The eye can be taken a look at with relative ease as to both its function and its structure. A practical assessment consists of the capability to relocate the orbit and the reaction of the pupil to light and lodging.
The function of the eye may be tested in several ways. The patient may be asked to determine illuminated letter or things of varying sizes on what is referred to as the Snellen chart.
Alternatively, the examination of the structural part of the eye might be made in numerous methods. Stress within the eyeball is measured by a "tonometer." In particular illness, particularly in glaucoma, the tension in the eyeball is increased markedly.
However, it ought to be well kept in mind that a client with an eye issue might have other issues as well. Frequently other physical conditions are primary and affect the eye as a repercussion. The look of the eye can signal the physician and the patient to problems in some disruptions of other parts of the body even before other symptoms present themselves.
One's dependence on sight is highlighted when one deals with a short-term or possible irreversible loss of this vital sense. When restorative procedures are sought, specific forms of vision correction such as contact lenses or eyeglasses are recommended.
On the other hand, some individuals are troubled with the reality that they have some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.
For this factor, advanced surgical operations were developed to encourage reduced utilization of contact lenses or glasses. One of which is the now popular LASIK eye surgery.
Basically, LASIK eye surgery is the short term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its concrete equivalent, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another kind of vision correction. The only distinction is that with useful site this type of surgical treatment, one's vision is remedied permanently.
With LASIK eye surgery, the refractive mistakes in the cornea are completely changed. This can be done using an "excimer laser."
The main function of this surgery is to develop a threadlike, rounded "flap" in the cornea utilizing a blade called "microkeratome." In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is finally reformed, allowing better the eye to direct more light into the retina.
Appeal vs. Disadvantages
In the middle of the growing appeal of LASIK eye surgical treatment, there are still disadvantages that individuals need to understand. Probably, the primary reason that this kind of eye surgical treatment has actually become well accepted is because the majority of its cases had actually succeeded.
In spite of more its success, there are still some disadvantages. Here is the list:
1. It is an operation applied to the most delicate part of the eye
Because LASIK eye surgical treatment involves the operation of the retina, which is one of the most delicate portions of the eye, many people state that the operation can be very risky.
To puts it simply, a easy mistake could practically cause an person's lifetime blindness. Hence, it is necessary to think about lots of aspects prior to choosing whether LASIK eye surgical treatment is the ideal restorative procedure one needs to go through.
2. It is not a ideal treatment
LASIK eye surgery might correct your vision but it does not always suggest that it can provide you a best vision. Even if analytical reports reveal that 70% of the patients may have 20/20 vision, this does not always indicate they have perfect vision too.
Given all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the appeal of the operation, LASIK might not always be the perfect eye surgery the way the majority of people view it
Alternatively, the assessment of the structural part of the eye might be made in a number of ways. It ought to be well remembered that a client with an eye problem might have other issues. Frequently other physical conditions are main and impact the eye as a consequence. The appearance of the eye can notify the patient and the doctor to difficulties in some disruptions of other parts of the body even prior to other symptoms present themselves.
Like its concrete counterpart, LASIK eye surgery is another kind of vision correction.


The concept of a telescope using a giant opaque disk half a mile across to focus light is currently being developed by NASA and the University of Colorado Boulder. If a success, it would offer a whole new picture of the Universe, the Daily Mail reports.
According to the scientists, diffracted light waves from a faraway star or other heavenly body would bend around the edges of the disk and converge in a central point.
That light would then be fed into the orbiting telescope to provide high-resolution images.
CU-Boulder Professor Webster Cash says the new telescope concept, named the Aragoscope after French scientist Francois Arago who first detected diffracted light waves around a disk, could allow scientists to observe space objects like black hole ‘event horizons’ and plasma swaps between stars.
The cutting-edge telescope would also be able to point toward Earth and image objects as small as a rabbit, giving it the ability to hunt for lost campers in the mountains, Cash said.
Click here to read more.
SOURCE: Sputnik News


The PCB industry continues to adopt increasingly higher levels of integration and thereby achieves greater component density. This translates to a reduced tolerance on PCB assembly which as a consequence has to become tighter. There is a pressing need for reliable and accurate visual inspection of PCBs.
In today’s fast-paced environment, accuracy is critical and there in no time for delays due to improper quality tests. Present-day electronic circuits are assembled with very small-footprint components, some as small as 0.2 to 0.1 mm. Viewing such components require high magnification inspection systems but at an affordable cost.
Nuline has made a revolutionary breakthrough in this field of inspection systems when it designed and developed a low-cost visual inspection system for easy viewing of electronic circuit boards – the NULINESCOPE.
The Nulinescope is a monocular continuous zooming optical inspection system with a high definition colour CCD camera and TV system together. With a high working distance and wide field of view, there is an exceedingly high definition output. A substantial advantage over other run-of-the-mill microscope inspection systems is that there is minimal eye-strain in the Nulinescope enabling faster and simpler inspection.
Nulinescope offers both vertical and 45 degree tilt (3D) viewing of objects.
The Nulinescope offers magnification up to 100x and the images can be captured on a computer by using the USB cable provided. The unit is fully integrated for line inspection as well as quality checking. All this at a fraction of the cost of its counterparts in the market today.
This system can be used for visual inspection of electronic components like ASICs, ICs, Transistors, Diodes, etc.
The microscope will give clear, distortion free, true color images on the integrated LCD-TFT monitor. The system includes a high resolution camera to capture the magnified image of the object. The image can be captured on a computer with USB interface cable option.


