Space-borne laser instruments to revolutionize understanding of global change
provided by Hampton University
he first years of the new millennium promise to revolutionize our ability to see how the natural world is changing and to answer perplexing questions about mankind's impact on the planet. For the first time, scientists will be able to peer inside forests across the world, accurately measure changes in the amount of ice in the polar caps, and get a global look at how clouds and airborne dust particles affect global warming.
Many of these advances will be made when a new generation of laser-based sensors make their debut in space, says M. Pat McCormick, co-director of the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at Hampton University. In 1999, McCormick was selected by the American Meteorological Society as the Remote Sensing Lecturer for this year's meeting in recognition of his outstanding contributions to remote sensing of the atmosphere.
Three new NASA Earth-observing spacecraft will launch innovative "lidar" instruments into orbit beginning this fall. Lidars send pulses of light energy from a laser through the atmosphere and measure the speed and the amount of light that returns. The signal's round-trip time is a direct measure of the distance to the object.
"Most instruments that scientists use to observe the Earth from space cannot see through even thin clouds or their view is distorted by clouds," says McCormick. "Many surface features and important phenomena in the lower atmosphere are completely hidden. Lidar can pierce many types of clouds and its very small beam can pass between clouds."
The first of these instruments will be launched this September. The Vegetation Canopy Lidar mission will create the first maps of the three-dimensional structure of vegetation in the world's forests. By measuring the height of trees and the amount of leaves and foliage in a forest, the mission will monitor forest health and conditions over most of the globe and produce a global estimate of how much carbon the forests hold.
The ICESat mission, scheduled for launch in July 2001, will carry the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System to map the surface of Earth's ice sheets in unprecedented detail. By comparing how the ice sheet surface changes over several years, scientists can calculate how much ice has been lost and how much that ice has contributed to sea level rise. The ICESat lidar also will detect polar clouds and haze. A similar instrument, the Mars Observer Laser Altimeter, recently mapped the surface and ice caps of Mars.
The Pathfinder Instruments for Cloud and Aerosol Spaceborne Observations (PICASSO-CENA) mission, scheduled for launch in April 2003, will provide key measurements of aerosol and cloud properties needed to improve climate prediction. Hampton University is a partner with NASA on the PICASSO-CENA mission, and McCormick serves as a co-principal investigator.
Ground-based lidar systems were introduced in the early 1960s, and scientists used them to monitor ozone and small particles (aerosols) in the upper atmosphere. Airborne lidars were developed in the late 1970s to extend these local views to regional scales. The first spaceborne lidar flew aboard NASA's Space Shuttle in 1994. The Lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE) provided the first highly detailed global profiles of the multilayered structure of clouds. It also was able to follow the movement of airborne dust from the Sahara Desert and urban air pollution particles from major industrial centers.
The new generation of space-based lidar is the result of technological advances in more power-efficient, long-lived lasers and lightweight telescopes to collect the returning laser signal. McCormick was one of the early pioneers in the use of lidars and built the first airborne system in 1978. He serves as the LITE project scientist. McCormick led the Aerosol Research Branch at NASA's Langley Research Center from 1975 to 1996.


Your everyday lens
The RF24-105mm F4-7.1 IS STM is the ideal lens for everyday use for both stills and video. With the high image quality and operability typical of an RF mount, it covers the focal area convenient for every day, enabling you to enjoy creative shooting from landscapes to close-ups with just one lens.
Ideal kit lens for your EOS R System camera
This small and lightweight standard zoom lens with a 24 to 105mm focal length is perfect for shooting a wide variety of scenes. High-speed autofocus and Image Stabilisation for split-second photo ops along with never-fail, convenient functions for capturing precious memories make this lens a perfect addition to your kit.
Equipped with an Optical Image Stabiliser
The CIPA standard 5-stop IS effects reduce camera shake and allow you to shoot sharp images even with hand-held shooting.
Compact Lightweight Design
Weighing in at just 395g, the RF 24-105mm f/4-7.1 IS STM is designed for comfortable handheld shooting.
Lens Control Ring For Fast Intuitive Shooting
The focus ring and control ring are shared and can be switched easily on the side of the lens. When switched to the 'Control' side, the lens offers customizable control over aperture, shutter speed, ISO or exposure compensation.
Ideal For Shooting Video
The lens features stepping motor technology for autofocus that's smooth and silent for films and fast and responsive for stills.
Selected shots from the RF 24-105mm f/4-7.1 IS STM


The work function of gold is 4.58 eV. What frequency of light must be used to eject electrons from a gold surface with a maximum kinetic energy of 6.48 × 10−19 J?
Solution 21 P:
Step 1 of 1:-
Here, we have to find the frequency of the incident light which will emit the electrons with a maximum kinetic energy of .
From the equation of photoelectric effect,
So, the frequency of incident photon is .


- Made from High Quality Tempered Glass that offers TRUE HD transparency. Rear camera screen protector made by 9H tempered glass is designed for iPhone 12 Pro 2020 6.1 inch.
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Product DescriptionTempered Glass Camera Lens Protector Protect fragile phone camera lens from knocks, impacts, and scratches with this tempered-glass protector. The hard-coated protector uses the power of military-grade glass to ward off screen-ruining scratches or dents. It offers super shock absorbance, high screen clarity, anti-oil, anti-scratch; it is your phone's best invisible guard. HD Clear screen protector with smooth glass surface and "True Touch" feel and keeps the bright and colorful image quality. Durable camera Lens protector with 9H tempered glass consistently protects your screen from scratches, scuffs and impact. Oleophobic layer prevents water, oil, dust, fingerprints. Keep the phone lens in HD transparent and clean all the time.
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Camer Lens Protector, 3D 9H Hardness Tempered Glass - ACG13


The Swiss Air Force will receive 14 advanced targeting forward-looking infrared (ATFLIR) pod systems and spares for its F/A-18 Hornet aircraft.
The ATFLIR pod will provide the hornets with advanced electro-optical and infrared sensors with a tracking laser that can locate and designate targets day or night at a range of over 40nm and at an altitude of more than 50,000ft.
The pods can also pass precise tracking and targeting information to other nodes in the networked battlespace very quickly.
The sensor components utilise a single common optical path and continuous automatic boresight alignment to ensure accurate target coverage and sensor-to-shooter tactical mission support.
The pods will be delivered to the air force in 2011.


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Vertically integrated based on our patented LightFlowTM technology, CoAdna products offer:
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CoAdna is your reliable business partner with excellent track records of strong customer supports and on-time delivery.
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Know About The Best Digital Camera Binoculars Review
Have you ever thought about it? combining the camera and the binoculars so that you can get to film everything you see. Well, it’s not such a bad idea. This idea of combination of binoculars and cameras was not initially very popular but the idea of having such a product seems to go a longer way. What you can do is to combine a digital camera with the binoculars so that you can easily film your area of interest or in other words, everything that you may see or watch can be filmed using the best binoculars with camera review.
So if you are in search of the one, then here’s a list of the bets digital camera binoculars review:
- Solar mark Night Vision
It has built in 3 watt led. With 850 infrared illuminators which allows the vision as far as 250 metres. You can also use the suppliers AV cable s that you can view the photos and videos directly n the television screens. Also, you can transfer the file sot the cable using the provided USB cable. There is a micro SD card within the camera where you can store pictures in case you have lost the date and want to recover it again, then this is the right option for you. This is a perfect tool for hunting, fishing, surveillance job, playing fun and bird watching or watching concerts as well as sports. Also check Optic Zoo review about Solar Mark Vision(https://opticzoo.com/best-binoculars-with-camera-reviews)
- Sony Dev 3
The innovative soy Dev 3 give the hunters, innovators, sport enthusiasts and others a chance to capture the full HD video (19020×1280 60p HD video). It has a Exmor or CMOS sensor and two binocular style lenses. For the purpose of memory storage, it has a slot empty for putting the memory card into it. these binoculars are possessing the ability to have external microphones onto your device. So that you can record things with much more clarity than before. Also, there is an option for auto-focus (10x zoom) which allows you to see your target more clarity. You can get these binoculars with best binoculars for the money. These are the binoculars with camera walmart best lightweight binoculars for bird watching.
- CAMKING FS608
This is a shock resistance binocular with the comfortable non-stop grip and shop resisting especially. These binoculars are specially designed for the yogurt to outdoor acidities for theamateurs. They are shocked resistant binoculars which are especially designed for professional outdoor activities for amateurs. The LCD is specially designed for the dual purpose of telescope imagining and video recording, filming the ideas with a clearer vision and the better camera results. These are one of the best digital camera binoculars 2019.
However, there are many more cameras with binoculars like this so that you may get the best one for yourself. These binoculars may vary in shape, size and prize but more or less they are made for one thing that is to shot with the camera while hunting or targeting your goal.


