A Measuring Microscope
Tooling for my Taig lathe
the Making Stuff collection
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Several owners of small lathes have written about the benefit of attaching a microscope to the lathe:
When my father cleaned out his basement, one of the finds I claimed was a Bausch and Lomb measuring microscope. This is not a fancy stereo microscope like John Bently and Roger Hess have used, but it has a reticule scale 0.1" long, graduated in 0.001" increments and it focuses on a point about 1.6" from the objective lens. The microscope came with a cast base designed to sit on some kind of linear way, plus a battery powered light, but with those removed, it is just a metal tube with lenses at each end.
The photo shows the microscope in its place, adjusted to look down on the tops of my taper attachment mounting bars so I could measure the locations of new holes in the mounting bars for a pair of alignment pins.
With the microscope barrel held in the grip of a rubber clamp, focusing is a simple matter of sliding the barrel up or down in the clamp. This would be an almost impossible thing to do with a microscope that had a shallow depth of field, but the measuring microscope has a very deep field, making it fairly easy to get a sharp focus.
Looking through the microscope by eyeball, I had no difficulty seeing the workpiece and the scale at the same time, but the iPad has a shallower depth of field when looking through this microscope than my eyeball. As a it turns out, the scale was in focus only when the bottom of my drilled hole was in focus, while the scale was all but invisible when the surface of the part was in focus. You can't really see the scale here until you click on the bottom photo to see it full sized.
In any case, while my dial caliper says that the drill is 0.040" in diameter, measuring the hole with the microscope scale shows a diameter of about 0.045". You can see that I chamfered the edge of the hole, producing a lip averaging about 0.003" wide. I made the chamfer by gently twiddling the tip of a a 1/8" drill in the hole, which is only about 0.05" deep.
From a practical point of view, a measuring microscope like this can serve many of the same functions as a test indicator. Measuring long distances on the scale is more problematic. When an object is exactly in focus, the scale gives exact measurement, but the depth of focus is deep enough that exact focus is hard to determine. The best way to take exact measurements with this microscope is to slide an object of known dimension into the field in the intended focal plane and then adjust the microscope until that object measures correctly. This is tedious and it must be repeated every time the focus is changed.


Lidar company lists in Malaysia
Lidar is the an acronym to light detection and ranging. Lidar uses billions of reflected light beams to map the topography. In Malaysia, Lidar is already been used for many applications mainly in transportation, disaster management, hydrology and telecommunications utilities. Lidar airborne survey is more preferable that other conventional method because it is faster, accurate (can reach 0.2m spatial resolution), and economical when large areas need to be covered.There are fews noticeable Malaysia remote sensing companies that doing Lidar airborne survey, which are:
1. AAM Group
2. Airborne Informatics Sdn Bhd
3. Ground Data Solutions Sdn Bhd
Feel free to drop your comment here if you know other lidar company that operate in Malaysia.
Posted on September 4, 2013, in Remote Sensing & GIS and tagged airborne lidar survey malaysia, lidar application malaysia, lidar company in malaysia, lidar company lists malaysia, lidar company malaysia, lidar provider malaysia. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.


Eye Surgical procedure has actually ended up being a mainstream approach of vision adjustment, and also this post will certainly clarify the benefits and also drawbacks of 3 various techniques being offered to the medical consumer.
Lasik Eye Surgical procedure
LASIK is the phrase for Laser-Assisted Sitting Keratomileusis and is an eye surgical system which permanently corrects vision by eliminating a slim layer of the cornea. This treatment works best on people with modest to high levels of myopia (nearsightedness), low to moderate degrees of hyperopia (farsightedness) and also astigmatism connected with nearsightedness, and also who have thick corneas. It is the most well-known surgical vision adjustment approach.
Individuals with normal eye view see things plainly because photos are brought into a right centerpiece by the cornea as well as lens of the eye. Ideally, the cornea's curvature is evenly matched to its size in a typical eye. People with astigmatism, myopia or hyperopia have irregularly shaped corneas, so the things seen are not concentrated effectively. LASIK adjustments corneal form by precise elimination of corneal tissue, as well as by doing so corrects the eyes' concentrating power.
There are, nonetheless, threats to LASIK eye surgical treatment.
There is a remote possibility of full loss of vision. If this occurs, it is usually since the individual had a pre-existing condition which ought to have averted the surgical treatment in the first place, such as maternity, cataracts, joint inflammation, diabetes, glaucoma, or lupus. Individuals with large students are also poor candidates for LASIK. Dry eye disorder will be aggravated by this treatment.
A couple of people grumble that they permanently see "ghost" pictures, have obscured vision, reduced comparison and also bad evening vision. When LASIK wased initially presented, 5% of patients had post-operative problems; nonetheless, refinements in the procedure have actually caused this rate to drop to less compared to 1% if LASIK is done by skilled experts as well as clients are appropriately screened prior to surgical treatment. If problems do occur, they could often be resoved by a retreatment.
FDA has authorized LASIK laser eye surgical treatment since 1998. While there are a great deal of pleased patients, there are however no long term researches concerning its impacts. Recognize the restrictions as well as the risks of LASIK eye surgery before you sigh up for the procedure.
Though less well known, these small implants could boost vision in people with mild to moderate nearsightedness without the danger of click over here long-term eye damage inherent in the cells elimination method of LASIK. Intacs are semi-circular disks implanted in the cornea which stretch it to assume a flatter form. Though slightly less specific than LASIK, they are removeable as well as replaceable, so company website if the client has an unforeseen over- or under-correction, the implant can be removed and an additional of a different dimension inserted to get the preferred improvement. The implants are located at the edge of the cornea, so the main aesthetic location is totally intact as well as intact, as well as the toughness of the cornea is undiminished, making it a far better option for pilots and those that participate in get in touch with sporting activities where eye injury is a possibility.
Intacs are unsuitable for extreme myopia and greater than minor astigmatism (1.00 diopters), as the cornea can just be extended so far. If the Intacs are removed, vision go back to its preoperative level. In addition to vision improvement, Intacs are additionally utilized to deal with keratoconus.
Intacs are FDA authorized as well as 10 year studies have actually exposed no significant issues with Intacs as well as very few individual problems; however, due to the fact that the procedure takes a lot more training compared to LASIK, there are less eye surgery centers using it. Nevertheless, the Intacs site offers a listing of specialists in each state, too a few in Canada, Europe and Mexico.
Since many people do not wish to risk LASIK and also Intacs could not help those with serious vision problems, intraocular lens implants (IOL) are a new option approved by the FDA in 2004 to fix modest to extreme nearsightedness. The Artisan lens, made by Ophtec, is similar to the sort of lens dental implant made use of to restore vision following cataract eye surgical treatment.
The brand-new IOL, called the Artisan, is intended for only individuals that have 2.5 diopters or much less of astigmatism.
The artificial lens does not change the all-natural lens, however is put in front of it. The major trouble discovered with the dental implant was the constant loss of endothelial cells in the corneas of clients that obtained the implants. The endothelium is a layer of cells that line the undersurface of the cornea and also are crucial in keeping the cornea clear. A three-year research study showed a regular constant loss of endothelial cells of 1.8 percent a year. At this point, nobody could forecast whether this loss will continue at the same rate indefinitely, and even its influence on corneal feature.
To decrease lasting impacts of the device on the corneal endothelium, the FDA is calling for that the new lenses be labelled to define that they should only be dental implanted in people whose corneal endothelial cells are thick sufficient to withstand small cell loss.
More major issues were couple of: retinal detachment (0.6%), cataract growth (0.6%), and corneal swelling (0.4%). The FDA is needing Ophtec to carry out a five-year follow-up survey of its dental implant patients to better assess the post-surgical occurrence of cataract growth, retinal detachment and also various other sensory conditions.
The Craftsmen lens is meant to be a long-term implant.Though it could be removed operatively, vision could not always go back to what it was before obtaining the lens. Due to the fact that it does not impact astigmatism, clients with this issue might still call for glasses.


