximum grip, a 9-point lens attachment system to secure the lens in the frame, and an anti-fog coated polycarbonate lens for an unobstructed, clear field of view at all times. The Gen 2 goggles also feature a soft, sweat-wicking face foam and an improved fit on the nose, derived from the revolutionary Armega, for optimal comfort throughout the day.
It's 100%'s most versatile goggle system and will be an absolute game changer for riders at all levels of the sport.
Model with Anti-Fog Clear Lens
- Flexible, durable frame
- Anti-Fog coated, scratch-resistant Lexan lens for flawless vision with tear-off pins
- Expanded eye area allows for large glasses to be worn underneath
- 9-point lens attachment holds lens securely in frame
- 45mm wide silicone coated goggle strap prevents slippage
- Moisture-wicking triple-layer foam for better moisture management
- The 100% lenses are compatible with all goggle models!
- Material lens: polycarbonate
- Incl. microfiber bag


1/4 sphere mirror in PMMA & POLYMIR®
Designed to control traffic through an intersection from 3 different directions, our wall-mounted half-dome mirrors help guide indoor vehicle and foot traffic.
Installation: half-dome mirrors are mounted to a wall using screws and anchors (included).
Polymir® Quality: the Polymir® mirror surface reflects a clear image with no distortion. It is unbreakable, impact-resistant, and has an anti-UV surface treatment.
PMMA Quality: the PMMA mirror surface offers a clear view with flawless image quality. While sturdy, it is still subject to breakage.


I loved this gun in ME2, the damage was insane and the laser sight was incredible. I was pumped when I heard that ME3 would let you modify weapons and that the Phalanx wouldn't come with a laser sight by default. I was hoping that the laser sight would be a mod for all pistols.
Then ME3 came out and there was no laser sight and the Phalanx damage was nerfed considerably... Needless to say I was really bummed.
I actually hoped for a laser sight mod for different weapons. It's probably just too difficult to implement something like that. Or the feedback for the laser sight just wasn't good enough for them to bother with.


Television technology has grown by leaps and bounds. You might have only known television shaped like a tube and black and white images. You are familiar with the technology television CRT, LED, LCD, plasma, and others. The television also has a wide range of colors. One technology that is the most widely sold in the market is LED and LCD. There are many people who think that the television is the same technology. Both types of television have a lot of difference.
LED and LCD have different stands. LCD stands for Liquid Cristal Display and Led stands for Light Emitting Diode. Actually, both of these abbreviations have been explained briefly about how the works of this technology type.
Difference of How it Works
LCD and LED backlight using a technique to display images. In LCD televisions, crystal display radiation is generated by the neon lamp or CCFL (Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps). In LED televisions, lighting is done by a Light Emitting Diode. This technique makes the power consumption of the LEDs and LCD has differences. Televisions with LED technology can save energy compared with LCD televisions. If the LCD TV uses 100 watts of power, then television with LED technology consumes power only about 50 watts. LEDs are also more durable than the LCD.
Colors displayed on the LCD can be seen well because there is a backlight with the white color that is used for casting the crystals in the LCD panel. Colors displayed by LED TVs do not require a backlight because the panel LED crystals can produce color. LED televisions are generally made with a screen that is thinner than LCD.
LED and LCD televisions have a distinct contrast between one another. LED televisions typically have a sharper contrast than LCD. You can see the contrast of this two television LCD and LED when placed side by side. The difference will be seen very clearly, especially when showing white or bright colors.
LED and LCD have different prices. LED technology has a higher price compared to LCD technology. This is due to the LED has the advantage that more than the LCD. You should consider these differences before purchasing a television. We recommend that you buy a TV with LED technology. LED TV prices are higher than with an LCD television, but the money you spend is comparable with the advantages of LED technology on the television.
That is the explanation of the LED and LCD. Hopefully, this explanation can answer about What’s The Difference Between LED and LCD TV?


This $42 lens would turn your smartphone or tablet camera into a power microscope with a really huge range showing images in 150x zoom.
The Micro Phone lens gets attached to your device camera very easily and can be pulled off easily when you’re done with your images . Users just need to press on it to adjust the focus of the images and slides. All you need is a light source and a microscope slide to view the things around in detail. The recommended camera resolution for the lens is 5MP and according to the site, the final product will be able to resolve features as tiny as 1.5-1.6 microns.
This great lens project has raised money from known the crowd funding site - Kickstarter. Micro Phone Lens is quite inexpensive as it comes for $42 only (which will get you the lens plus the additional accessories along with it. At this pint of time this lens microscope is a lot cheaper than dedicated microscopes with a comparable magnification which makes it ideal for home or school use in laboratories .
just see the awesome video demonstrating the use of this micro lens right below.


