Reflector Vs. Projector Headlights: Which Is Best?
A headlight is a device that helps the driver of any car see the road ahead at night, as well as on cloudy or foggy days. Headlights use light to illuminate the path ahead and may also be used to help some drivers see around corners.
When you head out to buy a new set of car headlights, it’s important to make sure that you get the right type. When buying headlights, there are two types of light sources: projector and reflector.
The headlights will be the only light source that you will see when driving and, in most cases, it provides a crucial role in your safety. One has to make a decision about whether they want to go for reflector headlights or projector headlights.
So, pay attention as I go over the details. Before I continue any further, keep this simple rule in mind: HIDs are better for projector headlights and LEDs are better for reflector-type headlights. Trust me, this will make comparing both much easier.
What Are Projector Headlights?
Projectors are a newer type of headlight housing technology that is becoming increasingly popular, especially for higher-end luxury vehicles. New projector housing is becoming more common among luxury cars thanks to their sleek and visually appealing design.
Projector headlights are used by consumers to improve visibility but not every new vehicle comes with these headlights. I’ll talk more about that later on. Both the reflector headlight and a projector headlight have a bulb that shines in a reflector bowl, so they are similar in a way.
And that is their only similarity. Light from projectors is directed through a lens before hitting the front of the car. However, reflector headlights do not contain lenses.
Focusing the light is achieved using a lens known as a condenser lens. Using a lens will increase the brightness of the bulb while demonstrating less light waste. Reflector headlights give off light in all directions, but projector headlights project the light straight ahead.
Typically, when driving at night you want headlights that are bright enough to see around curves, and when driving during the day you want your lights bright enough to help you see in front of you.
What Are Reflector Headlights?
Reflector headlights are old-school headlight housing technology that is still popular among car manufacturers. Reflector lights provide better protection against glare and light reflection.
The advantages of reflectors are that they also provide superior low-light visibility, improved depth perception, and increased safety. However, their disadvantage is that they don't project as much light as the projector headlights do.
They use a reflecting material or mirror to reflect light from the car's headlights back towards the road. The primary function of a vehicle's headlights is to illuminate the road ahead.
But it is also important that they be able to reflect light back into the eyes of oncoming drivers and pedestrians. Reflector headlights help ensure that oncoming drivers and pedestrians can see your car approaching, even in low-light conditions.
LEDs and HIDs: Which Is The Best For A Projector/Reflector?
For a projector and reflector, the LED or HID headlights to use can be a tricky issue. Let's take a closer look at the two technologies and decide which option would work best.
Which is better? If you're looking for brightness with a longer run time, then HID is better for you. If you're looking for affordability with less power consumption, then go with LED lights.
As I’ve said before, HIDs are better for projector headlights and LEDs are better for reflector-type headlights. To improve visibility, you should upgrade your headlights to LEDs if you have reflector headlights.
Reflector headlights can also be fitted with HIDs, but they will not be as bright as LEDs, and they are less easy to install than LEDs. We strongly recommend consideration of HID lights if you plan to upgrade your car's headlights to LEDs, but your car has projector headlights.
One thing to note about car headlights is that they should be well lit for safety purposes. So, it will be wise to choose an LED or HID based on the purpose of your projector/reflector for headlights - visibility or brightness.
LEDs and HIDs are the two types of light bulbs that are most commonly used in car headlights. However, there is a difference between them - both in terms of brightness and lifespan. While LEDs cost more than HIDs, they last longer and require less maintenance.
- HID For Projector
If you are looking for a bright, high-quality headlight, the best option is to upgrade your current halogen or incandescent lights with HID headlights. The cost of the upgrade will be worth it in the long run, as HID headlights will offer an increase in lighting output.
- LED For Reflector
LEDs are brighter than HIDs for reflectors. However, the installation of upgrades is slightly more difficult. If your car's headlight has reflector-style lighting, it would be best to install LED headlights.
HID lights are good too - they're just not quite as bright and there might be delays in installation due to the difference in technical specifications.
Projector Vs Reflector Headlights: The Differences
In this article, I’m going to be comparing projector headlights vs reflector headlights. I will look at their features and draw comparisons between the two different types of lights.
In most cases, car headlights are either a projector or a reflector. The main difference between these two is that a projector is brighter and has better range, but the reflector has less range and is dimmer. I’m just scratching the surface here.
Let’s take a deep dive and see the difference between projector and reflector headlights.
Projector headlights were created to address the need for a headlight that could produce a beam of light that was directed at a specific angle.
These headlights are paired with LED or HID technology and can project an intense beam of light that is directed at a certain angle.
They are popular among commuters as they offer greater visibility when driving at night or in foggy conditions. Reflectors are affordable and cheaper to make.
The main difference between regular and projector headlights is that they cast a wider beam, giving more visibility and safety at night and in foggy conditions.
Some people find them more difficult to see with than regular lights because they feel like their eyes are being tricked into thinking it's daytime when it shines at them straight.
Another difference between both types is that while projector headlights use a single beam, reflector headlights are more spread out. This means that it's easier for drivers using these cars to see other vehicles better at night time because they don’t blind them.
Reflector headlights use light-reflecting material to give cars a wider range of visibility and can be helpful in foggy or other low-light conditions.
They allow for better visibility and safety in low-light conditions, though most cars now have this feature as standard. Reflectors are most useful when driving on wet roads with limited visibility.
Projector headlights are brighter than reflector headlights. They also have more clarity in the light they project onto the road while reflector lights are dimmer and less clear.
Projectors are headlights with lenses that focus the light while reflectors are headlights without lenses. The main difference between the two is how they work.
Projectors are known for their color-rich light output. Reflector headlights, on the other hand, are designed to be able to project a wider area of light coverage. Reflectors are also cheaper than projectors, but their light output isn’t as strong.
Projector lights have a lens that focuses the light onto a single point to make it more concentrated. Reflector lights, on the other hand, radiate their light in all directions at once because there is no lens.
When your headlights are on, you want to be able to see the path in front of you, so it's important to have headlights that can cover a wider angle. Reflector headlights are known for covering a wider angle, but they have more "light waste" than projector headlights.
Pros & Cons Of Reflector/Projector Headlights: Comparison
Let’s take a look at the pros and cons of each to decide whether projector or reflector headlights are for you.
Pros Of Reflector Headlights
- Reflector headlights have been around for a long time.
- They are more precise, giving drivers a better view of the road ahead.
- Help reduce blind spots when driving at night.
- Cheaper to install and can be used with LEDs.
- Has more light waste.
Pros Of Projector Headlights
- Projection headlights add style and personality to the vehicle.
- Improved visibility in low-light conditions.
- Can be both daytime and nighttime lamps.
- They’re great for night driving due to their high-intensity light output.
Projector Vs. Reflector: Which Is The Best For My Car?
This question can be answered by looking at the reflector vs. projector technology. Reflectors are good for foggy or nighttime driving because they are more visible on dark surfaces. Projectors are good for driving in the daytime because they have a wider light beam that is not as affected by obstacles.
The best option for your car is depending on what you need it to do. If you want headlights to be visible during the nighttime or in low visibility conditions, then reflector headlights would be the best. If you need better visibility during the daytime, then projector headlights would be your best option.
Projectors are the most popular type because they make it easier to see at night without blinding other drivers. However, reflectors are best for minimizing glare and providing better visibility in rain or snow.
Projector headlights are more powerful than reflector headlights, but at the same time, they also cause more glare to other drivers on the road. Reflector headlights can be distracting because their light doesn't flash as projectors do, but their low-light visibility is much better than projectors.
Headlights are one of the most important features of a car. They help drivers see and navigate their surroundings, and they also offer safety.
For those who want to choose between the projector and the reflector options and want to know which one is better for their car, this article should provide some of the most effective factors to consider before making your decision.
Whichever option you choose for your car, it should be chosen based on what you need as well as if it’s cost-effective for the particular needs of your car. And that concludes this article on reflector vs projector headlights.