The algorithm for the automatic detection of the ONH is improved and is now the fastest and second best (0.26% difference) in terms of performance compared to the best in literature, when tested on MESSIDOR dataset. Qualitative results are also improved with an elliptical approximation of the ONH boundary. This was possible by describing the photograph distortion is caused by the quasi-spherical shape of the eye.
A probability map is created based on a prospective database. The database includes 60 patients: 30 developed vision threatening DR / 30 did not. Approximately 10-year record from screening database for each patient (for an average of 7 visits each). The dataset includes more than 900 images and the analyses is made possible with the tools previously developed. The map returns the probability of developing vision threatening diabetic retinopathy given the location of the first detected microaneurysm for patients included in a diabetic retinopathy screening programme.
Example result from the ONH detection with elliptical correction:
The model of the eye used to quantify the distortion due to the orthogonal projection
of a curved surface:
Probability of developing vision threatening diabetic retinopathy given the location of
the first detected microaneurysm for patients included in a diabetic retinopathy


FREIBURG, Germany, April 20, 2022 – A microscopy method developed at the University of Freiburg is able to resolve detail at the cellular level without fluorescence, enabling observations 100 to 1000 times longer and 10 to 100 times faster, with almost double the resolution. The technique is called rotating coherent scattering (ROCS). It uses a rapidly rotating blue laser beam, causing light waves to scatter over cell structures to generate images.
“We exploit several physical phenomena familiar from everyday life,” said Alexander Rohrbach, professor at the University of Fribourg. “First, small objects like molecules, viruses or cellular structures scatter – or distribute – the most blue light, which is known from air molecules in the atmosphere and which we perceive as blue skies.”
Small objects scatter and direct about 10 times more blue light particles than red light particles towards the camera and thus transmit valuable information.
In a microscopy imaging method developed by researchers at the University of Fribourg, blue laser beams rotate around an object 100 times per second (left diagram). The light waves diffuse at the level of the cellular structures (cell) and thus generate 100 super-resolution images per second. In a rotation of 10 ms (0° to 360°), continuously distorted light waves produce the razor-sharp image of a cell solely from scattered laser light, as shown in the photo. Courtesy of Alexander Rohrbach, University of Fribourg.
The method directs a blue laser at a very oblique angle at biological objects, as this greatly increases contrast and resolution in a manner similar to how fingerprints on a glass are easier to see when the glass is held at an angle to the light. The scientists illuminate the object successively from each direction with the oblique laser beam because illuminating only one direction would produce a lot of artifacts.
The researchers then rotate the oblique laser beam 100× per second around the object, producing 100 frames per second.
“So in 10 minutes we already have 60,000 live cell images, which turn out to be much more dynamic than previously thought,” Rohrbach said.
However, dynamic analysis like this requires enormous computing power to prove even a minute of visual material. Therefore, a variety of computer algorithms and analytical processes first had to be developed so that the data could be correctly interpreted.
Together with his colleague Felix Jünger and in cooperation with research groups from Freiburg, Rohrbach demonstrated the ability of the microscope to use various cell systems. “Our main goal was not to generate pretty pictures or movies of the surprisingly high dynamics of cells – we wanted to gain new biological insights,” Rohrbach said.
For example, ROCS technology allowed them to observe how mast cells open small pores in just milliseconds when stimulated to eject spherical granules with inexplicably high force and speed. The granules contain histamine, a transmitter which can cause allergic reactions.
In another set of experiments, the team observed how tiny virus-sized particles danced with incredible speed around the rough surface of scavenger cells, taking several tries to find a binding point on the cell. . These observations are pretests for ongoing studies of coronavirus binding behavior.
In addition, ROCS technology has been used within the CRC 1425 collaborative research cluster on scar formation in cardiac lesions. Fibroblasts (scar tissue cells) form 100 nm thin tubes. Using fluorescence-free technology, Jünger and Rohrbach found that the tubes vibrated thermally on a millisecond scale and the motion decreased over time. According to mathematical analyzes of activity, this indicates a mechanical stiffening of the nanotubes.
The research has been published in Nature Communication (www.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29091-0).


CAputure DEC Vari-ND for E-mount
Vari-ND Version DEC Adapter
The Aputure DEC Vari-ND is a wireless remote adapter that allows you to attach Canon EF-mount lenses to MFT mount or E-mount cameras. In addition to retaining all the features of previous DEC adapters, it is also equipped with an electronic variable ND filter, ranging from ND8 to ND2048. Multiple steps of light adjustment allow you to shoot with a wide-open aperture in bright light. The DEC Vari-ND expands the capabilities of Canon EF-mount lenses when you shoot with Micro Four Thirds or E-Mount professional cameras.
Built in Electronic Vari-ND Filter, 9 Stops Light Adjusting
The DEC Vari-ND has a built-in liquid crystal variable ND filter, which can achieve ND8-ND2048. That’s 9 stops of light. When shooting, it not only can reduce the amount of light for longer exposure, but it allows you to shoot motion blur under bright light with the iris wide open. It can also help to achieve cinematographic depth of field, bringing more creativity and flexibility to your films.
No Color Shift, No X Pattern
The DEC Vari-ND has an optical design. It uses industry-standard lens and coating technologies. The high transparency of the crystal lens assembly can reach up to 98%. The adapter produces neutral colors with no shifting that traditional ND filters cause. There is also no polarization, which can sometimes create the “X” pattern on your footage.
Retains All DEC Features
The DEC Vari-ND is compatible with all native Canon EF/EF-S lenses and MFT or E-mount cameras. With the adapter and its control system, you can wirelessly control focus, aperture, and focus with A-B points. It’s a smart adapter solution for your Canon glass.
Adjustable via Control Box Buttons
The DEC Vari-ND has a new control box design, with an added wheel on the control box to manually control the intensity of ND and aperture. Now, not only can you control these values wirelessly via the supplied hand grip, but you can control them from the adapter itself.
Smart Plug-In Design, Fit For Flexible Usage
With a simple click, you can choose between the Vari-ND filter or a transparent lens. When you’re in dark environments where you don’t need ND, your DEC Vari-ND can act simply as a follow focus adapter.
Comes With Safe Case
The DEC Vari-ND is mainly made with copper and aircraft-grade aluminum. The inside is crafted with velvet for optimum stability. The transparent lens cartridge comes with its own ABS case, and the entire package comes with an additional impact-proof hardshell case.
Components: Adapter Grip
Battery Voltage 3.7V 3.7V
Battery Capacity: 1400mAh 2600 mAh
Charge/Remote/Update port: Micro USB Micro USB (charge only）
Charge Voltage: 5V 5V
Peak Current: ≤500mA ≤300mA
Battery Durance: ≤10h ≤48h
Based on a fully charged Li-ion battery, a Canon EF 24-70mm/ 2.8L II USM and CIPA testing standards.
Humidity: 65±20% (without condensation)
Remote Rate: 2.4GHz
Remote Range: ≤100m
Construction Accessories: 1/4” jack Claw clip
Lens Compatible: Canon EF, EF-S AF lenses
Camera Compatible: MFT(Micro 4/3 )-mount (for all frame sizes) camera
E-mount (for all frame sizes) camera
ND range: ND8~ND2048
EF 35mm f/1.4L USM EF 50mm f/1.8 II
EF 40mm f/2.8 STM EF 16-35mm f/2.8L II USM
EF 50mm f/1.4 USM EF 24-70mm f/2.8L II USM
EF 24-105mm f/4L USM EF 70-200mm f/2.8L IS II USM
EF-S 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 EF 100mm f/2.8L II USM
EF-S 18-200mm f/3.5-5.6 IS EF 85mm f/1.2L II USM


UHDV (ultra high definition video) is a technology that provides video image resolution containing 16 times as many pixel s as HDTV (high definition television). People who have seen UHDV in operation have commented that the image quality is so good that it approaches the experience of "being there." Some observers even reported vertigo from observing fast-changing images without the accompanying sensation of physical motion. UHDV was developed by engineers at the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK).
In a UHDV video image, there are 4000 scanned horizontal lines per frame. This compares with 1000 lines per frame in HDTV images, and 625 lines per frame in conventional analog TV broadcasts. In experiments conducted by NHK, a charge-coupled device ( CCD ) camera has been used to provide the necessary detail in the captured images. The storage requirements are considerable. For example, 18 minutes of UHDV programming requires approximately 3.5 terabyte s of disk space.