The Carl Zeiss technology beams light perpendicular to the eye from right to left inside a special curved lens built directly into the glasses' lens, then immediately reflects it into the eye using something called a fresnel lens, which is a flat lens that's made up of concentric circles.
The fresnel lens concept was developed by the French nearly 200 years ago for use in lighthouses. You may have seen them in bookstores, which used to sell flat magnifying lenses using the fresnel concept.
While the Carl Zeiss technology probably won't offer the same brightness and clarity as Google Glass, it might be better overall. It's possible that the Carl Zeiss solution will be safer for heavy use and may prevent an affliction I call "Glass Eye," where your right eye becomes sore from such a bright light being beamed into it.
The technology involves injection-molded polycarbonate, which can be mass-produced and integrated into prescription glasses. Interestingly, the smart glass part of the Carl Zeiss lens must be customized for the wearer's prescription along with the convention lens part.
This is where I believe most consumers will get smart glasses. It will be an option at the optometrist's office or glasses retailer.
Choosing smart versions of your prescription glasses will probably cost a few hundred dollars extra, and medical insurance probably won't cover it. But by choosing that option, you'll get future Google Glass-like functionality without social awkwardness.
Why Google and Carl Zeiss should partner on glasses
Carl Zeiss is a lens maker, not a platform company. It doesn't care about the platform.
Google, on the other hand, is a smart-glasses platform company (among other things) and although it has patented technology for the Google Glass prism system, it doesn't really care about hardware.
While press accounts suggest that the Carl Zeiss technology is associated with some unknown competitor to Google Glass, there's absolutely no reason to leap to this conclusion.
Carl Zeiss says it is talking with other companies about using the smart glasses lens technology, and it's very likely that one of these companies is Italian eyeglass giant Luxottica, which is the behemoth behind popular brands like Lenscrafters, Sunglass Hut, Pearle Vision, Sears Optical, Target Optical, Ray-Ban, Persol, Oakley and glasses.com.
Meanwhile, Google is definitely working with Luxottica on Google Glass. In December, Google filed an application with the Federal Communications Commission for an enterprise version of Google Glass. (Note that the enterprise market for smart glasses is expected to grow sixfold this year, according to APX Labs.)
What Google Glass brings to Luxottica is an awesome platform in the form of the cloud-based infrastructure, the data and the operating system, as well as industry-leading artificial intelligence, voice-recognition and all the rest.
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Optical fibers are thin waveguides made of glass and are used for transportation of light. Widely used in the telecommunication industry, in the 1980s they started to be used in astronomy to couple light from the telescope focus to highly specialized and sophisticated instruments located elsewhere, eg. in the observatory basement (Heacox 1986).
Fibers typically have three layers, the core, cladding and buffer (Figure 1).Fibers and operate on the principle of total internal reflection (TIR) : the core and cladding are made from glass, and the refractive index of the core is higher than that of the cladding to enable TIR. The role of the buffer, on the other hand, is to provide protection to these fragile glass strands.
Figure 1 : Optical fiber layout
For an extreme RV precision instrument like NEID, optical fibers offer various advantages, some of these are : –
- By decoupling the instrument from the telescope focus, they allow for the instrument to be quite heavy and sophisticated (NEID weighs about a couple metric tons!) . Further, it allows the instrument to be housed in the basement of the WIYN telescope in a room with temperature control to the level of 1 degree Celsius or better.
Figure 2 : WIYN basement showing the location of NEID, the laser frequency comb and the electronics rack/s.
- Having the instrument in the basement also means a near constant gravitational vector for the instrument. An instrument at the Cassegrain focus of the telescope would move constantly as the telescope tracks the target. This is important to prevent a variable sag or bending of the optics or mounts in the instrument.
- The fiber provides a degree of scrambling for the light. This means that illumination at the output end of the fiber is less sensitive to the the location of the star on the input face. This is important to average over any illumination changes or guiding errors of the telescope (See Halverson & Roy et al. 2015).
NEID Fiber Train
Shown below is the entire fiber train for NEID. Here, we shall go over some of the components.
Figure 3 : Overview of the NEID fiber train
Fiber puck and polishing
NEID has two different operating modes, High Resolution (HR) for the brighter targets for maximum RV precision, and High Efficiency (HE) for the fainter targets, with higher throughput. To enable this, the HR mode has smaller fibers (64 micron core) while the HE mode fibers are bigger with ~100 micron cores to allow for higher efficiency.
For the HR mode we have three fibers – Sky, Science and Calibration ; whereas the HE mode has only Science and Sky (bigger fibers take up more detector real estate). The Science fiber, of course, is where the stellar light enters the instrument. The Calibration fiber in the HR mode is used for simultaneous wavelength calibration of the stellar spectrum. The Sky fiber is used for a variety of telluric corrections.
This combination of HE and HR mode fibers are inserted into a fused silica puck manufactured by Femtoprint using a combination of a femtosecond laser and hydrogen fluoride etching. This is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 : F. Silica puck from Femtoprint. It shows the 5 bore holes for the 3 HR and 2 HE fibers, along with their conical inserts to ease the process of fiber insertion.
After inserting the fibers in the puck they are epoxi-ed into place using Epotek 301 – 2; once this epoxy dries, we polish the puck. For the polishing we use a custom made polishing jig which attaches the puck shown above to the polishing arm on the table. It then moves in a ‘figure of 8’ pattern to polish the fiber. To do this we start with a coarse 60 um grit, and progressively move to smoother grits as 12, 5, 3, 1, 0.3 um grits of silicon carbide, aluminium oxide and diamond.
Figure 5 : Video clip showing the polishing mechanism
Once we polish the puck, and grind away all the epoxy, the resultant puck looks like shown below in Figure 6. We need to get a good surface smoothness to prevent FRD deterioration from roughness on the end surface of the fiber.
Further for NEID we plan to stick a plano – convex lens onto this polished puck surface as part of the input optics focal ratio changer, and to protect the fiber surface from damage.
Figure 6 : Polished NEID puck
The fiber that goes inside the instrument in this puck is circular. However, the rest of the fiber train is octagonal. Therefore we splice the circular fiber on to the octagonal fiber face, which basically means fusing them together.
To do this, we first strip away the polyimide buffer shown in Figure 1. We do this using a 3SAE plasma arc fiber stripper. This creates a plasma arc between three electrodes located 120 degrees apart. The fiber is placed between them and slowly gets stripped off of its buffer. Shown in Figure 7 is the fiber being stripper for the HPF fiber.
Figure 7 : Clip showing an HPF fiber being stripped
After this we use a diamond blade cleaver to cleave (cut) the stripped fiber. The stripped fiber has about a 4 -5 mm patch of exposed fiber (only core and cladding). This is then spliced on to the patch of fiber using a device similar to the stripper – it uses three electrodes to create a plasma arc which fuses the two ends together. Below in Figure 8 is shown a test fiber after being spliced. Figure 9 shows the spliced HPF fibers in a splice sleeve and heat shrink tubing to protect the splice.
Figure 8 : Splice test for NEID fibers
Figure 9 : Splice protection for the HPF fibers. NEID fibers will be similar
Modal Noise Agitator
The optical fibers being used for HPF and NEID are multi-mode, and hence support a finite number of modes. Hence the light emerging from the fiber contains an interference pattern between the many modes traversing across the fiber. This is called modal noise, or “speckle noise”. For big fibers, there are enough modes that the statistical variation in the change in energy distribution of modes is insignificant. However, in the presence of smaller fibers as in NEID, or the use of slits or fiber slicing, modal noise needs to be mitigated for the measurement of precise radial velocities.
The HPF science and sky fibers are agitated using the device shown below; whereas for the calibration fiber we use a combination of a mechanical agitator and an integrating sphere. This is because the problem gets exacerbated for the calibration fiber which uses the laser frequency comb – a highly coherent light source.
For an introduction to understand Modal Noise, refer to – Baudrand and Walker 2001, McCoy et al. 2012, Mahadevan et al. 2014.
Figure 10 : Clip showing the fiber agitator for HPF. NEID will use a similar one.
Double Scrambler – Ball Lens
Fibers provide some degree of scrambling the spatial location of the input spot (Heacox 1986), however for precision RV application, this needs to be improved by many orders of magnitude. For HPF and NEID we use the ball lens described in Halverson & Roy et al. 2015. Basically, our scrambler is a simple ball lens with refractive index ~ 2, which exchanges the far and near field of the fiber. The two ends of the fibers are placed inside a v – groove block (as shown in Figure 11), and butt coupled to the ball lens which is in the middle.
This ball lens is based on the double scrambler concept proposed early in the days of fiber-fed spectroscopy by Hunter and Ramsey (1992) at Penn State!
Figure 11 : Showing the ball lens setup during prototyping. Figure Credit : Halverson 2015
Figure 12 shows how the scrambling performance improves for an octagonal fiber over a circular, further the gains for the double scrambler, and for the spliced system.
Figure 12 : Showing the scrambling gain.
The top panel shows the input face of the test fiber. Whereas the bottom one shows the near field. Figure Credit : Halverson 2015.
This entire system forms the instrument optical fiber package. There are some additional systems involved for the acquisition camera as well as the exposure meter, which are not discussed here. Essential to ‘carry’ the photons from the telescope or calibration sources into the instrument, the fibers are like the circulatory system of the instrument! (In this analogy, the electronic system is perhaps the nervous system, communicating information from the sensors and heater to the system computer.)


IUVA Webinar on “Current Applications of 222nm Far UV in Transportation and Buildings”, presented by Far UV Technologies and Boeing
By Far UV Technologies and Boeing presented at the International Ultraviolet Association (IUVA) – December 2020
Far UV Technologies, Inc. is one of the few US manufacturers of 222nm Disinfection* Lighting Solutions.
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J. Matt Dubach, PhD is an Assistant Professor in Radiology at Harvard Medical School and faculty member in the i3 and the Center for Systems Biology. The Dubach lab focuses on innovative tools to make the unmeasurable in biomedicine measurable through various imaging modalities and sensor development. Dr. Dubach developed an optical approach to measure clinical drug target engagement with subcellular resolution in vivo using fluorescent drug analogs and polarized fluorescent two photon intravital microscopy. This approach enables his lab to probe the heterogeneity of drug distribution and target engagement in cancer and beyond while correlating fractional occupancy to drug efficacy in established and novel targets. His lab continues to develop innovative probes through leveraging advances in chemical biology, nanoscience, genomic engineering, imaging and, increasingly, image analysis.
Dr. Dubach received his BS in Chemical Engineering from Lehigh University and a PhD in Bioengineering from Northeastern University. He then trained in molecular imaging as an NIH T32 postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Ralph Weissleder at the Center for Systems Biology at MGH. He subsequently received a pathway to independence award from the NCI to study the role of target engagement in breast cancer. Prior to his PhD, Dr. Dubach was a member of the technical staff in the biomedical engineering group at Draper Laboratory where he developed optical nanosensors for measurements of ions and small molecules in vitro and in vivo, winning the Draper distinguished performance award for his accomplishments. Dr. Dubach also cofounded the company Ionu Biosystems, serving as the principle investigator on a NASA funded project striving to develop space-capable diagnostics. As Associate Director for the i3, he specializes in regulatory affairs to secure FDA approval for i3 technologies and executes the vision of the i3. He has published over 20 peer reviewed papers and is co-inventor on 5 issued patents.


Remote sensing consultancy
iRed is an industry-leading remote sensing consultancy, providing specialist non-contact measurement surveys, training and solutions across the UK.
We’re a technology and innovation leader with a sixteen-year history of specialisation in infrared thermography. Our research-led development has broadened the thermal imaging technology platform in recent years to also include multispectral, photogrammetry and advanced camera deployment using drones.
We utilise remote sensors to capture electromagnetic waves – such as visible light and infrared – which allows us to assess factors such as heat, condition and reliability. Using this data, we’re able to improve efficiency, productivity and safety for our clients.