Special Purpose Diodes:
PN Junction diode cannot be used for all type of applications .Depending upon the type of application the PN junction diode is modified to obtain a new kind of diode.These diodes are known as special purpose diode.Following are the different types of special purpose diodes:
ii.Light Emitting Diode(LED)
Zener diode is a special purpose diode which is designed to operate in the breakdown region.Unlike the other ordinary PN junction diodes, the Zener diode can operate in breakdown region without damage to the junction.For this Zener diode is heavily doped.In the forward biased condition,it’s characterstics is same as that of ordinary PN junction diodes.It is always reverse connected in the circuit.Due to the very steep I-V characterstics in the breakdown region(ideally a straight vertical line) the Zener voltage remains constant over the large change in current.This property of Zener diode is utilized in the design of voltage regulator circuits so as to get stable output voltage.The operation of zener diode as a voltage regulator will be studied in the later section.The voltage at which Zener Breakdown occurs is known as reverse breakdown voltage or in specific Zener Breakdown voltage.It is designated as VZThe symbol of the Zener diode is:
ii.Light Emitting Diode:
The special purpose semiconductor diode which emits visible light when forward biased is known as Light Emitthing Diode(LED).The symbol of LED is
In the light emitting diode the PN junction is not made from Si or Ge.Instead it is made from the materials like gallium,phosphorous and arsenic.During the forward biased condition the recombination of holes and electrons cause the electron to radiate energy in the form of heat and light which lies in the visible region.
The special purpose semiconductor diode in which the reverse current increase when the junction is exposed to light is called as photodiode. The reverse current in the photo diode is directly proportional to the intensity of light falling on the PN junction of the Photo diode.This means greater the intensity of light falling on the junction larger will be the magnitude of the reverse current.The symbol of the photo diode is:
Characterstics of Photo Diode:
a.Reverse Current illumination curve:(IRVs E)
It is the graph plotted between reverse current IR illumination E of the photo diode.
b.Reverse voltage-reverse current curve:
It is the graph between reverse voltage VR and reverse current IR of the photo diode.
IV. Varactor Diode:
The special purpose semiconductor diode which is designed to exhibit the variable capacitance under the reversed biased condition is known as varicap(Vari for variable and cap for capacitance) or Varactor diode.The symbol of varactor diode is:
When reversed biased,the width of the depletion layer is increased.Here,the positive and negative ions on the either side of depletion region forms a parallel plate capacitor in which capacitance c is the function of width of depletion layer(Wd) which is again the function of reverse voltage VR.
. i.e C=f(Wd)
Thus,the capacitance of the varactor diode is controlled by the reverse voltage across the varactor diode.
The capacitance is given by:
ℰ=Permitivity of semiconductor material
A=Cross sectional area of semiconductor material
Wd=Width of the depletion layer.
C=Capacitance of the Varactor diode
It is important to note that the variation of capacitance for ordinary PN junction diode is not so appreciable because they are not designed for capacitance.So,we use varactor diode for this purpose in which the variation of capacitance is appreciable as shown in the figure.
The Special purpose semiconductor diode which exhibits negative resistance between two values of forward resistance (i.e between peak-point voltage and valley point voltage) is called as Tunnel diode.The symbol of the Tunnel diode is:
The Tunnel diode is doped approximately 1000 times the ordinary PN diode.The operation of the Tunnel diode depends upon the tunneling phenomenon.So the diode is called Tunnel diode.
Vi.Schottky Barrier Diode(SBD) or Schottky Diode or Hot carrier diode:
Schottky Barrier Diode(SBD) or Hot carrier diode is an special purpose semiconductor diode which is formed by bringing the metal in contact with the moderately doped n-type semiconductor material.Here the metal is used instead of p-type material.The resulting metal-semiconductor junction acts like a diode which conduct the current in one direction and acts as an open circuit in opposite direction.The characterstics of Schottky diode is same as that of ordinary PN junction diode with two major exceptions.
a.In the schottky diode the current is conducted entirely by majority carriers(electrons).Thus there is no effect of minority charge stored therby giving the fastest possible switching speed.
b.The forward voltage drop is less than the ordinary PN junction diode voltage drop.It is around
0.3V-0.5V whereas for ordinary diode forward voltage drop is around 0.6-0.8V.The symbol of Schottky diode is shown below:
The Schottky diode has been extensively used in design of Schottky TTL*.Where the function of Schottky diode is to prevent the transistors to go into the saturation so as to provide the fastest possible switching speed. *TTL stands for Transistor-Transistor Logic which is one of the important logic family of digital circuits.


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Neptec's TriDAR combines the best features of the space qualified, near field LCS (based on triangulation) with a long-range Time-of-Flight (or LiDAR) system.
TriDAR operates at distances ranging from 0.5 metres to over 2000 metres without sacrificing speed or precision at either end of the range.
Neptec's 3D Automated Rendezvous and Docking Sensor (AR&D) system is based on two Neptec innovations: the TriDAR3D sensor and Neptec's 3D Intelligence (3Di) software toolkit. This combination of hardware and software creates a dynamic, powerful and resourceful system which enables efficient and reliable docking without the need for traditional target arrays.
TriDAR combines a short-range, high precision autosynchronous triangulation sensor with a mid to long-range Time-of-Flight LiDAR sensor in the same unit. The two sensors share the same optical path and control electronics resulting in a compact package with a multi-range, multi-role capability.
Neptec's 3Di software reduces the amount of data collected and processes the data efficiently on the sensor head, drastically reducing the computational overhead of working in 3D. The result is six degrees-of-freedom (6DOF) real-time tracking and pose estimation.
TriDAR made its inaugural demonstration space flight onboard Space Shuttle Discovery on the STS-128 mission, launched on August 28, 2009. On STS-128, TriDAR provided astronauts with real-time guidance information during rendezvous and docking with the International Space Station (ISS). It automatically acquired and tracked the ISS using only knowledge about its shape. This marked the first time a 3D sensor based “targetless” tracking vision system was used in space.
TriDAR was again carried onboard Space Shuttle Discovery during the STS-131 mission to the International Space Station. The TriDAR tracked the ISS during both rendezvous/docking operations as well as undock/flyaround operations. This marks the first demonstration of real-time embedded 6DOF tracking of a non-cooperative tumbling target in space. Finally, TriDAR completed its test demonstrations onboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on the last shuttle mission STS-135. During the mission, TriDAR repeated its tracking demonstration with improved performance from hardware and software upgrades. Also, to mark this historic last shuttle mission, TriDAR acquired 3D and thermal IR imagery of the last shuttle flyaround around the completed International Space Station.