- Price Breakdown
Items not sold separately. Shown for comparison purposes only.
|Delivery & Installation
|Product with 5 Star Service
The Fujifilm FinePix S9200 Digital Camera is a bridge-style point-and-shoot featuring a 16.2 Mp 1/2.3" BSI CMOS sensor that is capable of producing high-resolution stills and full HD 1080i movies with notable low-light sensitivity to ISO 12800. High speed performance is afforded throughout the system, enabling fast continuous shooting up to 10 full resolution frames per second as well as an auto focusing speed of 0.3 seconds, a startup time of 1 second, and a shooting interval time of 0.5 seconds.
The built-in Fujinon 50x optical zoom lens provides a 35mm-equivalent focal length range of 24-1200mm, covering wide-angle to super telephoto perspectives to suit working in nearly any shooting scenario. Lens-shift type image stabilization helps to maintain sharp imagery throughout the zoom range by compensating for the effects of camera shake and, when recording movies, a dedicated 5-axis image stabilization system can be employed to further eliminate the appearance of motion for crisp, clear recordings.
Both a rear 3.0" 460k-dot LCD monitor and 200k-dot electronic viewfinder are available for monitoring and image review. The LCD monitor provides a large, bright area ideal for scrolling through imagery while the electronic viewfinder provides eye-level viewing capabilities an additional point of contact between yourself and the camera for greater shooting stability.
Amongst other features and imaging modes available, SR AUTO (Automatic Scene Recognition) can automatically determine the scene type you are working in and choose from one of six pre-determined sets of exposure profiles to optimize your results. Ten different Advanced Filters are also available to further enhance the look and feel of your photographs.
Fujinon 50x Optical Zoom Lens
A super-long 50x optical zoom lens is integrated into the FinePix S9200's design, giving a 35mm-equivalent focal length range of 24-1200mm. This lens has a maximum aperture of f/2.9-6.5 and utilizes lens-shift type optical image stabilization to counter the effects of camera shake that become more apparent when working with longer focal lengths and in Super Macro mode. Aspherical and ED lens elements are incorporated into the lens construction to reduce aberrations and color fringing throughout the zoom range. For even greater reach, Intelligent Digital Zoom is available and can effectively double the zoom magnification to 100x with minimal loss in image quality.
16.2 Mp BSI CMOS Sensor and Full HD Video
The 16 megapixel 1/2.3" BSI CMOS sensor is able to deliver high resolution imagery with tremendous quality and notable low-light performance to ISO 12800. High speed shooting capabilities up to 10 full resolution frames per second are available as well as a fast 1 second startup time, 0.5 second shooting interval time, and a 0.3 second focusing time.
Accessible through a dedicated Movie Recording Button, the sensor also lends itself to producing full HD 1080i videos in the H.264 format with the added benefit of 5-axis image stabilization to ensure smooth playback and motion rendering. Full 50x zoom, scene recognition mode, and still image capture capabilities are available during recording as well as the ability to record high speed movies up to 480 fps. Sound is recorded via a built-in stereo microphone and an integrated wind noise filter helps to deliver clean recorded audio. Video playback is possible on an HDTV directly from the camera.
3.0" LCD Monitor and Electronic Viewfinder
The S9200 is equipped with both a rear 3.0" 460k-dot LCD monitor and an eye-level electronic viewfinder for monitoring and reviewing imagery. The electronic viewfinder has a 200k-dot resolution and a built-in eye sensor to deactivate the larger LCD monitor during use. The EVF enables eye-level shooting, which provides an additional point of contact to better aid in steadying your camera while shooting.
SR AUTO can automatically apply one of six scene modes (Portrait, Landscape, Night, Macro, Night Portrait, or Backlit Portrait) to your image to optimize camera settings to best expose for the type of scenario you are photographing in.
Scene Position modes are selectable modes that can be used to ensure the camera is correctly exposing for the type of subject matter you are photographing. Modes include: Portrait, Baby Mode, Smile & Shoot, Landscape, Sport, Night, Night (Tripod), Fireworks, Sunset, Snow, Beach, Party, Flower, and Text.
Motion Panorama 360 allows you to record expansive views up to 360° wide in a seamless, sweeping manner.
Dynamic Range (HDR) uses multi frame technology to capture three consecutive images of the same scene (one over-exposed, one under-exposed, and one normally-exposed) and combines the three into a single image in order to garner more highlight and shadow detail than is possible with a single exposure.
Built-in social networking allows you to pre-tag and label images and video in-camera prior to offloading the imagery to your computer. Once tagged and delegated to the social platform of your choice, the images will be automatically uploaded once you connect the camera to your computer.
- Bridge-style 16.2 Mp point-and-shoot camera
- 50x optical zoom lens provides wide-angle to super telephoto perspectives
- 3.0" LCD Monitor
- Shooting modes include: Motion Panorama 360, Portrait, Baby Mode, Smile & Shoot, Landscape, Sport, Night, Night (Tripod), Fireworks, Sunset, Snow, Beach, Party, Flower, and Text
- Built-in social networking feature to upload photos
- Full HD movie capture
- 10 Advanced Filters
- High Dynamic Range (HDR) capture
Camera Type: Bridge Camera
Optical Zoom: 50 x
Digital Zoom: 2 x
Image Sensor: 1/2.3-inch CMOS with primary colour filter Total number of pixels: 16.79 million pixels
Media Formats: Images: Jpeg, Videos: .Mov
Storage Capacity: 38MB (Internal Memory) , plus memory card
Video Recorder: Yes - Full HD 1080p
- Screen & Vision
Screen Size: 3"
Video: Yes - Full 1080 60i / 30p
Screen Technology: LCD
Focal Length: f=4.3mm - 215mm, equivalent to 24 - 1200mm on a 35mm format
Full-Aperture: F2.9 (Wide) - F6.5 (Telephoto)
Constitution: 17 elements in 12 groups (includes 3 aspherical and 2 extra low dispersion elements)
- Key Features
Camera Modes: Portrait, Landscape, Sport, Night, Night (Tripod), Sunset, Snow, Beach, Under water, Under water (Macro), Party, Flower, Text
Flash Modes: Red-eye removal OFF: Auto, Forced Flash, Suppressed Flash, Slow Synchro; Red-eye removal ON: Red-eye Reduction Auto, Red-eye Reduction & Forced Flash, Suppressed Flash, Red-eye Reduction & Slow Synchro.
Photography Functions: SR AUTO, High Speed Movie (120 / 240 / 480 frames/sec), Adv. mode (Advanced Filter for still image : Toy camera / Miniature / Pop colour / High-key / Low-key / Dynamic tone / Soft Focus / Cross Screen / Fish-eye / Partial colour, Advanced filter for movie : Toy camera / Pop colour / High-key / Low-key / Fish-eye / Partial colour, Pro Low-Light, HDR, Natural Light & with Flash, Zoom Bracketing), Instant zoom, Framing guideline, Frame No. memory, Histogram display, Date stamp
Playback Functions: Multi-frame playback (with micro thumbnail), Protect, Crop, Resize, Slide show, Image rotate, Histogram display, exposure warning, Photobook assist, image search, Favorites, Mark for upload, Panorama, Erase selected frames, Movie edit
Face Detection: Yes
Geo Tagging: Yes
Anti-reflective LCD: No
Image Sharing: Yes
Self Timer: Yes
- Inputs & Outputs
USB: Yes - USB 2.0 , Micro USB
Memory Card: Yes - SD, SDHC and SDXC
HDMI: x 1
- Power & Energy
Power Consumption: Rechargeable Batteries
- General Information
Material: Metal & Plastic
Exterior Dimensions: 122.6 x 116.2 x 86.9 mm
Weight: 670 g
Product Code: FUS9200WH
Manufacturer Model Number: P10NC13050A
Number of Boxes: 1


