Answers to most questions about the usage of DOF Easy can be found in the Help section below. If you need additional help or to report issues please complete the following form:
DOF Easy is unique among Depth of Field Calculators. With most DOF Calculators you enter the focus distance and the aperture and the calculator tells you whether your scene will render in focus. DOF Easy starts with information about the scene (a range of distances) and DOF Easy tells you where to focus and what aperture to use. It also shows blur amounts as a function of distance. Users can easily see how the amount of blur, in pixels, changes with distance from the focal plane.
DOF Easy is designed to be "easy". While all inputs are required, defaults are available for most of them. Key inputs are saved between runs so they do not have to be re-entered. Key outputs are shown first. These include optimal focus distance and aperture, and the amount of blur at the near and far points in your scene. Blur diameters are stated in simple to understand pixels as well as in millimeters. The hyperfocal distance is also shown. The program also computes a variety of additional outputs. These include information about the sensor, the lens, the diffraction limited aperture, and a detailed table showing how blur changes with distance.
If a field has a dotted underline then additional help on the input can be obtained by clicking or pressing on the underlined text.
Camera Format provides information about the size and aspect ratio of the sensor. DOF Easy saves this information when you exit the program. It reloads the Camera Format on next use. Camera Format is used to calculate the crop factor and the effective focal length of the lens. It is also used to determine the standard of blur, commonly known as the circle of confusion (CoC). If you do not know the Camera Format you can search for it at https://www.digicamdb.com.
The Blur Standard, together with the Camera Format, determines the acceptable Circle of Confusion (CoC). The CoC is an optical spot caused by light rays not coming to perfect focus when a point source is imaged. When the CoC is small an image is perceived as sharp. What is perceived is sharp depends on the observer's vision, whether the image is viewed as a print, on screen, or via a projector, and on the viewing distance.
Four different general standards are available in the program: Normal, Fine, Professional, and Ultimate. The "Normal" standard is the historical criterion of .03 mm. This standard is good for prints of up to 8 inches by 10 inches when viewed at ten inches by a person of normal vision. It is also good for web use. A "Fine" standard of .024 mm that is 20% sharper is also available, as are a "Professional" standard of .02 mm or 50 lines/mm, and an "Ultimate" standard of .01 mm or 100 lines/mm which is close to the resolution of modern day sensors. The last two standards should only be used with the very sharpest of lenses. All four standards .03, .024, .02, and .01 apply to Full Frame cameras. For other formats the effective CoC is the Blur Standard divided by the Crop Factor. For example if "Professional" is chosen as the blur standard and "Canon APS-C" the Camera Format the final CoC is .02 / 1.6 = .0125.
The program also allows you to enter the acceptable CoC directly. Values between .001 and .05 are available. No Crop Factor adjustment is made to the CoC in this case.
The program also saves the "Blur Standard" choice between runs so it only needs to be entered once.
Focal length is the actual focal length of the lens, not the full frame equivalent.
Aperture strongly affects depth of field. Except for macro work the hyperfocal distance is inversely proportional to the aperture, so doubling the aperture, say from f/8 to f/16 will decrease the hyperfocal distance by a factor of 2.
When selecting an aperture keep both lens quality and diffraction in mind. Lenses are usually their sharpest one or two stops slower than wide open. For example, an f/2.8 lens would be sharpest when shot at f/4 or f/5.6. Due to the effects of diffraction lenses start losing resolution at about f/11. Resolution at f/16 is typically about 20% less than resolution at f/8, and resolution at f/22 is about 50% less than f/8.
Near Distance is the distance to the closest point in the scene. Also enter the units of measure. Distances can be entered in feet, inches, meters, or centimeters.
Far Distance is the distance to the furthest point in the scene.
Focus Distance is the distance at which the lens is focused. It is filled in automatically when you enter the near and far distances into the program and click or press on the small green calculator icon. The calculator icon computes the harmonic mean of the near and far distances, which is mathematically the optimal focus distance.
The focus distance can also be entered directly in the event that you do not wish to focus at the optimal point. This could be the case if you wish the background to be blurred, or if you wish the foreground or background to be a little sharper than the rest of the image.
Optimal focus distance is the distance at which you should focus in the absence of unique conditions. It depends only on the distances to the closest and furthest points in the scene and is independent of focal length and aperture. It is the harmonic mean of the near and far distances. If nd is the closest point in your image, and fd the furthest, the harmonic mean is given by
harmonic mean = 1/(average(1/nd,1/fd))
When the far distance fd is infinity the harmonic mean is just twice the near distance. For all distances the harmonic mean is less than the average of the near and far distances, i.e. you should always focus closer to the nearest point than the average.
Required Aperture is the smallest f-stop at which objects at the near and far distances will be in sharp focus. Sharp focus is defined as blur less than or equal to the acceptable CoC. The required f-stop is calculated assuming you have focused at the Optimal Focus Distance.
Nearest Sharp Point is the distance to the closest point in the scene that will be in sharp focus. Sharp focus is defined as blur less than or equal to the acceptable CoC.
Furthest sharp point is the distance to the furthest point in the scene that will be in sharp focus. Sharp focus is defined as blur less than or equal to the acceptable CoC.
Total depth of field is the difference between the far and near points of acceptable focus. It depends on where you are focused, the CoC, and the aperture.
Blur at Near Distance (mm) shows the amount of blur on the sensor of the closest point in the scene. It is defined as the diameter of the blur circle on the sensor in mm. The Blur at Near Distance is color coded. When the amount of blur is less than or equal to the acceptable CoC the Blur at Near Distance is shown in green, with darker colors indicating less blur.
Blur at Far Distance (mm) shows the amount of blur on the sensor of the furthest point in the scene. It is defined as the diameter of the blur circle on the sensor in mm. The Blur at Far Distance is color coded. When the amount of blur is less than or equal to the acceptable CoC the Blur at Far Distance is shown in green, with darker colors indicating less blur.
Blur at Near Distance (pixels) shows the amount of blur on the sensor of the closest point in the scene. It is defined as the diameter of the blur circle on the sensor in pixels. The Blur at Near Distance is color coded. When the amount of blur is less than or equal to the acceptable CoC the Blur at Near Distance is shown in green, with darker colors indicating less blur.
Blur at Far Distance (pixels) shows the amount of blur on the sensor of the furthest point in the scene. It is defined as the diameter of the blur circle on the sensor in pixels. The Blur at Far Distance is color coded. When the amount of blur is less than or equal to the acceptable CoC the Blur at Far Distance is shown in green, with darker colors indicating less blur.
The Hyperfocal Distance (HF) is the shortest distance beyond which all objects can be brought in into acceptable focus. It depends on the aperture of the lens and the CoC. Note than when you are focused at the hyperfocal point all objects between the hyperfocal distance divided by two and infinity will be in sharp focus.
Note that the hyperfocal distance is not the distance at which you should focus your camera! Focusing at the hyperfocal distance is a mistake many photographers make. Before smartphones became readily available landscape photographers would carry "Hyperfocal Charts" with them on shoots. The charts showed, for a variety of apertures and focal lengths, the hyperfocal distance. If the scene includes very distant points you could quickly determine the aperture to use and get a good idea of where to focus since all point between the hyperfocal divided by 2 and infinity will be in sharp focus.
If the nearest point in the scene is further than the hyperfocal distance then focusing at the HF is not optimal. You will get a sharper image if you focus further out. Focus at twice the distance to the closest object in the scene.
The Acceptable Circle of Confusion (mm) (CoC) is the amount of blur in mm that is acceptable in the final image. It is computed from the Camera Format and the Blur Standard.
The Acceptable Circle of Confusion (pixels) is the amount of blur in pixels that is acceptable in the final image. It is computed from the Camera Format and the Blur Standard.
Fields here are shown for information only.
The diagonal, width, and height fields show the size of the sensor in millimeters.
The Pixels/mm field shows the number of pixels per millimeter of the sensor. This field is used to convert blur amount in mm to blur amounts in pixels.
mm/Pixel shows the size of a pixel on the sensor.
Lines/mm is Pixels/mm divided by two since one line consists of both a light pixel and a dark pixel.
Area/mm2 show the area covered by the sensor.
The Crop Factor is the ratio of the diagonal of a full frame camera (43.3 mm) to the sensors diagonal. Typical crop factors are 1.6 for a Canon APS-C camera, 1.5 for a Nikon DX camera and 2.0 for a Micro 4/3 camera by Olympus or Panasonic.
Fields here are shown for information only.
The Full Frame Equivalent Focal Length of a lens is the actual focal length times the crop factor. The FFE focal length is used to calculate the horizontal and vertical angles of view.
Horizontal field of view is the width in feet or meters of the observable world seen at the focus distance. It can be calculated as
Horizontal FOV = focus distance × (36/FFE focal length).
Vertical field of view is the height in feet or meters of the observable world seen at the focus distance.
Horizontal angle of view is expressed in degrees. It depends only on the full frame equivalent focal length and the aspect ratio of the camera.
Vertical angle of view is expressed in degrees.
The Airy Disk Diameter (mm) is the size of the blur spot caused by diffraction. It is a function of lens aperture. Stopped down lenses produce larger airy disks (blur). It is also a function of color temperature with reds showing the largest airy disks and blues the smallest. Blur Calculator uses 5250K as the default color temperature. 5250K is the color temperature of typical daylight. Airy disk size increases linearly with aperture, so an image stopped down to f/22 would have an airy disk nearly three times (22/8) larger than one at f/8.
Airy Disk Diameter (pixels) is Airy Disk Diameter (mm) × Pixels/mm. As sensor pixel density increases the size of the airy disk in pixels also increases.
Diffraction Limited Aperture is the aperture at which the airy disk exceeds one line pair (2 pixels) in size.
This section shows the amount of blur at various distances. Amounts of blur on the sensor are shown in both pixels and millimeters. Rows are highlighted in green when the amount of blur is less than the acceptable CoC. Darker greens indicate less blur.
For more detailed information about depth of field, achieving optimal focus, and creating high quality images please visit https://www.thewave.info/DOF/DOF.html
DOF Easy 1.0.0
Copyright (C) 2017 William H. Belvin
Designed and Programmed by William H. Belvin
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.