Rigid Industries SR-Q PRO LED Light Bar
We recommend the Driving light pattern for Harley Applications.
Big Power in a Small Package - The Rigid Industries SR-Q LED Light is one of the most versatile lighting products on the market today. This compact LED light can be used for virtually any lighting application - from off-road to agriculture. The SR-Q utilizes the same technology as our D-Series, but in a wide configuration, instead of square. The size and shape of the SR-Q LED Light allows it to fit almost anywhere. Its cast aluminum housing and polycarbonate lens are sealed against the elements for years of trouble-free operation.
Specter Optics - Our patented Specter optics system features 50% more LED's than our Hybrid optics in the same footprint and is specifically designed to cover more area. By incorporating a reflector with no facets or orange peel, the Specter optics system produces an intense, smooth beam with minimal wasted light.
Driving Pattern - Our engineering team designed the Driving version of our Specter optics system to project light not only far, but also wide. This light utilizes a narrow, oval-shaped reflector that projects both spot and flood beam patterns. Rather than a conical beam, this technology creates an oblong beam that maintains a bright center hot spot, as well as incredible horizontal dispersion.
Quality Construction - Our circuitry is designed in-house to be more powerful, be more efficient, and generate less heat. Our durable aluminum housings feature custom, over-sized heat sinks which keep the temperature down and allow our LED's to run cooler and brighter. All Rigid Industries LED lights receive a high quality powder coat finish, a custom-molded rubber seal, and an unbreakable, scratch resistant lens. Rigid Industries LED lights are engineered to withstand whatever you, the road, or nature can throw at them.
Contact your local dealer / distributor for more information about this and other high quality LED lighting products and accessories from Rigid Industries LED Lighting.Kit Includes -Plug and Play Harness with Switch also Mounting Bracket with Hardware.
US Patent No 7,438,447
- Patented Specter Optics
- 50,000+ Hr LED Lifespan
- Instant On / Off - No Warm Up
- RoHS Compliant
- Over / Under Voltage Protection
- Cast Aluminum Housing
- Durable Polycarbonate Lens
- Integrated Thermal Management
- GORE® Pressure Equalizing Vent
- Designed, Engineered, &
Assembled in the USA
- Watts: 34.5
- Amp Draw: 2.50
- LED's: 6
- Raw Lumens: 3030
- Lux @ 10m: 206.1
- Beam Distance: 287.1 m
- Peak Beam Intensity: 20,612 cd


In the rapid development of the physical processing industry, laser cutting as an indispensable part of the entire processing process, has an extremely wide range of markets. In the actual production and processing of different industries, according to the laser cutting method is different, as well as the selection of different auxiliary gases, the birth of a diverse laser cutting process. But different processes in the processing process and quality control, and has a common presentation.
Currently on the market a wide variety of laser equipment, the specific use of the details of the operation is not the same, but can be extracted from the laser cutting the overall operation of the process of the common three major steps – CAM program output, the choice of laser process methods and parameter settings and laser cutting equipment implementation.
In the laser cutting market, quality evaluation of cut samples has been a major factor considered by various industries when selecting laser cutting equipment. The common elements for quality evaluation of laser samples are cutting accuracy, kerf quality, heat affected zone and slag.
This project mainly introduces the process of laser cutting and cutting quality, so that students have a preliminary understanding of the laser processing process, can master the steps of the laser cutting process and be able to judge the quality of cut samples.


Home > Photographic Goods > Cameras & Lenses > Samyang Lenses
Part Number: 7660Brand: Samyang
High quality lens intended for portrait shooting and designed especially for photographers seeking the best possible image parameters. The lens comprises of 9 lenses divided into 7 optical groups and provides internal focusing function. It should be also noted that one of the lenses is aspherical.
Iris diaphragm allows one to produce aesthetic bokeh. All lenses were covered with multilayered, anti-reflective coatings, which add to the very high level of light transmission.
Samyang 24mm 1:1.4 ED AS UMC Lens Samsung-NX£527.99 £499.99
Samyang 8 mm f/3.5 Aspherical IF MC Fish-eye Lens Samsung-NX£255.99 £242.99
Samyang 8mm f/2.8 UMC Fish-eye Lens Samsung-NX Silver£263.99 £249.99
Samyang 8mm f/2.8 UMC Fish-eye Lens Samsung_NX Black£263.99 £249.99
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Description: ABRL160 Stand Mount Flash with LED Modeling Light is a lightweight monolight with straight forward features that make it ideal for most applications. The 160 watt-second strobe features a bright LED modeling lamp that, unlike its quartz counterparts, is virtually maintenance-free. And instead of lasting 100 hours, the LED typically lasts approximately 25,000 hours.
Specifications: Maximum Watt/Seconds: 160 Flash Variability: Full and 1/2 power Modeling Light: LED with On/Off switch Flash Ready Indicator: Yes Operating Voltage: 120VAC Built-in Slave Cell: Optical Sync Socket: Mini (3.5mm) phone Fan Cooled: No Dimensions: 7.5 x 6.5 x 4.2" dia Weight: 1.5 lbs
Package Included: 1 x sync cord (3.5mm) 1 x Flash tube 1 x Power cord 1 x 1 Year Limited Warranty


The experimental facility of Hooke's Law activity: Two reference cubes with a spring connecting them.
A close-up snapshot of the virtual objects as seen through ASHLEY's AR glasses during the Hooke's law experiment.
A snapshot of the virtual objects as seen through NIR's AR glasses .
Researchers' Monitoring Screen. Supported with a special application, enables reflecting what students see beyond their AR glasses.
The virtual objects augmented on the physical phenomenon as seen through the AR glasses in Hooke's law experiment.
The Hooke's law experiment: The Identification process of the spring elongation with the AR glasses.
A close up snapshot of the virtual objects as seen through the AR glasses during the Galileo experiment.
Student's interaction in light of the phenomenon seen beyond their AR glasses


The Phantom Miro 110 is a 1 megapixel colour camera with 1.6 Gigapixels/second (Gpx/s) throughput. This translates to over 1,600 frames-per-second (fps) at full 1280 x 800 resolution. Frame rates up to 400,000 fps are available at reduced resolutions. The minimum digital exposure is 2 µs.
Location: MSB 147
Faculty-in-charge: Prof. R. Raghunathan
For further details:Arun Sankar E M


Bausch & Lomb now brings this innovative and modern monthly contact lens to the market, ULTRA for Astigmatism.
This latest addition to the ULTRA range of contact lenses now allows many more to enjoy and experience the sharp and clear vision obtained with this “ultra modern” lens with as many as 5 cylinders ensuring an optimal fit. With the latest material and the latest techniques applied, specially designed for this time to ensure that you can wear contact lenses every day all day without the annoyance of dry and tired eyes.
Specifically designed and made for our contemporary full-time and long-term use of screens, PCs, laptops, smartphones and the TV.
Experience it yourself, this comfort, especially at the end of a long day.


Difference Between Lens Speed And Shutter
In addition to focal length, a lens is described by its speed. The ability of a lens to gather light reflected from a subject and thus to produce a sufficiently bright image on the film is measured by the f-number of the lens. The f-number is the ratio of the focal length of the lens to the lens diameter. A lens with high ability to collect light has a low f-number, such as f1.4, and is known as a fast lens. It can be used to photograph subjects that are in dim light. A lens with a high f-number, such as f8, has limited ability to collect light and can be used only when enough light is available.
While the lens aperture controls the intensity of light entering the camera, the shutter controls the length of time that light enters. Often the shutter control of the camera is marked only with the denominator of these fractions—1, 2, 4, 8, and so on.
Shutter speeds also may be used to produce photographic effects. A very low shutter speed shows motion through space, that is, the path of the motion. This means that the moving object will appear blurred if a slow shutter speed is used. For example, a 1/2- to 1-second shutter speed will show the path of movement of tall, blowing grass or swaying branches.
The faster the shutter speed, the less blur in the finished photograph. A very fast shutter speed “freezes” motion and shows the moving object more sharply.


Sigma DP1 camera reviewed, raises the bar
The folks at PopPhoto managed to get their hands on a new Sigma DP1 camera and put it through the paces. Its not without fault, of course, but they came away largely impressed.
“The DP1 sets a new standard for image quality in a compact camera, especially at ISO 400 and 800. Its fixed 28mm-equivalent f/4 lens has incredibly low distortion and minimal light falloff that adds to image quality.”
Sigma managed to squeeze a DSLR-sized image sensor that’s more than twice the size of image sensors used in other point-and-shoot cameras, which resulted in excellent noise control and color accuracy.
On the down side, some of their complaints were:
- Slow auto focus
- Burst mode can shoot 3 raw frames in one second, but the DP1 takes 23-seconds to store them before its ready for the next shot or sequence
- 11.8-inches is the closest focus distance so it can’t be used for macro shots
- A bit pricy at $800
For more info check out the product page here.


Lenses are used to enhance or correct problems with vision. Many users are sometimes inquisitive about lens replacement and the following questions are frequently asked.
#1: What does IOL represent?
Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are employed in eye surgeries as an artificial alternative to natural lenses such as LASIK. Conditions such as cataract or presbyopia are handled through surgeries and these lenses are appropriate for correcting refractive errors and enhancing overall vision.
#2: What makes premium IOLs unique?
Not all IOLs are capable of correcting vision at a different range of distance. Some are monofocal and always result in a need for a reading glass even after a lens replacement surgical procedure. However, Premium IOLs are multifocal and are better alternatives to cloudy lenses. They are applied for correcting different kinds of vision problems and giving optimal vision from far distances of any range.
#3: How safe are IOLs?
First, I will clearly state that IOLs are safe. They have passed several stringent tests conducted by the FDA both nationally and internationally. They have also been confirmed as highly effective for treating several vision problems such as Cataract. In fact, IOLs are widely used in the United States as the only treatment option for cataract.
#4: Will I feel the IOL after my surgery?
That is the beauty of this artificial lens. Apart from the fact that you will notice an improvement in your vision in terms of better clarity, sharper images, and more focused vision, you will not feel any inconvenience or discomfort after your surgical procedure.
#5: How is the procedure conducted on both eyes?
The ideal way of conducting a surgery requiring treatment on both eyes is to space the timing between your procedures. This is important to avoid vision disruption dues to stress on both eyes and the body in general. Adequate time is needed for the body to heal up so as to support the next procedure.
#6: Who can use IOLs?
Lens replacement is recommended for some conditions after careful evaluation by medical experts. Cataract is a major problem that the only treatment procedure is the use of IOLs. Sometimes, when LASIK is not a good option for problems with vision, IOLs are effectively used as an alternative. Also, if you have diminished vision or refractive error arising from Presbyopia, a lens replacement is an option to subscribe to for improvement of vision and image clarity. Therefore, if you are considering having a lens replacement, you can get a good one from Alain Assedo Opticien. They are a group of experts that will not only give you a corrective and effective lens but will also make sure the lens you are getting is fashion trendy.


