Those readers “au fait” with ISO/IEC 11801 and EN 50173 standards for generic cabling design will recognise the concept of cabling “channels” and “links” and the application of the term “Class” when referring to the requirements that apply to those channels.
Class has been applied to copper since the earliest editions of the standards and was extended to optical fibre cabling in 2001/2002. However, it has always been a bone of contention that the application of Classes to optical fibre was not directly equivalent to its use for copper – and was recognised as the best of a lot of worse solutions. Finally, it has been agreed to remove the optical fibre Classes from the next generation of the standards – unless someone comes up with a better idea which fixes the problems of the existing solution.
To explain the fundamental problem with the optical fibre Classes we have to review the multiple functions of the cabling Classes. Its first objective was for each Class to define a performance envelope within which one or more network applications could be grouped.
If we look at the copper Classes, any application of Class D would operate over a Class D channel. As each Class (A to FA) is hierarchical, a Class D would also support applications of Class A, B and C. As new applications were developed we had to create new channel Classes such as Class EA to support 10GBASE-T. On the odd occasion we drifted away from this concept by creating new Classes to reflect the then “state-of-the-art” cabling. Examples of this were Classes E, F and FA. This resulted in Classes without an application mapping – but this it not a fundamental flaw of the Class system. However, one critical feature of the copper Class concept was that the performance envelope was length independent – instead the performance envelope was defined by transmission parameters such as attenuation, NEXT and return loss. By comparison the optical fibre Classes were defined by attenuation and, indeed, by length. We started with OF-300, OF-500 and OF-2000 into which the existing applications were grouped and for which there was a hierarchy with OF-2000 applications being able to operate over OF-500 channels. So far so good!
However, the reader might be encouraged to ask why, if copper channels were not length dependent what made it necessary to use length for the optical fibre equivalent? The answer is that the primary length dependent transmission parameter for optical fibre is bandwidth and it is very difficult to measure accurately for installed cabling. As a result the application standards bodies such as IEEE had never specified a requirement – instead they had specified how far the application would operate over an optical fibre of a known bandwidth. So OF-300 applications were those that were stated as being supportable over 300 metres. Equally importantly, because the applications standards bodies had not defined bandwidth requirements, the Class of a given application had to be product specific – so 1000BASE-SX was a Class OF-500 application using OM2 50/125 mm optical fibre but was in the OF-500 group for the OM1 equivalent. This is wholly contrary to the copper concept where the Class is component independent.
The second intention was for each Class to define a performance envelope to assess compliance.
Copper channels are assessed against a limit for each of the necessary transmission parameters e.g. a maximum attenuation 24 dB at 100MHz for a Class D channel. However, optical fibre channels are required to be design-compliant i.e. the limit depends on the length and the number of splices and connections within the channel. So although the performance envelope for an OF-500 channel is 3,25 dB, a channel of length 250 m would not be assessed against this value – one would have to calculate the limit based on the length. The reason for this is to avoid the use of non-compliant components but this resulted in most designers ignoring the optical fibre Class concept completely because their implementation and acceptance rules had not changed at all.
The final nail-in-the-coffin has been the rapid reduction of, and the multiplicity, of maximum channel lengths using different optical fibre types.
So, unless comes up with a bright idea, it has been decided to remove the concept of optical fibre cabling Classes but to retain the requirement that “the attenuation of channels at a specified wavelength shall not exceed the sum of the specified attenuation values for the components at that wavelength (where the attenuation of a length of optical fibre cable is calculated from its attenuation coefficient multiplied by its length)”. It is hoped that this will be the end of an unhelpful diversion in the life of the generic cabling standards.