While we may associate night vision with covert military operations, there are plenty of good reasons for the average person to have an instrument that allows them to see objects and animals in the darkness.
Night-vision monoculars work by collecting infrared light from the moon and the stars, and amplifying it, allowing you to see distances up to three football fields long at night. Whereas night-vision goggles and monoculars were once a cutting-edge technology that carried a high price tag with them, today’s night-vision monoculars are actually very affordable, making them an ideal companion for backpackers, bird watchers, and hunters.
Ahead, learn more about what features to look for in an IR monocular and find out why the models below are some of the best night-vision monoculars available.
— Best Overall: Bushnell Night-Vision Equinox Z2 Monocular
— Best Budget: Creative XP Digital Night-Vision Monocular
— Best for Hunting: Night Owl NOXM50 Night-Vision Monocular
— Best Digital: Carson MiniAura Digital Night-Vision Monocular
— Best for Video: ESSLNB Night-Vision Monocular
How We Picked the Best Night-Vision MonocularsUnlike a set of binoculars or a standard monocular, a night-vision monocular is specialized to allow you to see in the darkness. While the monoculars we chose may not be the best for daytime viewing, they provide superior nighttime vision. Keeping that in mind, we chose monoculars that are capable of collecting ample infrared light to allow you to see, even in total darkness. Since these instruments are often used deep in the woods, away from civilization, we included models that are compact and lightweight, making them easier to tote with you on a journey into the backwoods, whether hunting, backpacking, or birdwatching. Since many like to record their nocturnal adventures, we also included monoculars that allow you to take photographs and even record video through the monocular, which can then be transferred to a smart device or computer. If you prefer another option, here’s our guide to the best night-vision goggles.
Best Night-Vision Monoculars: Reviews and RecommendationsBest Overall: Bushnell Night-Vision Equinox Z2 MonocularClear Vision in Total Darkness. BushnellWhy It Made the Cut: Bushnell sets itself apart from the competition with its ability to stream live footage to a smart device via WiFi.
— Magnification: 3X, 4.5X, or 6X
— Lens: 30mm (30mm, 40mm, 50 mm)
— Zoom: 3X
— Affordable price
— Viewing screen allows you to view pics directly from the camera
— Works in total darkness
— Streaming video can lag
Its long range, coupled with the ability to record and even stream video, and a price that’s not outrageous make the Bushnell Equinox Z2 the best all-around night vision monocular on the market. A good monocular should be able to provide excellent range and Bushnell’s is outstanding.
With its 6X magnification, it can spot animals and objects from up to 1,000 feet away. While that in itself is impressive, what really sets the Bushnell apart is its ability to take video and pictures. The monocular can capture high-definition 1080p video, which you can store on a micro SD card and later upload onto a smartphone or tablet. What’s more, you can also stream that live video directly to a device via the monocular’s built-in WiFi, using the Bushnell Equinox app, which even allows you to control zoom remotely. Though the stream can be a bit laggy, it’s still a great feature to have if you happen to be using the monocular with a tripod.
Like other night-vision monoculars, the Bushnell Equinox Z2 comes equipped with a built-in infrared illuminator, which allows you to get clear pictures, even in total darkness. The Equinox also gives you a few more options; in addition to its 6X base magnification, which provides maximum range, the Equinox is also available in 4.5X and 3X magnification, which offer less magnification and a wider field of vision.
Best Budget: Creative XP Digital Night-Vision MonocularAffordable Sights. Creative XPWhy It Made the Cut: The Creative XP is the best choice for a monocular at this price point that can see in total darkness.
— Magnification: 3X
— Lens: 25mm
— Zoom: 4X
— Affordable price
— Viewing screen shows allows you to view pics from the camera
— Works in total darkness
— Shorter range than some night-vision monoculars
Create XP’s night-vision monocular sets itself apart from other sub-$100 night vision monoculars with its ability to see in extremely dark conditions, a long battery life, and high level of magnification. Many budget-priced night vision monoculars require some level of ambient light in order to enhance your night vision. The Create XP is one of the few at this price point that allows you to see objects and animals, even in total darkness, which is why it’s the best cheap night vision monocular.
The Create XP comes with an impressive level of magnification, letting you see up to 650 feet away, thanks to its 4X-digital zoom and three-times optical magnification. There’s also a larger 32-gigabyte SD card, which allows you to store a lot of pictures, and unlike many monoculars that require you to hook up the camera to a computer to view footage, you can view pics right from the camera via a 1.5-inch display screen.
The Create XP also boasts good battery life, with a running time of up to six hours on a single charge. In terms of size, at about six inches long and two inches wide and 2.5 inches high, the Create XP is compact enough to carry in a pack or even keep in one’s hand so it’s at the ready while trekking through dark woods.
Best for Hunting: Night Owl NOXM50 Night-Vision MonocularStalk Your Prey. Night OwlWhy It Made the Cut: The Night Owl offers impressive magnification while still maintaining a wide field of vision.
— Magnification: 5X
— Lens: 50mm
— Zoom: None
— Wide field of view at high magnification
— Can be operated with one hand
— Works in blackout conditions
— No zoom feature
— Can’t take pictures or video
If you don’t mind the fact that it won’t allow you to take pictures or zoom in and out, then the handheld Night Owl NOXM50 is an excellent option for viewing nighttime animal activity. The monoculars use a large lens to provide excellent magnification while still maintaining a pretty good field of view. It provides 5X magnification with a field of vision of 15 degrees, which is much larger than many monoculars at this level of magnification. That at least partly makes up for the fact that the Night Owl can not take pictures or video, nor does it offer a digital zoom.
A built-in infrared illuminator, powered by a 3-volt lithium battery, provides sufficient viewing in blackout conditions. The larger lens on this device makes this monocular bulkier than most at nearly 8 inches long and 4 inches wide. Though it’s larger than other monoculars, it still maintains a relatively light total weight of about a pound.
The Night Owl comes equipped with a strap and large focusing ring, making it easy to operate with one hand, while a rubberized coating on the outside makes gripping this larger monocular more comfortable.
Best Digital: Carson MiniAura Digital Night-Vision Monocular Digital and Compact. CarsonWhy It Made the Cut: This compact night-vision monocular is small enough to fit in a pocket but still produces a wide field of vision and crisp images.
— Magnification: 1X
— Lens: N/A
— Zoom: None
— Wide field of view
— Small enough to fit in a pocket
— One button infrared intensity controls
— Only 1X magnification
The compact size and broad field of vision offered by this set of night-vision monoculars from Carson makes them ideal for hikers, backpackers, or hunters who don’t want to lug a heavy monocular around. The MiniAura weighs just 3.4 ounces and measures just 2.5 inches long and 2.2 inches wide. With such a compact build, this monocular is small enough to fit in a pants pocket, which you can do safely, given that it comes with a soft carrying case that protects it during transport.
Despite its small size, the MiniAura gives you a wide field of view thanks to a broad viewing angle of 19 degrees. Though the MiniAura lacks the range of some larger monoculars, it’s capable of seeing objects up to 82 feet away in complete darkness with its 1x magnification. Plus, it creates high-definition images and allows you to control infrared intensity at the push of a button. The MiniAura also unfortunately lacks some of the features found on a larger night-vision spotting scope. It doesn’t have any video or picture taking functions and there is no zoom function. Still, for those who want a night-vision monocular that works well and won’t add weight to their pack, the MiniAura is a great option.
Best for Video: ESSLNB Night-Vision MonocularRecord the Night. ESSLNBWhy It Made the Cut: The ESSLNB offers robust functions for taking pictures and video in the dark.
— Magnification: 5X
— Lens: 40 mm
— Zoom: 8X
— Records sound and video
— Can connect to a TV
— 8X zoom allows you to adjust field of vision
— High level of magnification can make it difficult to track moving animals
If you’re looking for a set of night vision monoculars with the ability to take videos and pictures, then the ESSLNB monocular might be a great choice for you. It gives you the ability to take pictures or shoot video complete with sound, all of which is stored on a 16 GB SD card. What’s more, you can also view pics and playback video directly from the camera via a built-in 1.5-inch screen, so you don’t have to wait until you return to civilization to view your video. It also comes with multiple cables that allow you to connect to a computer for downloading footage, or connect directly to a TV to playback video. The cameras will also time and date stamp video and pictures, which is handy for tracking your nocturnal adventures.
The 40mm lens allows for 5X optical magnification and 8X zoom magnification, allowing you to target objects and animals from up to 656 feet while also adjusting the field of view. Plus, the infrared illuminator allows you to move between nine different brightness adjustments, which is key for setting the infrared level to suit the lighting conditions.
Things to Consider Before Buying a Night-Vision MonocularMagnification: Magnification for a set of night vision monoculars ranges from 1X (which magnifies an image 100 percent over what you see with the naked eye) to up to 6X (600 percent magnification). Whether it’s a monocular or set of binoculars, most people tend to choose the highest magnification they can afford. This is a mistake when it comes to night-vision monoculars. Yes, a 6X monocular will allow you to spot targets three football fields away, but you may not be able to get a full view of any animal at closer distances 100 to 200 feet away.
In comparison, a 1X or 2X monocular may not allow you to pick up animals at long distances, but you’ll have a much easier time tracking objects and animals that are at a closer range. With this in mind, it’s crucial to consider how you’ll be using the monocular and choose the right lens magnification to suit those needs.
Zoom: In addition to the fixed magnification of the monocular lens, most night vision monoculars also allow you to zoom in digitally. Zoom powers range from 3X up to 8X, allowing you to zoom in or zoom out and change the size of the monocular’s field of vision, so you can continue to track an animal even if they move closer or further away from you. This makes them ideal for hunting or bird watching.
Infrared: Night-vision monoculars allow you to see in darkness by amplifying small amounts of infrared light. Infrared light is produced by moonlight and starlight, which monoculars use both directly and indirectly (when reflected off of objects) to enhance vision at night. The infrared technology on night-vision monoculars is so sensitive that it can even allow you to see in total darkness. Many night-vision monoculars allow you to control infrared intensity, which controls just how much the monoculars amplify that intensity, based on how dark it is.
Video and Photos: Some night-vision monoculars not only give you the ability to see at night but also to record what you’re seeing by giving you the ability to take video or pictures. These night vision cameras come equipped with SD cards for storing this footage. Some also come equipped with built-in WiFi that allows them to stream footage to a smart device in real time. Whether you want a night-vision monocular that’s equipped to capture videos and photos will depend on what you intend to use your monocular for.
FAQsQ: Are monoculars better than binoculars?Binoculars offer a greater field of vision due to their use of two lenses and hence both of your eyes; however, binoculars are a better choice for night vision as they allow you to maintain your natural night vision in one eye since they only have a single lens. Monoculars are also much lighter than binoculars, making them easier to carry around your neck. Some are even small enough to fit in a pocket.
Q: What is the strongest magnification for monoculars?The monoculars with the highest magnification range between 5X and 8X magnification. While a high magnification may seem ideal, it’s not a good idea for viewing animals as tracking something that’s moving can be very difficult at high magnifications. A high magnification will also make it harder to get a full view of an animal or object while at close distances unless the monocular is equipped with a zoom feature that allows you to zoom out to change the field of vision.
Q: Is a monocular good for stargazing?Monoculars are actually great options for stargazing, especially since they are much more portable than a telescope. The portability makes it easier to take them into remote areas away from surface glow that can make it more difficult to view the nighttime sky. While some models have a magnification that could be too high. Keeping that in mind, a monocular with an eight times magnification and a 42mm lens is ideal for viewing the stars.
Final Thoughts on Night-Vision MonocularsBushnell’s Equinox Z2 gives you options when it comes to magnification and lens size, as well as the ability to record live video footage or even stream footage in real time via WiFi, making it the best overall night vision monocular you can buy right now. Those looking for an inexpensive night-vision monocular should consider the affordably priced Creative XP Digital Night-Vision Monocular, with its 5X optical magnification and 8X digital zoom.
Futurism may receive a portion of sales on products linked within this post.
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The Hubble Space Telescope’s largest infrared image to date dates back 10 billion years
The largest near-infrared image of galaxies ever taken by the Hubble Space Telescope has provided a playground for astronomers looking for potential targets for the James Webb Space Telescope.
The image is the result of a project called 3D-DASH and was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope‘s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), with additional archive data from Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. It covers 1.35 square degrees of sky, which is roughly the equivalent of six full moons, and contains thousands of galaxies. The goal is to identify the galaxies that are worthy of further study by the James Webb Space Telescope and other telescopes in the future.
“I’m curious about Giant galaxieswhich are the most massive in the universe, formed by the merger of other galaxies,” said Lamiya Mowla, an astronomer at the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Toronto and leader of the new research, in a expression. “How did their structures grow and what led to the changes in their form? It was difficult to study these extremely rare events using existing images, which motivated the design of this large survey.”
Related: The best Hubble Space Telescope images ever!
It would normally have taken Hubble 2,000 hours of observation to create an image this large, but Mowla’s team used a new technique called Drift and Shift (DASH) that takes multiple exposures and stitches them together, compositing individual images eight times larger than the typical field of view of WFC3 (0.04 x 0.04 degrees). Also, instead of taking a picture every time it orbits EarthHubble was able to capture eight images using the DASH technique. With a total of 1,256 individual WFC3 exposures, it took only 250 hours of observing time to complete the entire mosaic.
Most of the galaxies in the image are visible as patches of infrared light. The most distant ones can be seen as they existed about 10 billion years ago and had the light from brilliant star-forming regions within them redshifted until expansion of the universe in near-infrared wavelengths. You can see these galaxies in more detail in an online interactive version of the image 3D Dash Image Explorer.
Unlike Hubble, Webb will be able to study these galaxies more closely thanks to the increased light-gathering power of the newer telescope’s 6.5-metre mirror. Featuring Webb’s first scientific quality images is scheduled to be released on July 12ththe release of the 3D DASH data is indeed timely.
For larger overview images, astronomers will have to wait for those from the European Space Agency Euclid mission and that of NASA Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescopewhich will have larger fields of view (0.79 x 1.16 degrees and 0.8 x 0.4 degrees respectively) than Hubble and Webb and are expected to come to market in 2023 and 2027 respectively.
The research has been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal and a preprint version is available from arXiv Database.
Follow Keith Cooper on Twitter @21stCenturySETI. follow us on twitter @spacedotcom and further Facebook.
https://www.space.com/hubble-space-telescope-largest-infrared-image The Hubble Space Telescope’s largest infrared image to date dates back 10 billion years