What is HD-DMD? High Definition Digital Multilayer Disk.
Quite simply, it is an optical disk with storage capacity
far superior to that of a DVD, 4.7GB vs. more than 20GB,
making HD-DMD ideal for high definition movie needs. By
using the reliable red laser and simply adding more layers
(like adding pages to a book), DDATA technology makes 20GB,
50GB, even 100GB disks a reality! Don’t be fooled
by imitations, authentic red laser multilayer technology
has arrived and it is brought to you by DDATA.


The age of the universe. Dark matter. Black holes. Galaxies. Stars. Distant planets. For the past twenty years, the Hubble telescope has been orbiting the Earth while taking pictures of what lays deep within our universe. Hubble has provided answers to some of the pressing questions held by astronomers while uncovering new mysteries of our universe. The telescope ushered in a new age of astronomy. Now, after twenty years of construction, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be extending and continuing the discoveries of Hubble.
What’s New with the James Webb Space Telescope?
The James Webb Space Telescope will be the most powerful telescope ever launched. Not only will it be able to peer into dust clouds to observe the creation of stars and planets, but it will be able to observe the earliest stars and galaxies. This is thanks to two key features. First, the JWST will have the biggest telescope mirror to fly in space.
The 6.5-meter diameter mirror will allow the telescope to collect 7 times more light than the Hubble telescope. The more light a telescope can collect, the larger the collection field. Second, the James Webb Space Telescope has been designed to collect infrared light while the Hubble telescope is not very sensitive to infrared — a light invisible to the human eye. The farther an object is, the more redshifted it becomes. This pushes the light from UV and optical to near-infrared which makes observations of distant objects difficult without an infrared telescope.
In terms of orbit, the James Webb Space Telescope will not be orbiting the Earth like Hubble. It will actually be sent past the moon, reaching approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth, on an Ariane 5 rocket. To put this in perspective, the Hubble currently sits at approximately 570 kilometers from Earth. The JWST will sit at the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange point — a point in space where the combined gravitational force of the Sun and the Earth creates an equilibrium of sorts where an object can be placed. The European Space Agency currently has the Herschel Space Observatory located at this point.
What’s Being Observed by the JWST?
The James Webb Space Telescope will be able to expand upon what we already know by looking deeper into the universe. The main focus of the JWST will be searching for the first stars and galaxies that formed after the Big Bang. The JWST will also study the formation and evolution of galaxies, stars, and planetary systems. Alongside searching for the creation of planets, the James Webb Space Telescope will be able to search for and study planets orbiting distant stars; we will be able to observe exoplanets like TRAPPIST-1 and determine their atmospheres. If we move closer to home, the JWST will also be able to observe planets within our solar system. Once the telescope is set up, the JWST will be the next step in space exploration.
Who is James Webb?
James E. Webb ran NASA from February 1961 to October 1968; he was a man who saw the space program as more than a political race. He advocated for NASA to be a balance between human space travel and science which led to a decade of unparalleled space research. Webb led NASA during the height of the space program where he oversaw 35,000 employees and more than 400,000 contractors across the U.S. Their goal was to put a man on the moon before the decade ended.
NASA Administrator Sean O’Keefe said this about Webb when announcing the new name for the telescope: “It is fitting that Hubble’s successor be named in honor of James Webb. Thanks to his efforts, we got our first glimpses at the dramatic landscape of outer space. He took our nation on its first voyages of exploration, turning our imagination into reality. Indeed, he laid the foundations at NASA for one of the most successful periods of astronomical discovery. As a result, we’re rewriting the textbooks today with the help of the Hubble Space Telescope, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and the James Webb Space Telescope.”
When Will the James Webb Space Telescope Launch?
The James Webb Space Telescope is expected to launch in 2018 and is currently undergoing rigorous tests. Due to its massive size, the telescope will be launched furled. After its launch, it will have to expand over the course of two weeks in space. From there, the sunshield will be activated. The telescope will be given time to cool down before they begin to focus it. NASA expects the JWST will be ready to make observations six months after launch.
- Celestial Shows: The 2017 Summer Meteor Showers - April 28, 2017
- The James Webb Space Telescope: A Deeper Look at the Universe - April 15, 2017
- 5 Tips on Spotting Fake News - April 12, 2017
- First-Past-the-Post: A Distorted View of Canada - March 2, 2017
- Alternative Media: Escaping the Lamestream Media - February 18, 2017


Bring your event to the next level with laser projection. Generate vivid graphics or create unique liquid sky effects with high powered lasers. The possibilities presented with entertainment lasers are limited only by your imagination.
Utilizing a cutting edge inventory of laser projection products Advanced A/V Rentals provide you with the proper laser equipment as well as a licensed laser technician to provide your event with it's laser projection needs.
Access to laser equipment is only part of the puzzle. The real magic comes with the design of the laser show or graphic. Advanced A/V's team of designers coupled with laser show software allows for possibilities only limited by your imagination when it comes to your laser show.
Rounding out the process comes the execution of your laser show. Advanced A/V will setup the equipment and our licensed laser technician will run your laser show following the industry standard safety procedures.


|Topic :||Interaction of matter with strong light, and of strong light with matter|
|Date :||January 8, 2008|
|Time :||3:30 PM|
|Venue :||C V Raman Hall, IACS|
All are cordially invited to attend.
Abstract: Present laser technology readily allows the generation of light pulses whose instantaneous intensities are high enough to allow generation of electric fields that are Coulombic in magnitude. The highly non-linear, non-perturbative interaction of such light pulses with matter has been a most active areas of contemporary research and some recent highlights will be discussed. What has not been studied so much is the effect that matter has on strong light, and this is a facet of light-matter interaction that is currently being investigated in our laboratories. Some recent results will be discussed which are not only of fundamental interest but also have potential applications in the life and biomedical sciences.


Top 5 Innovations for Installers from Hanwha Techwin
Reportage | 22.07.2022
Hanwha Techwin is renowned for our installer-friendly product features — so we put together a short review to demonstrate the main innovations you can expect with Wisenet products. Read and Watch below:
#1. Modular Camera Design
Wisenet X dome cameras have been designed to significantly reduce the time normally needed for installation, set-up and maintenance adjustments.
With a four-part magnetic modular design that simplifies the installation process, Wisenet X dome cameras are equipped with a number of practical features which help minimize the time installers have to spend on site.
- Magnets which lock sensor modules into the dome housing
- Prefigure IP network settings without the need to remove the camera module from the box
- The network cable can be inserted through the waterproof gland with the aid of an RJ45 plastic push-through device, negating the need to re-make a cable end
- A motorized PTRZ (Pan, tilt, rotate, and zoom) gimbal which enables installers to remotely pan, tilt, rotate and zoom the lens position in order to set the camera’s field of view.
#2. PoE extender cameras
Wisenet X series PoE Extender cameras are equipped with a secondary network port, allowing you to power and connect an additional network camera or network device (I/O controller, PIR sensor, etc.) at distances of up to 80 m away — saving you time and money on long cabling and installation.
PoE Extender cameras provide an equally cost-effective solution for new installations as they reduce the number of network ports and switches, as well as the amount of cabling, required. Installation ease is matched by a considerable reduction in the cost of the time system integrators would normally have to spend on-site to install new cameras.
#3. Wisenet X PTZ PLUS
Wisenet PTZ PLUS cameras deliver an optimal PTZ performance thanks to Hanwha Techwin’s proprietary chipset Wisenet7, its unique 4K 25x lens and platforms. The cameras are available in 4K/6MP/2MP resolutions and 25x/40x powerful zoom, providing the partners and end users with a variety of choices in a lineup
The Wisenet PTZ PLUS cameras are compact and up to 65% lighter than conventional PTZ cameras. This increased the pan/tilt speed while reducing the installer’s burden during installation. The cameras require engineers to simply match three points and twist for fastening between camera mounts. The installation convenience is also improved with a simple cable connection through a single RJ45 cable.
Wisenet multi-directional cameras with motorized PTRZ
Wisenet P series multi-sensor cameras are equipped with multiple sensors, allowing them to effectively monitor with simultaneously multiple directions with just a single device without any blind spots.
By installing Wisenet multi-sensor cameras, the cost of system installation and maintenance is reduced while successfully monitoring wide areas.
Life will also be much easier for installers with Wisenet P series multi-sensor cameras that supports motorized PTRZ (Pan, tilt, rotate, and zoom).
These will reduce on-site times as they enable engineers to remotely pan, tilt and rotate the lens’ positions in order to set the camera’s field of view.
#5. Ready to work Wisenet AI analytics
With edge-based AI the data is analysed by the camera first and subsequently sent to the server. This reduces the burden of transferring and storing large amounts of data to a server, thereby increasing efficiency, saving time, and reducing server costs typically required to analyze data.
Wisenet AI cameras detect and classify people, vehicles, faces, license plates, and more in real-time.
With a range of available resolutions from 2MP to 4K, the cameras’ deep-learning algorithms can reliably identify multiple distinct objects. Reduce false alarms due to none interesting motion, like wind-blown trees, shadows, or animals.
Analytics become a reliable second pair of eyes to operators helping them know where to look for important real-time events while making post-event forensic searches highly efficient.
Wisenet AI camera analytics are fully integrated into Wisenet SSM, Wisenet WAVE, Milestone XProtect, and other VMS.
For installers specifically, offering edge AI as part of your installations helps you stand out in the market, by offering solutions for many different use cases. Out-of-the-box solutions are extremely attractive to end-users who don’t have the time or resources to set up video analytics manually. AI cameras like the ones in the Wisenet X Series and P Series work straight from the box so there’s no need for video analytics experts to fine-tune the analytics. Installers don’t have to spend valuable time configuring complex server-side software. Of course, this also has a knock-on positive impact on training time and costs.
Softprom is a provider of integrated solutions for video security, video surveillance and video analytics systems.