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UV rays can be extremely harmful to your eyes. These damaging rays can accelerate your eyes aging process and these negative affects can be enhanced by surfaces like water and snow. In addition to providing exceptional optical clarity all Electric's lenses block 100% of these damaging UV rays so that your eyes can rest easy.
Electric’s Polarized lenses offer 100% UV protection, high color contrast and utilize the superior glare reduction of an optical polarized filter fueled with the finest degree of craftsmanship straight from our factories in Europe.
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Electric’s Level 1 Polycarbonate Polarized Lens now comes standard with Synthetic Melanin, providing the following benefits: glare reduction, 'relaxed eye feeling', true color perception, and scratch resistance.
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The most impact and scratch resistant lens material available today. It can be produced much thinner and lighter than cr39 or glass. Electric's injected poly carbonate lenses block 100% of the suns damaging uv rays, uva, uvb and uvc. Poly-carbonate lenses are extremely lightweight, provide high impact resistance. and have excellent optical clarity
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A prepaid return shipping label will be included in all orders shipped FedEx. If you aren’t happy with your purchase, we will happily accept a return for a full refund. Our 365-day return policy has no special catches or exceptions. All we ask is that you send the items back to us in the original packaging, and make sure that the products are in the same condition as when you received them. Send the product back to us and we will take care of everything.
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Xiaomi Xiaovv v380 Smart Outdoor Camera
- High-definition picture is presented in all directions, and the range is wide and the picture is more delicate.
- 180° wide-angle coverage of the surveillance area allows your viewing angle to reach a place that is often out of reach, and the picture quality is clearer and smoother.
- F2.0 large aperture lens with 4 infrared light dot matrix lights, with high-efficiency infrared light maximum viewing distance of 15 meters, see farther and clearer.
- HD 1080P, the picture is more realistic With a 200W pixel HD lens, it can display 1080P fine image quality.
- With fisheye view, expand the picture split screen, four screens four viewing modes, fully meet the individual needs.
- Two-way voice intercom, support video real-time intercom, thousands of miles of sound, anytime, anywhere can be warm with the family members.
- Waterproof and dustproof, not afraid of wind and rain, not afraid of lightning. Responding to inclement weather and the environment, the machine is waterproof, durable, IP66 waterproof and dustproof design, no fear of outdoor rain and snow.
- H.265 new coding method, clear and smooth and save storage space. Support 128GB TF card storage, you can store video to your camera and watch the video anytime, anywhere (TF card needs to be purchased by yourself).
- Support multi-device monitoring -Apple, Android, tablet, computer and other devices can monitor.


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Special Issue on "Electromagnetic Scattering and Its Applications: From Low Frequencies to Photonics"
DEADLINE EXTENDED - August 31, 2021
You are invited to submit a paper!
Starting from low-frequency problems and embracing the whole spectrum up to optics and photonics, the goal of this Special Issue is to provide a comprehensive collection of state-of-the-art papers dedicated to electromagnetic scattering theory and applications.
Special Issue Information
Few research topics are as broad and pervasive as electromagnetic scattering. Undeniably, electromagnetic scattering phenomena are behind many wireless and radio devices. From radar systems to mobile telecommunications, from medical devices to innovative materials, the study of electromagnetic interactions and scattering is fundamental to develop applications that exploit electromagnetic waves. Although the initial research in the field dates back centuries ago, many unresolved theoretical issues are still there. At the same time, novel applications of electromagnetic scattering are continuously emerging. A detailed description of the many areas in which scattering is involved is well beyond the scope of this short summary. Based on the wavelength, applications may be very different, as well as the techniques used to analyze and simulate the electromagnetic propagation. Starting from low-frequency problems and embracing the whole spectrum up to optics and photonics, the goal of this Special Issue is to provide a comprehensive collection of state-of-the-art papers dedicated to electromagnetic scattering theory and applications. Therefore, we invite qualified scientists in this field to submit their valuable contributions to this Special Issue. Original research works, as well as tutorials and review papers, are welcome. Topics include, but are not limited to the following:
- Electromagnetic scattering theory
- Numerical and computational techniques (e.g., simulation methods, open-source codes)
- Inverse scattering and remote sensing
- Electromagnetic scattering and information theory
- Scattering effects originated by different kinds of targets and situations (e.g., scattering by canonical objects, complex structures, moving obstacles; scattering by innovative materials and nanoparticles; Raman scattering and plasmonic effects)
- Scattering measurements and applications in civil, industrial, and medical frameworks (e.g., energy harvesting, cloaking, radar, antennas, and next-generation telecommunications)
- Future perspectives and unconventional applications
Prof. Gian Luigi Gragnani
Dr. Alessandro Fedeli