Open daily 1-4 PM and 1st & 2nd Friday evenings 6:30-9 PM, weather permitting.
The observatory dome houses a Celestron 14" Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope mounted on a Celestron PRO computerized mount with a wide array of filters, imagers and eyepieces that will enable you to experience the thrill of bringing faraway moons, planets, nebulae, clusters, galaxies etc. right into view, up close and personal. There is also a 100mm Lunt solar telescope, specially designed for observing the Sun in great detail with removable filters that allow for sunspots and other solar activity to be observed safely during the day.
Learning begun through interactive exhibits and distance learning on astronomy, orbital mechanics, stellar and planetary formation, gravity, will only be enhanced with the opportunity to see first hand real objects in the day and night skies.


Photonics and Laser Technology
Students completing the Associate of Applied Science (AAS) in Photonics and Laser Technology will learn the scientific principles of optics, fiber-optics, and lasers. Students will be instructed on the processes and equipment for incorporating these devices in electronic and electro-optics systems. Hands-on training will prepare students to become entry-level technicians who work on products or devices in manufacturing, communications, defense, homeland security, medical, information technology, energy, environmental monitoring, lighting, displays, and entertainment.
This curriculum will first present a foundation of electronics curriculum core, which is critical to the success of the student in the photonics/laser technology portion of the program and in general in the photonics/electro-optic industry. A large portion of the electronics curriculum is hands on and students will spend a portion of their first year in an electronics lab. Photonics and optics will be introduced in the 2nd semester of course work. Along with gaining a strong electronics background, students will spend more than 40 percent of their time in the lab training on a variety of industrial lasers and optical systems to prepare the student for easy transition into the photonics work force.
Graduates are prepared to:
- Work as a technician in the optics, laser, and photonics support field. Students will have demonstrated knowledge in laser systems, electronics, optics and electro-optics. In particular, graduates will be prepared for a variety of careers in design and manufacturing, materials processing, communications, medical applications, semiconductor fabrication, optical systems, electronics, military applications, sales, and education.
- Demonstrate a foundation in electronics that includes electronic components and circuitry knowledge base.
- Function in a professional manner in their field, and use, maintain and clean equipment and tools required in the field of optics, lasers, and photonics.
- Analyze, configure, test, measure, troubleshoot and assist with problems that arise in a professional optics, lasers, and photonics, environment.
- Communicate technical ideas, procedures, and results with professionals in written, oral or graphic format.
Graduates will have knowledge of the following optics intensive components:
- Nature of light
- Optical Components
- Physics of Lasers and Laser Operation
- Materials Processing Systems
- Applied Mathematics
- Geometric optics
- Optical Devices and Principles of Operation
- Fibers and Fiber Optics
- Optical and Electro Optical Systems for Precision Measurements and Alignments
- Applied Physics
- Wave optics
- Optical Support and Positioning Equipment
- Optics of Imaging and Display
- Applied Biology and Chemistry
Above program learning outcomes are derived with permission from OP-TEC’s National Photonics Skill Standards for Technicians document.
- Program Description
- Total program costs include the following Tuition/Fees


Advanced LED lamps with touch sensitive switching. Power saving and ultra durable. Designed and manufactured in New Zealand, EuroLEDTouch lamps provide red / white light using the latest completely sealed touch sensitive technology.
Lighting control is beautifully simple. Touch the colour pad for red or blue light, the white pad for white light. On the dual colour versions, hold your finger on the pad for more than two seconds and the lamp will cycle through four dimming levels. Release your finger on the light level required.
Dual colour EuroLEDTouch lamps can also be remotely operated from multiple points with ‘off the shelf’ ON/OFF/ON momentary switches. Holding one of the external switches for two seconds will synchronise the lamps to the same dimming level. Light levels are ‘remembered’ by the lamps circuitry, even when a vessel’s batteries are turned off. The lamp will always turn on at the colour intensity previously set, regardless of power interruption.
EuroLED Touch current draw is 4W on white (0.33A @ 12V) and less than 1.5W on red or blue (less than 0.125A @ 12V) to provide significant power savings. Glare diffusion without light loss is important with any LED lamp to maintain efficiency and safety, particularly with powerful lamps such as the EuroLED series. Without the protection of advanced optics, significant eye strain can result from periods of looking directly into a powerful LED point source. Advanced Hella marine lens technology provides a safe, smooth and uniform light pattern, without glare or discomfort.
The durability of EuroLED Touch lamps is outstanding. Each lamp is completely waterproof, impact and shock resistant, for an ultra long service life. MultivoltTM circuitry provides consistent illumination across a range of input voltages from 9-33 DC, even under severe voltage fluctuations.


Anti glare lenses have found their way into most optical applications over the past three decades. They’ve become widely available, affordable, and more durable in recent times. But anti glare lenses scratch easily and are still rather expensive to buy or replace. Definitely good and bad to them. So in this post, we discuss anti glare lenses pros and cons as we have seen from wearing perhaps ten pairs of them over the years. Nonetheless though, whatever drawbacks these lenses present, have not discouraged us from AG lenses on every pair of glasses bought since 1988.
Anti Glare Lenses Advantages, Benefits, and Pros
Also enhances picture contrast and overall clarity. This happens by significantly reducing internal reflections within the lens. These anti glare lenses often benefit folks who get headaches and eye fatigue due to all the “filtering out” of this noise light that their brains must perform, to make the best sense out of the images their eyes are picking up. Anti glare lenses improve night driving especially, as well as daytime driving on those very clear, low humidity days, when the sun is a blazing in a deep blue sky.
Anti Glare Lenses Reduce the Halo Effect
Particularly in high-plus lenses like ours, since the front of the convex lens is shaped very much like a bowl, reflections within the lens are actually directed and focused into the eye, and fall onto the exact spots on the retina that the desired image does. In effect, the non treated lenses become like a parabolic dish reflector, and thus, intensifying the halo effect, that surrounds objects in the desired vision. With the reduced reflections provided by anti glare lenses, comes much reduced halo. A lower halo effect not only improves night vision. But it also clears up the blurred vision that can sometimes result from working too many hours at the computer screen. I.e. Contrast between text and background colors is improved as well as the finer details of the letters.
Anti Glare Lenses Help in Detailed Work
Without these lenses, problems of haze, glare, and seeing “double vision” get worse. This can interfere with the performance of finely detailed work, such as working with small screws and parts, and reading the extra fine print on printed circuit boards, et al.
Anti Glare Lenses Improve Eye Contact
Often others cannot see a person’s eyes if they’re wearing eyeglasses. But anti glare lenses increase visibility of the eyes behind those glasses, by dimming the mirror effect that most smooth glass and plastics have. Thus, since solid eye contact is essential for best non verbal communications, anti reflective lenses probably enhance a person’s abilities to fully participate in and enjoy social situations. People like seeing our eyes.
They can Reapply the Coatings on Anti Glare Lenses
Not all eyeglasses manufactures will do this. But we’ve had ours redone from time to time. They are able to strip off the failed anti glare properties, polish any small scratches out of the lens itself, and then apply fresh coatings of anti glare. It’s much cheaper if a faulty coating is all that’s wrong with a pair of glasses, to replace just that coating, rather than buying a whole new set.
Anti Glare Lenses Now Feature Anti Scratch Coatings
Some of the better anti glare lens coatings now have an anti scratch coating, on top of the anti glare coating. This adds cost to the lens, for sure. But it also increases durability. We always opt for anti scratch on our specs nowadays.
Proper Cleaning Chemicals are Inexpensive
We’ve used basic dish soap at the kitchen sink to clean our anti glare lenses for decades without problems. But, we suggest that you avoid using soaps that contain lotions, strong fragrances, or oily skin softeners. You want a very gentle detergent that quickly rinses clean, and leaves absolutely no deposits behind.
Anti Glare Lenses Disadvantages, Problems, Limitations, and Cons
Anti Glare Lenses are Easily Damaged
These coatings tend to be quite thin, and this makes them very easily rubbed off, scratched, or otherwise damaged by even modest levels of abuse.
Smudges Show Up More
The anti glare properties are seriously impacted by fingerprints, water, or most any other liquid. So they produce much more glare when wet or oily. So clean your glasses and anti glare lenses often, to keep them working well.
Too Much Cleaning Ruins Anti Glare Lenses Fast
Too frequent cleaning of anti glare lenses can also impact glare reduction. Thus, we recommend cleaning them no more than once per day. Se our How To Clean Anti Reflective Eyeglasses article, for hints and tips on keeping your specs and in shipshape, and performing like new, for years.
The Anti Glare Lenses Coating can be Expensive
Lens manufactures still charge a lot for these glare reducing coatings. Our last pair of specs cost an additional $100 for this feature. In fact, prices for this have steadily gone up through the years in our experience. We hope though, that eventually, this advance in optics design will eventually appear on all eyeglasses by default, as it seems to have little or no negative impacts on actual lens performance.
Not Yet Found in Contact Lenses
Unfortunately, anti glare surfaces are not yet available for contact lenses due to the fact that these coatings work most effectively when applied to the outer surfaces of lenses, and contact lenses are always kept wet by eye tears while worn.
Must Be Applied to Both Sides of Lenses
To be most effective, anti glare coatings must be applied to both sides of lenses. Particularly on the eye-side of eyeglasses lenses, where lenses are on the thicker side, eyelashes and eyebrows often touch the lenses and leave behind sebum and other skin oils. These, as noted, affect how well the coating tones down pesky glare.
Anti Glare Lenses are Not Well Suited for Young Children
Children who wear glasses from toddlerhood can destroy anti glare lens coatings quickly with their rough play. So, to avoid needless replacement expenses, it’s probably best not to give them glasses with this feature. Instead, wait until they show that they value and can take good care of their eyeglasses.
Special Cleaning Cloths Needed for Anti Glare Lenses
In our experience, it’s best to use only a microfiber cleaning cloths to clean your anti glare lenses. You can buy these for a few dollars apiece at most vision shops and optometrists offices. Many will give you a couple if you buy your eyeglasses from them. Now these lenses are too delicate to survive repeated dry cleanings, with rougher cloth materials. E.g. cCothing, facial tissues, paper towels, and napkins. So, it’s best to clean only with very soft, lint free microfiber materials.
Anti Glare Lenses May Irritate the Eyes of Sensitive People
Depending on the design strategy of the particular lens, some actually route more light into the eye. The light that would have otherwise been reflected away by the outer lens surfaces. Have never found this to cause us eyestrain or headaches though. But they can add a small amount of neutral density (gray) shading to anti reflective lenses. This would darken the lens a bit, andthus, correct for this increased light into the eyes. We feel that the reduced halo effect light offered by the anti glare lenses treatments more than balances out this added light.
Anti Glare Lenses are a bit Heavier
These coatings are so thin, that any additional mass they impart to the lenses (milligrams at the max) is minuscule. Not a major concern.
Anti Glare Lenses Pros and Cons Wrap Up
Anti glare glasses technology is quite solid and helpful in the majority of situations. Thus, we highly recommend it to anyone who wears spectacles. The pros far out balance the cons.
Other Posts About Anti Glare Lenses
References for Anti Glare Lenses Pros and Cons
- 2020-12-11: First released.