In 1930’s, it has been experienced that certain dyes and resins combination produce brighter colours than normal colours and had the unique effect of “glowing” under ultra violet or black light. As the chemistry and manufacturing process improved, the areas of application expanded to advertising. Safety and promotional firms began to recognize the uniqueness of these bright colours and their special uses.
For example, fluorescent orange colour absorb the same orange band as the conventional, however it also converts the lower end of the spectrum and ultraviolet light into visible light of the pre-dominant wavelength. Conventional / normal colour can reflect only light in visible range, in case of fluorescent colours, it even converts absorbed UV light and reflects in visible range, there by colour appears brighter than normal colour. When clean, bright conventional colour is able to reflect a maximum of 90% of a colour present in the spectrum, a fluorescent colour can reflect 200-300% of colour present in the spectrum.
Fluorescent colours are generally more fugitive than similar hue conventional colours; the relative degree of light stability would depend on formulations, film deposits, wall thickness, additives etc., items as well as the areas of the intended use.
Daylight fluorescent pigments are stable to indoor light or outdoor conditions other than direct sunlight. They are affected by exposure to direct sunlight. The degree and effect of change is dependent on the colour, intended end usage, pigment loading and other important factors including
If prolonged outdoor exposure is intended use for the fluorescent coloured item, actual outdoor exposure tests should be conducted in order to be certain in satisfactory results. Accelerated testing, such as carbon arc/ xenon weather meter, will give comparative indications of light fastness, but there is no exact correlation between accelerated and actual outdoor weathering exposure.
Light fastness can be improved to an extent by :
When light falls on any coloured object, it absorbs and reflects light, the reflected light when reaches eye, the perception of colour is observed.
NOTE: The reflected light is responsible for appearance of colour.
Conventional colour absorbs and re-emits that portion of the visible spectrum of its predominant wavelength; remaining colours are absorbed and dissipated as heat.
Fluorescent pigments are transparent organic resin particles containing dyes which are capable of fluorescing while in solid state solution. The characteristics of fluorescent pigments will be decided by the surrounding resinous mixture.
Fluorescent colours are generally more fugitive than similar hue conventional colours, the relative degree of light stability would depend on formulations, film deposits, wall thickness, additives etc, as well as the areas of the intended use.
Disclaimer: Technical information, advice, statements, verbal and written suggestions and test results are offered for guidance only and it is believed to be reliable based on our present knowledge. There are not to be construed as a warranty for which we assume no responsibility. It is responsibility of the user to ensure their employee are aware of the content and also to ensure that any additional regulations are satisfied.
NO WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE MADE. Users are responsible for testing our products and suggestions to ensure that they are suitable for the intend purpose and application prior to use


- 【Crystal Clear and Sharp】Equipped with LEICA M6 solution and Sony sensor, the 630M game camera can capture the best quality image and video for both day and night.
- 【4 Night Modes】Features with 6 HIGH POWER low-glow IR LEDs and 4 adjustable IR flash modes, you can adjust the flash settings to suit specific needs and optimize battery life.
- 【Wide Angle with Zero Fish-eye Distortion】The 100° viewing angle and embedded distoration correction algorithm ensure a wide detection range to shoot clear, immersive video and photos without fish-eye distortion.
- 【Fast Trigger & Long Detection】Lightning-fast 0.4s trigger speed and 65ft detection range ensure the game camera is activated to capture fast-moving targets swiftly and accurately.
- 【Compact Design and Large Screen】Mini size and the built in 2.31” color display make field set up extremely simple. The 4X zoom function lets hunters to examine every detail it captures right in the field.
Package Dimensions: 6.5 x 4.0 x 3.3 inches


The quantum dots have uniform size, tunable emission and high quantum yield, as well as good thermal stability. The electronic characteristics and band gap of quantum dots are closely related to its size and shape. By changing the size of the quantum dots, the color of emitted light shifts from blue to near-infrared, which allows the excitation and emission of quantum dots to be highly adjustable, and brings lots of applications for highly sensitive cellular imaging, photovoltaic devices, solar cells, and light emitting devices.
“Our quantum dots are monodisperse without agglomeration and aggregation. With comprehensive characterization including TEM, UV-Vis, and DLS, and tunable emission ranging from visible to near-infrared wavelength, the quantum dots are also featured with high fluorescence intensity, good stability and long life time, containing various structures and surface ligands: core-shell, functionalized and conjugated. ” said Dr. Randy S. Vaughn, senior researcher at Creative Diagnostics.
“Creative Diagnostics provides a comprehensive list of DiagNano™ semiconductor quantum dots with different chemical compositions and surface functionalization. You can also find the most comprehensive list of nanoparticles products with different size and surface properties to meet your needs in both research and industrial development at Creative Diagnostics,” said Dr. Jessica Waldorf, chief scientific officer of R&D department of Creative Diagnostics.


?When it is desirable to maintain a particular lens opening for sharpness or depth-of-field purposes, or simply to obtain proper exposure when confronted with too much light intensity, use a Neutral Density (ND) filter.? This will absorb light evenly throughout the visible spectrum, effectively altering exposure without requiring a change in lens opening and without introducing a color shift.
A Neutral Density filter reduces the amount of light passing through the camera lens without changing the color of the scene.? It is especially useful in bright light conditions to help prevent overexposure.? The neutral density filter also allows proper exposure at a wider lens opening for reduce depth-of-field to highlight a key subject by making the foreground and/or background out of focus.
The Neutral Density filter also allows shutter speeds to produce blurred motion effects.
Available in densities .3, .6 and .9 - These correspond to 1, 2 and 3 stops light reduction respectively and are sometimes represented as x2, x4 and x8.
Also available in a Graduated Neutral Density .6 filter.