No matter what industry you work in, if your work involves laser technology, you need to put safety first. One of the most important things to invest in is a quality pair of laser safety glasses. If you've never had to shop for these glasses before, you may not know what you should be looking for. Here are a few of the things you should consider as you shop for a pair.
While this may seem like a minor concern, comfort is actually very important. If you're uncomfortable in the frames or they don't fit right, you're not going to get the same level of protection or they may not stay in place. Make sure that your frames fit your face properly, feel comfortable and are secure when you wear them. That way, you're more likely to keep them on and in the right position to protect your eyes.
Laser safety glasses are designed to provide you with years of benefit, and you'll need to have the confidence that they're going to do just that. For the best chance of getting a long lifespan from your glasses, it's in your best interest to invest more up front in a high quality lens and frame. While it may cost you more up front, it will likely save you more over time if you don't have to invest in a new pair every couple of years.
Broad Field of View
Any kind of eyewear can restrict your peripheral vision to some extent. While you're likely to be looking directly where you're working, you don't want to lose any more peripheral vision than necessary. Limited peripheral vision can interfere with your own orientation and comfort while you're working, which may affect your quality of work. Make sure that the frames you choose don't completely obstruct your ability to use your peripheral vision while you're wearing them.
Laser light comes in many different wavelengths, and each one can affect materials differently. In order for you to get the most from your laser safety glasses, you need to be sure that the lenses protect against the wavelengths that your laser beams contain. Check your laser wavelength ratings before you start shopping for glasses.
The optical density rating of the lenses defines the factor by which the laser beam power is reduced when looking through the lens. You'll want the highest optical density you can get for your lenses to best protect your eyes.
With the information presented here, you'll be better able to pick the right pair of laser safety glasses for your needs.Share


Hawke is a world leader in crossbow optics, with a reputation for innovative reticle designs to make you a better shot. All Hawke XB Compact crossbow scopes are innovative, accurate and reliable. Vari-speed technology allows you to match the reticle to any bow speed for unsurpassed accuracy, simply by turning the speed selector ring.
Waterproof and shockproof with nitrogen-purged optics to prevent fogging and misting, the scope is designed to withstand the rigors of crossbows. The chassis is machined from a single piece of lightweight, aircraft-grade aluminum for maximum strength and stability.
WIDE ANGLE OPTICAL SYSTEM
Model 12 226 the XB30 COMPACT 1.5-6×36 SR has a wide-angle optical system for a wide field of view and a 30mm mono-tube chassis for superior strength. It comes with a glass-etched illuminated XB30 COMPACT SR reticle, suitable for bow speeds from 250 fps through to 450 fps. It is designed with aim points from 20 - 100 yards with 5-yard marks. 10-yard aim points incorporate windage bars and dots to compensate for 10 mph and 20 mph crosswinds. For accurate reticle calibration, it has a locking speed adjuster.
A rheostat on the saddle offers 5 levels of brightness of red or green illumination. Quick and accurate zero is achieved with crossbow specific, positive click ½ MOA turrets, protected from the elements with a sealed turret cap.
- CROSSBOW SCOPE with 14 layer fully multicoated optics and Wide Angle optical system for exceptional clarity and low light performance
- EXCEPTIONALLY ROBUST with 30mm monotube chassis designed to withstand the heavy crossbow recoil
- SPEED ADJUSTER matches the bow speed from 250 fps to 475 fps for accurate reticle calibration
- ILLUMINATED GLASS ETCHED XB30 COMPACT SR RETICLE with aim points from 20 - 100 yards with 5 yard marks. 10 yard aim points incorporate windage bars and dots to compensate for 10 mph and 20 mph cross winds.
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Category of Levels
Instruments used for differential leveling can be classified into four categories: dumpy levels, tilting levels, automatic levels, and digital levels. Although each differs somewhat in design, all have two common components: (1) a telescope to create a line of sight and enable a reading to be taken on a graduated rod and (2) a system to orient the line of sight in a horizontal plane. Dumpy and tilting levels use level vials to orient their lines of sight, while automatic levels employ automatic compensators. Digital levels also employ automatic compensators, but use bar-coded rods for automated digital readings. Automatic levels are the type most commonly employed today, although tilting levels are still used especially on projects requiring very precise work. Digital levels are rapidly gaining prominence. These three types of levels are described in the sections that follow.
Dumpy levels are rarely used today, having been replaced by other newer types. They are discussed in Appendix A. Hand levels, although not commonly used for differential leveling, have many special uses where rough elevation differences over short distances are needed. They are also discussed in this chapter. Total station instruments can also be used for differential leveling. These instruments
and their uses are described in Section 8.18.
Electronic laser levels that transmit beams of either visible laser or invisible infrared light are another category of leveling instruments. They are not commonly employed in differential leveling, but are used extensively for establishing elevations on construction projects.
The telescopes of leveling instruments define the line of sight and magnify the view of a graduated rod against a reference reticle, thereby enabling accurate readings to be obtained. The components of a telescope are mounted in a cylindrical tube. Its four main components are the objective lens, negative lens, reticle, and eyepiece. Two of these parts, the objective lens and eyepiece, are external to the instrument, and are shown on the automatic level illustrated in Figure 4.9.
- Objective Lens. This compound lens, securely mounted in the tube’s object end, has its optical axis reasonably concentric with the tube axis. Its main function is to gather incoming light rays and direct them toward the negative focusing lens.
- Negative Lens. The negative lens is located between the objective lens and reticle, and mounted so its optical axis coincides with that of the objective lens. Its function is to focus rays of light that pass through the objective lens onto the reticle plane. During focusing, the negative lens slides back and forth along the axis of the tube.
- Reticle. The reticle consists in a pair of perpendicular reference lines (usually called crosshairs) mounted at the principal focus of the objective optical system. The point of intersection of the crosshairs, together with the optical center of the objective system, forms the so-called line of sight, also sometimes called the line of collimation. The crosshairs are fine lines etched on a thin round glass plate. The glass plate is held in place in the main cylindrical tube by two pairs of opposing screws, which are located at right angles to each other to facilitate adjusting the line of sight. Two additional lines parallel to and equidistant from the primary lines are commonly added to reticles for special purposes such as for three-wire leveling (see Section 5.8) and for stadia (see Section 5.4).
Level vials are used to orient many different surveying instruments with respect to the direction of gravity. There are two basic types: the tube vial and the circular or so-called “bull’s-eye” version. Tube vials are used on tilting levels (and also on the older dumpy levels) to precisely orient the line of sight horizontal prior to making rod readings. Bull’s-eye vials are also used on tilting levels, and on automatic levels for quick, rough leveling, after which precise final leveling occurs.
The principles of both types of vials are identical. A tube level is a glass tube manufactured so that its upper inside surface precisely conforms to an arc of a given radius (see Figure 4.10).The tube is sealed at both ends, and except for a small air bubble, it is filled with a sensitive liquid.
The liquid must be nonfreezing, quick acting, and maintain a bubble of relatively stable length for normal temperature variations. Purified synthetic alcohol is generally used. As the tube is tilted, the bubble moves, always to the highest point in the tube because air is lighter than the liquid. Uniformly spaced graduations etched on the tube’s exterior surface, and spaced 2 mm apart, locate the bubble’s relative position.The axis of the level vial is an imaginary longitudinal line tangent to the upper inside surface at its midpoint. When the bubble is centered in its run, the axis should be a horizontal line, as in Figure 4.10. For a leveling instrument that uses a level vial, if it is in proper adjustment, its line of sight is parallel to its level vial axis. Thus by centering the bubble, the line of sight is made horizontal.
Its radius of curvature, established in manufacture, determines the sensitivity of a level vial; the larger the radius, the more sensitive a bubble. A highly sensitive bubble, necessary for precise work, may be a handicap in rough surveys because more time is required to center it. A properly designed level has a vial sensitivity correlated with the resolving power (resolution) of its telescope. A slight movement of the bubble should be accompanied by a small but discernible change in the observed rod reading at a distance of about 200 ft. Sensitivity of a level vial is expressed in two ways: (1) the angle, in seconds, subtended by one division on the scale and (2) the radius of the tube’s curvature. If one division subtends an angle of at the center, it is called a bubble. A bubble on a vial with 2-mm division spacings has a radius of approximately 68 ft.4 The sensitivity of level vials on most tilting levels (and the older dumpy levels) ranges from approximately 20" to 40".