LiDAR utilizes laser beams to construct three-dimensional (3D) models of varied objects and environments. These accurate representations of any surveyed environment enable us to create more advanced and autonomous technologies that can perform tasks ranging from speed adaptation to collision prevention to assembly line monitoring.
However, the most tangible benefit of LiDAR is its ability to improve business efficiency and revenues. By implementing LiDAR technology across business segments like manufacturing, construction, automotive, and more, business leaders can improve employee safety, ensure adherence to company policy, and minimize risks like data privacy breaches. Below, we look at LiDAR technology in more detail, including the key technology providers in the market today and its various applications.
What is LiDAR technology, and how does it work?
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a technology that remotely senses depth by bouncing laser light off objects to determine their distance. By timing the flight of reflected light pulses, LiDAR instruments create maps of scenes based on the objects within them. While the most recognized use case for LiDAR is probably that of autonomous vehicles, the technology has a wide range of applications, including advanced smartphone cameras, industrial robotics, indoor mapping, outdoor mapping (topographic LiDAR is used to map landforms, while bathymetric LiDAR can “see through” water to measure the height ocean floors and riverbeds), smart cities-focused data gathering, speed limit enforcement, mining operations management, and even space exploration.
What are the primary components of a LiDAR instrument?
A typical LiDAR instrument comprises three core components: a laser, a scanner, and a specialized GPS receiver. These components are used cohesively to take measurements and make rapid mathematical calculations regarding direction and distance. Automated vehicles are a good example of how the LiDAR technology’s components work cohesively to provide a mapped environment.
First, the laser source emits laser signals at a rate of up to millions per second. These laser signals collide with objects and terrain around the vehicle, bouncing back to the scanner. Finally, the GPS receiver, which contains an IMU (inertial measurement unit), works to calculate the direction and distance of each laser, calculating the time taken for each wave to return. The result of this process is a 3D map, or “point cloud,” which the vehicle’s onboard computer can use to navigate safely through the environment.
Why is LiDAR important?
LiDAR’s ability to instantly generate precise, three-dimensional representations of surroundings is crucial to delivering on the promise of self-driving cars, which is as much about the effectiveness as safety. Automated vehicles depend on this technology to operate safely and process decisions rapidly, similar to a human brain.
Elsewhere, the technology’s remote sensing capabilities contribute to helping surveyors achieve more accurate readings, boosting the productivity of farming and forestry operations via the ability to penetrate dense vegetation, and producing higher-quality digital photographs and video.
What are some of the primary types of LiDAR solutions?
Terrestrial and bathymetric LiDAR are two of the most commonly used LiDAR solutions, and each has a different purpose in environmental analysis and data gathering.
Terrestrial LiDAR, often known as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), uses ground-based, contact-free instruments to measure and gather point clouds. This type of instrument can be further divided into categories that include mobile LiDAR and static LiDAR systems.
These are the types of LiDAR scanners used in autonomous vehicles, though they can also be found in other transportation, such as boats and trains. This technology is often chosen because it can collect a greater number of data points to produce more detailed maps. One of its uses is scanning infrastructure, such as railway lines, to determine its condition and any points needing repair or attention.
This type of LiDAR instrument usually is mounted atop a tripod and used to focus on a specific area. It's capable of scanning in all directions, including above the instrument. These types of scanners are used not only outdoors but inside of structures too. Engineers and architects frequently use them, and it's common to see them by the roadside when projects are being carried out.
Unlike TLS, bathymetric LiDAR is most commonly employed for use in water. While some types of LiDAR use infrared, bathymetric systems rely instead on a combination of infrared and green spectrum lasers. The green laser signals can penetrate through water, while the infrared beams gather LiDAR data on the sea floor or riverbed. As a result, bathymetric LiDAR is usually involved in coastal projects.
Who are some of the top technology providers building LiDAR sensors and LiDAR systems?
There are quite a few start-ups and established tech providers working in the LiDAR space, and many are focused on enhancing the efficiency and safety of autonomous driving. Below are some of the top LiDAR technology partners currently operating in the industry.
Velodyne Lidar focuses on the provision of solutions for transportation, robotics, infrastructure, navigation, smart cities, and more. In 2007, Velodyne’s real-time surround view systems were utilized by autonomous vehicles in the DARPA grand challenge. Decades later, the company produces a range of LiDAR solutions, including Alpha Prime, Ultra Puck, Puck Hi-Res, and more. Their LiDAR software, Vella, is a development kit that provides access to the company’s perception software features.
With more than 50 commercial partners, Luminar focuses on improving safety and efficiency in autonomous transportation. The company believes that this narrow focus will allow faster progress in what it sees as the most pressing use case for LiDAR tech. Recently, Nissan and Luminar partnered under the former company's long-term vision, Nissan Ambition 2030. Using LiDAR technology, the project aims to significantly reduce autonomous vehicle collisions in highly complex scenarios.
In early 2022, AEye was named as one of the world's most innovative companies due to its advancements in automotive and transportation, specifically around intelligent sensing. The company's history began with one man, Luis Dussan, an aerospace designer of weapons targeting systems for military jets. In 2022, AEye showcased its future vision for adaptive LiDAR in automotive vehicles. The company also demonstrated its 4Sight Intelligent Sensing Platform, designed to allow for sensor positioning across multiple mounting locations.
Ouster provides high-performance LiDAR solutions for robotics, industrial machinery, vehicles, and more. They've supplied these technologies to companies of varying sizes, from startups to Fortune 500s, including the U.S. army and NVIDIA. Ouster currently produces over 75 unique sensor configurations and has over 250 patents, either granted or pending. The company has a global presence, with offices in the US, France, and China.
Partnering with household names that include Microsoft, Sony, and Sharp, MicroVision has also supplied LiDAR technology to the U.S. Military. The company’s technology undergoes rigorous ADAS scenarios to improve automotive safety in complex environments. In June 2022, MicroVision's technology was applied to scenarios including complex highway situations, changing lighting, tunnels, and more.
Innoviz recently won its third design award for vehicle automation within the Volkswagen brand. Innoviz was the first LiDAR provider chosen by a major automotive company (BMW) to mass-produce level 3 to 5 automated vehicles. Additionally, the company has secured collaborative partnerships with several Tier 1 automotive supplies. In August 2022, Innoviz confirmed that its LiDAR sensors would soon be installed in all automated vehicles within Volkswagen Group brands.
Quanergy Systems is responsible for products that include mechanical LiDAR sensors. The M Series is popular for applications in security, smart cities, and smart spaces. Located in Silicon Valley, Quanergy Systems has around a decade's worth of experience in optics, artificial intelligence, and more.
Blickfeld primarily produces LiDAR systems for automotive, industrial, and software applications, including Cube 1, Cube Range 1, Cube 1 Outdoor, and Qb2. Their hardware can be used for applications that include volume measurement, crowd analytics, and security threat detection and alarm generation. They're also involved in the autonomous vehicle movement, and their products are often used in conjunction with drones.
Ibeo Automotive is another provider of LiDAR sensors seeking to improve safety in autonomous driving. The company developed the world's first 4D solid-state LiDAR sensor and offers two products: the ibeo LUX and ibeoNEXT Solid-State. The latter sensor can determine not only an object’s X, Y, and Z positioning but also its velocity.
Aeva was founded by two former Apple engineers. The company has produced the world's first 4D LiDAR system, using camera-level resolution in its sensor capabilities. With this product, Aeva quotes a resolution capable of delivering up to 20x the resolution offered by legacy sensors. Using this technology, it is said that autonomous vehicles should be capable of improving small hazard detection at top speeds and twice the scanning distance of older LiDAR technology.
What are some of the trends disrupting LiDAR technology?
The expansion of LiDAR technology is growing exponentially, given its considerable advantages to automation and business improvement. There’s a potential for innovative new solutions to completely transform the way that numerous industries work at present.
Another area seeing rapid advancement is robotics. Industry leaders like Boston Dynamics have already made giant steps forward with agility and movement in recent years, and LiDAR technology is allowing for further innovations in the industry. With LiDAR sensors on board, robots are capable of more refined, minor movements and adjustments. For example, when pallet loading, a robot using a LiDAR sensor can dynamically adjust its grip in real-time to reduce mistakes and improve efficiency.
LiDAR is transforming the management of safety in the workplace. This is especially notable in areas such as assembly lines, where LiDAR technology can monitor for quality and adherence to proper operating and safety procedures. This includes flagging employee behavior that could lead to personal injury. LiDAR is also capable of ensuring that adequate manufacturing processes have been followed. For example, when a component or product is not assembled correctly, and either falls short of brand expectations or could cause injury through repetitive use (automotive components).
LiDAR technology has underpinned many space missions undertaken in the last half-century, as it has numerous benefits over traditional radar technology for remote sensing from space. NASA has even adapted LiDAR technology for use on the International Space Station. Their instrument, known as the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI), provides a detailed 3D representation of every forest on Earth. It also reveals data on the carbon cycle that has not been possible to gather before. This has allowed us to determine the number of trees that must be planted to offset the impact of deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions.
What are some of the business impacts of LiDAR adoption and utilizing LiDAR data?
LiDAR technology's extensive applications constantly transform the world and how we work. It is one of the critical building blocks of advancing automation into the future. Here are a few of the business impacts that LiDAR adoption can have on businesses and processes:
Increased efficiency in measurement-focused applications: LiDAR is critical to climate change monitoring and mitigation. With this technology, geologists and scientists can more accurately track and observe agriculture patterns, deforestation, and more.
Perhaps one of the most widely used applications of LiDAR is in surveying. Compared to traditional methods of gathering data, LiDAR is vastly superior, saving on staffing and resources. Point clouds created by LiDAR technology have a minute margin of error, allowing for more informed business decisions and risk analysis.
Smart cities technology development: LiDAR is an essential driver in the creation of connected smart cities. Applications include traffic and pedestrian monitoring, security management, urban planning, and autonomous vehicle navigation. Crucially, LiDAR technology can gather information about a city without breaching privacy concerns in the way traditional cameras might. Data can be collected at any time, even in low light conditions, which conventional cameras and data gathering methods struggle with.
Low-tech industry transformation: LiDAR has real potential to revolutionize low-tech industries, such as construction and manufacturing. By combining traditional, operational technology with LiDAR and other connected devices, businesses can lower costs and improve revenue while mitigating risks such as data privacy. For example, the technology could:
Monitor assembly lines for quality control and error handling;
Automate the operation of heavy machinery, such as agricultural vehicles;
Improve employee safety by identifying risky behaviors;
Avoid capturing personally identifiable information while gathering data.
With LiDAR, it’s clear that there is real potential to reduce wasted time and resources and improve safety and efficiency in the workplace. Businesses can benefit and improve their revenues by introducing LiDAR into existing processes while gaining greater insights into where operations can be improved.
Looking to better understand the latest technology trends like LiDAR? Find out more about our Research as a Service and how we can help you and your organization stay at the forefront of innovation.