Glossary of Terms
Below you will find
definitions of terms used in
this site, and in microscopy in general.
Condenser: an advanced illumination system which uses a
lens under the stage that would typically move in the
vertical direction. It would usually also have an adjustable
iris to control the beam diameter of the light prior to
entering the lens. By adjusting the iris opening and the
lens distance from the target, the user has very good
control over the amount of light and its focal point.
Usually found on the more advanced microscope systems and
very useful at higher magnifications (400X and above).
lens: a lens specially designed and coated to correct
for the tendency of light to separate into colors when
passing through glass. An achromatic lens corrects this such
that colors are more accurate after being magnified.
microscope: A compound microscope with two eyepieces
viewing down a single optical channel and objective. This is
different than a stereo microscope,
which has a separate optical channel for each eye.
Click here for an example.
C-mount & CS-mount: a.k.a.
C/CS-mount, is a threaded standard developed for mounting
a lens to a camera. Most commonly used for video cameras
(i.e., CCTV cameras, not camcorders), and is used to mount
cameras to microscopes. The mechanical definition of both
standards is 1" diameter, 32 TPI (threads per inch),
male on the lens (or microscope) side and female on the
camera side. The optical definition of the C-mount is that
the image reaches the focal plane, or camera's detector, at 17.5mm past the edge of
the lens' (or microscope's) mounting threads. The CS-mount is identical in all
respects except the focal plane is 12.5mm past the mounting
threads. A CS-mount camera can be mounted on a C-mount lens
or microscope by using a 5mm extension ring. See also: T-mount.
Controls: A configuration where one knob is
centered on top of another. For example, coarse and fine
focus may have a larger coarse focus knob with a fine focus
knob on top of it (so the center of both knobs is on the
Also commonly used for Mechanical
Stage X/Y movement knobs.
microscope: Literally a microscope with multiple lenses,
however that describes virtually all modern microscopes. It
has come to refer to a microscope such as that pictured at
the top of this page. It would typically include
multiple user-selectable objective
lenses of varying magnifications and present a
two-dimensional view. See also: stereo
microscope: A microscope and video camera combination
with a digital output such as USB or firewire. Often
includes software to display the image on a PC.
Standard Objectives: (Deutsches Institut fuer Normung)
An international standard which dictates the design compatibility
of the objective lens. Therefore DIN standard objectives
from one manufacturer can be used in another manufacturer's
DIN standard compatible microscope.
lens: a lens design that is actually two different
lenses cemented together (usually one positive magnifier and
one negative). This design is used in widefield
eyepieces to obtain significantly better color
performance than single lens designs.
microscope: A monocular
microscope with a second, vertical viewing port. The
vertical port can be used with an eyepiece for a second
person, such as an instructor, to view the specimen, or it
can be used with an adapter and a video or still camera.
Click here for an example.
See also: trinocular microscope.
Eyepiece or Ocular:
The lens closest to your eye when looking through a microscope. A binocular or stereo microscope will have two,
a monocular microscope will have one. It also plays a
critical role in the total system magnification. See also widefield
Eyepiece Tube or Eyetube:
The tube into which the eyepiece lens (ocular) is set. This
is typically presented at an angle for comfortable viewing
such as in the picture at the top of this page. However it may also
be mounted in a vertical position such as on a trinocular or
dual-view microscope for either a second viewer,
or for a camera designed to fit inside an eyetube.
frames per second: Used to indicate the speed in
which a video image is refreshed and displayed on a monitor.
In video microscopy this is usually controlled by the
camera. The faster the refresh rate (number is larger), the
"smoother" any movement of the specimen will appear.
Distance: Distance between the two eyepieces. Typically
it is adjustable to accommodate different users. Some
microscopes also have graduated scales to indicate the
actual distance between the eyepieces, allowing a user to
determine the optimum number and then quickly set
it before each use.
illumination: A highly effective illumination design.
Please click here
for a more detailed definition.
stage: A mechanism mounted on top, or as part, of the stage that
allows the operator to move the specimen slide in the X or Y
direction by turning a knob. Very useful at higher
magnifications as it can be difficult to move the slide by
hand otherwise since it must be moved such a small amount.
Also, moving by hand can be difficult since you must move it in
the opposite direction. Most mechanical stages come with a graduated scale so you can
see how far the slide has been moved or keep track of the
position of various objects on the slide.
microscope: A compound microscope
with one eyepiece such as that pictured at the top of this
lens: The lens in a microscope closest to the specimen.
In a compound microscope there are usually 3, 4 or 5 objective
lenses allowing a selection of magnification levels.
Immersion lens: A lens designed to be immersed in oil.
A drop of immersion oil is placed on top of the cover glass
and the lens is slowly lowered until it rests in the oil.
This allows the light to pass through oil rather than air,
and at higher magnifications results in a crisper, higher
contrast image. Primarily seen on more advanced systems.
A lens design such that specimens that appear centered in
the field of view at one magnification level will also
appear centered when the magnification level is changed. See
A lens design such that specimens that appear in focus at
one magnification will also appear focused when the
magnification level is changed. Keep in mind, however,
that depth of field (how much of a specimen's height will
appear in focus at one time) changes significantly when
magnification is changed. The higher the magnification,
the shallower the depth of field. See also: parcentered
Phase Contrast: A technique using
special objectives and condenser system to enhance the contrast of
unstained, relatively transparent specimens such as blood and
other tissue cells, thereby allowing microscopic viewing of living
tissue. It is a sophisticated technique that shifts the light
"phase" 1/4 wavelength, causing any light deviated by the specimen to
appear dark on a light background. Development of this technique
by inventor Frits Zernike earned him a Nobel prize in physics in
1953. An excellent, more detailed discussion of this process can be found on the
Molecular Expressions web-site
Rack Stop: A safety feature
consisting of a mechanical stop, usually adjustable, which
prevents the objective lens from
hitting the microscope stage.
a head design where the interpupillary adjustment
(increasing or decreasing the distance between the
eyepieces) is achieved by twisting the
eyepieces in an up and down arc motion like binoculars.
Clutch: A safety device usually located on the focus
knob allowing the knob to "slip" and continue turning
when it reaches the end of its travel, or if it runs into
the stage. Due to the gear ratios involved, without this it
may be possible to damage the mechanism by applying too much
force to the knob after it has reached the end.
microscope a.k.a. dissecting microscope: A microscope
with a separate optical channel for each eye (eyepieces and
objectives) which allows viewing in three dimensions. See
also: compound microscope.
or Objective Turret: The rotatable metal piece into
which the microscope's objective lenses
are attached. A "turret" style stereo
microscope refers to the type that has more than one
objective lens which can then be rotated into position. On a
compound microscope the turret is
the ring holding the objective lenses allowing the operator
to rotate them into position as needed. See the picture at
the top of this page.
T-mount: A photographic mechanical
mounting standard developed in 1957 originally intended as a
universal lens mount for 35mm cameras. There are now
T-mounts available for a large variety of digital and film
cameras making it a good method for mounting cameras to
microscopes. The thread (a.k.a. T-thread) is specified as
42mm diameter and 0.75mm pitch, or M42-.75. See also:
microscope: A binocular
microscope with a third, vertical viewing port. The vertical
port can be used with an eyepiece for a second person, such
as an instructor, to view the specimen, or it can be used
with an adapter and a video or still camera. Click here
for an example. See also: dual-view
eyepiece (WF): an eyepiece with an achromatic
doublet lens designed in such a way
that it does not have to be limited to viewing only in its
center, and the portion of the lens that allows
non-distorted viewing is larger than a normal lens. This
appears to the user as a bigger aperture or "hole"
to look through. It therefore has the advantage of being
easier to use and more forgiving of a user's head movements.
An eyepiece listed as WF10X/18mm would indicate
it has a widefield achromatic doublet lens, 10X
magnification and is 18mm in diameter.


Competition is the engine of innovation, and Omnivision, seemingly right on cue, has announced their latest innovation that promises to bring an smaller 8MP CMOS camera to our 3G phones.
While Sharp was looking for ways to slim a larger, denser, CMOS camera phone sensor. Omnivision was developing a new way of producing the same size sensor while doubling the image resolution.
Their approach, as simple as it sounds...
was to turn the sensor over. Dubbed OmniBSI, this changed the order of things a bit, making the silicon the first thing the light hits. This subtle switch up optimizes the silicon’s light absorption, giving the sensor better low-light sensitivity, while allowing for larger apertures and thinner cameras.
This isn’t the first time we seen this type of tech in phones, but Omnivision is one of the largest supplier of camera modules to phone makers. Previously, only one or two brands were making these higher resolution modules, and putting them into their own phones. Now with Omnivision no one company will have “the” high resolution camera phone... unless it's huge. Either way, this will certainly level the playing field when it comes to pricing.
Manufactures will get to fool around with these buggers starting in June.