- Methods for creating solar control glass units
- Absorbent and reflective glass
- Glasses that absorb and reflect ultraviolet radiation
- Varieties of glasses
Modern metal-plastic windows can be equipped with a sun-protection film. Not the entire spectrum of sunlight is good for our body: for example, ultraviolet light does more harm than good.
Solar radiation has a negative impact not only on human health, but also on the objects around us. In order to avoid all these problems, solar control glass units were invented..
By their composition, they are ordinary double-glazed windows, consisting of two or three glasses, fastened together by a dividing frame, always with a sealed chamber between them. During manufacture, one or more glasses are treated in a special way in order to subsequently give them reflective properties..
Methods for creating solar control glass units
One way is to install tinted glass. The color can be different: blue, green, turquoise. It all depends on which rays the glass will let through and which ones will hold. As a rule, the necessary lighting and heat enter the room almost unhindered, while the absorption of dangerous infrared rays occurs.
The second method of protection is to stick a special film based on lavsan onto the glass. In this case, the glass will not absorb, but reflect the light falling on it. Often, when using this method, a reflective effect is created: that is, from the street it is completely impossible to see what is happening inside.
Patterned reflective glass has also become very popular in our time. Thanks to it, the room creates the feeling of diffused light that does not irritate the eye. It is impractical in that it completely prevents through visibility, therefore it is more used in bathrooms..
Absorbent and reflective glass
Solar control glass by itself means less solar and thermal energy entering the room. Until recently, the rates of natural light intake and radiation were directly proportional. But thanks to the appearance of the specifics of light reflection, everything has changed a lot..
According to the methods of their action, sun-protection glasses are divided into two types: reflective and absorbing. The first of them is characterized by a thin metal layer that prevents the penetration of sunlight. The second type of glass is made by applying metal crystals to the glass mass. During the period of absorption of radiation, the glass gives off most of the heat to the outside, but, naturally, some of it gets into the room as well. Which is a rather undesirable moment if the room, on the contrary, needs to be cooled.
A fully reflective glass surface is created by applying a large number of layers. To be precise, this is about five layers of coating. Four of them are crystal oxides, and the main layer is silver. Among other things, such glasses have very good thermal insulation properties..
Glasses that absorb and reflect ultraviolet radiation
These glasses are of great importance in the construction of hospitals, nurseries, schools. They are divided into several types: borosilicate, silicate, phosphate. Fused silica is the most efficient to use. But due to its relatively high cost, it is rarely used..
UV-resistant glass is used in the construction of special-purpose buildings. For example, museums, libraries, art galleries. There are several types of glass that are capable of actively absorbing ultraviolet light. They are dyed in mass and with an oxide-metal coating. Their main function is to filter light. Such glasses absorb not only ultraviolet light, but also blue and violet rays of visible light..
Varieties of glasses
For the correct choice of glass, it is important to know all the features that it has. One of the types is laminated or laminated glass. The very procedure for its manufacture is rather complicated and is carried out using an automated line. As a result, glass is obtained, consisting of several layers glued together using film or laminated liquid.
This procedure significantly increases the safety of the glass. In the event that it breaks, the fragments remain hanging on the film and do not fly in different directions.
Colored glass is mainly used for decoration of facades and stained glass windows. Such glasses are very often called absorbent, since they have the ability to absorb large amounts of solar energy..
From all of the above, it follows that by giving the glass certain properties, you can freely influence the penetration of light into the room.


Description: 80mw Red Laser and Driver Board
This is a pretty high power red laser, designed for stage lighting, the red beam is very visible through foggy air, and at a great distance. EXTREME CARE should be used to make sure humans or animals DO NOT get the beam aimed in their eyes.
- Wavelength: 658 (nm)
- Output Power: 80 (mw)
- Operating voltage: 4.5-5.0 (VDC)
- Working current: less than 130 (mA)
- Working temperature: -10 Degrees C ~ 50 Degrees C
- Storage temperature: -40 Degrees C ~ 80 Degrees C
- Coke spot poly: Adjustable.
- Operation mode: Continuous Laser TTL
- Start time: Under 1 second
- Life:> 5000 hours
- Dimensions: 18mm x 45 (mm)
- Material: hard aluminum.
- Color: Black


Pure 01-day contact lenses
Pure 01-day is a disposable hydrogel contact lens with UVA/UVB protection. The breathable material helps to keep your eyes healthy and white. The lens has high water content and moisture retention for a comfortable use all day. Thanks to the aspheric optics your vision will be sharp and with reduced halos and glare.All our products
Perfect lenses for an active life
Pure is a private brand developed by Nordic Vision Retail which is a Nordic cooperation for independent special retail chains in the field of optics. Pures´ purpose is to enhance customer loyalty in the highly competitive online market for lenses. Pure displays as an active, high quality brand with useable and easy products for active nordic people.
Find the retailer in your country
We are over a hundred opticians based in Sweden, who all work under their own brand. Find your nearest local swedish optician here.
Alliance Optikk is a professional chain of opticians with over 70 stores across Norway. With knowledge and history about your eyes and your vision, we find the right solutions for you today.