Communications Engineering - Project Description
Velocity estimation for sequences of sparse images
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) are important imaging techniques for flow characterization. They are applied in many different areas from the optimization of combustion processes to propulsion systems of ships. Particles injected into the liquid flow have to be detected and tracked by using high speed CCD or CMOS cameras with high spatial resolution. Meanwhile, three-dimensional motions of several thousand particles can be detected and tracked with a spatial resolution of 0.1 pixels allowing the characterization of instationary and turbulent flows. The basic limitation of PIV and other multi-dimensional imaging techniques is the lack of real-time processing for a high temporal resolution (frame rates above 100Hz). Hence, imaging techniques cannot be applied for process measurement technology. Furthermore, the required data rates for frame rates in the kHz range are extremely high so that the limited size of state-of-the-art RAMs restricts the process observation time to only a few seconds which is not sufficient for a meaningful analysis.
In the first project phase, the suitability of the direct estimation of a motion vector field by correlation and spatial filtering techniques and the reconstruction of sparse PTV signals by compressed sensing has been shown. On the one hand, the project extension will focus on methodically new methods. An innovative approach directly estimates the motion vector field by using modified optical concept. Furthermore, priors shall be intensively used to improve the reconstruction of sparse signals, and phase retrieval approaches shall overcome the nonlinear sensor problem. On the other hand, results obtained by simulations shall be experimentally verified. Therefore, an existing experimental system has to be extended by components for implementing an optical filter. The proof of suitability for the examined approaches will be a major step towards a more efficient and powerful PIV / PTV technique.
German National Science Foundation (DFG), 2016 - 2017


ZenFone Zoom is a Lumia 1020 clone, but what’s inside?
Asus presented a camera-centric phone with 3x optical zoom
If you were watching the Asus press-conference at CES you might have gotten a glimpse of the past – when Nokia unveiled the unique 41MP Lumia 1020 with this huge camera module. Of course, yesterday, the CEO of Asus was not holding a Nokia Lumia 1020 – it was a brand new camera-centric smartphone called ZenFone Zoom.
The similarities between Lumia 1020 and ZenFone Zoom are obvious as both devices have almost identical camera humps on the back. But, the camera sensors and phones’ hardware are quite different. The ZenFone Zoom has a 13MP camera with optical image stabilization and 3X optical zoom, but without oversampling technology. Of course, the phone is loaded with a modern processor, has the better screen and innards, but we are not sure if it will outperform the Lumia 1020 in terms of photo and video quality.
This is not the first smartphone to offer optical zoom and advanced optics in attempts to take the crown from the best smartphone camera today. Samsung Galaxy K Zoom, equipped with 10x optical zoom and latest optical technology from Samsung, is losing constantly in photo tests from the Lumia and other modern smartphones – iPhone 6, Galaxy Note 4, ect. So, what should expect from the ZenFone Zoom? Surely, will will offer satisfactory image quality but probably not the best possible.
But Asus’s new line-up is proving one thing – there is a demand for niche products like camera-phones and Microsoft should release the Lumia 1020 successor as soon as possible. We, however, do not expect such as device to be announced before April 2015.


With a completely new optical design, the lens features one ultra-low dispersion (UD) lens element to reduce chromatic aberration, for sharp images with outstanding colour and contrast. When using the zoom, the new four-stop optical image stabilizer (IS) reduces the effects of camera shake, allowing you to shoot with longer shutter speeds without a tripod and still achieve sharp shots.
The built-in Nano USM – a breakthrough technology that was introduced with the EF-S 18 -135mm f3.5-5.6 IS USM – offers fast focus acquisition, exceptional tracking speed and smooth, quiet operation. Nano USM makes the lens ideal for movie-makers, giving a natural look and feel to movies – the quiet motor ensuring that soundtracks aren’t disturbed by focusing noise and providing smooth focus transitions from one subject to another.
Lens Information Display
The EF 70-300mm f4-5.6 IS II USM is the first Canon lens to feature an electronic Lens Information Display, ideal for advanced photographers requiring visible shooting information in real-time. Perfect for checking settings at a glance, the display modes include focus distance, depth-of-field scale at various apertures, camera shake and focal length. The display is useful for checking steadiness when you are shooting at low-angles, while also allowing you to work out the 35mm equivalents when using APS-C and APS-H format EOS cameras. Designed with a sleek black finish, the lens seamlessly integrates with the look and feel of Canon’s EOS bodies. The 67mm filter thread and non-rotating front element makes it practical for use with filters.
Pricing and availability
• The EF 70-300mm F4-5.6 IS II USM will be available from November 2016 with an RRP of £499.


22 Apr PMCA Saturday 18:30 Python Homework 22.04.16.
Alice is looking at a crystal through a microscope. Alice’s microscope has the interesting feature that it can superimpose grid lines over the image that she is looking at.
At level 1 of magnification, Alice sees the image as follows:
Notice that at level 1, there is a 5×5 grid superimposed over the image.
However, as Alice increases the magnification, the leaf pattern becomes more intricate.
At level 2 of the magnification, Alice sees the image with a 25×25 grid, and notices that three of the four larger squares in the original image have the small four square pattern on top. In fact, for this particular crystal, this self-similarity repeats for each magnification level.
Given that Alice’s microscope has up to 13 levels of magnification, she would like to try to quantify the detail of each grid cell at every one of these magnification levels.
Specifically, since there is a 5m×5m grid at magnification level m, Alice will call the bottom-left corner grid cell (0,0), the bottom-right grid cell (5m−1,0), the top-left grid cell (0,5m−1), and the top-right grid cell (5m−1,5m−1).
Given an integer magnification level m (1≤m≤13) and a grid position (x,y) (where 0≤x<5m and 0≤y<5m), Alice would like to know if her crystal will fill that grid cell, or if that grid cell will be empty space.
The first line of input will be T (0<T≤10) which is the number of test cases. On each of the next T lines there will be three integers: m, the magnification level, followed by x and y, the position of the grid cell that Alice wishes to examine.
The output will be T lines. Each line of output will either be empty, if the specified grid cell is empty, or crystal if that grid cell contains crystal.
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 2 1
2 8 5
Output for Sample Input
The best way to solve this question is using recursion. We can use recursion to decide if it is crystal or not or use recursion to decide the the length of the crystal.