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In our last blog “How a well-intentioned request could hurt LED lamp performance”, we agreed with the lighting sector’s demands to raise the standards for light quality in the EPA’s new LED lamp specifications. However, one of our blog readers commented on our general endorsement of improved light quality, and suggested that the standard criteria used to evaluate light quality—Color Rendering Index (CRI)—needn’t be increased or even used as a metric at all. Rather, he suggested, the Color Quality Scale (CQS) should be used to evaluate light quality, as it is a “superior metric for defining chromaticity”.
The limitations of CRI as a measurement system are well known. It is a method based on colour saturation and has the ability to create reduced—and even negative—values when the test source could be considered as superior in it’s colour rendition to the standard in which it’s being compared. This is particularly true with solid state lighting and for those of you unfamiliar with CQS, it’s a proposal for rating LED light quality that more accurately represents the color rendering qualities of the source and is intended to be an improved predictor for colors that have a high red content, such as skin color.
One of the main issues with CRI is that it averages 8 colors (which have a low to medium chromatic saturation) to obtain a ranking. This means that even if a lamp renders a few colors poorly, the CRI can still remain high, as long as those poorly rendered colors are not one of the 8 colors that are averaged.
Image: Color Rendering Index color palette
CQS, on the other hand, considers a number of factors in trying to define the way a light source reproduces colour. These include chromatic discrimination, human preference, and color rendering (the method evaluates 15 colors to more accurately span the range of normal object colors).
Developed by researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a proposal for CQS’s adoption as the new color quality criteria has been under examination by a committee of the Commission on Illumination (CIE) since 2006. The CIE has had two previous attempts to refine the measurement standard for colour quality in the 70’s and 80’s, both of which ended in a stalemate and, according to industry insiders, a similar impasse seems to be occurring this time with various committee members preferring to adopt a “pure fidelity metric very similar to CRI”.
For a more in depth analysis of CQS, see NIST’s Rationale of Color Quality Scale.
Has CRI lost its relevance? Is CQS the right answer or is the CIE correct in exploring alternative proposals? It’s certainly not the only alternative being discussed (for example, Lorne Whitehead at UBC: Improving the CIE Colour Rendering Index – How this can be done and why it matters).