At the end of an exposure, the camera closes each photosite and works out how many photons fell in to each cavity. They also produce high resolution images with antishake features. In this article we explain the different sensor types and sizes. Because these cameras dont use film and because they produce pictures as data files, many folks think that digital cameras must use a radically different method of capturing images. Having an overall idea about the internal structure of a dslr camera and the functions of different components, i will use the following figure to illustrate its working principle. Each sensor returns an electrical current when its struck by the incoming light. This type of scanner has many advantages like easy digitalization of large format documents, high processing speed, and portability and so on. But yes it is actually very fascinating to know the working of a camera. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext.
Digital camera working mechanism linkedin slideshare. A digital camera or digicam is a camera that captures photographs in digital memory. Exciting practical exercises coupled with engaging theory allows participants to learn and. Seven more will be added in the final 8k by 8k imager. Images are taken in electronic format by a digital camera which is then converted to a binary format. Apr 22, 2008 even the simplest, most compact digital camera is capable of taking magazinequality shots, once the user has a working knowledge of its features. At their most basic, cameras are sealed boxes the camera body with a small hole the aperture that let light in to capture an image on a lightsensitive surface usually photographic film or a digital sensor. Digital cameras look very much like ordinary film cameras but they work in a completely different way. Essentially these are the basic components of a digital camera, since we intend to discuss only the basic principle so we do not wish to go into deep more. Digital camera video show to explain the working principle of digital camera. The same signal which turns on a transistor of one type is used to turn off a transistor of the other type. This digital image can be saved as a file to your computer and can be used to alterenhance the image or apply it to the web. When you press the button to take a photograph with a digital camera, an aperture opens at the front of the camera and light streams in through the lens. The fundamentals of camera and image sensor technology jon chouinard.
When the shutter is opened, light shines through to imprint an image on photographic paper or film placed at the back of the camera. Digital photography is a form of photography that uses cameras containing arrays of electronic photodetectors to capture images focused by a lens, as opposed to an exposure on photographic film. Twinlens cameras includes most compact cameras photographer looks through a second lens, which approximates the cameras eld of view singlelens reex slr cameras magic with mirrors. Pdf video camera is most important gadget for video production. Before starting to work with this program, it is necessary to. Every camera is essentially a lightproof box, with some method of letting in just a small amount of light at just the right time. In this article we are going to study digital camera working principle. Digital cameras employ an electronic sensor consisting of a large. Its all very 19thcentury compared to digital photography. Also, go through a brief explanation on the working principle of a camera, and different types of modern as well as traditional cameras.
Here we introduce the basic principles behind digital camera technologies commonly encountered in scientific imaging. The emulsion is composed by salt containing silver whose particles are sensitive to the quantum effect of light. A multimeter ora multitester, also known as a voltohm meter or vom is, an. Mar 25, 2017 light is kept from a lightsensitive surface either chemicals on a film that react to light like silver oxide or an electronic sensor array most common these days except for a short period of time occasionally the shutter opening and clos. Mar 18, 2015 in this article, we look at the digital camera imaging sensor, providing a guide to what it is for, and how it works the image sensor is the heart of your digital camera much is made of the digital in digital camera, but the digital camera imaging sensor is the heart of a digital camera. Working of scanner electronic circuits and diagrams. The basics the basic technology of converting analog information to digital information is used as the underlying mechanism of a digital camera. Most cameras produced today are digital, and while there are still dedicated digital cameras, many more cameras are now incorporated into mobile devices like smartphones, which can, among many other purposes, use their cameras to initiate live videotelephony and directly edit and upload imagery to others.
Jan 07, 2018 this short excerpt from fstoppers full length photography 101 tutorial teaches the basics of how a dslr camera works. All photography is based on the same optical principle of viewing objects with. Working principle of video camera pdf files vrcollector. Construction and working principle of lcd display elprocus. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure. Now let us know more about a digital camera, its working, and also advantages.
Basic parts of a camera and their functions with diagram. The fundamentals of camera and image sensor technology. Working principle of digital camerablock diagram, parameters, color filtering, pixel resolution, advantages. Conventional cameras use a chemical reaction to capture the image, fixing it on film through an emulsion. Basic webcams use relatively small sensors with just a few hundred thousand pixels typically a grid. Each pixel has a photosite, a cavity that is uncovered when you press the shutter release button. Structure of digital cameras and their working principles. Principles of digital photography sbcs global learning. Parts of an slr or dslr camera slr stands for singlelens reflex, whereas the latter stands for digital singlelens reflex. Digital camera functions all photography is based on the same. Its a semiconductor chip made of millions of tiny, lightsensitive squares arranged in a grid pattern.
Now you must understand that the digital and ordinary camera works. A vidicon tube is a video camera tube design in which the target material is a working principle of a digital camera. Digital camera imaging sensor what digital camera, digital. So the image sensor is the electronic eye of a webcam or a digital camera. How does a digital camera work working of a digital camera. Chapter 2 basic theory how digital camera sensors record. This is shown on figure 32 sensitive surface in grey and amplifier in yellow. In the past twenty years, most of the major technological breakthroughs in consumer electronics have really been part of one larger breakthrough.
The working principle of an analog colour tv camera is analogous to that of a vidicon camera. The operation and properties of these cameras are outlined. Spinning disk principle microlens array pinhole array beamsplitter lens camera specimen objective excitation light parallel scanning of points arranged on a disk rotation of the disk scans the pinholes over the sample microlenses focus the incident laser light through the pinholes to increase light input light from the. Conventional cameras use a chemical reaction to capture the image, fixing. Sep 09, 2019 digital cameras look very much like ordinary film cameras but they work in a completely different way. Consumers now have the option of a number of different cameras with differentlysized sensors, all at the. Future digital cameras some feature of future digital camera goodbye, shutter button. In this article, we look at the digital camera imaging sensor, providing a guide to what it is for, and how it works the image sensor is the heart of your digital camera much is made of the digital in digital camera, but the digital camera imaging sensor is the heart of a digital camera. A new concept called reprographic cameras has paved their way for digital camera scanners. Color interpolation does not work well when no colors are. Working of digital camerablock diagram, parameters, color. The principles of digital photography is designed for persons with basic camera ability who wishes to enhance their skills. Tungsten, florescent, shade, sunny, cloudy, flash, auto and manual j filters can also be used to affect the colour of light in the image. The project is the first stage of video surveillance system creation.
Heat radiation is available to infrared cameras at the shortwave 35 and longwave 815 ends of the spectrum, but is absorbed by moisture in the air in the center of the infrared spectrum. Digital camera functions all photography is based on the same optical principle of viewing objects with our eyes. The size of the sensors is similar to the ccds nd can be close to a micrometer in some cases. Digital camera sensors explained what digital camera. However, these two types of cameras work fundamentally differently in their image capturing. Pdf working principle of video camera researchgate. In these tubes, the cathode ray was scanned across an image of the scene to be broadcast.
How digital camera sensors record light on a digital camera sensor, there are millions of pixels a 1mp sensor has 1,000,000 pixels. There are two general types of cameras for making a movie. This tube is a combination of the image dissector and the emitron. But instead of focusing this light onto a piece of film, it focuses it onto a semiconductor device that records light electronically. Digital camera is an combination of array of photoelectric sensor, and the same record the incoming pattern of light. A computer then breaks this electronic information down into digital data. Digital camera fundamentals andor learning centre oxford. One of the problems raised by the cmos technology is the loss in spatial resolution due to the presence of the amplifier a on the photosite comparable to the optic nerve on the human retina. Once the light is in the box, it forms an image like in the camera obscura, causes a chemical reaction on photographic film like in the brownie camera, or energizes a photocell like in a digital camera. Pinhole cameras rely on the fact that light travels in straight lines a principle called the rectilinear theory of light.
When you take a photo, the shutter lets light enter from the lens and expose the film. Several different types of tubes were in use from the early 1930s to the 1980s. When you get down to it, cds, dvds, hdtv, mp3s and dvrs are all. A scanner is a device that is used for producing an exact digital image replica of a photo, text written in paper, or even an object. Working of digital camerablock diagram, parameters, color filtering. Digital image analysis fuling yang may, 09, 2012 working principle of a digital camera digital image processing ldv, lda continued working principle of a digital camera array of optical sensors that converts light intensity into electrical signals 2. This short excerpt from fstoppers full length photography 101 tutorial teaches the basics of how a dslr camera works. Because the amount of current thats returned varies with the amount of light, your digital cameras electronic innards can combine the.
Most all of the basic principle of these two types of cameras are the same and can be described with general camera principles. In cmos technology, both ntype and ptype transistors are used to design logic functions. At its most basic level, this is all there is to a digital camera. The working principle of the dsc is quite different from that of the conventional camera. May 23, 2015 future digital cameras some feature of future digital camera goodbye, shutter button. Digital cameras have been able to produce large print sizes for years with 6 or fewer megapixels. An ultra compact camera generally is defined as a camera that measures 1 inch or less in. Video camera tubes were devices based on the cathode ray tube that were used to capture television images prior to the introduction of chargecoupled device ccd image sensors in the 1980s. The camera, derrick story shows how to master and take advantage of everything from basic resolution settings to the latest imaging technologies. In the last few years, light measurement has evolved from a dependence on traditional emulsionbased film photomicrography, to one where electronic images are the media of choice. They all have a lens, which enables them to see things.
By working with digital devices researchers can observe specimens on a screen in real time or acquire and store images and quantifiable data. Cameras have various mechanisms to control how the light falls onto the lightsensitive surface. The digital camera can be considered as an alteration of the conventional analog camera. If a camera has a lens, it is not a pinhole camera. The new video camera tube developed by lubszynski, rodda and mcgee in 1934 was dubbed the superemitron. A camera is an optical instrument used to record images. A common misconception surrounds todays digital cameras. In both cases, light is reflected off of an object and passes through a lens, which focuses the light rays, onto the light sensitive retina, in the case of eyesight, or onto film or an image sensor the case of traditional or digital. Just like a conventional camera, it has a series of lenses that focus light to create an image of a scene.
This lesson will show you the progression of the camera from a basic pinholecamera into a modern digital camera. The green rectangle in the center about the size of a fingernail is the lightsensitive part. Actually, your family film camera and that powerhungry, batterymunching digital camera you got for christmas are remarkably similar in. Cmos technology working principle and its applications.
This miniature camera was inexpensive and easy to use, and versions of the brownie were still being sold into the 1960s. However, before upgrading to the 18 megapixel camera, ask yourself what you will use that massive resolution for. This isnt going to change any camera that youre going to buy today is now capable of producing large prints. Our programme, principles of digital photography, is designed for persons with basic camera ability who wish to enhance their skills. Digital cameras focus light onto a semiconductor to create a digital image. A significant majority of modern optical microscopy techniques require the use of a digital camera. Intensified ccd cameras combine an image intensifier and a. Most cameras produced today are digital, and while there are still dedicated digital cameras, many more cameras are now incorporated into mobile devices like smartphones, which can, among many other purposes, use their cameras to initiate live videotelephony and directly edit and. A digital camera, on the other hand, uses a grid or an array of photosensors to record the incoming pattern of light. Light is kept from a lightsensitive surface either chemicals on a film that react to light like silver oxide or an electronic sensor array most common these days except for a short period of time occasionally the shutter opening and clos. Without video camera, we cant imagine production of a video program. An introduction to the digital still camera technology. This causes the angle of light which is passing through the molecule of the polarized glass and also cause a change in the angle of the top polarizing filter.
Most of the associated components are also the same, except that instead of light falling on a photosensitive film like an analog camera, image sensors are used in digital cameras. How can the photographer tell what the camera sees. It has an efficient photocathode that transforms the scene light into an electron image. Jul 11, 2011 essentially these are the basic components of a digital camera, since we intend to discuss only the basic principle so we do not wish to go into deep more. The principle behind the lcds is that when an electrical current is applied to the liquid crystal molecule, the molecule tends to untwist. Even the simplest, most compact digital camera is capable of taking magazinequality shots, once the user has a working knowledge of its features. Image from camera is formed by sequence of pixel lines scanned and displayed in one of two different ways. Command the camera to record the smell of the scene redefining ultra compact. This characteristic allows the design of logic devices using only simple switches, without the need for a pullup resistor. Every digital camera has at its heart a solidstate device which, like film, captures the light coming in through the lens to form an image.544 49 837 393 626 182 904 146 720 853 1445 475 848 1341 1436 813 1073 508 746 978 313 6 1325 97 117 874 57 898 1521 139 1493 1419 1002 1036 1303 355 1298 458 1213 558 355 727 977 1337 1393


Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Comprehensive Study on the Recent Development of PERC Solar Cell|
|Publisher:||Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.|
|Abstract:||Power conversion efficiency (PCE) is the key to developing photovoltaic (PV) industry growth. For this factor, a standard solar cell with an aluminum back surface field (Al-BSF) is used from the past decades. However, Al-BSF suffers from recombination losses that reduces PCE and is a major challenge for the PV industry. To overcome the downsides of the standard solar cell, a new straightforward technology i.e. passivated emitter rear cell (PERC) is used. It has become one of the main PV technology since it differs from the standard solar cell in terms of minimizing the optical and recombination losses. Although PERC is highly compatible and has the ability to capture more light among all other PV technologies. Further, improvement in PERC solar cell structural techniques could make PERC one of the leading cell technologies by 2030s in the industry. For the passivation layer in PERC solar cell, different passivating materials like SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 and SiN X are used. PERC solar cell using these passivating materials enhance the PCE, reduces the light reflectance with improving light trapping and also diminish the rear side recombination losses. This review article presents the recent advancement in the development of the PERC solar cell with setup of different PCE records and structural schemes to increase the PCE.|
|Appears in Collections:||Conferences|
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On November 12th, 2018, the &q...details
Terahertz radiation source based on electron injection to excite a surface plasmon;
Terahertz radiation source based on ultrafast laser pulses and nonlinear optical crystals;
High-power terahertz radiation source based on vacuum electronic terahertz gyros;
Design of terahertz-wave chips and solid-state devices based on GaN, graphene and nanofabrication technologies;
Design of array antennas based on CMOS and ceramic packaging technology;
Design a wideband terahertz wave FM continuous wave signal generator based on direct digital synthesis technology;
To develop a terahertz communication system based on optoelectronic technology, to form a flexible distribution network of fiber-wireless (Fi-Wi) for the next generation of high-frequency communication system layout;
Development of low phase noise photonic THz carrier frequency technology, making it suitable for 16QAM and above high-order modulation format;
Utilize OFDM and other multiplexing methods to improve the spectral efficiency and promote the capacity of Terahertz wireless communication system to Tbps or higher on the basis of large bandwidth resources of terahertz carrier frequency.
Rresearch on microwave, millimeter wave and terahertz integrated circuits based on CMOS, GeSi, GaAs, GaN, etc. Mainly covers low noise amplifiers, power amplifiers, frequency sources and other chip research.
Breakthrough microwave, millimeter-wave system integrated chip core technology, on-chip antenna research, to achieve fully integrated wireless transceiver system.
The on-chip testability design for terahertz chips reduces the need for external test equipment.


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Ramsden eyepiece definition, an eyepiece consisting of two plano-convex crown -glass lenses of equal focal length, placed with the convex sides facing each. Ramsden Eyepiece. It consists of two plano-convex lenses of equal focal length separated by the distance equal to two-thirds the focal length of either. a. The Ramsden eyepiece of a telescope is made of two positive lenses of focal length 2 cm each and also separated by 2 cm. Calculate its magnifying power.
|Published (Last):||13 October 2018|
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The eyepiece is placed near the focal point of the objective to magnify this image. One solution is to reduce the aberration by using multiple elements of different types of glass. Ramsden eyepiece a refracting astronomical telescope the entrance pupil is identical with the objective. Retrieved from ” https: Eyepicee focal plane is located between ramzden two lenses. For many years, simple eyepiece designs with ramsden eyepiece minimum number of internal air-to-glass surfaces were preferred to avoid this problem.
The lenses are of equal focal length and their separation is equal to the ramsden eyepiece length. In the Ramsden eyepiece, the two lenses are made of the same kind of glass, e.
Eyepieces are differentiated by their field stopwhich is the narrowest aperture that light entering the eyepiece must pass through to reach the field lens of the eyepiece. The focal length of the telescope objective is the diameter of the objective times the focal ratio. In effect, ramsden eyepiece Nagler is a superior version of a Barlow lens combined with a long focal length eyepiece.
While convenient for the optical designer, this turned out to be less convenient from the viewpoint of practical microscopy and was thus subsequently abandoned. Ramsden eyepiece triplet corrects well ramsden eyepiece chromatic aberration. Long focal length versions exceed 0. The simple negative lens placed before the focus of the objective has the advantage of presenting an erect image but with limited field of view better suited to low magnification.
The eyepiece for many optical instruments is eyeiece simple magnifier. Modern designs ramsden eyepiece many lens elements, however, can correct for this, and viewing at high power becomes eyeoiece comfortable.
Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. The second formula is actually more accurate, but ramsden eyepiece stop size is not usually specified ramsden eyepiece most manufacturers. The eye pupil should coincide with rzmsden exit pupilthe image of the entrance pupil, which in the case of an astronomical telescope corresponds to the object glass. Internal reflections, sometimes called “scatter”, cause the light passing through an eyepiece to disperse and reduce the contrast of the image projected by the eyepiece.
Due to its dependence on properties of the particular telescope in use, however, magnification power alone is meaningless for describing a telescope eyepiece.
Tele Vue Optics, Inc. The eyepiece for many optical instruments is a simple eye;iece. The number of ramsden eyepiece in a Nagler makes them seem complex, but the idea of the design is fairly simple: It corrects well for distortion.
The eye relief is better than the Huygenian and worse ramsden eyepiece the Ramsden eyepieces. Amateur ramsden eyepiece tend to refer to telescope eyepieces eyepirce their focal length in millimetres. Visual astronomy of the deep sky.
The field lens coincides with the first principal planewhich is ramsden eyepiece for the placing of crosshairs or reticules, but inconvenient in that it highlights any dust on the lens. It finds application in high-power telescopes and range finders.
This occurs when the preceding lens has a narrower field stop than the eyepiece’s, causing the obstruction in the front to act as a smaller field stop rajsden front of the eyepiece. When in use, the focal length of an eyepiece, combined with the focal length of the telescope or microscope objective, to which it is attached, determines the magnification.
This eyepiece is armsden in reducing chromatic aberration ramsden eyepiece, doing a better job with longitudional achromatism than with lateral. Due to their low degree of distortion and the corresponding globe effectthey are less suitable for ramsden eyepiece which require an excessive panning of the instrument. Even today ramsden eyepiece eyepieces are considered eyeepiece eyepieces for ramsden eyepiece and lunar viewing.
The field lens coincides with the first principal planewhich is convenient for the placing of crosshairs or reticules, but inconvenient in that raksden highlights any dust on the lens.
Ramsden eyepiece | Define Ramsden eyepiece at
Blue light, seen through an eyepiece element, will not focus to the same point but along the same axis as red light. Until recently, and still quite commonly, eyepieces of a short-focal length have had a short eye relief.
Achromats are lens groups that ramsden eyepiece two different wavelengths of ramsfen to the same focus and exhibit greatly reduced false colour. Eyepieces The eyepiece for many optical ramsden eyepiece is a simple magnifier.
For the device for looking through a camera, ramsden eyepiece viewfinder. The field of view seen through an eyepiece varies, depending on the magnification achieved when connected to a particular telescope or microscope, and also on properties of the eyepiece itself. If the apparent field of view is known, the actual field of view can be calculated from the following approximate formula:.
Low dispersion glass ramsden eyepiece also be used to reduce chromatic aberration.
The doublet has its concave surface facing the light source and the singlet has its almost flat slightly convex surface facing the eye. The Ramsden ramsden eyepiece comprises two plano-convex lenses of the same glass and similar focal lengths, placed less than one eye-lens focal length apart, a design created ramsden eyepiece astronomical and scientific instrument maker Jesse Ramsden eyepiece in Astronomical Equipment for Amateurs. An eyepiece consists of several ” eyepieece elements” in a ramsden eyepiece, with a “barrel” on one end.
The above formulae are approximations. It was invented by Hugo Adolf Steinheil around Eyepieces for telescopes and microscopes are usually interchanged to increase or decrease the magnification, and to enable the user to select a type with certain performance characteristics.
Due to the effects of these variables, the term “field of view” nearly always refers to one of two meanings:. Carl Kellner designed this first modern achromatic eyepiece in also called an ” achromatized Ramsden “. However, if the eye relief is too large it ramsden eyepiece be uncomfortable to hold the eye ramsden eyepiece the correct position for an extended period of time, for which reason some eyepieces with long eye relief have cups behind the eye lens to aid the observer in maintaining the ramsden eyepiece observing position.
The effect can create a ring ramsden eyepiece false colour around point sources of light and results in a general blurriness to the image. Technology has developed over time and there are a variety of eyepiece designs for use with telescopes, microscopes, gun-sights, and other devices.