Accent Laser Sydney is a laser marking company servicing a range of industries. We are capable of laser marking company logos, complex graphics, serial numbers and similar onto the surface of an array of items and materials including:-
- Metals and Alloys
The latest technology in fibre optic and Yag laser machines offers a "unique" laser marking field of 1m x 1m accommodating your needs and providing the accuracy and quality the market demands. Laser marking produces high quality, permanent marks on a range of materials and in most cases superior to alternative processes such as screen printing, labelling, chemical etching and mechanical engraving.


|PDLC film (polymer dispersed liquid crystal film) which is a kind of high-tech product can switch from transparent to opaque instantaneously under electricity application. It is transparent when power on and it is opaque when power off. It can be regulated and adjusted the light transmittance pass through the film by electricity supply.
The film is composed of PET film, ITO film, polymer and liquid crystal molecules. When the film is under off state, the randomly aligned liquid crystal molecules stay along on the walls of capsule, the reflection of liquid crystal molecules and polymer makes light disperses then it is opaque. While electricity supplied, these molecules arrange themselves in a specific direction then parallel light can pass through the film makes it transparent.


Credit: Ö. H. Detre et al./MPIA
These images explain how the Uranian moons were extracted from the data.
Left: The original image contains the infrared signals from Uranus and its five main moons, measured at a wavelength of 70 µm. Uranus is several thousand times brighter than a single moon. Its image is dominated by artifacts due to interference from the telescope and the camera. Titania and Oberon are barely visible.
Center: Using these data, a sophisticated procedure created a model for the brightness distribution of Uranus alone. This is subtracted from the original image.
Right: Finally, the signals of the moons remain after the subtraction. At the location of Uranus the not quite perfect extraction method slightly affects the result.
Source / Image Courtesy


Georges Zissis, PhD, SMIEEE, President IEEE Industrial Application Society for the period 2019-20. Born in Athens in 1964, has graduated in 1986 from Physics department of University of Crete in general physics. He got his MSc and PhD in Plasma Science in 1987 and 1990 from Toulouse 3 University (France). He is today full Professor in Toulouse 3 University (France). His primary area of work is in the field of Light Sources Science and Technology. He is especially interested in the physics of electrical discharges used as light sources; system and metrology issues for solid-state lighting systems; normalization and quality issues for light sources; impact of lighting to energy, environment, quality of life, health and security; interaction between light source and associated power supply; illumination and lighting. He is director of “Light & Matter” research group of LAPLACE that enrols 20 researchers. He won in December 2006 the 1st Award of the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) Centenary Challenge for his work on normalization for urban lighting systems (in conjunction with IEEE, IET and the Observer). In 2009, he won the Energy Globe Award for France and he got the Fresnel Medal from the French Illuminating Engineering Society. In 2011 has been awarded the title of Professor Honoris Causa of Saint Petersburg State University (Russian Federation) and he is President of the Power Electronics, Electronics, Optoelectronics and System section of the French National Council of Universities for the period 2014-19.
Keynote Speech: Light Beyond Lighting, Frontiers in Lighting Technologies: The Human-centric Intelligent Lighting Challenge
Abstract: Since the human race emerged it has been known that fire and heated objects emit light that can be used for lighting purposes; artificial lighting has been discovered. Since of 19th-century end, artificial lighting has been the subject of a continuous and fascinating evolution; 20th century scientists and development engineers worldwide created such a wide range of lighting solutions for every lighting application.
Today, the importance and application of these “legacy” lighting technologies is decreasing. During the last decade, Solid-State Lighting (LEDs, O-LEDs, solid-state lasers) challenges conventional technologies. In particular, LED has turned into a game changer beating the conventional technologies in all aspects. It is therefore anticipated that in short term, all of electric lighting will be based on SSLs. Should SSL revolution proceed to the projected conclusion, replacing all legacy technologies, there will be a further major change in the lighting market.
Artificial light production absorbs 15% of the world’s electricity annual production. Therefore, past century’s research and development focused on single energy efficacy enhancement. Consequently, we knowingly were not serving society as effectively as we could. Industry has coined a new term “human-centric lighting” to draw renewed attention to its primary effort to be successful in meeting society’s needs. Furthermore, we are witnessing a transition from the conventional “analogue” lighting technologies to “digital” lighting. Intelligent lighting will become the backbone for smart homes and smart cities. This way, lighting will become the heart of the “Internet of Things”.