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Based on Lambert Bill's law, the analyzer of UVOZ-1200 by measuring the change of the intensity of the light signal before and after the UV absorption to calculate the current ozone concentration. The equipment adopts the advanced dual UV light source system with the intelligent management system of the lamp tube and separated photocell technology that enables the analyzer has the characteristics of no leakage, anti-high pressure, anti sampling gas impact.
The ozone analyzer has a touch screen operation interface, which shows the real-time ozone concentration. And the touch screen is also with pressure & temperature compensation display. For the high concentration (g/Nm3) range, it has the function of flow input, which can display the output of the ozone generator in real time. The core component adopts long-life UV light system with the high light transmittance quartz to prevent zero drifting from affecting the detection accuracy. It’s no need to close ozone inputting when zeroing to ensure the equipment can run continuously 24 hours.
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I’d like to continue in the topics related to the optics used in my laser sintering printer. In my last post I have already touched the problematics of the suitable laser sources, described why I choose the laser diodes instead of e.g. CO2 lasers, how does the beam shape look like and how to change and collimate it. I ended up with the finding that my laser beam shape is too small. So, I’ll continue from this point.
The size (“diameter”) of the beam is important, because the larger the input beam, the better focused spot quality. Therefore, I decided to expand it.
Beam expansion can be done by several methods. I have already tested the one using anamorphic prisms and I really didn’t like it. Later, I found the solution which suits me better. It comes out from the theory of telescopes.
There are two main groups of telescopes – refracting and reflecting – where the groups’ names are self-explanatory. Reflecting (also called Newtonian’s) telescopes use mirrors to reflect the light, refracting ones utilize lenses to bend or refract it. Actually, there is the third group called catadioptric telescopes which is the combination of the previous ones. It is fairly popular because it sorts out their cons (off-axis and chromatic aberrations). As I use the refracting telescope principle, I will look at it in deeper detail.
Generally, the reason for using beam expanders is the need for:
- reducing the power density of the laser source
- minimizing the beam waist radius at longer focal distances
Telescope expanders keep the in/out beam energy nearly without any change. The beam area increases then quadratically with its magnification ratio (read further for explanation). This is pretty nice feature which enables effective energy density reduction. Because of that you can achieve longer lifetime of the optical components like mirrors, etc. You may think how can this be beneficial for the laser sintering in Inova SLS printer? And you are right. It does not make a lot of sense while using relatively low power laser.
But there is the second characteristic. If you increase/expand the diameter of the laser beam, you can better focus it at longer distance, which is great. Principle is simple. Telescope just expands the input beam by the magnification ratio. Simultaneously, it decreases the beam divergence, again by the magnification ratio. Both these facts will make the focused output beam diameter smaller at larger distance.
Basically, you can choose from two arrangements of the refractive telescopes – Keplerian or Galilean. They both can do the same job and as with anything, each approach has its pros and cons.
Both telescope’s arrangements are very straightforward. The Keplerian telescope uses two double-convex or ideally plano-convex lenses in the line. In my case (I want to expand the beam), I use the one with smaller focal length just behind the laser module’s collimating optics. Currently, Inova uses the plano-convex lens with the focal length of 13.5mm (FL1). That is followed by the second plano-convex lens with the focal length of 40.5mm (FL2).
Note: Convex side of the lens must always face the collimated beam to reduce spherical aberration.
I think now it’s a good place here to explain how the magnification ratio is calculated. Again, it is not complicated at all because it’s the simple ratio of the FL2 and FL1. So, in our case it is 40.5/13.5 which represents magnification ratio of 3. It means that, when I have got collimated beam going from the laser module into the expander of approx. 2.5mm in diameter, I get approx. 7.5mm diameter as the output.
I also had to count with the size of mirrors in galvo system while expanding the beam diameter. Actually, I overlooked it for the first time and had some headache because of that afterwards. Current lens setup is the real maximum of what is Inova SLS printer able to accommodate dimensionally. I plan to change it a bit – to the magnification ratio around 2.5.
The optical principle of the Galilean arrangement is the same as the Keplerian one. The only difference is that it utilizes one plano-concave and one plano-convex lens. As you can see on the following image, main advantage lies in the mounting space requirements reduction.
Since the Galilean telescope uses plano-concave lens which has negative value of the focal length, it needs smaller mount space. As a result of that, if you use the same magnification ratio and the same focal lengths, Galilean setup is shorter by two concave lens focal lengths. In my case is the theoretical lens distance 54mm for Keplerian and 13.5mm for Galilean telescope.
Another quite important advantage of Galilean version, as compared to Keplerian, is there is no internal focus point. It means this arrangement can easily handle high optical powers with just a small generation of unwanted heat. On the other hand, you lose the possibility to place spatial filters into the internal focus point.
Currently, I use the Keplerian telescope arrangement in the Inova printer. Reason for that is prosaic – I didn’t have suitable lenses for Galilean setup. I don’t know why but it is much easier to find convex lenses than concave ones. But I plan to try Galilean telescope for laser sintering in the future.
Another operation you have to undertake with the laser beam is to focus it. This step makes the laser beam diameter smaller and increases the energy density. Thanks to that is Inova capable to do laser sintering and to make desired 3D parts.
When I got to focusing the beam, I considered the following approaches:
- F-theta lens
- Simple plano-convex lens
Focusing using f-theta lens
What actually is the f-theta lens good for? In simple words, it is the piece of optic used for precise scanning of the flat surfaces.
Combination of galvo and common spherical lens results in the spherical shape of the focused scanning field. Therefore, in case of flat selective laser sintering printer bed, you can achieve focused laser beam just at one point (in the center of the bed) or at one circle of defined radius. As compared to that, f-theta lens ensures to have laser beam focused across the whole bed. It is important because it keeps the energy density/beam size constant while moving along the bed. Following picture should help you to understand it. If you want to know more look directly here.
Dark side of the F-theta lenses, from the Inova printer perspective, is the price, size and the common antireflective coatings.
Prices are normally in hundreds of EUR or USD. When speaking about the size it is around 100mm in diameter. You also need a long focal length to cover reasonable print area and it would make printer huge. Last problem is the AR coating – I didn’t find hardly any f-theta lens suitable for wavelength of 450nm. So, these are my arguments why I didn’t use it even I know I should.
Focusing using plano-convex lens
I can’t find a lot of arguments to use simple plano-convex lens for the beam focusing in the selective laser sintering printer. If money and printer’s size is not a problem, the best way is to utilize f-theta lens with the appropriate AR coating. But unfortunately, it is not my case. I had to find the way how to do it using simple and cheap lenses.
When I was playing with the anamorphic prisms, I placed plano-convex lens with FL 300mm just behind them. It worked quite OK – I mean it focused the beam as expected. The only problem was to control the beam expansion ratio precisely and to direct it into the center of lens. As I said last time, it was the nightmare to set it up correctly.
Then I moved to Keplerian telescope, and this problem disappeared.
By now, I spoke about telescopes just in relations to the beam expansion. But you can use them to expand and focus laser beam in one step and that’s just brilliant. You can make it by increasing the distance between the lenses (L1 and L2). Therefore, as you can see on the picture below, these two lenses are the only things I use to expand and focus beam.
And how I handled the beam defocus causing the beam shape and size is changing across the print bed? Optically/mechanically it was no way. I tried several approaches how to change focal length automatically, but I was unable to make it good/precise enough.
So, I ended up with the software algorithms in the slicer which take this into account and compensate it. It seems to be a good way, so far.
Galvo’s principle and parameters
Galvos, alias galvanometers, are used in Inova to move laser beam along the X and Y axis. These moves are done by changing the voltage going through the coil inside the galvo. It changes the magnetic field and causes rotation of axle which holds the mirror. In principle, therefore, the bigger the voltage, the bigger angle of mirror rotation.
Since the voltage changes can be quick, mirror moves can be pretty fast as well. That’s one of the reasons why special electronic drivers are used to ensure moves’ preciseness. When speaking about the preciseness, most nowadays galvos are closed loop systems. It means that driver sends position signal to the galvo and galvo gives feedback about its real position. It is done optomechanically – photodiodes and LED are in place.
Light going from LED to the photodiodes is partially blocked/shaded by the plate connected to the rotating axle and mirror. Light intensity itself than represents this feedback which is equal to the mirror position. PID controller is also the must as you have to deal with the centrifugal forces on mirrors, friction in bearings, etc.
Galvos are characterized mainly by:
- Max. mechanical deflection angle: normally +-15°.
- Speed: expressed in kilo points per second (kpps) at given deflection angle (normally at 8°)
- Signal voltage: normally +-5V or +-10V (yes, you need both positive and negative potentials)
- Power voltage: normally +-15V or +-24V (again, you need both positive and negative potentials)
- Size and AR coating of mirrors
Inova uses DT40 galvo which has following parameters:
- Max mechanical deflection angle: +-15°.
- Speed: 40kpps at 8°
- Signal voltage: +-5V
- Power voltage: +-24V
- Size and AR coating of mirrors: 7x12x0,8mm, suitable for wavelengths 400-700nm
Galvo related issues
I faced several issues while testing galvos. When I used a cheap galvo-set I had a problem that it was unable to make precise moves. I tested it by burning gray paper and e.g. instead of circle I always get something like open ring – start and end of the circle didn’t match. In my opinion it was the issue of the PID regulation, but I wasn’t capable to tune it. I have tried several cheap sets, and it was always the same. This problem vanished with the DT40.
We had also some problems with the SPI bus interferences caused by incorrect interrupts – it was our fault in FW implementation. But since this is more of a SW/HW topic, I’ll save it for another post 😉
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For the most demanding optical radius inspections, ORS gages feature a fully captured linear air bearing straight to 100 micro-inches (2.5 microns) over the full 40 inches (1 meter) of travel. The optical radius slide has a fine adjustment feature that incorporates a 40 pitch screw with worm gear and hand wheel that allows for precise movements below 40 micro-inch (1 micron) steps. A high-resolution glass scale provides 1 micron/meter accuracy and a high-resolution digital readout (DRO) displays the encoder position.
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Red at 671nm, Green at 532nm,Blue at 405nm: Operation Mode. The system … ou payez en 4x 7,75 € dont 0,71 € de frais. These modules are designed for demanding applications that require both high stability and excellent beam quality. All Diode-Pumped Solid-State (DPSS) laser systems meet standards of CE, FDA, RoHs, and PAHs. 532 nm 0.070 Watts Single Mode Fiber Coupled Output RGB Photonics 532 nm 0.3 Watts Robust Laser Diode; Output power up to ... 532 nm 0.4 Watts Diode Pump Solid State Laser; Significantly improved 2nd harmonic conversion efficiency; Ultra-long coherence length; Zero green noise Power Technology 532 nm 0.05 Watts Diode Pump Solid State Laser; 14 wavelengths from UV to IR with power levels … RGB lasers for laser projection displays Günter Hollemanna, Bernd Brauna, Friedhelm Dorschb , ... (OPO), and several non-linear stages to generate radiation at 628 nm, 532 nm and 446 nm with an average output power above 18 W. Each of the three colors is modulated with the video signal in a contrast ratio of 1000:1 and coupled into a common low order multi mode fiber. They are manufactured by RGB Photonics, Germany. Single package size: 30X30X30 cm CW, TEM 00 /TEM 00 /TE 00. Package: Selling Units: 1pcs 1800mW RGB laser module+Driver+PowerSupply Unit+TTL cabel. 41% d'économie. 520nm is only less nice yellow, for 532nm, maybe you want yellow is green or blue, eachi projector is different, . 532nm, 70mW, Laser Module Overview These high stability 532nm laser diode modules deliver up to 70mW of output power. Application: DJ Disco, Clubs,Party, Music bar, Stage performance etc. Laser modulation signal:TTL (Frequency: 30KHz @ 0-5V input) Working environment:indoor(-10-35) degrees. Vendu et expédié par Yimosi. 30 €29 25 €24 HT 52,15€ 43,46€ HT. DPSS lasers are extensively applicable in fluorescence excitation, PIV, Raman Spectroscopy, laser display, spectral analysis, … Home > CW Lasers & QCW > RGB Photonics > DP-532NM-200MW 532nm, 200mW, Scientific DPSS Laser Module, Single Mode, Fiber Coupled Output Available $4895.00 Ships: 14 days | Model DP-532NM … 41% d'économie. Output Power @ 25 ℃ 100-1000mW (Note: the max output power of 405nm is 200mW.) Wavelength. ASP-SL-RGB-S6-XXX. Source laser: laser vert 532 nm, laser rouge 650 nm;Source de lumière LED: perles de lampe RVB trois en un;Mode de contrôle: manuel, à distance; Eclairage Laser. Laser wavelength: Red 638nm, Green 532nm, Blue 450nm. Why we advise customer choose 520nm in middle power 520nm, not because our 532nm, it is because 520nm lifetime, Analogue better than 532nm, just like I said, if you do 10pcs RGB projector using 532nm, the color, balance is the same, I give you big thumb, can you? Soit 108,18 € le kilo Soit 90,15 € HT le kilo. Introducing the most professional Diode-Pumped Solid-State (DPSS) laser with wavelength range of 405nm, 450nm, 473nm, 532nm, 635nm, 650nm, 808nm, 1064nm, RGB etc.