34.1. LIGHT INTENSITY, DISTANCE AND (C+V) (C-V) MATHEMATICS
It is a well-known topic that light intensity changes depending on distance. As you move a circle from the light source, amount of light that passes through it in a unit of time decreases. The figure below shows this.
The general rule is as follows: Intensity of a light that a point source emits around it decreases inversely proportional to the square of the distance. We can think that in practice when we double the distance, the light intensity will decrease fourfold. There is the following equation in line with this rule.
Since Light Intensity is a result primarily based on the number of photons that make up the light, we can write the equation above by presenting the real reason as below:
However, both equations above are valid for targets that are not in motion relative to light source. When there is movement, (c+v) (c-v) mathematics steps in the situation.
We can see how (c+v) (c-v) mathematics interferes in the figure below. Think of an object that stands still at
d0 distance to the light source. The fact that the object is drawn as a round shape is not important. Assume that n of the photons that are emitted at a time such as
t0 choose this object as their arrival targets. As a result, n number of photons cover
d0 distance in tΔ =d0/c time and reach their target objects. Now, lets think of the situation the object moves away. When the object is at
d0 distance, n number of photons again choose the object as their arrival target and set out towards it. However, this time, the speed of the photons is (c+v) and these photons will arrive at the object at
d1 distance instead of d0 distance and the number of photons will not change. In case the object comes to the light source, photons will reach the target, which travels at (c-v) speed, at
d2 distance and the number of photons will, again, not change.
The fact that the number of photons does not change doesnt mean that the object will get the same light intensity in all these cases because energies of the photons will change although their numbers stay the same.
The change in the energy will be directly proportional to wavelength change.
Therefore, we can define the equation: EX . λX = E0 . λ0. Then, an object that receives
E0 amount of energy will receive E2= E0.c/(c+v) energy if it is in motion and if it is moving away, and it will receive
E1= E0.c/(c-v) if it is approaching. In the figure, pay attention to the fact that
d1 and d2 distances are determined by tΔ time. The number of photons not changing is directly related to tΔ time. The number of photons will change when the tΔ time is exceeded.


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This webbing laser hole punching and cutting machine is equipped with two laser heads, the distance can be moved at will, and it is widely used in clothing, leather, applique embroidery and other industries.
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Every one of us, at some point, wished to become invisible. The science fiction and fantasy realms are filled with characters having the most coveted gift of invisibility; in real life though, there wasn’t much success in this regard. While scientists have been working for a long time to create a cloaking technology that would make people and objects truly invisible, there was nothing solid to show off until now. However, now there is a hope that soon we might have a perfect cloaking technology that will allow us to become invisible. In fact, scientists around the world are working hard on it. From chameleon-style camouflage techniques to Harry Potter style invisibility cloaks, tech companies are exploring several avenues to perfect the cloaking technology.
Although we wish to have our own invisibility cloak as soon as possible, creating a true cloaking technology is not so simple in reality. The rudimentary cloaking technology that we have today is far from perfect and needs extensive research and fine-tuning before it could make an object completely invisible. In fact, there is no single approach to attaining invisibility. Scientists are working on several different options to make objects disappear. What is the most viable approach and most successful tech for invisibility will only be clear with time. However, some promising prototypes in development could make things vanish and will be available sooner than you think.
We see things when light reflects from them and reach our eyes. The way we see things is also the biggest hurdle for a cloaking technology to achieve invisibility truly. A perfect cloaking device should be capable of bending light around an object, that too from all directions. It’s not easy to achieve. In fact, many scientists are trying a different, more simple approach. For example, using cameras to record the background of the object and projecting it on the front.
From Canada to America, several prototypes have been developed that, in one way or the other, make objects disappear.
Recently, Polaris Solutions, an IDF supplier, has developed an ingenious camouflage technology that allows soldiers on the ground to disappear. It could even become invisible to the thermal detection system. It’s a sheet made of microfibers and polymers, which makes anyone wearing it almost impossible to spot.
In America, there has been advancement in cloaking technology. Scientists have created a device that makes objects truly invisible. Furthermore, the new camouflage technology even works from different angles. So, it’s impossible to spot the object even from a different vantage point.
Another company from Canada, HyperStealth Biotechnology, also made headlines when it unveiled its Hyperstealth’s “cloaking technology” capable of hiding weapons, objects and people altogether. It’s called quantum stealth; however, its applications are limited to military use only. It could be used to hide soldiers, weapons, and tanks.
While there are still several technological hurdles, it’s only a matter of time until we will have a perfected technology that could make objects vanish. We might be far from an invisibility cloak, but recent success in this area has raised hope and confirmed the viability of the idea.


Several Zeiss lenses are available with instant rebates up to $400 off through July 31, 2018. Check them all out here at B&H Photo.
These Sony versions have the same optics and overall construction of these popular lenses in the Canon/Nikon mount counterparts. However, the lens barrel is extended to make up for the additional flange distance required provide a native Sony E-mount.
Nikon has announced the development of the AF-S NIKKOR 500mm f/5.6E PF ED VR lens. It is significantly smaller and lighter than comparable camera lenses due to the adoption of Phase Fresnel lens elements. The PF element first appeared in the AF-S NIKKOR 300mm f/4E PF ED VR lens (above) back in 2015.
Details are scarce and there are no photos released yet. Nikon says final pricing and availability info will come later this year. Check out the press release below. [Read more…]
Several Nikon DX lenses are now available with instant rebates up to $200 off. Check them out below.
Nikon 12-24mm f/4G IF-ED lens for $946.95 (reg. $1146.95)
Nikon 10-24mm f/3.5-4.5G ED lens for $796.95 (reg. $896.95)
Nikon 18-300mm f/3.5-6.3G ED VR lens for $646.95 (reg. $696.95)
Nikon 50mm f/1.8G lens for $176.95 (reg. $216.95)
Nikon 40mm f/2.8G Micro 1:1 lens for $246.95 (reg. $276.95)
Nikon 35mm f/1.8G lens for $166.95 (reg. $196.95)
Sigma revealed the price of the recently announced 105mm f/1.4 DG HSM Art lens at just $1599. As with other Sigma lenses, I think this is an incredible price point for such a killer lens. I was able to play with it for a bit back at NAB last month and I think its going to be a real hit as a portrait option. [Read more…]
Sigma’s new 70mm f/2.8 DG Macro Art lens price has been unveiled at $579 and will ship in Canon and Sigma mounts at the end of May to mid-June (the Sony E mount version is coming later this year).
The new lens offers a full 1:1 magnification with a minimum focus distance of 10.2″. The focus-by-wire design for this lens is apparently incompatible with Nikon’s AF system, so the F mount will be sitting out this round. Check it out here at B&H Photo.