Fiber optics, or optical fibers, have revolutionized the digital medial world. These cables are made using incredibly pure, long, thin strands of glass that are usually no bigger than the cross section of a human hair. When bundled together, these fiber optics can be used to efficiently transfer light signals across long distances.
The Anatomy of a Fiber Optic Cable
Optical fibers are made up of the glass core, a cladding that surrounds the core and a buffer coating of plastic that keeps the fiber safe from moisture and damage. Hundreds or thousands of these fibers are bundled together in a jacket, the outer covering, to create just one optical cable.
How Optical Transmission of Data Works
When your home internet is transmitting data on a fiber optic network, it is acting completely using light pulses. Light signals travel through the cable, bouncing off the cladding, which completely reflects the light through a principle known as total internal reflection.
What Fiber Optics Means for You
At Pioneer Communications, we employ fiber optic technology that allows us to transmit up to 50 megabits per second on systems with potentially unlimited bandwidth. This directly translates to much faster upload and download speeds without the degradation seen by copper media when used over long distances.


1. J. Kishi and S. Ryu, "Study on angle diversity receiving system
for visible light communications," ACP2018, paper S4D.6, Hangzhou,
China, October 2018.
2. H. Ando and S. Ryu, "Simultaneous dual data stream transmission
using RGB and phosphor-based white LEDs," ACP2018, paper M3D.6, Hangzhou,
China, October 2018. 3. S. Ryu, "(Invited talk) Application of angle diversity technique
to optical wireless communication systems for smartphones," Interphotonics
2018, Antalya, Turkey, October 2018.
4. S. Ryu, "Study on diversity receiving techniques in optical wireless
communication systems," 2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics
Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR), P4-008, 2017.
1. S. Ryu, T. Tsuboya, H. Murata, and D. Fukushima, "Novel optical
time domain reflectometry with continuous time-domain measurement of backscattered
light," OECC/PSC 2019, paper WP4-C4, Fukuoka, Japan, July 2019.
2. S. Nozawa and S. Ryu, "Investigation of optical phase characteristics
of Stokes and transmitted light in fiber Brillouin scattering," OFC2019,
paper M4C.1, San Diego, CA, March 2019.


Quantization of Energy (Thomas Wedgwood)
It is common knowledge that objects give off light when heated. Examples range from the gentle red glow of an electric burner on a stove to the bright white light emitted when the tungsten wire in a light bulb is heated by passing an electric current through the wire. What is less well known is a phenomenon discovered by Thomas Wedgwood in 1792. Wedgwood, whose father started the famous porcelain factory, noticed that many objects give off a red glow when heated to the same temperature. The bottom of a crucible and the iron triangle on which the crucible rests, for example, both glow red when heated with a bunsen burner.
Wedgwood also noticed that the color of the light emitted by an object changes as it is heated to higher temperatures until the object glows white hot, but the spectrum of light given off at a particular temperature is the same for any object. The fact that sunlight is equivalent to the light emitted by an object at 6000 K, for example, has led to the assumption that this is the temperature of the surface of the sun.
|Wedgwood's observation that objects heated to the same temperature give off light of the same color can be illustrated by comparing the light given off by a crucible and the iron triangle on which it rests when the crucible is heated.|
|History of Chemistry|


Completed Certification Workshop on Sony PXW-Z90V
Aesthetics of the Moving Image
The Sony PXW-Z90V 4K HDR XDCAM camcorder offers phase-detection autofocus (AF) and HDR capabilities in a compact, palm-style body. Suitable for corporate events, broadcast news, and television production, the PXW-Z90V camcorder features a stacked 1″ Exmor RS CMOS sensor with UHD 4K (3840 x 2160) resolution, a 12x Zeiss optical zoom, an OLED viewfinder, and 3.5″ touchscreen LCD monitor. It can record 4K in XAVC Long at 4:2:0 and HD in XAVC Long at 4:2:2 10-bit. S-Log3/S-Gamut3 functions offer users additional image control. Additional features include built-in 2.4/5 GHz for multiple streaming via RTMP/RTMPS protocols and FTP options.