With the development of the Explosion Proof LED Lamp, the proportion of traditional luminaires in the market share has gradually been replaced by LED explosion-proof luminaires. So what are the advantages of LED explosion-proof lamps compared with traditional lamps?
1. Energy-saving: Constant-voltage DC drive, the same lighting effect saves more than 80% than traditional energy-saving light source, can produce huge economic benefits.
2. Environmental protection: The lamp does not contain toxic heavy metal pollutants such as mercury. There is no infrared or ultraviolet radiation in the spectrum, no stroboscopic, waste can be recycled, low heat, and it is a typical green light source. No mosquitoes surround the lamp body at night. The indoor lighting environment is cleaner, sanitary and tidy.
3. Long life: LED lights are also called never-off lamps, solid cold light source, epoxy resin package, no loose parts of the lamp body, no filament blown, heat sink, light decay, etc., long service life up to 5W -10W hours.
4. High color display: The color rendering index of LED lamps is up to 80, the color rendering index of fluorescent lamps is 65-80, and the color rendering index of incandescent lamps is 95.


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Eye Surgical procedure
Eye Surgery has become a mainstream approach of vision improvement, and this article will certainly discuss the advantages and also drawbacks of three different techniques being provided to the clinical consumer.
Lasik Eye Surgical treatment
LASIK is the acronym for Laser-Assisted Sitting Keratomileusis as well as is an eye medical system which permanently deals with vision by eliminating a thin layer of the cornea. This treatment works best on clients with moderate to high degrees of myopia (nearsightedness), low to moderate degrees of hyperopia (farsightedness) and also astigmatism connected with myopia, and that have thick corneas. It is one of the most widely known medical vision modification method.
People with regular eye view see objects clearly due to the fact that pictures are brought right into a right prime focus by the cornea as well as lens of the eye. Ideally, the cornea's curvature is uniformly matched to its size in a normal eye. Individuals with astigmatism, myopia or hyperopia have irregularly shaped corneas, so the objects seen are not focused appropriately. LASIK adjustments corneal shape by exact elimination of corneal tissue, and also by doing so deals with the eyes' focusing power.
There are, however, threats to LASIK eye surgical procedure.
There is a remote chance of full loss of vision. If this occurs, it is typically due to the fact that the person had a pre-existing condition which needs to have precluded the surgical treatment to begin with, such as maternity, cataracts, arthritis, diabetes, glaucoma, or lupus. People with big students are also bad prospects for LASIK. Dry eye syndrome will be exacerbated by this treatment.
A few patients complain that they permanently see "ghost" pictures, have blurred vision, reduced contrast and bad evening vision. When LASIK wased initially introduced, 5% of patients had post-operative complaints; nonetheless, improvements in the treatment have actually caused this price to go down to much less than 1% if LASIK is performed by knowledgeable specialists and also clients are effectively evaluated before surgical treatment. If problems do take place, they could typically be resoved by a retreatment.
FDA has approved LASIK laser eye surgery because 1998. While there are a lot of pleased individuals, there are however no long term research studies about its effects. Recognize the constraints and also the threats of LASIK eye surgical treatment before you sigh up for the treatment.
Though much less well known, these little implants can boost vision in clients with light to modest nearsightedness without the danger of irreversible eye damages intrinsic in the cells elimination technique of LASIK. Intacs are semi-circular disks implanted in the cornea which extend it to assume a flatter form. Though a see this website little less accurate compared to LASIK, they are removeable and changeable, so if the individual has an unanticipated over- or under-correction, the dental implant could be removed and also another of a various dimension inserted to acquire the wanted modification. The implants are located beside the cornea, so the main aesthetic location is totally intact and intact, and also the strength of the cornea is undiminished, making it a far better alternative for pilots and also those site web who engage in contact sporting activities where eye injury is a possibility.
Intacs are unsuitable for serious nearsightedness and also more than small astigmatism (1.00 diopters), as the cornea could only be extended until now. If the Intacs are gotten rid of, vision returns to its preoperative degree. Apart from vision adjustment, Intacs are also used to treat keratoconus.
Intacs are FDA authorized and Ten Years researches have actually exposed no major issues with Intacs and also few client grievances; however, due to the fact that the procedure takes extra training compared to LASIK, there are less eye surgical treatment facilities supplying it. Nonetheless, the Intacs internet site gives a checklist of professionals in each state, as well a few in Canada, Europe and also Mexico.
Due to the fact that many individuals do not want to risk LASIK and also Intacs can not aid those with extreme vision problems, intraocular lens implants (IOL) are a brand-new choice authorized by the FDA in 2004 to correct moderate to extreme nearsightedness. The Craftsmen lens, made by Ophtec, is similar to the type of lens implant made use of to bring back vision complying with cataract eye surgical treatment.
The new IOL, called the Craftsmen, is intended for only individuals who have 2.5 diopters or much less of astigmatism.
The artificial lens does not change the all-natural lens, yet is put in front of it. The main issue found with the dental implant was the consistent loss of endothelial cells in the corneas of individuals that received the implants. The endothelium is a layer of cells that line the undersurface of the cornea as well as are crucial in keeping the cornea clear. A three-year study revealed a consistent stable loss of endothelial cells of 1.8 percent a year. At this moment, nobody could forecast whether this loss will certainly proceed at the exact same price indefinitely, and even its impact on corneal feature.
To decrease lasting impacts of the tool on the corneal endothelium, the FDA is calling for that the brand-new lenses be identified to specify that they should only be implanted in patients whose corneal endothelial cells are thick adequate to stand up to minor cell loss.
Much more major issues were couple of: retinal detachment (0.6%), cataract growth (0.6%), and also corneal swelling (0.4%). The FDA is calling for Ophtec to carry out a five-year follow-up survey of its implant people to much better evaluate the post-surgical incidence of cataract development, retinal detachment and also various other ocular conditions.
The Craftsmen lens is intended to be a permanent implant.Though it could be eliminated surgically, vision could not always return to exactly what it was prior to obtaining the lens. Because it does not influence astigmatism, people with this trouble could still require glasses.