Magnum Safety Glasses - Bifocal Smoke Lens (+1.50) 068+1.50SD
I agree with the terms and Please allow a maximum up to 14-21 working days for deliveries. We DO NOT accept returns for WRONG SIZE OR COLOUR ordered.
The Magnum reading glasses are set in clear or smoke polycarbonate safety lens. This same polycarbonate material is used in many of our AS/NZS certified safety glasses.
The Magnum reading glasses are available in +1.50, +2.00, +2.50 and +3.00 magnifications.
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A listener writes “Wes, after listening to the “light” podcast I wanted to share some observations from an eye doctors point of view.
Timothy mentioned the light was white until he shined a green laser at them and then it turned red. What I think is happening is that the creature was unaware they were there or was looking in another direction. When the laser was shined in their eyes, Timothy mentions a “f stop like camera change”. This sounds like their pupils constricting. After that point the reflex is red because I believe that NOW the creature is looking directly at them. It not that they are mad but they totally have your attention and they looking directly at them.
Here is my theory.
They have a tapetum lucidium that reflects about 50% of the red spectrum of light while looking eye to eye. In most creatures with a tapetum lucidium, 40-50% of light reflection is the norm. Humans only reflect about 10% of the red spectrum to give you a comparison. The thickness of the tapetum lucidium is greatest at the center of vision where their macula is and thins as it progresses from the direct center in the back of the eye to the sides of the eye. The other thing that changes from the center to the side of the eye is the rod/ cone composition.
Center vision has more cones for color reception. Peripheral vision has more rods for night vision. This might explain the change in colors. It totally changes based on the angle the light enters. It might also explain their swaying side to side to better use their peripheral vision to see at night. Pilot’s and the military are trained to use their side vision at night for just such a purpose.
My estimate (from pictures I have been given) is their pupils are twice the size of ours. That’s a huge potential for light going in their eyes at night. If the moon is emitting .1 lux ( .1 lumen /m2) and 50% is reflected, I believe that reflection could be observable . Imagine a 13mm mirror. Don’t you think you might see a reflection of it in the moonlight? The difference from a mirror and their eyes is their eyes collect light from multiple directions when their pupils are large at night. They eye is bowl shaped unlike a mirror. So I believe ambient moonlight might appear to glow. Timothy said the lights appeared like the brightness of a Christmas tree light(led) which on average emit approximately only 0.4 to 4.0 lumens. Compare this with a candle that emits 12.57 lumens. I entirely believe that is possible to see this from 200 yards of a candle can be detected for miles.
I am working on a model that might demonstrate this. I need your help. I need some good eyeshine, glow, or close up daytime eye pictures to totally work this out. Any help would be appreciated. You can thank Gumshoe for his help so far.
I had an eyeshine experience at age 13 myself from about 12 feet and that is why I am trying to figure this out. And yes, I wish I had never seen it….
Thanks for being there for us”


Worlds one of the imaging leader Nikon Inc. launched 36.3 Megapixel, Multimedia High Definition – SLR camera today The Nikon D800.
The Nikon D800 engineered for professional multimedia photographers and videographers, possesses 36.3 Million effective pixel camera of 7360 x 4912 resolution with the new EXPEED 3 image processing engine. The new Expeed 3 Image processing technology will produce more faithful colours and tones at breakthrough speed by reducing colour phase shifts seen with lesser system.
In addition to that, Nikon D800 features latest 91,000-pixel 3D Colour Matrix Metering III and the Advanced Scene Recognition System, coupled with an improved 51-point AF system for images with amazing sharpness, colour and clarity.
For Filmmakers and Photographers Nikon D800 supports Full HD 1080p recording at 30/25/24p or 720p at 60/50p in AVC format, full manual control, uncompressed HDMI output, and incredible low-light video capability. You can also attach headphones and monitors audio input peak displayed on camera screen, Microphone sensitivity can be adjusted in up to 20 steps. While recording perfect scene for your movie, you can simultaneously Live output on external monitor too.
- Standard ISO 100-6400, expandable to ISO 50-25,600 equivalent
- Compatible with third party video accessories
- Continuous shooting at up to 4 fps at full FX-format resolution
- Rugged magnesium alloy construction
- High speed CF and SD dual memory card slots
- Two axis Virtual Horizon graphic indicator
- Rechargeable EN-EL15 Battery
- Dual Image-Area Full HD D-Movie – Recording Movies Using One Of Two Formats
- High-Speed Continuous ShootingA 51-point AF system for improved subject acquisition and focus under dim lighting.
- A 3.2-inch, approximately 921k-dot LCD monitor with reinforced glass, automatic monitor brightness control and wide viewing angle
- Virtual horizon that shows the degree to which the camera is tilted
- Support for SuperSpeed USB (USB 3.0)
Nikon D800 Suggested Retail Price is $2,999.95. Actual prices are set by dealers and are subject to change at any time. The D800E version will be available in mid April 2012.


The coupling of a levitated massive particle and an optical cavity field promises access to a unique parameter regime both for macroscopic quantum experiments and for high-precision force sensing. We report a demonstration of such controlled interactions by cavity cooling the center-of-mass motion of an optically trapped submicron particle. This paves the way for a light–matter interface that can enable room-temperature quantum experiments with mesoscopic mechanical systems.
Cavity cooling of an optically levitated submicron particle
Nikolai Kiesel, Florian Blaser, Uroš Delić, David Grass, Rainer Kaltenbaek, and Markus Aspelmeyer
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) USA, Published online before print August 12, 2013, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1309167110


Ensuring Perfect Color Every Time
The Color Sentinel Systems In-Line Modeling Spectrophotometer (ILMS) is highly accurate, performing color measurements in line with the paper path at speeds up to 2 meters per second. These measurements are internally analyzed in real-time, providing color correction data to a variety of existing printer color management systems such as Fiery® and FreeFlow™. Printing device outputs can then be automatically corrected, assuring real color reproduction every time. This also eliminates the need for expensive, time-consuming, manual external spectrophotometer measurements. Our Wave Stable™ technology requires no instrument calibration over the life of the device, eliminating down time to recalibrate while delivering unprecedented stability, accuracy and repeatability.
Inline and Portable Modeling Spectrophotometers
In addition to the In-Line Modeling Spectrophotometer, Color Sentinel Systems also offers a hand-held version that uses the same patented technology, ensuring in-line and manual color measurements are always correlated.


Varex Imaging’s XRD 4343N is a high speed, large area amorphous silicon (a-Si) Flat Panel X-ray detector for high dose industrial applications.
The XRD 4343N supports a full 43 x 43 cm2 (17 x 17 in2) field of view, is available with several scintillator options and is shielded for high-dose non-destructive testing – including inline Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) – using energies up to 450 kV. This detector has a 150 μm native pixel pitch and operates at 15 fps at full resolution and full field of view; it also supports 7 different fields of view and 4 binning modes with frame rates up to 115 fps.
Rapid system integration is accomplished with integrated trigger and X-ray synchronization circuitry, a frame grabber providing real-time image-processing and a comprehensive software library for image acquisition and processing.
Features and benefits for the XRD 4343N flat panel detector include:
• 15 fps @ 150 µm, 30 fps @ 300 µm (full FOV)
• 115 fps @ 600 µm (432 mm x 72 mm FOV)
• 150 µm pixel pitch, 2880 x 2880 pixel matrix
• 4 binning and 7 FOV options
• 65,536 grey levels (16-bit ADC)
• Ultra high sensitivity
• Selectable gain settings
• Up to 450 kV
• Shielded from the effects of MV radiation scatter (Radiotherapy)
• Fiber optical interface
• Real time corrections