Projection LensesA lens is an optical device which transmits and refracts light, converging or diverging the beam. A Projector use a variety of lenses and prisms to first split the light into the 3 primary colours (3 Panel LCD and DLP projectors) Red, Green and Blue light is then reflected by (or passes through) the projection panels. Lenses then recombined the primary images into a full colour image, before directing the light through the main projector Lens and onto your screen.
If you are using your projector for mobile applications, a zoom lens can be very handy. It gives you the ability to set the projector at a convenient location, and adjust the projected image size. Without a zoom lens, the only way to adjust the picture size is move the projector forward or back. A unit with a zoom factor of 1.2x will only let you adjust picture size by 20%. You can often move the projector a foot or two either way and accomplish the same adjustment. Nevertheless, if you have a fixed screen size you are trying to fill, even a limited range zoom will make it easier to fine tune the image size to the screen.
Short Throw Lenses
When the throw distance from the projector to the screen is restricted a Short Throw Lens may be necessary to allow focusing of the image. Short throw lenses increase the possibility of hot spotting.
Long Throw Lenses
Ideal when the projector can not be positioned close to the screen. Often used in auditoriums, Churches and conference rooms to allow positioning of the projector behind the audience.
Micro Lens Array (MLA)
You may have noticed on the projector specifications under projection system "with MLA". Micro Lenses are small lenses, generally with diameters less than a millimeter. In projectors the main aim of the Micro Lens Array is to redirect the light that would otherwise be lost inside the projector through the prism and out of the lens. This has two benifits one is an increase in brightness and the other is a reduction in the heat this light would have created inside the projector.
A growing number of projectors now come with Lens shift allowing you to position your projector off center to the screen. Horizontal lens shift permits placement either to the left or right of the room, Vertical gives more flexability above or below the screen. Lens shift changes the projected image inside the lens maintaining the maximum resolution of your image. Keystone Correction changes the image projected at the projection panel (lcd or dlp etc.) and reduces the resolution of the image.
Lens Shift example:
Every projector has a different set of lens characteristics. One of the more
important characteristics of a lens is its throw ratio. Throw ratio is the
distance from the screen that a projector needs to be in order to create a
specified size image.
Calculating the Throw Ratio from the Focal Length of a Lens
The throw ratio of a projector can be calculated from the focal length of the lens and the diagonal size of the projectors internal panel.
A projector with a zoom lens will have two focal lengths, one for each extreme position of the lens - Wide-angle and Tele.
A constant factor has to be used to calculate the throw ratio, this factor is dependant on the native aspect ratio of the projection panel. Approximately these factors are:
Note:The focal length and panel diagonal must be expressed in the same unit (e.g. mm). If you are using the projector close to the extreme position of the lens - remember this is an approximation. Check with the manufacturer to confirm your calculation.
Using the Throw Ratio
The Throw Ratio can be used when either the Throw distance is known to calculate the image size at that distance or when the screen size is known and the throw distance is variable. Both use the formula below.
Width (W) x Throw ratio = Throw Distance (D)
If your projector position is not flexible and you require either a Short or Long throw lens, Look for a projector that has optional lenses available in our specifications, details of the lenses can normally be found in the PDF brochure. If possible look for a projector that comes with the lens you require as standard, Purchasing lenses separately can be very expensive.
Copyright © Quorum Pty Ltd 2015


Camera Panasonic 4K Cinema
Panasonic 4K Cinema-Like Video Camera Camcorder
-Ultra-sharp 4K Ultra HD recording, plus in-camera editing for 1080p displays.
-Electronic Viewfinder (EVF) emulates a semi-professional recording experience.
-LEICA Dicomar Lens optical 20x zoom, 5-axis Hybrid Optical Image Stabilization.
-Built-in Twin Camera, plus WiFi mobile features add multi-camera scene picture-in-picture recording.
-4K Cinema in-camera editing and effects (Dolly Zoom, Slow/Quick motion, 4K Post Cropping, Stabilization and Zoom).
-4K PHOTO captures high-quality photos from 4K video frames.
-Exclusive High Dynamic Range (HDR) mode reduces the overly high-contrast look created by –overexposed and underexposed shooting conditions.


Extremely soft and comfortable
These lenses are made from Polymacon which keeps the contact lenses soft and comfortable. .
UV protected lenses
The built-in Class II UV blocker protects your eyes from, on average, 87% of UVA and 97% of UVB radiation from the sun & prolonged digital device usage.
The biomoist packaging formulation provides a soft feel which helps to optimize comfort for your eyes.
Wide Range of Colors
Aquacolor colored contact lenses are available in 10 attractive colors under 3 colors.
10 – 12 Hours


TRDA – Smoke Density Test Device with light measurement system
Test device for determining the smoke production of materials during thermal decomposition using the method with light measurement system according to DIN 50055
The measuring device TRDA, due to the integrated Single Board Computer with operating system Windows 8.1, the software TRDA 2016 and the high resolution color touch display, can be used in standalone mode for setting parameters and determining the optical density and transmission.
Interfaces like RS232, USB, RS485 and analog outputs enable connectivity to peripheral devices for fast and easy export of all relevant data and facilitate the use in existing fire testing systems. Comprehensive data analyses can be performed via an external PC or notebook. Optional accessories allow for use of the light measurement system at various types of exhaust duct systems and make calibration, operation and cleaning of the components much easier.
- Measuring device TRDA with SBC, 32 GB SSD, Windows 8.1, 7“ color touch screen, measuring and supply modules and interfaces 1x RS232, 2x USB 2.0, 1x RS485, analog 0-1 V / 0-10 V, light emitter and light receiver
- Light emitter RDG with halogen point light source 10W and tempered, heatproof optics
- Light receiver RDE with silicon photo receiver, tempered, heatproof optics, spectral filter and integrated measuring light amplifier
- Mounting flange with connection for air purge and measurement bracket for pipe installation (optional)
- Filter set for calibration, 6 optical filters, positioning cross, transport case (optional)
- Single license for software TRDA 2016