Camera technology has come a long way in recent years, not least with the advent of digital technology. The smart phone you use every day most likely has a more than capable camera on it, and there are very impressive digital cameras available for surprisingly affordable prices.
In terms of security, this means that we have a better chance of covering our property – domestic or otherwise – with CCTV systems. These are very useful when it comes to capturing offenders. However, there is one other area of visual technology that has advanced a great deal lately, and that is in night-vision.
Put simply, we as humans are not designed to be able to see in the dark. Our eyes are great at processing the information given to us in daylight, but by dark we simply struggle to compete with the animals that are built to come out at night.
Night vision goggles and cameras go some way to rectifying this, but perhaps the most impressive aid to night vision is that of the thermal imaging camera. This very clever and widely used technology is utilised by security services, the military, and people who need to be out at night, for example those who enjoy hunting.
What is thermal imaging, and what should you look for when buying a thermal imaging camera?
How It Works
Unlike a night-vision camera, which uses enhanced optics to gather an image in subdued light, a thermal imaging camera focuses on the infra-red heat signal of everything in its range of vision. Put simply, every object – living or otherwise – emits a heat signal that is above zero degrees, and the camera can ‘see’ this.
It works by way of special lenses which focus on a set area; the lens picks up the heat signal and transmits it to a vast array of tiny processors within the camera. These then convert the heat signal into an image known as a thermogram, which is visible to the viewer as a series of shapes in different colours. Each colour – from blue to red – signifies a higher heat output, so living things will appear in shape, and brighter.
You may have seen these images on TV when watching documentaries about the police helicopters, for example, or in films where soldiers use them as night vision. This is very real technology, and it is readily available here and now, and you may be surprised how affordable a thermal imaging camera can be.
What to Look For
Whether you need a thermal imaging camera as part of your security system, or are planning on going hunting, you need to look for a few features that will make your choice the right one. Thermal Imagers can help you make the right choice.
Detector Resolution – this can get confusing, so put simply, you need to buy the camera with the best detector resolution you can afford. That’s detector resolution as opposed to display resolution. This will give you the best images.
Accuracy – one factor about thermal imagers is that they provide measurements of your results, so look for one that promises the greatest accuracy.
Formats – if you are going to be recording data for output, make sure the camera you choose offers the standard formats; there’s no point having an expensive camera and then finding you need a load of new software to access it.
These are just a few of the things to look out for when buying a thermal imaging camera, and there may be many more that influence your decision, but the basic advice is quite simple: buy the best you can afford, and you can’t go far wrong.


This content from the 2021 ASCRS Annual Meeting is only available to ASCRS members. To log in, click the teal "Login" button in the upper right-hand corner of this page.
Presenting Author: Lawrence Woodard, MD
Producers: Patricia Franco, MD
Category: Cataract/Implant Surgery
A new nearly collimated beam microscope provides a bright, stable red reflex, plus enhanced depth of field for precise intraoperative visualization. We present anterior segment surgical cases demonstrating that this new microscope enhances the surgeon’s experience by providing better ocular surface illumination and improved contrast for intraocular visualization, versus a focused beam microscope.


Light-emitting diodes, or LED Christmas lights, are becoming a popular alternative for holiday decorating for many reasons. To fully appreciate the benefits they offer, you first need to have a basic understanding of what makes them different than the other types of Christmas lights on the market.
What Makes Them Different
Unlike other outdoor Christmas lights, LED Christmas lights are made of a semiconductor device that creates the light. All multi-color LED Christmas lights produce monochromatic light, which means a specific light is emitted, regardless of the plastic encasing. This basically means that the colors created will remain vibrant, even after multiple uses.
White LED Christmas lights use a slightly different process to generate the white color, which involves producing an ultraviolet light that is then exposed to a phosphor to create the color human eyes perceive as white.
White LED Christmas lights can be used in conjunction with colored refractors and lenses to create colors. However, if they are used with colored refractors and lenses, much like most other mini Christmas lights, they are subject to some color fading because of the long-term exposure to heat.
Armed with some basic knowledge, you may have begun to realize that there are several distinct advantages to using them. Here are just a few.