If you’re serious about hunting with a crossbow, you know that having a reliable and accurate scope is essential. A high-quality crossbow scope can make all the difference when hitting your target with precision and ease.
Traditional iron sights can be limiting, especially in low-light conditions or at longer ranges. A good scope is a must-have for any serious hunter or target shooter. Without a proper scope, you may struggle to hit your target consistently, leading to wasted time, money, and frustration.
In this article, we’ll highlight some of the best crossbow scopes available on the market, providing you with the information you need to choose the right one for your needs.
Vortex Crossfire II Crossbow Scope
Vortex has a reputation for producing top-quality optics, and the Vortex Crossfire II lives up to this reputation. This scope offers excellent performance and value for the price, making it a popular choice among crossbow hunters and shooters.
The 2-7×32 scope has a standard 30mm tube size and offers dual red/green illumination, making it versatile in various lighting conditions. The aiming points on the reticle stretch out to 100 yards, and the scope is zeroed at 40 yards. Thus it provides spot-on holdovers for long-range shots.
The Vortex Crossfire II scope is also built to last, with tight tolerances and excellent build quality. The scope feels solid and durable in your hand, and the lifetime no-questions-asked warranty ensures that you can rely on it for years to come. The scope is also lightweight, weighing only 14 ounces, making it easy to carry on long hunting trips.
Ravin 450 Illuminated Scope
For hunters who want to upgrade their crossbows without breaking the bank, the Ravin 450 scope is an excellent option. This scope features a clear reticle with aiming points from 20 to 100 yards, making it versatile for different shooting situations.
The build quality of the scope is top-notch, as you would expect from Ravin, and it offers bright and clear optics. One of the standout features of the Ravin 450 scope is its ability to compensate for speeds up to 450 fps.
This makes it a great choice for hunters who may upgrade their crossbows in the future, as the scope can grow with them. The scope also offers the choice of red or green illumination, with adjustable levels of illumination for low-light conditions.
While the Ravin 450 scope may be a bit pricey for some hunters on a budget, it is an investment in quality equipment that can significantly improve accuracy and performance.
Garmin Xero X1i Crossbow Scope
The Garmin Xero X1i is an innovative and one of the best crossbow scopes that functions as both a scope and a laser rangefinder. It features an easy-to-use rangefinder button that can be mounted anywhere on your crossbow, allowing for quick and accurate range measurement without having to take your hands off the crossbow.
Once the target is ranged, the scope automatically adjusts the aiming point based on the range and your crossbow’s speed and specifications. The illumination also adjusts automatically based on the available light, making it easy to use in any condition.
The high-quality scope has a clear and bright display and precise aiming points. It is also durable and has reliable build quality, as you would expect from Garmin.
While the price point is definitely at the high end of the market, the dual-purpose functionality of the Xero X1i is truly unique. It can make a significant difference in your hunting experience.
TruGlo 4×32 Compact Scope
The 4×32 Compact from TruGlo is a budget-friendly option for those seeking a reliable crossbow scope. Despite its lower price tag, it offers solid performance with a BDC reticle that makes shooting at longer distances easier with well-marked holdovers.
The illuminated model features red or green options, and it uses a standard CR2032 battery, making it easy to replace. One of the drawbacks of the TruGlo 4×32 is its build quality. It is not as durable as some of the higher-end scopes on this list, which may be a concern for those who frequently use their crossbows in harsher conditions.
The optics are also less high-quality than more expensive models, which may result in a slightly dimmer image. It is not designed for long-range shooting, with optimal performance at distances of 50 yards or less.
EVO-X Marksman Elite Scope
The EVO-X Marksman Elite is a top-of-the-line scope from TenPoint’s EVO-X line. One of its standout features is its ability to offer variable speed and arrow-drop compensation, which ensures reliable accuracy regardless of your crossbow’s speed or the weight of your hunting arrow. This makes it a great choice for long-range shooting.
In addition, the reticle setup of the Marksman Elite is user-friendly and easy to understand. The scope includes crosshairs for the common distances of 20, 40, and 60 yards, illuminated dots at 30 and 50 yards, and non-illuminated chevrons at 70, 80, 90, and 100 yards. This makes it easy to aim accurately at any range.
The external micro-adjustable turrets make it easy to adjust the scope’s settings on the fly, ensuring quick and efficient adjustments when needed. This feature is especially useful for hunters who need to adjust their scope quickly in the field.
CVLIFE 4×32 Compact Crossbow Scope
The CVLIFE 4×32 Compact Crossbow Scope is a solid choice. It may not have all the bells and whistles of more expensive scopes, but it gets the job done at a fraction of the cost.
Despite its low price point, the CVLIFE scope is surprisingly durable. It’s both fog proof and waterproof and shockproof enough to handle minor bumps and jolts. This means that it holds its zero well, saving you the hassle of constantly re-zeroing your scope.
The built-in Weaver mounts make it easy to attach the scope to most crossbows without requiring any extra parts or adapters. However, the short eye relief may be uncomfortable, especially if your crossbow has a lot of kick. Additionally, the clarity of it can suffer beyond 50 yards, making it less ideal for long-distance shooting.
Hawke Sport Optics 12221 Crossbow Scope
The Hawke Sport Optics 12221 is a premium option that delivers exceptional performance in a variety of weather and lighting conditions. Its nitrogen-purged weatherproofing ensures that it is protected from rain, fog, and dust, allowing you to take it out in any weather without worry.
The etched glass reticle features aiming points every 10 yards out to 100 yards, while the 11-layer multicoated optics provide excellent optical clarity in any lighting situation. This scope even offers excellent low-light performance, making it ideal for shooting at dawn or dusk.
Another advantage of the Hawke Sport Optics 12221 is its versatility. It offers four or eight-inch bracketing, making it easy to mount on various crossbows. It is relatively lightweight at just under 13 ounces, making it easy to handle and maneuver.
On the downside, the Hawke Sport Optics 12221 is more expensive than many of the other scopes on the market. However, its superior performance and versatility make it a worthwhile investment for serious crossbow hunters and shooters.
UTG 4X32 1″ Crossbow Scope
The UTG 4×32 is a lightweight option that won’t add too much weight to your setup, weighing in at just 12 ounces. However, it’s worth noting that it has a rather large profile, which might make it unsuitable for some crossbows with limited space.
Designed to be calibrated for crossbows shooting at 300 feet per second, this scope features five aiming marks for distances up to 50 yards, allowing you to easily adjust your aim at different ranges.
Additionally, the quick-detach ring mounts make it easy to attach to any crossbow with Picatinny or dovetail mounts, which means that you can easily swap it between weapons. However, you’ll have to zero it again with each weapon, which could be time-consuming.
One unique feature of this scope is the illuminated reticle, which makes it easier to aim in low-light conditions. However, this feature requires two CR2 batteries, which might be difficult to find. Unfortunately, even on the lowest setting, the illumination is too bright for shooting in low-light conditions, making it more suitable only for day shooting.
Additionally, when the reticle is illuminated, the background is washed out, which could make it
difficult to see the target clearly.
Aim Sports 4X32 Compact Rangfinder Scope
The Aim Sports compact rangfinder scope is an excellent choice for those who want a lightweight and affordable option. It weighs less than 11 ounces and comes with mounting rings, so it’s easy to set up and use. Additionally, once it’s zeroed in, it holds zero well and doesn’t require further adjustments.
However, the image clarity isn’t the best, and the edges of the image can be blurry, even when the scope is in focus. The reticles are also thick, making it difficult to achieve high accuracy at any distance beyond 50 yards. Additionally, the eye relief is quite short, and the field of view is narrow compared to other scopes.
Despite these drawbacks, the Aim Sports compact rangefinder scope is still a solid option for those on a tight budget. You may need to make some compromises in terms of image quality and accuracy, but it’s a good entry-level scope that won’t break the bank.
MA3TY 1.5-5×32 Crossbow Scope
The MA3TY is an expensive option that doesn’t quite measure up to its cost. Despite being marketed as a zoom scope, it is actually a fixed magnification scope that only changes based on the speed setting. While it’s adjustable for speeds ranging from 300-425 fps, you are stuck with the magnification at that speed.
On the positive side, this scope is nitrogen-purged to make it weatherproof and impact-resistant, ensuring that it can withstand various outdoor conditions. However, the included 12-month warranty doesn’t offer as much protection as the lifetime warranty that comes with other models.
This scope features aiming points up to 100 yards and offers both red and green illumination, but even the lowest illumination setting is too bright for low-light shooting.
TRUGLO Red-Dot Crossbow Scope
The TRUGLO Red-dot is an ultralight and compact option that is ideal for crossbow hunting in states that don’t allow magnification. The Weaver-style mounting system makes it easy to attach to any crossbow, and the optics are designed for all-weather use. Plus, there is a limited lifetime warranty to protect your investment.
However, there are some downsides to this scope. The lens caps can be difficult to flip up, and they tend to pop off entirely. Additionally, the short length of the scope can create parallax issues that make it challenging to shoot accurately.
Killer Instinct LUMIX SPEEDRING Scope
The Killer Instinct LUMIX SPEEDRING scope is an adjustable scope that claims to offer durability, waterproofing, and shockproofing features. However, our experience with this scope was not positive.
Although the metal chassis seemed sturdy at first, the lens became loose after just a few shooting sessions, making the scope unusable. This was a major disappointment, especially considering the high price tag compared to other options on the market.
One positive feature of this scope is the flip-up lens covers, which are always attached and ensure they are not lost. Additionally, there are multiple aiming reticles for accurate shooting from various distances, but they don’t align in a logical manner, such as in 10 or five-yard increments.
On the downside, this scope doesn’t live up to its claims of being shockproof, which is a significant drawback for hunters who need a scope that can handle the rigors of the field.
The Qualities Of A Good Crossbow Scope
Before buying a crossbow scope, make sure you look for these qualities. If the crossbow passes these checks, it surely is worth buying a scope.
The amount of magnification you need depends on your hunting or shooting needs. If you are shooting at longer distances, a higher magnification may be necessary, but if you are hunting in close quarters, a lower magnification may be more appropriate.
Objective Lens Size:
The size of the objective lens determines the amount of light that enters the scope, which affects image brightness and clarity. A larger objective lens allows for more light and better image quality but can also add weight and cost to the scope.
The reticle is the crosshair or aiming point that you see when looking through the scope. Some scopes offer multiple reticles to choose from, while others have a fixed reticle. It’s important to choose a reticle that suits your shooting needs and preferences.
A crossbow scope should be able to withstand the recoil and shock of a crossbow’s powerful shot. Look for a scope made with durable materials and features such as shockproof and waterproof capabilities.
Make sure the crossbow scope you choose has a mounting system that is compatible with your crossbow. Most scopes use either a Weaver or Picatinny rail system.
These can range in price from relatively inexpensive to very expensive. Consider your budget and the features you need before making a purchase.
Summary of Best Crossbow Scopes:
We hope that one of the above-mentioned scopes will cover your needs. We tried our best to be as inclusive about the details as possible. Each scope has its own pros and cons; in the end, it all depends on your individual needs. Your shooting environment is also an important determining factor. Please ensure to be specific about your requirements before buying a crossbow scope.