LED stands for Light Emitting Diode (light emitting diode). The first LED was developed by Nick Holonyak Jr. (born 1928) in 1962.
LED circuit symbol
The device uses the optical properties of some semiconductor materials to produce photons from the recombination of electron-hole pairs. The electrons and holes are injected into an area of recombination through the two regions of the diode doped with impurities of different types, namely, n-type and p for the electrons for the gaps. The color of the emitted radiation is defined by the distance in energy between the energy levels of electrons and holes, and typically corresponds to the value of the forbidden band of the semiconductor in question.
The LEDs are a special type of pn junction diodes, formed by a thin layer of doped semiconductor material. When subjected to a voltage to reduce the potential barrier of the junction, the electrons of the conduction band of the semiconductor is recombine with holes in the valence band releasing enough energy to produce photons. Because of the reduced thickness of the chip a reasonable number of these photons can leave and be emitted as light. The LEDs are formed from GaAs (gallium arsenide), GaP (Gallium Phosphide), GaAsP (gallium arsenide phosphide), SiC (silicon carbide) and GaInN (gallium nitride and indium). The exact choice of semiconductors determines the emission wavelength peak of the photons, the efficiency in electro-optical conversion, and then the light intensity at the output.
Although it is little known, LEDs are “reversible machines”, in fact if their junction is directly exposed to strong light source or sunlight, a voltage appears at the terminals, depending on the intensity of the radiation and the color of the LED concerned (the maximum for the Blue). This feature is normally used in the construction of sensors, for pointing systems (solar trackers) of small photovoltaic systems or concentrator.
Types of LED
The first LEDs were only available in red. They were used as indicators in electronic circuits, in the seven-segment display and in optocouplers. Subsequently were developed LED that emitted yellow light and green and were built devices that incorporate two LEDs, one red and one green, generally, in the same container, allowing you to view four states (off, green, red, red + green = yellow) with the same
In the 90’s were built with LED efficiency increasingly high and in a range of colors increasing until the realization of blue LED was not possible to develop a device that, by integrating three LEDs (one red, one green and one blue) , could generate any color.
The LEDs in recent years have spread in all applications where need to have high reliability, long life and high efficiency. Some of the main ones are:
- in infrared remote controls
- status indicators (pilot lights)
- backlit LCD display
- in traffic lights and in the “stop” of cars
- message boards
The LEDs are increasingly used in lighting replacement of some traditional light sources. Their use in home, then to replace incandescent lamps, halogen and compact fluorescent lamps (commonly called energy saving), it is now possible with remarkable results achieved thanks to the innovative techniques developed in the field. Through the new studies, in fact, the yield quantity of light / consumption was calculated for a minimum of 3 to 1. Basically the limit of LEDs for this type of application is the amount of light emitted (luminous flux in lumens) than in latest models for professional use is around 120 lm but in cheaper models reaches only 20 lumens. An incandescent bulb 60 W emits a luminous flux of 550 lumens. Furthermore, LEDs are brighter than those still cold light with color rendering relatively low.
Their use becomes far more interesting in the professional where the yield of 40-60 lm / W makes them an attractive source. As a comparison just think that an incandescent lamp has yields of about 20 lm / W, while a halogen of 25 lm / W and a fluorescent linear up to 104 lm / W. Other limit their functional lighting is that their emission characteristics and durability are strongly conditioned by the characteristics and power dissipation. Therefore it becomes difficult to identify direct relationships between the various variables, among which also comes into play a further parameter, which is the emission angle of the light beam, which can vary in a range of about 4 degrees to over 120.
LED high brightness SMT
From the application point of view LEDs are now widely used when the lighting system must have the following characteristics:
- saturated colors
- dynamic effects (color variation RGB)
- long life and robustness
- enhancement of shapes and volumes
In conclusion the advantages of LEDs by the lighting point of view are:
- duration of operation (high emission LEDs arrive at approximately 50,000 hours)
- absence of maintenance costs
- high efficiency (compared to incandescent and halogen)
- clean light because it lacks components IR and UV
- ease of realization of efficient optics plastic
- flexibility of installation of the light
- saturated colors
- possibility of a strong spot effect (almost point-like source)
- safe operation because very low voltage (normally between 3 and 24 Vdc)
- cold-start (up to -40 ° C) without problems
- insensitivity to moisture and vibration
- absence of mercury
As for the absorptions, these are minor compared to those in normal LEDs with high brightness, according to the following table:
|types of LED||Absorption (mA)|
|LED low consumption||3 – 10|
|LED normal||10 – 15|
|LED flash||20 – 40|
The commercial strength of these devices is based on their potential to achieve high brightness (four times greater than that of fluorescent lamps and tungsten filament), low price, high efficiency and reliability (the duration of an LED is one-two orders magnitude higher than that of traditional light sources, especially in conditions of mechanical stress); moreover, they do not require complex power supply circuits, have high switching speed and their construction technology is compatible with that of silicon integrated circuits.
The LEDs are particularly interesting for their characteristics of high luminous efficiency AU / A and reliability. The first high-efficiency LEDs were investigated by engineer Alberto Barbieri at the laboratories of the University of Cardiff (UK) in 1995, noting excellent characteristics for devices in AlGaInP / GaAs contact with transparent indium and tin (ITO). The evolution of the materials is therefore the key to obtain the light sources of the future which have all the characteristics to replace almost all those currently used. In mobile phones are present in smaller format on the market, for the lighting of the keys, on some models of cars and mopeds of new production, are replacing incandescent lamps, for the lights of “location” and “stop” .
In many cases, the LEDs are fed in continuous current with a resistor Rs in series to limit the current to the value of work, which can vary from 5-6 mA to 20 mA when it is required a lot of light. This value also depends on the wavelength of the light emitted by the LED. The necessity of the use of the same is also justified by the need to ensure a long life to the device. If there was no such resistance, a small increase in current use would decrease the value of the differential resistance of the “light emitting diode” as provided by the graph voltage / current.Such variations, if sufficient identity, could trigger a negative differential as the progressive decrease of the resistance of the LED would cause (by feeding a constant voltage as a rule) the increase of the current and an increasing Joule heating which would lead quickly to device to burn. The value of the series resistance Rs is calculated using Ohm’s law knowing the current job If required, the supply voltage Vs and the potential difference of the LED to the current working date, Vf. The potential difference Vf of the LED can be estimated from that date for a current of 20 mA in the datasheet of the product. The LEDs must be made to work only with direct voltage and must not be subjected to reverse voltages greater than a few volts that may damage them. Unlike incandescent bulbs are very sensitive to voltage variations: just 10% less because not light and 10% longer to burn. In general, when you do not have the datasheet specific, it can be considered for the usual LED 5 mm diameter a voltage Vf equal to about 2 V and a current job If prudential of 10-15 mA, up to 20 mA. Higher values of current are generally supported, but do not provide a long-lasting operation.For LEDs flash type, for which as has been said, the current can vary between 20 and 40 mA, the minimum and maximum values of the resistance will be 250 and 500 (standard values 270 Ohm and 470 Ohm). If an LED is fed in alternating must be protected from reverse voltage by means of a simple circuit. The simplest method is to use a diode connected in a configuration in which electronic jargon is called “anti-parallel” to the LED, that is, in parallel to the LED but with reversed polarity (to limit the reverse voltage).
Solitamente il terminale più lungo di un diodo led (diametro package 3 mm, 5 mm o superiori) è chiamato anodo (+) e il terminale più corto catodo.
Per polarizzare correttamente un diodo LED possiamo usufruire inoltre di una caratteristica particolare del package: se si guarda infatti il led dall’alto, si può notare come la parte laterale del package non sia regolare ma squadrata da un lato: questa “squadratura” identifica il catodo (-). Nel caso dei led 3 mm, si rende necessario l’uso di un tester in quanto tale “segno” (se presente) non è quasi visibile.
Se si utilizza un tester, dopo aver selezionato la scala di resistenza con fattore 1 (X1), se si pone il puntale positivo sull’anodo e il puntale negativo sul catodo, il tester segnerà un valore di resistenza dell’ordine di qualche centinaio di ohm, nel caso il tester fosse un modello analogico con pila di alimentazione a 3 volt, se il led è efficiente, essendo polarizzato direttamente, il piccolo flusso di corrente che lo attraversa lo farà accendere, invertendo i puntali, invece, il tester non dovrà segnare alcuna continuità.
Esiste anche un metodo “visivo” ma quasi mai usato dai tecnici per il riconoscimento del catodo o dell’anodo di un led: guardando all’interno del package trasparente si possono vedere due parti metalliche separate di diversa grandezza collegate ai terminali, la parte più grande è sempre collegata al catodo, e di conseguenza la più piccola all’anodo (+).
Conventional LEDs are composed of various inorganic materials which produce the following colors:
- AlGaAs – red and infrared
- GaAlP – Green
- GaAsP – red, orange-red, orange, and yellow
- GaN – green and blue
- GaP – red, yellow and green
- ZnSe – blue
- InGaN – blue-green, blue
- InGaAlP – orange-red, orange, yellow and green
- SiC as a substrate – blue
- Diamond (C) – ultraviolet
- Silicon (Si) as substrate – blue (under development)
- Sapphire (Al2O3) as substrate – blue
Furthermore, the voltage drop of the LED is related to the color of the emitted light, as shown in the following table:
|Type of LED||Voltage Drop Vi (volt cc)|


Laser Vision Correction.
The world has numerous people with different eye problems. There are those people who cannot see objects very far away from them. There are those with problems associated with hyperopia. Others suffer from astigmatism. The lenses have been the remedy for these problems for quite some time now. A person has the option of either going for the contact lenses or the eyeglasses. Correction of the vision problems can be done using some other methods. A good example is the laser vision correction. The other name for laser vision is LASIK. Laser-assisted in site keatomileusis is what LASIK means in full. It is a laser eye surgery involving the correction of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. This surgical method is slowly becoming popular. It is about reshaping the cornea so that light can pass normally.
This method is becoming popular due to the advantages associated with it. Below are some few examples of the benefits associated with laser vision correction. LASIK is characterized by high success rate. There is proof that this method works. The vision of someone can even be enhanced following the post-surgical enhancements. It is one of the key benefits of LASIK. The other advantage is that this process is characterized by less pain. There are other surgical procedures that are more painful than LASIK. This a reason why there are people who opt for this method of vision correction. The procedure can be made more comfortable by the use of the numbing drops.
Another merit of LASIK is that achieves fast results. As soon as the surgery is done, your vision will be corrected almost immediately. In some cases, the patients can see properly the day after the surgery is performed. This ensures that you will not take a lot of time healing. Also, the procedure is not characterized by bandages. There are also not going to be marks left behind after the procedure. This procedure does not involve the use of stitches.
It is quite normal that one might need to correct vision changes due to ageing. These changes in vision might need correction. In most cases, the adjustments needed to correct the changes are done at no costs. This is another key benefit of the laser vision correction. Additionally, laser vision gives a person the chance to do away with the contact lenses or eyeglasses. This procedure also allows a person to reduce the vision correction prescription. This is something to smile about for those people who use wear glasses. The glasses are usually a source of low self-esteem for many teenagers around the globe.
These are some of the benefits of laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis. Some of the advantages of laser-associated in situ keratomileuses are not mentioned above.


Now showing items 1-3 of 3
Broad band MA-based on three-type resonator having resistor for microwave energy harvesting
(Taylor and Francis Inc., 2017)
We proposed metamaterial absorber having multi-type split coin resonator based on resistive loads. The numerical simulation results and experimental measurements indicate that broad band absorption with a ratio over 80% ...
Multifunctional metamaterial sensor applications based on chiral nihility
In this paper, chiral nihility based pressure, density, temperature and moisture content metamaterial sensor applications are investigated in detail. A "chiral nihility'' medium in which both the permittivity and the ...
Extremely-broad band metamaterial absorber for solar energy harvesting based on star shaped resonator
A new metamaterial absorber (MA) is investigated and shown numerically for solar energy harvesting for future solar cell applications. The structure consists of two metals and one dielectric layer having different thicknesses. ...


Grant agreement 737089 in H2020
ChipScope will revolutionize optical microscopes with superresolution capabilities, making them chip-sized, convenient, affordable and ubiquitously available, not only for laboratories working in manifold research fields, but also in everyday lilfe. During the project, very small LEDs of 50 nm (this is 1000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair) will be developed and used as light sources for a new microscope which will be integrated on a chip. The fundamental difference with conventional optical microscopy will be that the illumination is made by extremely small individual light sources instead of a wide illumination field and tiny detectors in the camera. This allows super-resolution (<50nm) optical microscopy, which could be used to investigate extremely small structures as viruses, DNA or living cells, in real time.


Optic fiber is flexible transparent fiber that has waves of light transmitted through it to communicate to computer systems. Since light is the fastest thing we know of, this makes fiber optic communication a good choice for massive data centers and business needing massive amounts of bandwidth. Plastic fibers also lose less energy over time, and are not affected by electromagnetic interference.
Cogent has some of the world’s largest fiber optic cables stretching in all different areas across the globe, their goal to give cheap bandwidth to absolutely anyone on either side of the world. Check out our Bandwidth Pricing page to see if it would be right for your business!