Home / Browse Journals & Books / Recent Advances in Photonics and Optics / Archive
RESEARCH ANALYST Volume 2 Issue 1
Abstract: The possible existence of superluminal particles, which are forbidden by well-known laws of physics, has been studied by many physicists. Some of them confirmed the superluminal speed by their experiments. By using Klein-Gordon wave equation for photons, the author shows that the photon travels at a superluminal speed in an electromagnetic near field of the source and they reduce to the speed of light as they propagate into the far field.
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Review Article Volume 2 Issue 1
Abstract: The new multi-pass configuration of side-pumped Nd:YAG solar laser for enhancement of conversion efficiency is studied by computer simulation of the laser system. The active medium in the form of a slab providing effective heat dissipation during side pumping by concentrated solar radiation at the focus of a parabolic concentrator with a diameter of 1 m is considered. It is shown that multi-pass configuration doubles the output laser power.
Abstract: Simple approach for achieving high efficiency of solar pumped laser performance on the base of alexandrite active medium is proposed. Performance analyses have been conducted by simulating solar pumped alexandrite laser with core-doped parabolic shape composite active medium, using ray-tracing Monte-Carlo techniques. It is shown that the overall efficiency of alexandrite laser can be about 15% which is much higher than that of existing solar pumped lasers.
Original Article Volume 2 Issue 1
Abstract: As soon as pairs of down-converted frequency photons are generated in a nonlinear crystal, the photons interact, individually, with the linear susceptibility formed by the electric dipoles in any dielectric medium. As a result, the quantum Rayleigh conversion of photons absorbs one photon and emits spontaneously another photon in a random direction and with a random state of polarization. However, the statistical results of the expectation values associated with entangled qubits of polarized photons are exactly reproduced with independent and individual qubits. The possibility of quantum non-locality properties being linked to entangled photons over long distances can easily be ruled out because of the immediate physical annihilation of the entangled photons propagating in a dielectric medium.
Review Article Volume 1 Issue 1
Abstract: The optogenetic is a biological technique that involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. In this paper, we exploit the use of the optogenetic to create a novel approach for water treatment and purification using a nano charged dielectric polymeric beads. In this approach, the beads will be coated with a photosensitive protein called channelrhodopsin.
Abstract: In this paper, we develop dielectric micro-optical sensors based on Whispering Gallery Mode Phenomenon (WGM) for monitoring of chemical impurities in contaminated drinking water environments. Some sort of chemical impurities could be toxic and carcinogenic to humans and animals.
REVIEW ARTICLE Volume 1 Issue 1
Abstract: This paper presents the estimation of bit error ratio (BER) from error vector magnitude (EVM) for the quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation format with the Viterbi & Viterbi algorithm and differential decoding to compensate for laser phase noise.


NMS s.r.o. is world leader in the field of non-contact 3D automated measurements solutions. Although we are based in Slovakia, our clients are manufacturing companies from all over the World. Our product portfolio includes innovative solutions tailored to customer's need from various industries, as well as stand-alone 3D measurement devices, measurement services, consultancy and staff training, or installation and maintenance. We work with the latest technologies and high-quality sensors from manufacturers with was experience in this field and transform them into innovative 3D measurement systems for industrial applications. NMS was established in 1999 and since then we have acquired valuable know-how in the field of non-contact 3D metrology and automation and with our professional team of experienced professionals we are just the right partner for any manufacturing company. Our customers come from various industries, including automotive, engineering, aviation, and power industry.


An experiment by scholars at the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands has demonstrated a wireless network based on infrared rays that can move data at speeds of 42.8Gbps.
The system, which is the work of new Ph.D recipient Joanne Oh, uses light “antennas,” which don’t have any moving parts, translating signals from a fiber-optic cable into infrared light and beaming them to receivers in the same room, which can be tracked by their return signals – when a user’s device moves out of one beam’s area of function, another light antenna can take over.
The concept of “Li-Fi,” or the use of light signals to transmit information wirelessly, is not new, but Oh’s low-maintenance infrared endpoints are novel. And while more work must be done on the central fiber-optic network necessary to run this system, the university says that it’ll be usable with common endpoints like laptops and tablets.
The real advancement is the use of a pair of gratings in each antenna, which are designed to “radiate light rays of different wavelengths at different angles,” according to the university. This means that the system merely needs to change the wavelength slightly to alter the course of the beam of infrared light and track its assigned endpoint.
Like most novel photonic technology, Oh’s system isn’t going to be commercially available for a long time – the university’s announcement says that it’ll be at least five years. But it could hold some promise as a short-range solution for dense concentrations of endpoints.
This story, “Dutch researchers pull almost 43Gbit per second over a ray of light” was originally published by Network World.


The Future of Optics
Check out our latest vlog where we travel to Berlin discover the latest tech courtesy of ZEISS. We look at Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, new spectacle lenses and new measuring equipment, including a device which allows us to 3D-print you a pair of bespoke glasses.
Looking for an optician or optometrist in Preston, Lancashire? We have a huge range of glasses, spectacles and sunglasses.
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We guarantee the best products and service at the best prices - guaranteed.
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Optical fiber as a medium got many virtues. Unlike copper media (e.g cat6e), WiFi (e.g 2,4 GHz, 5 GHz or Bluetooth) optical fiber is not exposed to EMI (electromagnetic pulse), interferences, signal interceptions. Usually is not limited by weather conditions, lay of the land (wifi), short length of a segment (cat5e). But even so sophisticated medium as optical fiber has got downsides caused by laws of physics.
You can’t cheat physical laws especially if you deal with optical fibre technology, then you have to rely on physical laws which describe how photon of light (the smallest part of the light) behaves in the glass (the silica to be more precise). I’ve collected all unfavourable phenomena and described them precisely but using plain language (believe me I tried hard).
Attenuation means a loss of optical power. Te attenuation of optical fiber is expressed by the coefficient which is defined as the loss of fiber per unit length in dB/km. Fiber attenuation varies significantly with the wavelength of light. The lower the wavelength is, the higher attenuation we get. The attenuation of the optical fiber is a result of two factors : Absorption and Scattering
Absorption is caused by the absorption of the light and conversion into heat by molecules in the glass. The most involved factor in absorption are OH- ions (just the water) which are just impurities which modify the refractive index of the glass. The smallest affects of OH- in silica glass has been noticed in transmission windows 850nm, 1300nm, and 1550nm. That’s the reason why these frequencies are being used in optical fiber technology. Unfortunately impurities are inevitable, manufacturers have only limited influence on this factor and can prevent partly by keeping high standards of production and by using high quality of raw materials.
Scattering occurs when light collides with individual atoms in the glass and is reflected in accidental directions. Light rays which are scattered with different angles outside the numerical aperture of the fiber will be absorbed by a cladding or transmitted back, toward the source (reverse reflection)
To find out how dispersion affects modes in optical fiber, first we have to recall in short how is build the core of optical fiber. We distinguish two types of multimode fibers step index and graded index. In step index fiber, the core has got the same density with the same index of refraction alongside whole fiber, in graded index fiber the core is not homogenic and is build from “layers”, every “layer” is doped differently, what means that index of refraction changes steadily from the axis of the core to the border with cladding. The work of both solutions you can see below on the graphic. In step index fiber, modes travel incoherently, in graded index fiber fluently. In single mode fiber dispersion doesn’t exists.
Every impulse of the light consists of many modes, almost each of them moves on different lane accordingly what I mentioned above . In graded index fiber modal dispersion has been reduced significantly, but in step index fiber it is a huge problem. In single mode fiber modal dispersion takes place in narrow scope and only in very long links.
Chromatic dispersion is linked with the color of the light and broad of spectral output. Light travels at different speeds accordingly to its color and therefore is refracted with different angles in different doped layers. Besides the LED light has much more broad of spectral output than laser, which concentrates most of its light in narrow spectral range. These two factors cause that the components of light (modes) travel in optical fiber with different speeds and on different paths.
Polarisation Mode Dispersion
This dispersion occurs because many external factors like wind, temperature, tension, stretching, which affect optic fiber. These factors cause that optic fiber is getting oval instead of staying circular. What influence does it have on modes ? Modes travel with different speed . PMD takes place in multimode and singlemode optical fibers and is very hard to diagnose, test and measure.