When talking about the process of laser engraving, you will find that laser engraving supplies will be the most crucial things that should be considered. You will find that using laser for the process of engraving will make the process simpler than ever before. This is because laser can very well engrave almost everything easily.
Some of the various materials that can be pretty well engraved with laser are the coated metals, wood, acrylic, glass, leather, marble, plastic, and a host of the other synthetic materials. This particularly means that the laser can be very well used for the various engraving procedures for several types of the material that will give you the easiness for the engravers to do the job.
Moreover, you will find that Laser Engraving has been very much existed since in the early sixties. Another name of this particular process is laser etching. For this particular process, you will need no masks or chemicals unlike the conventional etching. You will find that the process will be really simpler and easy using the laser. If you look at the overall history, the laser engraving very well supplies were first used in around the 1960’s. This was not long after the scientists worked out how to very well create a powerful enough laser source that they could quickly and very easily use to imprint the markings on all kinds of the materials. At that time, the laser was expected to be able to engrave at the least diamonds and types of metals.
Today, the process of the laser engraving can be very well used for most of the jobs that are very currently being carried out by the conventional industrial engravers. The Laser machines and the systems that are used in a variety of the applications and industries including the medical device industry, aerospace, manufacturing, automotive, pharmaceutical, and the electronic industry.
Instead of those things, you will find that the laser engraving is also usually used to create a real permanent mark on a valuable item. In this particular matter, the item can either be a necklace or a bracelet. The laser engraving process will make the item looks completely unique. This will also add the sentimental value of the item in a major way. You will find that the process of laser engraving is quite popular today and finds a wide number of the applications which reveals its usefulness and popularity in a major way.
The process of marking of the glass by the carbon dioxide lasers is one of engraving jobs that you can find today very easily and conveniently in various industries. You will find that this can be really an excellent addition for the industrial environments and the applications for the glass marking. When the laser engraving process is very well implemented to this particular process, the laser engraving will particularly change the traditional methods that include sand blasting, ink pad printing, and etching.
For further detail about Laser Etching please visit the website.


- 32.5MP APS-C CMOS Sensor and DIGIC X Processing 2.36m-Dot EVF and Vari-Angle Touchscreen LCD
- DIGIC X Processor Reliable and Intuitive Construction
- UHD 4K Video Recording Flexible Connectivity
- Autofocus and Image Stabilization Dual Pixel CMOS AF II Next-Generation Multi-Function Shoe
- Sensor-Shift Image Stabilizer RF-S 18-150mm f/3.5-6.3 IS STM Lens.

OverviewThe EOS R7 represents Canon’s move into APS-C with the mirrorless R system. Featuring a 32.5MP CMOS sensor and DIGIC X processing, this sleek powerhouse is capable of high-speed 30 fps shooting for sports and wildlife and features the renowned Dual Pixel CMOS AF II focusing system to keep up with and track fast-moving subjects. And, for the multimedia image-makers, 4K video is supported at up to 60p, or 30p when oversampled from a 7K area, as well as Full HD at up to 120 fps.


Marking lasers GWEIKE LF50
We present the marking fiber laser GWEIKE LF50, which is suitable for marking and labeling all metal materials. The laser works with modern FIBER technology. The 50 W source is powerful enough for fast and accurate industrial marking. It is a complete CNC laser station where laser marking is easy and very effective. The price of marking laser is affordable and these models are in demand in various industries. The working area is large enough and the laser marking is productive.
Technical parameters of the marking laser LF50
The price of the laser marker is EUR 8,800 without VAT
The high-quality Raycus laser source generates a maximum of 50 W. The speed of laser marking depends on the intensity and complexity. The maximum description speed is set at 1000 mm per second. The marking laser software is easy to use and the digital control monitors optimal performance according to the program. Any graphics are easily inserted into the laser marker system. Laser labeling can do any shape and different shades.
What materials can be described?
The description looks best on metal materials such as stainless steel, classic steel (hardened and unhardened), aluminum (also anodized) and its alloys, cast iron, gold, silver or tin and titanium. The described surfaces can have different finishes such as sanded, painted, sandblasted, enamelled, galvanized and others. You can also laser mark plastics, stone or leather. The surface of the laser-marked material does not even have to be flat. The fiber laser also handles hard-to-reach places. Laser marking takes place from the top and it is possible to add a rotation axis.
Marking fiber lasers are a suitable aid for industrial marking and can be implemented in production lines as one of the technologies. QR codes, EANs, logos or labels are often marked with these CNC machines. They are also used in advertising items. The extension of the rotation axis brings additional possibilities for labeling with laser technology. At the same time, thanks to the open work surface, even long parts can be marked with a laser marker.
Advantages of marking laser
- Low operating costs
- High speed marking laser
- Flexibility of settings and possibilities of industrial marking
- Permanent description
- Maintenance-free design
If you are interested in our offer or need more information, we recommend arranging a personal inspection of the machine. We will show you the marking options and describe the software and the entire operation of this CNC labeling station. We can also test directly on your material according to your documents. We are your partner in laser industrial marking and cutting.


Networx3 Drones has unveiled its latest bit of hi-tech drone kit – a state-of-the-art thermal imaging camera.
The FLIR Vue TZ20 is the industry-standard thermal imaging camera for the emergency services and search and rescue worldwide.
Networx3 Drones will be deploying it for clients using the DJI Matrice 210 for a wide variety of work including drone surveys and inspections and drone powerline inspections.
Managing director Ian Ashworth said: “This allows us to do, and see, so much more with our drones. This new camera picks up anything that gives off a heat signature so that could be bats in trees, lost heat from buildings, smouldering fires in scrapyards or recycling centres or overheated power cables.”
The FLIR Vue TZ20 offers 20-times digital thermal zoom capability to complete public safety and industrial inspection missions both near and far.
As well as operating well in poor weather it offers thermal video streaming, video recording, and still-image capture.
The £7,125 FLIR Vue TZ20 is part of a £100,000-plus investment in Networx3 Drones over the last 18 months.
As part of a major expansion Networx3 Drones now has five qualified commercial drone pilots and a £45,000 drone control vehicle which is home to its hi-tech drones, mapping software and a two-person operations hub.


Using laser cutting machines to produce detailed metal parts has been a common practice since the early 1970s. In today’s manufacturing scene, laser cutters are used extensively because now we can give the machines CAD design features and crank out the finished product in minutes.
However, not all laser cutting machines are created equal. The most common types of lasers are CO2 lasers or microjet lasers, but fiber lasers are becoming more popular.
But why are CNC fiber laser cutting machines better than conventional lasers? Here are some considerations on how fiber lasers can improve manufacturing and metal part production.
Why Use a CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine?
A fiber laser cutter offers more versatility and ease-of-use than other laser cutting machines, so it’s ideal for many machining purposes.
Some of the benefits of a fiber laser cutting machine include:
- The ability to cut reflective material
- A spot size 100x smaller than that of a CO2 laser
- Extremely focused and flexible
- Cleaner edges and faster cutting speeds
- Easier to use for producing detailed cuttings
But how does a fiber laser cutting machine work, you ask? How different is it from a CO2 laser or a microjet laser cutter?
How a Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Works
A fiber laser operates a bit differently than other lasers used in metal cutting, but it also offers more precision and a higher-quality finished product.
A CO2 laser utilizes a beam passed through a gas mixture or manipulated by radio frequency energy. Power source, gas flow, and erosion are all common issues that affect the efficiency of a CO2 laser. Microjet lasers have similar problems, but instead of a gas mixture, they use a condensed stream of water to guide the laser.
The glass fiber transfers the light energy to the lenses where it is focused. This replaces the mirrors used in a CO2 laser. The distance between mirrors changes as the laser cutting head moves. This causes variation in cut quality depending on the laser cutting head location. Also, the mirrors can become misaligned or dirty. resulting in poor cut quality.
These issues don't exist on a fiber laser. Instead of using a gas or water, the fiber laser uses a solid gain medium, which eliminates the problem of gas flow and erosion.
What CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Can Do for You
If you’re looking for a way to cut a complex design, chances are you want to use CNC fiber laser cutters. Using a laser cutter allows you to craft quality metal products out of a variety of materials, as seen below.
Outsourcing CNC Laser Cutting Services
CNC technology continues to evolve, and metal manufacturers have to constantly evaluate new machines to keep up. For example, at Weber Knapp, we have two CNC laser cutting machines:
- Prima LGf 4kW - fiber laser CNC cutting machine
- Prima Laser Platino - CO2 laser CNC machine
Outsourcing your CNC cutting needs allows you to decrease overhead and expensive equipment purchases while also getting a battle-tested engineering team.
Depending on the manufacturer, you may be able to bundle several machining capabilities include a single-source solution, including:
If you have any questions whether CNC machining services are right for you, check out our ask-an-engineer feature. Our engineers are always happy to help!