Who We Are
In 2011, the company Neo-Neon CZ Ltd. introduced to the Czech and Slovak markets the lighting and LED technologies for the first time. In the same year the company gained direct representation of international company with more than 30-year history, a manufacturer of the LED lighting – the company NEO-NEON LED Lighting International Ltd. It was the first company in Asia that received Energy Star certification, and has long been one of the most progressive companies in a number of patents on LED technologies.
Thus, the company Neo-Neon CZ Ltd., on the basis of joining with a strong foreign partner, decided to offer its customers a modern and efficient lighting fixtures and sources for use not only in industrial settings, but also in the commercial sector and public lighting systems.
Currently, the company Neo-Neon CZ Ltd. holds in its portfolio a wide range of industrial and public LED lightings and can also offer its customers more advanced products capable to replace the traditional types of incandescent and other traditional light sources.
Catalogue of our products now includes items such as LED bulbs and sources for all standard socket systems, LED tubes including fixtures with sufficient IP for use under the most demanding conditions, system of LED tapes, decorative lighting system Neon flex to replace conventional neon tubes, ceiling LED panels with suspension system, and many other types of energy-saving lighting fixtures and sources.
The Neo-Neon CZ Ltd., in cooperation with external partners has accomplished a number of very successful projects in the field of LED lightings. On the basis of our own proposals and lighting projects, we deliver our lighting products to many businesses, communities, municipalities, schools and other entities that want to save their costs for lighting.
Starting with 2013 the company Neo-Neon CZ Ltd., presents also new brand products Best-LED, which are part of our offer that can be ordered through our online store www.led-house.cz.
Our product range continues to expand and improve. We believe that our products will meet your demands and expectations and we look forward to working with you.
- LED Bulbs
- LED Tubes
- LINEAR FIXTURE
- LED i-PANEL
- INTERIOR LIGHTS
- INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING
- FLOOD LIGHTS
- STREET LIGHTS
- LED WALL LAMP
- Decorative lightings
- AC ADATPERS
- Emergency LED Lighting
- LED TUBE FIXTURES
3/2017 - New pricelist available Pricelist 2017/2018 for download
LED HOUSE - SHOWROOM
Plzeňská č.p. 43
252 19 Chrášťány
Praha - západ
Tel.: +420 777 666 690
Copyright © 2013-2014, Neo-Neon CZ, s r.o.
Assortment of LED lighting
Our E-shop offers a constantly growing range of LED lighting BEST-LED and GIGALED. Products are used as a substitute for conventional light sources. You can save up to 85% of energy.


Those conditions that are determined as optimal for crystallization per FRAP are subsequently used as the basis for a crystallization screen. After an extended period of time, the crystallization plates are imaged in the hopes of finding well-formed crystals. Imaging LCP plates is not trivial however, making it often difficult to find protein crystals that have formed within the drops. LCP itself can be turbid and opaque, obscuring small crystals buried within it. The optical quality of the plates used is therefore extremely important when imaging LCP drops. The use of glass sandwiches for holding LCP crystallization drops has been proven to be a reliable method for imaging LCP drops.5,6 The smooth surfaces of the glass flatten the drops so as to minimize the bumps and ridges formed during dispensing. Also, the glass itself has negligible birefringence and thus does not interfere with birefrigent imaging.
Conventional brightfield microscopy cannot always be used as a reliable method for screening LCP plates for crystals. Oftentimes the LCP drop is very turbid and optically obscures the crystals, making it virtually impossible to distinguish a protein crystal from the medium. The use of crossed polarizers significantly improves the ability to detect crystals. The birefringent properties of protein crystals allow them to be distinguished from the LCP (Figure 6a). However, the alignment of the crystal does impact the degree of birefringence, so often they can be missed because of their orientation. Also, the LCP commonly becomes birefrigent itself, making it impossible to identify crystals (Figure 6b).
Ultra-Violet Fluorescence (UV) can be used to detect protein crystals even if the drops are turbid and birefringent. This imaging technique takes advantage of the UV fluorescence from aromatic amino acids like tryptophan present in most proteins. UV works particularly well for distinguishing between salt and protein crystals. As can be seen in Figure 7, no UV fluorescence is detected from the large salt crystal in the top of the drop, whereas small protein crystals fluoresce strongly and can be visualized within the drop.
Visible, birefrigent and UV imaging are good tools for a scientist in trying to find crystals formed within their LCP drops. However, they are all limited when it comes to detecting small crystals. In order to detect significant birefringence, the crystals need to be at least 10 um in size, and the fact that lipids often become birefrigent detracts from using this technique in isolation. UV is advantageous in that it isn’t impacted from the turbidly or birefringence of the LCP. However it is limited in that all protein, whether solubilized or crystallized will be detected. The background from the solubilized protein decreases the contrast significantly and false positives can result from aggregated proteins.
A new imaging technique called SONICC (Second Order Nonlinear Optical Imaging of Chiral Crystals), recently developed by Garth Simpson at Purdue University and distributed exclusively by Formulatrix, provides a solution for high sensitivity imaging of protein crystals.7 SONICC uses multiphoton microscopy to specifically detect ordered crystals, while producing negligible background signal. SONICC relies on the underlying principle of Second Harmonic Generation, where two low-energy photons under intense electric fields combine to form a higher energy photon. This process occurs only in non-centrosymmetric ordered crystals and is therefore specific to the vast majority of chiral protein crystals. However, unlike with UV fluorescence, solubilized or aggregated proteins do not result in signal. LCP drops imaged with brightfield, crossed-polarizers, and UV fluorescence are compared to SONICC imaging in Figure 8.8 SONICC can clearly identify both large crystals as well as small nanocrystals formed in the LCP, regardless of drop turbidity.
The SONICC imager from Formulatrix employs a drop location algorithm to accurately locate LCP drops. It subsequently adjusts the magnification of both the visible and SONICC optical paths so that the maximum magnification can be used to image the drop (Figure 9). 96 well drop plates can be imaged in less than 5 minutes in visible and 15 minutes in SONICC, with a SONICC imaging rate of two frames per second.
The SONICC imager also has an imaging mode to detect UV fluorescence called UV-TPEF (ultra violet two-photon excited fluorescence). Some salt crystals including lithium sulfate and ammonium phosphate form noncentrosymmetric crystals and generate SHG. The use of UV-TPEF aids in the discrimination of protein from salt crystals. Similar to standard UV fluorescence as described above, this imaging mode also takes advantage of the intrinsic aromatic amino-acid residues (ex. Tryptophan) found in proteins. When excited with UV radiation (~266 nm) these aromatic residues within the protein molecules fluoresce, making it very easy to determine whether or not a crystal is proteinaceous. In order to excite this fluorescence, the laser in SONICC is doubled with a NLO (nonlinear optical) crystal from 1064 nm to 532 nm. The green light (532 nm) is then used to image the sample. The two photon equivalent of the green is 266 nm which excites any tryptophan amino acids that are present. The two-photon excited fluorescence (325 – 500 nm) is then collected and used to create a fluorescence image. It should be noted that it is not necessary for the protein to be crystalline in order to fluoresce. In this way the SHG and UV-TPEF imaging modes act as complements to each other. The SHG channel probes crystallinity and the UV-TPEF channel is specific to proteinaceous samples. Examples of images acquired with the Formulatrix imager are shown in Figure 10.
- Cherezov, V., and M. Caffrey. Nano-volume plates with excellent optical properties for fast, inexpensive crystallization screening of membrane proteins. J. Appl. Cryst. 2003.36: 1372-1377.
- Cherezov, V., Peddi, A., Muthusubramaniam, L., Zheng, Y.F., and M. Caffrey. A robotic system for crystallizing membrane and soluble proteins in lipidic mesophases. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 200460: 1795-1807.
- Kissick, D. J.; Gualtieri, E. J.; Simpson, G. J.; Cherezov, V., Nonlinear optical imaging of integral membrane proteins in lipidic mesophases. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82(2), 491-497.
- Wampler, R. D.; Kissick, D. J.; Dehen, C. J., Gualtieri, E. J.; Grey, J. L.; Wang, H.; Thompson, D. H.; Cheng, J.; Simpson, G.J., Selective detection of protein crystals by second harmonic microscopy. Journal of American Chemical.


Since our inception in 1993, Soloptical has established itself as a major reference chain in the optical market. We operate with more than 120 opticians spread all over the peninsula, Balearic and Canary Islands. We have more than 1,000 professional employees at your disposal.
In addition to the marketing of ophthalmic frames and sunglasses, the functions of Soloptical go beyond. We are experts in lens manufacturing, frame repair, image consultancy and, of course, eye health care.
We have a wide range and variety of products of the best brands, both in sunglasses and prescription, and work with the best manufacturers of ophthalmic lenses. In this way, we ensure the highest quality to our customers.