There are 2 significant varieties of optical fibers: plastic optical fibers (POF) and glass optical fibers – just how are optical fibers made?
1. Materials for optical fibers
Plastic optical fibers are generally created for lights or adornment like fiber optic xmas trees. Also, they are applied to short range interaction applications including on vehicles and vessels. Because of plastic material optical fiber’s high attenuation, they have restricted details transporting data transfer.
When we discuss SZ stranding line systems and fiber optic telecommunications, we really mean glass optical fibers. Glass optical fibers are mostly made from merged silica (90% a minimum of). Other glass components such as fluorozirconate and fluoroaluminate are also utilized in some specialized fibers.
2. Glass optical fiber manufacturing process
Before we begin speaking the best way to manufacture glass optical fibers, let’s first take a look at its go across area structure. optical fiber cross area is a circular framework composed of three levels inside out.
A. The interior layer is referred to as the primary. This coating manuals the light and prevent light from escaping out by a phenomenon called total inner reflection. The core’s size is 9um for solitary setting fibers and 50um or 62.5um for multimode fibers.
B. The middle coating is referred to as the cladding. It provides 1Percent lower refractive index compared to the primary materials. This difference performs a crucial component altogether internal reflection trend. The cladding’s size is usually 125um.
C. The outer layer is called the covering. It is in reality epoxy cured by ultraviolet light. This coating provides mechanised safety for the fiber and makes the fiber flexible for dealing with. Without this coating layer, the Optical fiber coloring machine can be really fragile and easy to break.
As a result of optical fiber’s extreme small size, it is really not sensible to create it in one stage. 3 actions are required since we describe listed below.
1. Preparing the fiber preform
Regular optical fibers are produced by initially constructing a big-size preform, using a very carefully managed refractive directory profile. Only a number of countries including US are able to make large volume, top quality fiber preforms.
The procedure to create glass preform is called MOCVD (modified chemical vapour deposition).
In MCVD, a 40cm long hollow quartz tube is repaired horizontally and rotated slowly on a unique lathe. Oxygen is bubbled through solutions of silicon chloride (SiCl4), germanium chloride (GeCl4) and other chemical substances. This exactly mixed gas will then be administered to the hollow tube.
Since the lathe turns, a hydrogen burner torch is moved up and down the outside of the pipe. The fumes are heated up by the torch as much as 1900 kelvins. This extreme heat triggers two chemical responses to happen.
A. The silicon and germanium react with oxygen, forming silicon dioxide (SiO2) and germanium dioxide (GeO2).
B. The silicon dioxide and germanium dioxide deposit on the inside of the tube and fuse together to form glass.
The hydrogen burner will be traversed up and down the length of the tube to deposit the content evenly. After the torch has reached the end of the tube, it is then introduced back to the starting of the pipe and the deposited contaminants are then melted to create a solid layer. This procedure is repeated till a adequate quantity of materials has become transferred.
2. Drawing fibers over a drawing tower.
The preform will then be installed for the top of any straight fiber sketching tower. The preforms is initially lowered into a 2000 degrees Celsius furnace. Its tip gets dissolved till a molten glob falls down by gravitational forces. The glob cools and types a thread since it drops down.
This starting strand will then be pulled via a series of barrier covering glasses and Ultra violet light curing ovens, lastly on to a engine controlled cylindrical fiber spool. The engine gradually draws the fiber through the heated preform. The formed fiber size is exactly controlled by way of a laser beam micrometer. The running speed from the fiber drawing motor is approximately 15 m/second. Approximately 20km of optical fiber ribbon machine can be wound onto one particular spool.
3. Screening finished optical fibers
Telecom programs need very good quality glass optical fibers. The fiber’s mechanical and optical qualities are then checked.
A. Tensile power: Fiber must withstand 100,000 (lb/square inch) stress
B. Fiber geometry: Checks fiber’s primary, cladding and covering sizes
A. Refractive index profile: The most essential optical spec xxyjcw fiber’s details transporting bandwidth
B. Attenuation: Very critical for long distance fiber optic links
C. Chromatic dispersion: Becomes increasingly more critical in high speed fiber optic telecommunication applications.


BioPAT® Fundalux 12mm for 1L OPL 10mm
The BioPAT® Fundalux probe has a 12 mm probe connection, an optical path lenght of 10mm and an insertion length of 120 mm. The BioPAT®Fundalux probe is an absorption-based photometric probe that uses light from 840 nm to 910 nm to measure the turbidity in bioreactors and fermenters. This probe is applicable for a 1L Univessel®.
- Item No.:
*Custom/bulk order quotes are provided within 72 hours of request.
The BioPAT® Fundalux measuring system is designed for turbidity and total biomass measurement in the culture vessels of the bioreactors type Biostat® from Sartorius Stedim Systems GmbH. BioPAT®Fundalux probes precisely measure cell growth | total biomass as a function of absorption. The sensors are available in a selection of optical path lengths of 1,5 and 10 mm.
The measuring range of conecntration units is 0 - 0.5 to 4. The measuring range of OD 590 | 600 is 0 to 250. The measuring range of g/L WCW is 0 to 180.
Insertion Length12 mm
Optical Path Length10 mm
Device/Instrument CompatibilityUnivessel® Glass


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Authors contributing to RSC publications journal articles, books or book chapters do not need to formally request permission to reproduce material contained in this article provided that the correct acknowledgement is given with the reproduced material.
It was necessary to construct a custom compressed air system to isolate the optical table from surrounding vibration so that we can accurately measure the pico-newton scale forces that are observed in biological systems. In all cases the Ref. The study of mechanotransduction in biological systems is critical to understanding the coupling between mechanical forces and biochemical reactions.
For reproduction of material from PPS: These last type of experiments exhibit large hysteresis and irreversibility. By doing so, I was able to monitor the oxygenation cycle of heme proteins reversibly over an extended period of time, confirming that the set-up meets the demand of physiological conditions.
Thus, an oscillating optical tweezer capable of applying time varying force and manipulating the cell cytoskeleton was developed in order to measure the mechanical properties and structural changes of single epithelial cancer cells and blood cancer cells.
This discipline has experienced a revolution thanks to the development of single-molecule techniques. We thus use photophoretic forces to trap printer toner particles by illuminating them with light at a wavelength where the particles absorb.
Related post for Optical tweezers thesis Recent Posts. Automated laser induced cell fusion with optical tweezers and optical scissors UCL. Also included are features such as acousto-optic deflection and multiplexing of laser traps, interferometry based tracking with quadrant photodiode and piezoelectric actuated nanostage for active feedback.
Copyright remains with the author. Information about reproducing material from RSC articles with different licences is available on our Permission Requests page.
Thesis Summary Molecular biophysics is a scientific discipline that studies biomolecules. In the last two decades optical tweezers have been used extensively in biophysics and atomic physics to study the building blocks of our world on the cellular and quantum levels.
Therapeutic agent evaluation Abstract: Due to the recent advances in single molecule technology, it is now possible to probe such mechanisms at the single molecule level.
Directing both beams in symmetrical and equidistant paths with the help of optical elements, the beams were overlapped in a counter propagating orientation. We could also manipulate particles in the radial direction at velocity of 0.
Differently from the previous experiments, the unzipping of DNA can also be performed at controlled force. Identification of volume phase transition of a single microgel.
The third and final part of this work will describe a basic mechanotransduction experiment using the well-studied ZIF protein-DNA system. Preview Text corrected thesis for re-checking Jack version 4.
The DNA is a biomolecule that forms a double helix that stores the genetic information of the cells.In the first half of this thesis, we describe our study of the elongation dynamics of E.
coli RNA polymerase using optical tweezers.
Optical tweezers constitute an important tool in modern biophysical research, as they allow the manipulation and tracking of individual molecules, such as enzymes that. Single beam and holographic optical tweezer micromanipulation have been explored. The single beam system used was a simple, compact, easy-to-use, safe and robust optical tweezer setup mounted on a standard research grade light microscope.
M.S. Thesis. Development of a Multi-axis Feature Extraction System for Interfacing CAD and CAPP. Optical tweezers Optical fabrication and manipulation Optical assembly Plasmonic tweezers. M.S. Thesis.
Manipulation and assembly of three-dimensional microparts produced by two-photon photopolymerization. Stability, scaling and temperature in double-well optical tweezers. In: Quantum Electronics Conference & Lasers and electro-optics (CLEO/IQEC/Pacific Rim), incorporating the Australasian Conference on Optics, Lasers and Spectroscopy and the Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology.
High-refractive index particles in counter-propagating optical tweezers | manipulation and forces | Astrid van der Horst, Ph.D. thesis Utrecht University, September In this thesis we discuss how the construction and assembly of the dual beam optical tweezers is done from start to finish.
Construction consisted of assembling a polarization maintaining laser. This was then split into two to create a dual beam effect.Download