VistaScan Mini Plus – compact without compromise
Market-leading image plate technology from DÜRR DENTAL
VistaScan Mini Plus considerably simplifies imaging in surgeries – simply switch it on and start scanning. Proven technology and outstanding image quality make DÜRR DENTAL image plate scanners stand out from the competition.
No compromises in terms of image quality
Thanks to PCS technology, the VistaScan Mini Plus can reliably depict carious D1 lesions and endo instruments up to ISO 06. It features an effective resolution of up to 22 LP/mm (40 LP/mm, theoretical) and 16-bit (65,536) greyscales.
No compromises in terms of flexibility
All intraoral image plates – from size 0 to 4 – can be used with the VistaScan Mini Plus. In addition, 100% of the active surface area is available. Simple handling – just like analogue X-ray film.
No compromises in terms of simplicity
Particularly easy handling – import, erase and prepare for the next image acquisition in a single step. Fast image availability from six seconds in the direct vicinity of the patient.
No compromises in terms of equipment
The display shows the key patient data and information for the scanning process at a glance, including the energy-saving standby function.
Integration without compromise
The VistaScan Mini can be operated with DBSWIN or third-party software using plug-ins or a TWAIN driver. It can be smoothly and easily integrated in your surgery workflow via USB or via the surgery network.
We rely on the very highest image quality
Ideal chairside device
Suitable for all intraoral formats
The device can be smoothly and easily integrated in your surgery workflow via USB or via the surgery network.
Highest image quality
A new standard for image plate scanners
Image plate technology
Image plate – the medium for all formats
Through the development of the VistaScan , the advantages of image plate technology – such as exposure latitude, high grey scale range, high resolution and reduced radiation dose – are fully exploited, making this technology even more attractive in comparison with other sensor technologies.


- What should I look for when buying a telescope?
- What size telescope should I buy?
- What is the most powerful home telescope?
- How much is a powerful telescope?
- What Telescope is best for viewing galaxies?
- Can you see galaxies with a home telescope?
- Can you see the rings of Saturn with a telescope?
- How can I make my telescope stronger?
- What is the best telescope to buy for home use?
- What is the biggest telescope you can buy?
- What size telescope do I need to see the rings of Saturn?
- What magnification do you need to see Jupiter?
What should I look for when buying a telescope?
Sky & Telescope listed seven important qualities for choosing a telescope: “(1) eyepiece shows a sharp image from edge to edge; (2) smooth focuser with ‘precise’ feel; (3) mount moves smoothly on both axes; (4) mount is sturdy and stable; (5) tube stops shaking quickly after being touched; (6) eyepiece is at a ….
What size telescope should I buy?
As a rule of thumb, your telescope should have at least 2.8 inches (70 mm) aperture — and preferably more. … A larger aperture lets you see fainter objects and finer detail than a smaller one can. But a good small scope can still show you plenty — especially if you live far from city lights.
What is the most powerful home telescope?
Celestron – NexStar 8SE Telescope – Computerized Telescope for Beginners. This Celestron NexStar 8SE is the Big One — it has the biggest aperture among the telescopes reviewed here as well as being the most capable and most expensive.
How much is a powerful telescope?
A good telescope may fall in the range of $200 to over $1000, but if you are an amateur astronomer, then you can stay away from the pricier options. If you are willing to spend more than $400, then you will get telescopes with higher capabilities.
What Telescope is best for viewing galaxies?
The 10 Best Telescopes Comparison ChartProduct NameRankingMeade Instruments- Polaris 90mm Aperture Astronomy Telescope1 4.40Sky-Watcher Classic Dobsonian Telescope2 4.20Celestron- NexStar 127SLT Telescope3 4.20Orion SpaceProb 130 EQ Reflector Telescope4 4.206 more rows
Can you see galaxies with a home telescope?
If you want to observe galaxies — and I mean really get something out of the time you put in at the eyepiece — you have to use a telescope with an aperture of 8 inches or more. Bode’s Galaxy (M81) glows brightly enough to show up through binoculars, but the larger the telescope you can point at it, the better.
Can you see the rings of Saturn with a telescope?
The rings of Saturn should be visible in even the smallest telescope at 25x [magnified by 25 times]. A good 3-inch scope at 50x [magnified by 50 times] can show them as a separate structure detached on all sides from the ball of the planet.
How can I make my telescope stronger?
Things You’ll NeedCardboard telescoping mailing tube with a diameter of 50 mm and a length of 1,100 mm.Concave-convex lens (the objective lens) with a diameter of 49 mm and a focal length of 1,350 mm.Plano-concave lens (the eyepiece) with a diameter of 49 mm and a focal length of 152 mm.Coping saw.Box cutter.More items…
What is the best telescope to buy for home use?
The best telescopes to buy nowCelestron 22203 AstroFi 130 Wireless Reflecting Telescope. … Orion StarBlast II 4.5 EQ Reflector Telescope. … Svbony SV25 Refractor Telescope. … Celestron 11069 Nexstar 8SE Telescope. … Celestron 21036 Powerseeker 70AZ Telescope. … Meade LX90-ACF. … Celestron Travelscope 70.More items…•
What is the biggest telescope you can buy?
Orion 50″ Monster Dobsonian Telescope | Orion Telescopes.
What size telescope do I need to see the rings of Saturn?
Viewing Saturn’s Rings The rings of Saturn should be visible in even the smallest telescope at 25x. A good 3-inch scope at 50x can show them as a separate structure detached on all sides from the ball of the planet.
What magnification do you need to see Jupiter?
Generally a magnification of 30-50x the aperture of your telescope (in inches) works well on nights of average seeing. So if you have a 4-inch telescope, try 120x to 200x. If you have razor sharp optics and steady sky, you can get away with even more magnification.


Theory of Quantum Light Sources: how can we make coherent single photons in solid state systems?
Supervisor: Dr Brendon Lovett (St Andrews)
The generation of indistinguishable single photons on demand is a key requirement for many kinds of future quantum technologies, such as secure communication and optical quantum computing . Being able to make coherent quantum light sources in solid state systems would enable us to create on-chip photonic circuits that would enable this technology. It is therefore of the utmost importance to understand what effect a solid state environment has on the fidelity of emitted photons. In this project, you will exploit and developing a groundbreaking new technique our group has created for simulating open quantum systems . Based on a combination of Feynman's path integrals [3,4] and matrix product states , it has already enabled calculations impossible by more traditional means. You will study how the technique might be used to calculate the photon correlation functions that characterise a single photon source, in the presence of a strongly-coupled environment of vibrational modes of the crystal. You will go on to study how a photonic cavity might be used to improve the performance of such a device.  I. Aharonovich. D. Englund and Milos Toth, Nature Photonics 10 631 (2016)  A. Strathearn, P. Kirton, D. Kilda, J. Keeling, and B. W. Lovett. , Nature Communications 9 3322 (2018)  R. P. Feynman, and F. L. Vernon, Jr., Ann. Phys. 24 118 (1963)  N. Makri and D. E. Makarov. The Journal of Chemical Physics J. Chem. Phys. 102 4600 (1995)  R. Orús, Annals of Physics 349 117 (2014)


Are you in search of Rifle scopes designed for long range shooting? Are you on plans for hunting? Or is it that you simply have to improve your aim? Well, whatever, it is if you are a long range shooter, you need to invest in a very high quality long range rifle scope for accurate view. Now, the rifle accessory market is flooded with many such scopes but then not all would be equally great for you. But, not to worry, you can bank on Landove Dual Focusing Zoom 20-60×80 Spotting Scope here.
The Landove is a top favorite of long range rifle shooters and for all the right reasons. The post below offers a brief on the Landove smarty.
Great magnification and large eyepiece
There are some features in the Landove scope that easily keep it ahead in the market. Some of them are high magnification ad big eyepiece. You will get 20x-60x variable magnification as well as dynamic lens double focus system. These edgy features assure excellent zoom focus on target. The 24mm HD 2” large eyepiece as well as 45 degree eyepiece ergonomic enables better comfort while targeting. Then, the scope promises fine premium focus dials and coaxial coarse that enables you to achieve and clarify the image fast.
This is certainly another high-end aspect of the Landove scope. The scope comes with big objective 80mm lens as well as full multi-coated optics featuring BAK4 Prism. The product further features 9 pcs or four groups lens that help to enhance light transmission, extend clear, crisp and vibrant visuals in hazy low-light conditions as well.
If you are worried about taking out your rifle scope in rainy or snowy days, don’t worry. This Landove rifle scope carries a solid Nitrogen-filled fog-proof and waterproof design which allows it to tackle the roughest of weather conditions with ease.
The scope also promises sturdy build and lasting durability. It’s made from premium rubber at outer layer while its non-slip, easy-grip and shockproof contour assure lasting safeguard. Besides, the scope’s objective lens is protected by telescopic sunshade which keeps it safe during sudden accidents. You will love the stylish spiral eyepiece cover which can easily adapt to any kind of situation. In fact, the eyepiece cover stays obstructed while worn with the glasses as well.
New phone adapter
You will be glad to know the Landove scope arrives with an all-new big mobile digiscoping adapter that will help to take videos and photos of all that you acquire. You will be able to share such awesome captures with families and friends as well as post them on social media sites. This rifle scope is an excellent piece for archery, target shooting, wildlife watching, bird watching, hunting, astronomical observation and so on.
Metal tripod plus carrying bag
The Landove rifle scope carries full metal tabletop tripod as well as tripod mount to help you achieve steady observations. You will have rotating mount for tripod which will be handy to achieve the perfect position for eyepiece. Whether you want your eyepiece down or up or sideway- the tripod will enable you to achieve the desired viewing position with ease. Alongside, you will get all other needed accessories to keep your scope clean and safeguarded. These include carry bag, protection covers for lens and eyepiece as well as cleaning cloth.