Precise measurement of the particles in suspension
The UNE 100012:2005 standard establishes the obligation to measure the particulate material on the surface (inert dust and fibres) of air-conditioning systems. The inspection and analysis points indicated by the regulations are input, exhaust and extractor air. Readings must be taken before and after cleaning. These readings are really important, to comply with the standard and to tell when the cleaning is needed.
How does it help you?
It allows you to extend and complement your air-conditioning cleaning service with a tool for measuring particles. The particle reader uses laser technology to detect the smallest contaminants in the air, ranging from 0.0003 mm (0.3 µm) to 0.005 mm (5 µm).Its full-colour screen enables 3 particle sizes to be observed at the same time.
It is very light so it can be transported wherever you need it, provides reliable results and is very easy to use. All the data collected can be transmitted later to a computer with a usb cable for analysis.


JIEPU TREND is a leader in the fields of testing techniques and equipment. We have a wide collection of advanced test machines, such as a ZYGO interferometer, and a PE spectrophotometer, just to name a couple.
Our company has extensive experience in the optical cold processing field. We supply high precision optical glass and optical materials, including optical camera lenses, optical glasses, wattles, prisms, spherical mirrors, plane mirrors, cylindrical mirrors, diaphragms and more.
The testing techniques and equipment of our company are also pioneers in the industry. Our company owns many testing machines including Zygo interferometers, and PE spectrophotometers.


All our new cameras use digital technology ensuring a vastly superior image over older analog cameras. However, if you wish to utilise your existing analog cameras, they will be compatible with our new recorders (DVRs).
Resolution of Cameras explained
As with all technology CCTV cameras are advancing at a fast rate. The days of CCTV images being blurry and it being hard to determine if a image contains a person are fast disappearing. To help you choose the correct camera for your application we have added the image below to show the difference in camera resolutions (image quality).
The first Picture is a standard Analog image, which CCTV has been using for a long time, as can be seen the number plate can not be recognised, even the badge on the car is hard to make out.
The second image is analog HD, the number plate can be recognised but the people are hard to perceive.
The third picture is TVI full HD, the car make and number plate are easily recognised and the people in the car can be easily described.
We strongly recommend that if you are choosing a CCTV system, the best option is TVI full HD, the ability to zoom in the image is also drastically improved.
The camera may have a fixed lens which is ideal for monitoring large areas or fitted with a varifocal lens for monitoring door ways, tills or cars etc. They contain the latest in infra-red technology which enables them to view up to 30 metres at night.
The cameras are fitted with a high resolution sensor giving a high definition quality image.
- 1/2.9” 4 Megapixel CMOS sensor
- IR Leds: 36pcs
- IR Range: 25m-30m
- Power supply: 12VDC
- Resolution: 4 MP/1080P
- Dims: 120x86mm
- IP rating: IP66
This camera has a similar specification to the eyeball cameras, however it has an improved infra-red (night vision) capability with viewing of up to 50 metres. It also comes with a varifocal lens as standard.
The camera also acts as a great deterrent due to its high profile looks.
- Colour Grey
- Lens 2.8 – 12mm
- Lens Type Vari-focal
- Megapixel 4MP
- IP Rating IP66
Vandal Resistant Camera
Our range of vandal resistant cameras are ideal in areas that are prone to vandalism or problems with nuisance neighbours. They have the following specification:
Image Sensor: 1/3” Sony Exmor Digital Image Sensor IMX238
IR Leds: 30pcs
IR Range: 25-30M
Power supply: 12VDC
Resolution: HD 1080P (Full HD TVI)
IP rating: IP66


Organic light-emitting diodes, or OLEDs, are innovative, efficient and sustainable light sources that BMW will be fitting in its vehicles in the near future under the name BMW Organic Light. In OLEDs, the light is emitted by wafer-thin semi-conductive layers made from organic materials. OLEDs work very efficiently by design and generate very little heat as a result. BMW Organic Light thus helps to further reduce CO2 emissions.
Rather than being emitted in the form of points, the light generated by OLEDs shines out over a relatively large area compared to LEDs and is extremely homogeneous in appearance. This characteristic is down to their special design. In contrast to conventional LEDs, where the light is produced in semiconductor crystals, the light in OLEDs is generated in extremely thin semi-conductive layers made from organic materials, mostly polymers. Together with the conducting layers, these are hermetically sealed between two thin glass plates or plastic films. The entire set of active, light emitting layers measures a mere 400 nanometers or so in height (one nanometer is equal to one millionth of a millimeter). That is some 150 times thinner than a human hair, which measures around 0.06 millimeters across on average. The complete component is about 0.8 to 1.5 millimeters in height overall.
Due to the very low power consumption and weight of OLEDs, BMW Organic Light also helps to reduce the fuel consumption of vehicles with combustion engines, extend the range of electric cars and, as a result, cut CO2 pollution.
The sustainability of this technology represents a further major benefit. The manufacture of organic light-emitting diodes does not involve any costly and scarce raw materials such as “rare earths”. What’s more, the quantity of organic substances and metals used is so low that it will be possible to simply dispose of OLEDs in the waste glass container at the end of their service life.
OLEDs open up a range of new opportunities for lighting on BMW motorcycles.
Although BMW Motorrad has already made significant progress with the introduction of LED technology for main headlights, daytime running lights, rear lights and indicators in comparison with conventional incandescent lighting technology, developments in the area of LEDs are still ongoing.
With the development of organic LEDs (OLEDs), it has proven possible to create a thin-layered component from organic semiconductor material. Compared to the inorganic material already used in LEDs in standard production vehicles, the application of OLEDS in BMW Organic Light promises a range of benefits. Because of the design as a thin-layered element, for example, it is possible to produce very thin, flexible displays for smartphones or even lighting units for motor vehicles.
The inorganic LEDs we currently encounter in many application areas operate with a semiconductor crystal embedded in a conical recess that acts as a reflector. The luminous intensity achieved in this way is not constant across the entire angle of radiation, however. This means that the light from an LED lamp always seems less bright to the human eye the more it is seen from the side. This is why current LED lamp units in cars always have optical aids like highly developed reflectors aimed at reducing this effect and achieving a relatively homogeneous luminous intensity with the greatest possible radiant angle and viewing angle, thus ensuring the “strength” of the light to the human eye.
On the other hand, BMW Organic Light permits a lamp unit to be created whose luminous intensity is almost constant across the entire radiant angle, coming very close in physical terms to the theoretical characteristics of a so-called ideal Lambert radiator. This makes it possible to dispense with complex optical aids such as reflectors, for example, and together with the thin-layered, slim-line design of the OLEDs, whose backing material can be used directly as an electrical conductor, opens up entirely new design options for the development of light units for BMW motorcycles.
At present, the luminous density of the OLEDs is still insufficient and more development work is needed. While this is adequate at present for a rear light, lighting elements like the brake light or indicator need reinforcing. This is achieved through the use of additional conventional LEDs. However, these hybrid solutions permit a new visual language. The staggered arrangement of the almost completely freely configurable OLED elements creates a highly three-dimensional lighting effect that viewers find very attractive. On the other hand, the familiar conventional LEDs ensure sufficient luminous density.
While such hybrid solutions involving OLEDs and LEDs could make their way into BMW standard motorcycles within the next two or three years, it will take a few more years yet to develop brake lights, indicators or even headlights that use OLED technology alone. Assuming that their luminous density is significantly improved, OLEDs will possibly lead to completely redesigned, more attractive lamp units for BMW motorcycles. However, as well as greater visual appeal, BMW Motorrad is also concerned with achieving maximum performance and safety in its motorcycles, thus also maximizing safe riding fun.


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Picking Out Fiber Optic Systems
We have a lot of methods through which the transmission of digital data can be done but the one that is the most common to a lot of people is the use of the fiber optics technology. The fiber optics technology is also widely used across the world today to enable the transfer of live video digital signals and this is because as compared to most of the other technologies used in the transfer of live video digital signals, the fiber optic technology has very few limitations if any. If you want a very effective and efficient way to move your digital data then it is very beneficial for you to choose the fiber optics technology since it allows very thin strands of fiber to carry such enormous volumes of data efficiently and effectively.
With the use of a fiber optic cable very large volumes of digital data can be transferred vey fast based on the principle that this data is usually transferred in the form of light by making it bounce off the inside part of the fiber optic cable. There are quite a lot of benefits that can be gained from the use of fiber optics to transmit digital data as compared to using any other means to transmit digital data. If you want to avoid receiving poor and low quality live video digital signals as a result of some climatic conditions such as heavy downpour of rain then it is very important that you use the fiber optics digital data transmission technology for your live video feeds.
Given the fact that the fiber optic digital data transfer techno is able to transmit digital data to far distances without the quality of the digital data signals getting affected, cameras can be fitted or placed long distances apart. If you are intending to set up a good and highly effective fiber optic digital data transfer system in your company or business then you have to pick out the best service provider since there is a large number of fiber optic systems companies in the market today. In order for you to be able to pick out the best and most credible fiber optics company for your enterprise, here are a number of factors that you will need to have in mind.
Make sure that you also get to check out what the previous clients of the different fiber optics companies in your area have said about the services of the various companies before you make the decision to hire. Make sure that you also verify and confirm that the fiber optics company whose services you hire has all the necessary documentation so as to avoid low quality services. It is likewise very important for you to find out the costs of hiring the services of a fiber optics digital transfer company so that you set a budget.