We are pleased to inform our dear clients about new laser engraving modules for MX Series systems. They are equipped with new air-cooled fiber-optic lasers. Entrust company offers the following modules:
Laser 450 G/Laser 450F for MX9100/8100/6100;
Laser 430G/Laser 425F for МХ2100/1100
G means the government applications. These lasers engrave high-quality grayscale photos based on the new Precision Control Architecture (PCA). The technology is the new hardware and software integration that provides more precise laser control. It allows sharper edges, enhanced contrast, marking in very small, very precise locations. One can engrave ghost images, MLI/CLI, Laser Tact, etc.
F means financial application. These lasers are for alphanumeric data and static bitmap images (logos). There are simple user-friendly setups within CIS that allow operators to switch from one job to another. It is possible to engrave PVC, polycarbonate, and metal cards.
One can upgrade already installed equipment with 350 and 325 modules with new 450F and 425F modules. Laser 450G and Laser 430G cannot be ganged with Laser 350 or Laser 325 as the output may not be identical. G and F lasers can be used in the same system.


ELI Beamlines research centre
In Dolní Břežany, near Prague, VCES delivered one of the most sophisticated laser centres, the Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) Beamlines, almost three and a half months early. With its unique laser system, this prestigious project developed in cooperation with the famous American Lawrence Livermore laboratory will give the international scientific community access to unprecedented multi-disciplinary research opportunities in a number of areas, including bio-medicine, new materials, medical imaging, optics and nanotechnologies. The ELI Beamlines centre was financed by 40 institutions from 13 European Union member states, making it a leading centre for cutting-edge pan-European research.
Delivery 3.5 months early


Acoustic camera to measure the sound intensity directly in the near field
siCamera is an acoustic camera for the sound intensity measurement very close to the object. This is the only way to get precise informations about low frequency distribution of the radiated sound energy. siCamera works with the SoundFlow sensor by Soundtec.
siCameara enables you to see the flow of sound energy through a surface directly. The camera is fast, works broad band and provides a very high dynamic range since the sound field is measured directly and not computed. Therefore it enables the high precision evaluation of the sound field under different conditions.


At present, there are mainly two methods to detect the printing quality of packaging box: density method and chroma method.
In the middle, density mode is a process control mode, which controls the key steps of the printing production process according to the ink layer thickness. Chroma mode is a high-precision system control mode, which controls the color according to the direct measurement of chroma or spectroscopic spectrum, but it is necessary to consider the printing data, application environment and test purpose comprehensively. In the way of realization, we can use either the off-line way of manual sampling or the on-line way of automatic detection.
In the gift box packaging, the use of special materials and new materials is a trend, such as the development of cigarette package from paper soft package, cardboard hard package to aluminum foil gold and silver cardboard hard package. These composite or coating materials with high gloss surface have metallic luster and refraction surface. After printing delicate pictures of various colors, they give people a feeling of high-grade elegance and can greatly promote the value-added space of commodities. They are widely used in high-grade color boxes.
This kind of material with high gloss surface has a strong metallic luster due to its steep surface coating. When the incident light shines, it will have a strong specular reflection. Therefore, the color surface of the object surface will change with the change of the investigation point of view, which makes the color in the printing production process difficult to control, so that the printing factory is faced with the common quality control problem of ensuring the same batch of prints, or even different batches of prints, and the request for special detection skills.
Except for the four-color color printing, there are many spot color and anti-counterfeiting technologies for the color box printed with special materials. The detection content includes density, dot expansion, registration and gloss. Because of the restriction of the surface gloss of the special material, it is necessary to use the measuring instrument of D / 0 to measure the optical conditions in the measurement of density and dot. The best choice is to divide the visible light band of 400-700nm into 31 measuring distances and measure the spectral reflectance of the object's color according to the principle of light splitting. Then we can get the color CIELAB value and the color difference spectrometer, such as the SP series of X-Rite. Then, ensure the accuracy and reliability of the measurement data of high gloss surface materials. Several measuring instruments, such as X-Rite 900 series, which are used in 0 / 45 of general materials, are unable to achieve common and accurate functions.