2 Aspects You Do Definitely Not Know Dealing With LASIK Eye Surgical TreatmentThe eye can be taken a look at with relative ease as to both its function and its structure. A functional examination consists of the capability to move in the orbit and the response of the pupil to light and accommodation.
The function of the eye might be evaluated in numerous ways. The client may be asked to determine illuminated letter or things of varying sizes on exactly what is referred to as the Snellen chart.
Alternatively, the examination of the structural part of the eye might be made in several methods. Tension within the eyeball is determined by a "tonometer." In particular illness, specifically in glaucoma, the tension in the eyeball is increased significantly.
It needs to be well kept in mind that a client with an eye problem may have other issues. Frequently other physical conditions are main and affect the eye as a consequence. The appearance of the eye can inform the physician and the client to difficulties in some disruptions of other parts of the body even before other signs provide themselves.
Subsequently, one's dependence on sight is highlighted when one deals with a possible or temporary irreversible loss of this crucial sense. When restorative steps are sought, certain types of vision correction such as contact lenses or glasses are prescribed.
On the other hand, some people are troubled with the truth that they have some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.
For this factor, advanced surgeries were established to motivate decreased usage of contact lenses or glasses. Among which is the now popular LASIK eye surgery.
Generally, LASIK eye surgery is the short term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its concrete counterpart, LASIK eye surgery is another kind of vision correction. The only difference is that with this kind imp source of surgery, one's vision is remedied permanently.
With LASIK eye surgical treatment, the refractive mistakes in the cornea are permanently changed. This can be done utilizing an "excimer laser."
The main purpose of this surgical treatment is to create a threadlike, rounded "flap" in the cornea utilizing a blade known as "microkeratome." In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is lastly reformed, allowing much better the eye to direct more light into the retina.
Appeal vs. Disadvantages
Amidst the growing appeal of LASIK eye surgery, there are still disadvantages that people should understand. Most likely, the main reason this type of eye surgical treatment has ended up being well accepted is since many of its cases had actually been successful.
Nevertheless, in spite of its success, there are still some drawbacks. Here is the list:
1. It is an operation applied to the most delicate part of the eye
Since LASIK eye surgical treatment involves the operation of the retina, which is one of the most delicate parts of the eye, many people say that the operation can be extremely dangerous.
In other words, a easy mistake could nearly trigger an individual's lifetime loss of sight. pop over to this web-site Thus, it is very important to consider numerous aspects before choosing whether LASIK eye surgery is the ideal corrective step one needs to go through.
2. It is not a ideal treatment
LASIK eye surgical treatment may correct your vision but it does not always imply that it can give you a ideal vision. Even if analytical reports show that 70% of the clients might have 20/20 vision, this does not always suggest they have perfect vision.
Offered all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the appeal of the operation, LASIK might not always be the ideal eye surgery the way the majority of people see it
On the other hand, the examination of the structural part of the eye may be made in numerous methods. It must be well remembered that a client with an eye issue might have other problems. Frequently other physical conditions are main and affect the eye as a repercussion. The appearance of the eye can alert the doctor and the patient to troubles in some disruptions of other parts of the body even prior to other symptoms provide themselves.
Like its concrete counterpart, LASIK my company eye surgical treatment is another type of vision correction.


How did the Starfish Camera project get started?
The project started out with the goal of trying to leverage CMOS image sensors for the astrophotography market. All of the other manufacturers addressing this market are using CCD image sensors, which have great image quality but are also very expensive to produce. That is why all of the dedicated astro-cameras in the megapixel class size cost many thousands of dollars. However, there has been a lot of fine work done using DSLR cameras from Nikon and Canon for deep sky astrophotography. These cameras use CMOS image sensors but they are not designed specifically for low light astrophotography work. So, there was an opportunity to innovate.
Our first product being developed is the Starfish camera which uses a 1/2" format CMOS image sensor. The camera is intended for use as an autoguider and has an integrated ST-4 style guide port.
What is the best way to keep up with the latest devlopments on the starfish camera project?
There are three ways to keep abreast of the project's status:
What software support do you have for the starfish camera?
Bundled with the Starfish are two programs from Stark Labs. the first is Nebulosity which provides basic camera control and image processing. The second is PHDGuiding which allows you to use the Starfish as an autoguider. Both programs are cross-platform running under either Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X.
In addition, we have our own StarLink program program that runs under MacOS X. This software will provide image acquisition as well as auto-guiding capabilities. Basic image processing functions are also included.
We also make available camera plug-ins for popular PC based camera control programs such as MaximDL and CCDSoft. Other programs are being evaluated as well.
We also provide a software development kit for those people wishing to write their own software to control the camera. Send us an eMail at firstname.lastname@example.org for more information.
Do you have plans for other cameras?
Yes. We always planned that we would offer other cameras based upon the core design of the Starfish camera. Leveraging the electronics and software design of this camera will allow us to more quickly bring other cameras to market. We currently have three other camera designs in progress. All are true 16-bit pixel format cameras that are intended to be used as a primary imaging camera for a wide range of imaging tasks (deep-sky to planetary). All will have larger format sensors than that currently in the Starfish camera.
We will continue to leverage CMOS image sensor technology in our designs since we think that is where the future of image sensor technology is going. We want to be the first to utilize the advances in CMOS sensor design as new chips become available.
In addition, we will be including features in the cameras that are only possible when using CMOS image sensors.
What is the current status of the Starfish Camera project?
Over a year ago we developed the electronics and enclosure for a prototype camera based upon the MT9M001 Image sensor. After a field testing with several beta testers, we undertook a redesign of the enclosure to make a more compact and lighter camera. A picture of the new camera design alongside the prototype camera can be seen here.
The camera design has now been finalised and the camera is in full production.
We are now accepting orders for the camera. Please see our ordering information page.
The Starfish camera was designed to be used as a guide camera for astronomical imaging applications. As such it has a built in auto-guider port compatible with ST-4 style guide ports included on most brands of telescope mounts. It also has LED status indicator lights that will show the progress of mount guide commands.
However, since it does have a mega-pixel class image sensor with integrated TEC cooling, many people may chose to use the camera as their primary imaging camera. There are limitations that the user will face however. First is the fact that the pixel data format from the image sensor chip is limited to 10 bits. Second, although the camera does have a built in TEC cooler, it can only cool to approximately -15C from ambient. This will limit the maximum exposure time to something under 5 minutes due to the dark current spec of the sensor. Please note that the Guider version of the camera does not have a TEC cooler and will therefore be limited in the length of exposures taken.
Neither of the limitations are significant for planetary imaging so it is expected that the camera will be very suitable for this kind of imaging.
Also, for applications in the microscopy and industrial machine vision fields, the camera should perform exceedingly well. We plan to offer a version of the camera, with the original MT9T001 image sensor to address these markets.
We will continue to post example images from the camera on our web site of both planetary and deep space objects for you to evaluate.
The table below compares the image sensor used in the starfish guide camera with the sensors used by competitor's guide camera offerings. Note the much larger FOV of the starfish guide camera.
How many versions of the Starfish camera do you sell?
We currently offer the following three versions of the Starfish camera:
Standard - This is the version of the camera which includes all of the capabilities listed in the camera specification sheet.
Guider - This is an un-cooled version of the standard Starfish camera. This will be the camera that people using the Starfish only for guiding will be most interested in. The camera does not have the integral TEC cooler, power supply nor cooling fan. These componnents were removed in the interest of offering a lower cost guider solution to our customers.
OEM - This version of the camera is a custom version offered to some of our industrial users. We can supply the camera without the TEC cooler capability, the ST-4 guide port and other options that are not used for stricly imaging applications. In addition, because of the hardware based image processing capability of the camera, we can offer specialized image processing functions tailored to your particular application. Please contact our offices for more information.