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The Midas Tac is loaded with features including : HD Glass, FFP, Advanced Fully Multi-coated, True Zero Stop, Capped Windage Turret, 34mm Tube, 10MIL/25MOA Travel-Per-Rotation Turrets. Non-illuminated reticle
The big brother in the Midas TAC family, this 5-25×56 first focal plane scope gives you even more versatility. A minimum parallax of 25 yards and 110 MOA of elevation travel makes this scope perfect for close range rimfire or long range engagement with standard and magnum calibers. HD glass and advanced Fully Multi-Coated lenses enhance target appearance at all distances. A true precision Zero Stop for a repeatable return to zero and a capped windage turret give confidence you’ll be able to make the shot.
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MVS in Agriculture
Mobile Vision Systems (MVS) offers vision systems designed to be installed in combines, grain carts, sprayers, planters, air drills, grain extractors, and other equipments used in agriculture. These systems allow having an optimum vision, both during day and night, of all those machine parts which are not controlled by traditional monitors.
With our systems, you will be able to operate your machinery in a safer and more efficient way.
For those industries that use vehicles or machines to carry out their activities, a poor vision not only slows down the maneuvers but it may also cause accidents or mistakes.
MVS vehicle vision systems are a safe and affordable way to avoid this by eliminating vehicle blind spots in any lighting condition.
In the Industry
Mobile Vision Systems offers vision systems for Forklifts, Side Loaders, Handlers, and other types of industrial vehicles used in load lifting operations. Operators of this type of vehicles generally have to work in conditions with limited vision. A limited vision increases handling and maneuvering time, causing a decrease in productivity.
Mobile Vision Systems provides you with a wide coverage of your scope of action by placing various cameras with multiple display options.


Thursday, August 30, 2012
KLA-Tencor Corporation: $KLAC Cash Flow Valuation Update
Current Price: ~ $51/share
Yield: ~ 2.78%
KLA-Tencor designs and manufactures yield-management and process-monitoring systems for the semiconductor industry. The systems are used to analyze the manufacturing process at various steps in a product's development. The firm's laser-scanning products are used for wafer qualification, process monitoring, and equipment monitoring. KLA-Tencor also provides systems for optical metrology and e-beam metrology.


Diagnostic Techniques for Conservators
ARTH(DTC1)495 Diagnostic Techniques for Conservators3
Prerequisites: Good basic knowledge of Chemistry
This course teaches students to read information about the artwork through diagnostic examinations. Students learn to recognize the state of conservation, the execution techniques, previous restorations, and, if possible, the date of the artworks. The first part of the course is based on optical and nuclear techniques for diagnostics. Lecturers discuss light structures, digital imaging, light detectors and sources, infrared reflectography, particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE), neutron activation analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), micro-raman spectroscopy, and dating techniques such as C14 and thermoluminescence. Principles and applications of laser cleaning are also introduced. In the second part of the course, image diagnostics are investigated, such as radiographic exams, ultraviolet fluorescence, and infrared photography.
(See syllabus below. An updated syllabus will be posted at the beginning of each term.)
Syllabus & Faculty


Alaska Communications is allowing researchers to use its submarine cables to detect earthquakes.
The Alaskan telco is collaborating with the University of Michigan’s Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences to allow earthquake monitoring data to be collected from the ocean floor via the company’s submarine fiber optic cable.
University researchers have attached a distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) interrogator to equipment at Alaska Comm’s landing station in Florence, Oregon, which uses a beam of light inside the fiber to analyze seismic activity and report data back to the research team.
“With the Cascadia subduction zone stretching along the pacific northwest coastline along Canada, this is in an ideal location for our team to gather seismic data,” said University of Michigan Assistant Professor Ƶack Spica. “This research project will support continued learning about utilizing fiber for earthquake research, as well as learn how we can use this technology to provide early warning for tsunamis, which are often prompted by earthquakes.”
Spica and fellow researchers published a proof of concept study for using fiber to detect seismic activity last year.
Google has also conducted tests around using its submarine cable infrastructure to detect earthquakes, while researchers in Antarctica have tested using fiber buried in the ice to detect movement and deformation of ice amid climate change and detect small earthquakes in the region.
“With two subsea cables connecting Alaska to the Lower 48, we have substantial infrastructure to aid in research that can help our communities,” said Rick Benken, vice president, network strategy, engineering and operations at Alaska Communications. “We’re excited to support the University of Michigan in gaining important insights about earthquakes and tsunamis.”


Latest released the research study on Global Optical Microscope Market, offers a detailed overview of the factors influencing the global business scope. Optical Microscope Market research report shows the latest market insights, current situation analysis with upcoming trends and breakdown of the products and services. The report provides key statistics on the market status, size, share, growth factors of the Optical Microscope The study covers emerging player’s data, including: competitive landscape, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are Nikon Instruments Inc. (United States),Hitachi (Japan),Carl Zeiss (Germany),Olympus Corporation (United States),Leica Microsystems (Germany),Motic (Canada),Meiji Techno (United States),Optika Srl (Italy),KERN & SOHN GmbH (Germany),Unitron (United States)
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Optical Microscope Market Definition:
The optical microscope also called a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects. The optical microscope has been a standard tool in life science as well as material science. The maximum magnification power of optical microscopes is typically limited to around 1000x because of the limited resolving power of visible light. Modified environments such as the use of oil or ultraviolet light can increase the magnification.
Keep yourself up-to-date with latest market trends and changing dynamics due to COVID Impact and Economic Slowdown globally. Maintain a competitive edge by sizing up with available business opportunity in Global Optical Microscope Market various segments and emerging territory.
- Automation of Optical Microscopes with Range Of Functions Being Controlled Via a Touch-Sensitive Screen
- Rise to Low-Cost Digital Microscopes with a Wide Range Of Imaging Possibilities, Including Time-Lapse Micrography
- Growing Demand for Research and Inspection from End-Use Industry Owing To High Imaging Technology
- Rapid Increase in Diseases among People Leads to Demand from Laboratories and Clinics
- Increasing demand for 3D Imaging Leads to Developments of 3D Microscope
- Technological developments like CMOS and Charge-Couple Device (CCD) Cameras for Optical Microscopes
- Infrared-Optical Hybrid Microscopy in Biomedical Applications
The Global Optical Microscope Market segments and Market Data Break Down are illuminated below:
by Components (50 Strips /Tests Per Box, 1x Test Cassette, 1x Desiccant Pouch, 25x Disposable Pipettes, Sample Diluent), Disease (Autoimmune Diseases, Tropical Diseases, Liver Diseases, Sexually Transmitted Diseases), Sample (Serum, Plasma, Whole Blood), End Use (Hospitals, Clinics, Diagnostics Laboratory, Home Care, Others)
Region Included are: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Oceania, South America, Middle East & Africa
Country Level Break-Up: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, South Africa, Nigeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Germany, United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Turkey, Russia, France, Poland, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, India, Australia and New Zealand etc.
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Strategic Points Covered in Table of Content of Global Optical Microscope Market:
Chapter 1: Introduction, market driving force product Objective of Study and Research Scope the Optical Microscope market
Chapter 2: Exclusive Summary – the basic information of the Optical Microscope Market.
Chapter 3: Displaying the Market Dynamics- Drivers, Trends and Challenges of the Optical Microscope
Chapter 4: Presenting the Optical Microscope Market Factor Analysis Porters Five Forces, Supply/Value Chain, PESTEL analysis, Market Entropy, Patent/Trademark Analysis.
Chapter 5: Displaying market size by Type, End User and Region 2015-2020
Chapter 6: Evaluating the leading manufacturers of the Optical Microscope market which consists of its Competitive Landscape, Peer Group Analysis, BCG Matrix & Company Profile
Chapter 7: To evaluate the market by segments, by countries and by manufacturers with revenue share and sales by key countries (2021-2026).
Chapter 8 & 9: Displaying the Appendix, Methodology and Data Source
Finally, Optical Microscope Market is a valuable source of guidance for individuals and companies in decision framework.
Data Sources & Methodology
The primary sources involves the industry experts from the Global Optical Microscope Market including the management organizations, processing organizations, analytics service providers of the industry’s value chain. All primary sources were interviewed to gather and authenticate qualitative & quantitative information and determine the future prospects.
In the extensive primary research process undertaken for this study, the primary sources – Postal Surveys, telephone, Online & Face-to-Face Survey were considered to obtain and verify both qualitative and quantitative aspects of this research study. When it comes to secondary sources Company’s Annual reports, press Releases, Websites, Investor Presentation, Conference Call transcripts, Webinar, Journals, Regulators, National Customs and Industry Associations were given primary weight-age.
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What benefits does AMA research study is going to provide?
- Latest industry influencing trends and development scenario
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Definitively, this report will give you an unmistakable perspective on every single reality of the market without a need to allude to some other research report or an information source. Our report will give all of you the realities about the past, present, and eventual fate of the concerned Market.
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