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Thanks to the short wavelength of the light used, the CLS K UV fiber optic sensor allows it to detect mineral glass or plexiglas. The CLS-K UV is used for edge detection, presence detection, checking the position of glass plates or for inspecting coatings. Designed as a transmitter and receiver, it leads the light directly to the object via fiber-optic cable. This is ideal in cramped spaces or in difficult installation environments, since the electronics unit can then be mounted a long distance away.
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Binocular and its Features
What is a binocular?
Binoculars are nothing but a handheld device which comprises of a series of prism and lenses that allows the viewer to magnify the subject and the field of vision. This helps in better viewing of things which are far off or distant and can be visualized by using both eyes.
The various features found in a Binocular are the numbers that are associated with them, the field of view, Exit Pupil, Relative Brightness and Twilight Factor, Prisms, Lens Coating, Focusing, Diopter Adjustment, Interpupillary Distance, Close Focus, Eye Relief, Weight, Waterproof, Armoring, Tripod Mounting and the Application.
Check list before buying a binocular
All the Binoculars are usually marked with 2 numbers and some may have 3 numbers and they are called as zoom binoculars. The first number normally denotes the magnification level of the Binocular. In a binocular which is numbered as 8×40, the 8 shows that the magnification of the image is about 8 times closer.
In a zoom binocular where there are three numbers like 7-15×40, the first two numbers denote that there is an option for fine-tuning the binocular’s magnification from 7 times to 15 times closer.
The magnification of a binocular required to choose carefully for a hand-held binocular, because when the magnification increases not only the image size becomes closer but also the finest details and the shaking and trembling of the hand is been taken into account. Naturally, the image brightness goes down along with the steadiness. A maximum of 10x magnification can be used for a handheld binocularly. More than that definitely requires a tripod for support.
The second number is the diameter of both the front lens which is in millimeters. This is the one which determines the performance. The difference between both 8×25 and 8×40 binoculars is that the more the diameter is, it enhances brightness and sharpness of the image. Wide beams of light are left from the eyepieces which make viewing comfortable with a large diameter.
On the other hand, if the diameter is more then the lenses are heavy and finally make the binocular also heavy to carry. Devices with smaller diameters make them light weighted and compact enough to carry while on travel.
This second number of the binocular definitely does not indicate the field of view which is a mistaken and common opinion of many.
Field of View
In a binocular, field of view is nothing but the area seen through the lens. It is determined by the magnification and the eyepiece. The larger the magnification is then the more detailed view is perceived but less area. A 10x show more clarity than an 8x while the latter allows more area to be visualized. So it all depends on the need to view the user wants. The eyepiece is yet another factor which decides on the field of view. Wide-angled eyepieces though expensive are of excellent optical quality that gives you sharp images.
The binoculars have a beam of light that is erupted from the eyepiece which is measured in millimeters and the actual width of it is known as the exit pupil. When held at an arm’s length, a circle of light can be seen in the center of each eyepiece. This is calculated as the exit pupil. The exact size is calculated by dividing the first number of the binocular with the second number which gives you the size of the exit pupil. For example, 7×35, 10×50 and 8×40 all have the same exit pupil size of 5 to it.
The exit pupil shows brighter images in low light also if it has large exit pupils. Normal viewing requires only 2.5 – 3 mm exit pupil. Nevertheless, astronomical requirements need 5-7 mm only. More than 7 mm of the exit pupil is not preferred since the human eye cannot extend or accept such a large exit pupil. But the traditional marine binocular uses a 7×50 which has an exit pupil of 7+ which can be kept centered on the eye as on the deck of a moving ship or a boat.
RE or Relative Brightness
Relative brightness is also an amateur guide to the brightness of the images like that of an exit pupil. The RE is calculated by squaring the exit pupil of the binocular. If the exit pupil is 5 mm then the RE is 25.
The twilight factor of a binocular is determined by a simple mathematical formula that calculates or predicts the amount of clarity or detail that can be visualized in very dim or low light. It is arrived by deriving the square root of the magnification factor with that of the objective lens. The square root of 10×40 is 20 (20×20 = 400) and so the twilight factor is 20. This is also only a rough estimate and should not be taken too literally to evaluate the quality of the binocular.
The prism of a binocular is the glass piece or element that is used to get an upright and perfect image corrected right to left. Usually, binoculars use either a Porro prism or a roof prism.
A Porro prism has the front lens and the eyepiece always set apart and never in a straight line. Optically speaking this is more efficient and less expensive than other types. A Porro prism is quite larger and bulkier and it can be easily identified by its size and design. This is an older style and version of the binoculars.
The roof prism is much smaller and it has a shape like that of a small house with a roof on top. This is much smaller and compact in to handle than that of a Porro prism. It feels good to hold and handle a roof prism binocular though it is expensive. A roof prism binocular can be easily identified as both the eyepiece and the front lens is either aligned in a straight line or a straight tube.
Optically, the binoculars which possess sharp roof prism are phase-corrected and the bright roof prisms do have silver coated mirrors to yield better results. The precise alignment of the roof prism benefits as it is kept safely in a cage like and the focusing mechanism is found to be on the inside of it. This helps in more rugged and smoother focusing in a roof prism binocular.
The different grades of the optical glass that are used as prisms are either Bak4 or BK7. Bak4 is usually used only by high-quality binoculars and the BK7 is considered to be of inferior quality used in cheap or inexpensive binoculars.
The chemical coating that is found on the lenses of a binocular which produces bright images known to be lens coating. This coating is required as whenever a beam of light strikes the lens a percentage of it is lost. To avoid loss of light the lenses are given a chemical coating.
The three different types of coatings are the fully coated or the multi-coated or the fully multi-coated.
When a single layer of magnesium fluoride is coated over the lenses it is called as a fully coated binocular. This is the oldest method used and is also found to be the least efficient. The images produced by this binocular are not very bright and it is usually used only in cheap binoculars.
When multiple levels of coating with special chemicals are given to the lenses they allow maximum light to pass through them. This is best in most of the handheld binoculars and they are easily known as multi-coated binoculars. They are certainly brighter than normally fully coated ones.
When a binocular has all its lenses covered with multi-coated then it is known as FMC or fully multi-coated binoculars. This allows the brightest possible image and always used in all the quality binoculars manufactured.
The focusing of a binocular has three types to it. The binoculars with center focus have a single wheel which helps to focus on the subject. This allows focusing on both far off and nearby objects and is one of the versatile focusing systems for a binocular.
The IF or the Individual Focusing binoculars have separate focusing for both the eyepiece. This works well with the medium and long-range images but does not suit for close vision. These are mainly used for the marine binoculars and the astronomical binoculars.
The third one is a cheap version of the individual eyepiece focusing binocular. In these, both the eyepieces are already present and no further adjustments could be done individually to them. These binoculars cannot be focused any more than forty yards and this happens to be a handicap since most of the people have one eye a bit stronger than the other. This type of binocular does not correlate both the eyes vision individually. They are otherwise called as “no focus” or “focus free binoculars”.
This is a feature which allows adjusting the difference of vision between the right and left the eye as always one is greater than the other. The diopter adjustment is usually found in all the binoculars other than the focus-free ones. Traditionally the adjustment was placed in the right eyepiece but in the latest models, it is a separate wheel or a locking mechanism that is located on the center focus knob.
An Interpupillary Distance or the IP of a binocular is the exact length or distance from the pupil of the eyes. Most of the binoculars have the option to make adjustment accordingly to the width of the face but sometimes persons who have smaller faces or ones who have larger faces may find it difficult to get them fitted into the binoculars properly.
In a binocular, there is a possible distance the device will be able to focus. The maximum closeness that is accommodated by the binocular is known to be the minimum or close focus of a binocular. This is mainly used in bird watching.
The Eye Relief of a binocular is the most possible distance that a person can place their eyes from the eyepieces and still be able to view clearly. This mainly noted for those who wear spectacles. Their glasses would prevent them to get close to the eyepieces. They have to be careful and if they wear a thin plastic lens they would be able to maintain about 13 mm distance. But if they wear thick and heavy glasses, it would be preferable to go for a binocular which has an eye relief of up to 17-20 mm range.
It is advisable to push the eyecups to a down posture when the person wears spectacles and revert back to up when not wearing them. In olden days there was a rubber fold down as eyecups but the modern and latest binoculars have either a twist up or pull up styled eyecups.
Usually, a binocular of 30 – 35 ounces is normal to carry around without any discomfort. But if pain develops over the neck, it is advisable to loop the binocular with a shoulder harness which shifts the weight to the shoulders from that of the neck.
When a binocular is said to be waterproof, it is then fully filled with nitrogen on the inside of it. A waterproof binocular is always fog-proof inside as moisture can splash on the outer surface but it should not get collected inside. Waterproof is not exactly water-resistant or climate-proof or rain-proof. If the usage is preferred for harsh conditions it is better to go for a waterproof one as it is tightly sealed and does not allow dirt or dust collection also into it.
When a binocular is covered or housed within a rubber or any other synthetic covering which protects it from scratches or from accidental bumps and bangs, then it can be said as an armored binocular. This should not be mistaken for waterproofing. This just makes it quite comfortable and safe for the binocular.
A binocular is mounted over a tripod if it comes with a tag which says it to be tripod adaptable and if there it is threaded for the use of a tripod adapter. Sometimes the adapter had to be purchased separately. The tripod socket is normally found on the front of the center hinge, where the binoculars normally fold. It is kept hidden under a cap. Binoculars with larger magnification normally need a tripod to steady them for shaking by holding them in hands. Even heavy binoculars with a heavy objective lens of more than 70 mm would need a tripod in order to balance the added weight.
To conclude, the binoculars have a long history and have been a good companion to a man in his various pursuits of nature via invention and discovery. Binocular lovers or owners might be still curious to know the various details about them and would be keen on trying to understand their device in a much better way.