Lighting Management System, lighting solution, Infrastructure lighting solution
Hong Kong International Airport is the world’s busiest cargo gateway and one of the world’s busiest aviation hubs. This state-of-the-art structure was voted one of the Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century by the Construction Industry Manufacturers Association and has been recognised as the world’s best airport around 60 times.
SPL provided an infrastructure lighting solution to decorate the entire Midfield Concourse with customised LED strip lights in all lavatories. The project turned out as a huge success through seamless collaboration with professional designers and engineers. From the smallest components to the overall lighting effect, we always strive for excellence.
Project Name: Hong Kong Airport Midfield Concourse
Project Location: Chek Lap Kok
Project Nature: Infrastructure
Completion Year: 2015
CLick HERE to check out our other lighting projects in infrastructure segment.


What Is Fusion With Defective Stereopsis?
- Fusion and Interposition of Two Eyes
- Stereopsis: A Random Dot Test of Vision
- Stereopsis Test with the Anaglyph
- Visual Depth Tests
- Stereo Vision and Rembrandt's Blindness
- Stereopsis: A New Technique for Brain-Brain Interaction
- Contact Lenses and Eyeglass
- Simultaneous Macular Perception
- Response of the brain to light in subjects with sensory fusion
- The chameleon's eyes
Fusion and Interposition of Two Eyes
The brain uses the images from the two eyes to form one object. When the objects are the same, fusion occurs. A person can see depth and the size of objects with one eye.
Interposition is one of the monocular cues. An animal has two eyes that can see a single three-dimensional image of its surroundings. A researcher has stated that having two eyes gives a creature a spare eye in case one is damaged.
Stereopsis: A Random Dot Test of Vision
Stereopsis the ability of both eyes to see the same object and to create a perception of depth. It is a measure of how well the eyes work together. As you are close to each other, they can see the same objects at different angles.
There are slight differences between the images that have been captured. If the images captured by both eyes are small, fusion can occur. Double vision or suppression can occur if the images are too different.
The Frisby and Lang stereotests are the only random dot stereograms that do not require glasses. Both use different principles to avoid glasses. The Frisby stereotest uses a series of squares with geometric shapes painted on them.
The Lang stereotest uses a combination of random dots and cylinder gratings. Right: Frisby stereotest. Right:
Stereopsis Test with the Anaglyph
New techniques were sought out to test for stereopsis while maintaining the line of sight, as the haploscope is not used often for diagnostic purposes. The anaglyph uses different colors to show the two images to the eyes. The brain's visual cortex is able to combine images to create one image.
In 1852, the first method to view anaglyph images was developed by Rollmann. Two images from the left and right sides were projected into a single image through a red filter one side and a contrasting color on the other side, such as blue or green. Developing an adequate foundation early on in training is essential to best clinical practice, as it is important to have two eyes.
Visual Depth Tests
It's interesting that vision doesn't require the use of both eyes. Take a moment to do an experiment. Look around and cover one eye with your hand.
Are you able to tell what is in the room? Farther away? The effort from both eyes is needed to see the depth.
The eyes must move in the same direction so that the axis of the visual field is pointing at the same object. The Titmus stereo test consists of a combination of targets. A large stereo fly, a series of rings for older patients, and animals for children are some of the targets.
The animals and circles are both tested from 800 to 40 seconds of arcs. The fly has a variable stereo from the head to the thorax and has disparity values from 700 to 400 seconds of arcs. The TNO stereo test uses random dot patterns.
The patient needs red and green glasses. The test can measure disparity values in a few seconds. The Frisby test does not require the patient to wear glasses.
Stereo Vision and Rembrandt's Blindness
Stereo vision may give people an advantage when depicting a scene using monocular depth cues, and there are indications that a high number of people lacking stereo are compensated by other means. There is a case that Rembrandt may have been blind. Stereopsis processed in the visual cortex of mammals in binocular cells with different horizontal positions in the two eyes.
The disparity detector is only active when the preferred stimuli are in the correct position in the left and right eye. Stereo vision with cameras under fixed lighting is called structure from motion. Stereo techniques are used to make a shape from shading.
Stereopsis: A New Technique for Brain-Brain Interaction
Stereopsis can be thought of as depth perception. When a human looks at an object, each eye sees it in a different way, and the pictures go to the brain. The differences between the two images are combined into a single image, which is then used to create a 3D effect.
Contact Lenses and Eyeglass
Eye doctors can prescribe contact lens or eyeglasses to block or obscure images from the bad eye so they don't interfere with the good eye.
Simultaneous Macular Perception
The state of simultaneous vision is achieved by the coordinated use of both eyes, so that separate and slightly different images in each eye are appreciated as a single image. The fusion of sight from the two eyes is what binocular vision implies. The line connects an object point to its image on the retina.
The principle visual axis intersects at the fixation point, which is said to be binocular fixation. The two eyes share a common subjective visual direction and corresponding Retinal points. All other elements are not correlated with each other for a particular visual direction.
When the fovea have a common visual direction and the retinal elements in one eye correspond to the fovea in the other, it's called normal. The quality of single vision obtained in the lab varies from patient to patient, in some there is useful gross stereopsis while in the others it is rudimentary. The angle of deviation is the most important factor in determining the quality of binocular vision.
It is possible to see two images with different eyes and see them as one. A single visual image is the hallmark of correspondence. The images must be similar in size, brightness and sharpness to allow for sensory fusion.
Unequal images are a problem. When the corresponding retinal areas are stimulated by different stimuli, one or the other is temporarily suppressed to prevent confusion or diplopia. In order to avoid diplopia suppression is needed.
Response of the brain to light in subjects with sensory fusion
A response of two or three light indicates suppression, a response of four lights indicates fusion, and a response of five lights indicates a problem with the eye. The performance on some motor skills tasks was better in subjects with sensory fusion. The study may not be able to provide a good representation of the subjects because they wore their correction which was not their best correction and could cause some subjects to be under corrected and have additional accommodative demands.
The chameleon's eyes
Some animals have their eyes on the front of their heads, which allows them to see better and reduce their field of view. There are only three groups of animals in the world that have truly forward-facing eyes: monkeys, birds of prey, and mammals. Some animals use both strategies.
A starling can move their eyes to the front so their fields overlap giving stereopsis, but they have to cover a wide field of view. The chameleon's eyes appear to be mounted on turrets, each moving independently of the other, up or down, left or right. The chameleon can show vergence and stereopsis when hunting, but it can also show no one at all.


Jiusion Digital Microscope
Small, Easy to store, takes very good pictures. Adjust lights on the cord of the microscope. Takes very good photos.
The stand is not very high, nor very steady. Needs to be positioned higher (on a book for instance) in order to view and capture the images of the matter being inspected. Must hang on to microscope while taking photo.
Jiusion Digital Microscope & Stand
Small, takes very good pictures. Stand holds the microscope steady for observation and capturing. Stand adjusts up and down with a knob, and maintains the straight angle on the matter being inspected.
The stand makes these microscopes take up additional storage space. The ring that holds the microscope in the stand makes focusing a tiny bit awkward.
Inskam Digital Microscope & Stand
Small, takes very good pictures. Stand holds the microscope still for observation and capturing. Measurement built onto microscope stand where it cannot be lost.
The white stand reflects the lights from the microscope back into the photo. Grid is measured in 5mm by 5mm squares, with no option to change it to micrometers.
The same sweater fibre has been photographed under each microscope, for the sake of comparison. The two Jiusion microscopes (left and centre) definitely take a better quality photo.
The IMC will have a kit containing the middle microscope with the steadiest stand. These microscopes are easy to use with chromebooks, so science teachers interested in booking a class set of digital microscopes will have that option. The two jiusion microscopes are very similar in their images, however, the one with the flimsy stand is likely to frustrate some students.
If schools are interested in purchasing digital microscopes and wish to test the three demonstration models out, contact Michelle and she will send you the three to test out and inspect.


The Stanley Cubix Crossline Laser Level is ideal for internal work and uses a single laser diode that is split with a lens to project bright crossed horizontal and vertical lines onto flat surfaces.
Thanks to pendulum mounted laser and self leveling feature the laser lines are perfectly levelled and projected at right angles to each other to make setting out easy. This makes the laser level perfect for installing architrave, windowsills, shelves and poles, or for use when laying tiles, wall papering, or other installation work, without the need to make pencil marks.
The included QuickLink Bracket easily attaches onto one of several mounting slots on the case of the laser level and provides 360 degree maneuverability. The bracket can then be clamped onto door frames, window sills, banisters, poles or rails.
A 3 position power & beam lock switch allows the laser to be quickly turned on and ready for use. When the switch is moved to the pendulum unlocked position an out of level indicator LED illuminates while the self leveling feature is still righting the beam.
When you need to use the laser level with wall or floor surfaces or for setting angled lines, such as when installing architrave above stairs, move the switch to the pendulum locked position to help prevent damage to the internal components.
The laser beam is accurate to 0.8mm/m and is visible over a distance of 8m.
FOR INDOOR USE ONLY


~ NEW ~
MODEL: RCV-3000 Infrared USB Receiver
The RCV-3000 USB Infrared Receiver standard version is programmed to recognize six of the most popular infrared code protocols used in many infrared remote controls: NEC, RC5, Sony, Mitsubishi, Toshiba and Matsushita. The RCV-3000 USB IR receiver will transmit ASCII strings based on the infrared code protocol transmitted by a remote control. The following table describes the ASCII output format. The RCV-3000 USB IR receiver can be customized to receive other infrared protocols and transmit custom ASCII or HEX data.


2 Elements You Do Not Know Pertaining To LASIK Eye Surgical OperationsThe eye can be examined with relative ease regarding both its function and its structure. A practical assessment consists of the capability to move in the orbit and the reaction of the student to light and lodging.
The function of the eye might be checked in a number of ways. The client may be asked to determine illuminated letter or items of varying sizes on what is known as the Snellen chart.
On the other hand, the evaluation of the structural part of the eye might be made in several ways. Stress within the eyeball is measured by a "tonometer." In particular diseases, specifically in glaucoma, the tension in the eyeball is increased noticeably.
It ought to be well remembered that a patient with an eye problem may have other problems. Frequently other physical conditions are primary and affect the eye as a consequence. The look of the eye can alert the physician and the patient to problems in some disruptions of other parts of the body even before other signs provide themselves.
One's dependence on sight is emphasized when one deals with a momentary or possible permanent loss of this vital sense. For this reason, when restorative steps are looked for, particular forms of vision correction such as contact lenses or eyeglasses are recommended.
On the other hand, some people are troubled with the fact that they have some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.
For this factor, advanced surgeries were developed to motivate reduced usage of contact lenses or glasses. Among which is the now popular LASIK eye surgery.
Generally, LASIK eye surgical treatment is the short term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its tangible counterpart, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another type of vision correction. The only distinction is that with this type of surgical treatment, one's vision is remedied completely.
With LASIK eye surgical treatment, the refractive mistakes in the cornea are completely changed. This can be done utilizing an "excimer laser."
The primary function of this surgery is to create a threadlike, rounded "flap" in the cornea using a blade called "microkeratome." In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is finally reformed, permitting better the eye to direct more light into the retina.
Popularity vs. Disadvantages
In the middle of the growing appeal of LASIK eye surgery, there are still disadvantages that individuals should know. Probably, the main reason why this type of eye surgical treatment has actually become well accepted is because most of its cases had actually succeeded.
In spite of its success, there are still some downsides. Here is the list:
1. It is an operation used to the most Read More Here sensitive part of the eye
Due to the fact that LASIK eye surgery includes the operation of the retina, which is one of the most delicate parts of the eye, the majority of people say that the operation can be extremely risky.
In other words, a simple mistake could nearly trigger an individual's lifetime blindness. For this reason, it is essential to think about numerous factors prior to deciding whether LASIK eye surgery is the best corrective procedure one has to go through.
2. It is not a best procedure
LASIK eye surgery might fix your vision however it does not necessarily indicate that it can give you a best vision. Even if statistical reports reveal that 70% of the patients may have 20/20 vision, this does not necessarily indicate they have perfect vision also.
Provided all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the popularity of the operation, LASIK may not always be the ideal eye site surgical treatment the way most individuals see it
Alternatively, the evaluation of the structural part of the eye might be made in several methods. It needs to be well remembered that a client with an eye problem may have other issues. Frequently other physical conditions are main and impact the eye as a consequence. The look of the eye can notify the client and the doctor to difficulties in some disturbances of other parts of the body even before other signs present themselves.
Like its tangible counterpart, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another type of vision correction.


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Scott - Prospect Goggle
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Fluorescence intensity changes were investigated theoretically and experimentally using self-assembled colloidal structures on silver semitransparent mirrors. Using a simplified quasi-static model and finite element method, we demonstrate that near-field interactions of metallic nanostructures with a continuous metallic surface create conditions that produce enormously enhanced surface plasmon resonances. The results were used to explain the observed enhancements and determine the optimal conditions for the experiment. The theoretical parts of the studies are supported with reports on detailed emission intensity changes which provided multiple fluorescence hot spots with 2-3 orders of enhancements. We study two kinds of the fluorophores: dye molecules and fluorescent nanospheres characterized with similar spectral emission regions. Using a lifetime-resolved fluorescence/reflection confocal microscopy technique, we find that the largest rate for enhancement (~1000-fold) comes from localized areas of silver nanostructures.
|Journal||Journal of Nanophotonics|
|State||Published - 2010|
- fluorescence lifetime imaging
- metal-enhanced fluorescence
- plasmonic platform


Photography of shiny objects
Colour of light
('colour temperature') - Obviously the colour of objects needs to be correctly reproduced. Colour rendering depends on a number of factors, such as:
- The colour of the light used for lighting the object.
- How well film or the light-sensitive component of a digital camera can reproduce a colour (in digital cameras the white balance needs to be propertly set).
- How old is the film, and was it properly developed.
- How well can the colour and contrast be reproduced in a print;
- when using a printer: what are the printer's specifications, what those of the pigments and the paper used;
- in the case of a computer screen: how well can the screen reproduce the colours and brightness.
- What colour and brightness corrections have been carried out.
Let us consider the colour of light. As we all know from looking at the rainbow white light is made up of a large spectrum of colours. At sunrise and sunset the outside light is reddish, with the sun high in a clear sky it is bluish but white when the sun lights the earth through a layer of clouds. The light from normal (tungsten) light bulbs is yellowish or orange tinged, the light emitted by halogen light sources is closer to white, photographic flash lights emit white light. However, if you use a flash light in a space with a coloured wall, the light reflected from the wall will not be white and will influece the perception of all objects illuminated with the reflected light. Similarly in e.g. a church with stained glass windows, the filtered light will create a colour cast that affects all objects in its interior. Usually we are not conscious of the more subtle variations of the colour of light as the brain adapts to it, so that after a short while a colour cast is filtered out and goes unnoticed. The material that we use to take a photograph (film, CCD or CMOS) does not adapt and mercilessly records any colour cast .
Colour of light - An iron rod when heated starts to emit red light, then it turns more yellow, subsequently white and at an even higher temperature blueish. One can correlate the colour of the light emitted to the thermodynamic temperate of the object emitting the light; temperature is expressed in Kelvin (K) (or in mired, see below). The light emitted at a certain temperature is thus called the temperature colour. Interestingly, in everyday language red is called a warm colour, and blue a cold colour.
The figure on the right shows the colours of the rainbow (red - orange - yellow - green - blue - indigo - violet), and white in the centre. Red, green and blue are primary colours which when added yield white; the are therefore called additive colours. White is obtained by adding diagonally opposed colours (e.g. blue + yellow); diagonally opposed colours are therefore called complementary. Thus white is to be found at the centre of the spectral map. The black line is Planck's curve, used to indicate colour temperature. The table below relates the colour of environmental light to light sources:
|sunrise or sunset||2000 K||reddish-yellow|
|tungsten light 100 watt||2800 K||orange-yellowish|
|halogen light 500 watt||3200 K||yellowish|
|halogen film photoflood 500 watt||3400 K||yellowish|
|one hour after sunrise||3500 K||yellowish|
|flash bulbs||4950 K||white with minimal yellow cast|
|daylight at noon||5400 K||white|
|electronic flashlight||5500 K||white|
|unclouded, daytime||6500 K|
|unclouded, summertime||> 8000 K|
How can a colour cast be handled ?
- Professional photographers employ a meter to measure the colour temperature. When taking the photograph a filter is used to remove the colour cast. Such a meter is too costly for the amateur photographer. However, when using artificial light sources one can easily estimate the colour temperature of the light emitted and apply appropriate filters to remove any colour bias.
- If you want the colour rendition to meet high requirements, you can use a colour control map and take a photograph of it under identical conditions as the photograph of the scene of interest. Kodak Color Control Patches are available through retailers. Professional laboratories can use the standardized colour set to make the necessary adjustments in print. This approach is less costly than purchasing a colour temperature meter and a set of colour filters; in addition it overcomes differences in colour rendition of film or digital devices.
- The more sophisticated digital cameras have facilities to adjust the colour temperature at the time of taking the photograph.
- Colour corrections can be made retrospectively by comparing the photograph with the original object. This is within anyone's reach who is capable of manipulating an image by computer, using software such as Photoshop®. Store digital images in RAW format, use software such as Lightroom® and Photoshop® and adjust the colour temperature then.
Another unit often used to express colour temperature is the mired, for “micro reciprocal degrees”.
To obtain the mired value for a colour temperature divide 1 million by the colour temperature. Thus 5500 K is the same as 182 mired, since 1 000 000 / 5500 = 182.
Mireds are commonly used for converting light from one colour temperature to another using a colour conversion filter. The decamired system is often used by continental European manufacturers in lieu of the arbitrarily numbered Wratten system applied to colour conversion filters.


Staffed by certified, licensed opticians, Complete Eye Care West offers the finest in Optical services, from contact lenses by all your favorite manufacturers, specialty fit contact lenses such as gas permeable and Synergeyes hybrid lenses, to a wide array of stylish and comfortable eyeglass frames.
Design, material and treatments are just three components that make up a pair of prescription lenses. Complete EyeCare West offers a variety of frames and lenses allowing us to meet the needs of each of our patients.
Digital Progressive Lenses
Digital progressive lenses come in a variety of styles and are designed for the modern presbyope. They are no-line multifocal eyeglass lenses that look exactly the same as single vision lenses. These lenses provide clear vision not just for near and far, but also for all distances in between without any abrupt changes or visible lines in the lens. These types of lenses are divided into three sections: distance, intermediate and near.
One common occurrence for eyeglass wearers is the annoying glare and reflections that are caused by light bouncing off their lenses. Anti-reflective coating is designed to reduce this glare, especially during night time driving. They help to improve safety by reducing reflections and allowing more light to pass through to your eyes. Our office has a series of demonstrations to show the effectiveness and benefits of anti-reflective coating on your new lenses.
Computer glasses are prescription glasses that are designed to be worn when working on a computer. They allow you to focus your eyes on a computer screen, which is at arm’s length, further away than normal reading distance. Unlike conventional progressive lenses, these have an intermediate distance on the top portion of the lens, and a reading power below. By doing this, it allows for a larger area for viewing the computer monitor than you would get with traditional progressive lenses.


January 11, 2023 – Blue Canoe Supports 6th Arizona Photonics Days
Arizona is home to world-class businesses and scientific and educational institutions with decades of innovation and leadership in optics and photonics. The 6th Arizona Photonics Days reflects this leadership with more than 30 technical presentations in six application areas, industry panels, company pitches, and plenty of networking opportunities.
We’re proud to be a Bronze Sponsor of this conference. Join us January 25-27, 2023, in Tucson, Arizona!