Microscopes Office Products 4 Objectives Monocular LED LW
Om rörlighet, membranplats och funktionalitet för mekanisk
i. Mer. Chapter 9 Scanning microscopes. 202. Chapter 10 TXS-006 Biological Microscope , WF10x WF16X Eyepiece, 40x-640x Magnification – försäljning av produkter till låga pris, i produktkatalogen från Kina. Fri frakt Buy LW Scientific EDM-MM4A-DAL3 Student Pro Microscope, Monocular, Student Pro Microscope, fluorescent, numerical aperture (NA), with varying A single, high numerical aperture objective lens is used to separate the Nyckelord: 3-D imaging, Confocal microscopy, Fluorescence microscopy, Jurkat cells, This allows the use of a standard sensor to record the hologram with the required numerical aperture.
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Now, to state this in simple terms , it means that you must have a lens between the light source and the slide (in or under the microscope stage) that will "condition" the light for the appropriate objective lens. Collecting Light: The Importance of Numerical Aperture in Microscopy Angular Aperture. Figure 2: The angular aperture (A) is the maximum longitudinal angle of the light cone collected by Calculating NA. In the above equation, ‘n’ is the refractive index of the medium between the cover glass and The numerical aperture of a microscope objective is the measure of its ability to gather light and to resolve fine specimen detail while working at a fixed object (or specimen) distance. Image-forming light waves pass through the specimen and enter the objective in an inverted cone as illustrated in Figure 1(a). Numerical aperture is one of the most important specification in any microscope system as it really quantifies the “quality” of how well the image can be captured. I hope this article has helped you to understand a complex topic in optics and microscopy.
Limited by the numerical aperture of ultrasonic detection, optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has not achieved optimal sensitivity.
IAT13_Imaging and aberration Theory Lecture 8 - Der Titel
Both conventional microscopes and scanning optical microscopes 28 Feb 2014 Numerical aperture in electron microscopy has a very similar meaning to that in optical microscopy. However, unlike optical microscopy there is In microscopy numerical aperture is the ability of an objective lens to collect and accept incoming light condensed into a cone of light from the condenser.
Kern OBN 148 Microscope, 4X Magnification RS Components
The 0.25 is the Numerical Aperture. The 160 is a standard DIN measurement in millimeters of the tube length of the microscope required for this lens to work properly. Finally, the 0.17 is the thickness in mm of the cover slip that you should use. 0.17mm cover slips correspond to a number 1 cover slip. The range of angles that a microscope objective can collect is represented by its numerical aperture (NA).
Higher quality condenser lenses have higher numerical apertures. The
Many enthusiasts, myself included, can build up a variety of setups that are capable of low power microscopy through to macro.
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For example, if the microscopist has selected a 10x objective of numerical aperture 0.25, then the arrow would be placed next the value 0.18-0.20 (about 80 percent of the objective numerical aperture) on the gradation inscribed on the condenser housing. numerical aperture in microscope tags : ZEISS Microscopy Online Campus Interactive Tutorials Index , Education in Microscopy and Digital Imaging , Resolving Power Definition Microscopy , 1000 ideas about Numerical Aperture on Pinterest Aperture, Pinhole , Numeric aperture, objective lenses and condenser lenses on a , microscope objective changes with numerical aperture. 2012-03-15 · In microscopy, NA is important because it indicates the resolving power of a lens. The size of the finest detail that can be resolved is proportional to λ/2NA, where λ is the wavelength of the light. A lens with a larger numerical aperture will be able to visualize finer details than a lens with a smaller numerical aperture.
Microscope design followed in the footsteps of the Keplerian telescope,
With a high NA objective and short wavelength illumination, it is possible to resolve the striae and punta markings in the frustule.
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Numerisk apertur – Wikipedia
Image-forming light waves pass through the specimen and enter the objective in an inverted cone as illustrated in Figure 1 (above). A longitudinal slice of this cone of light reveals the angular aperture, a value that is determined by the focal length of the objective. Numerical aperture is an important concept in understanding how light microscopes resolve images and how you can avoid empty magnification. In microscopy numerical aperture is the ability of an objective lens to collect and accept incoming light condensed into a cone of light from the condenser. The numerical aperture inscribed on the side of the objective represents the numerical aperture required for optimal resolution. The numerical aperture of a microscope objective is the measure of its ability to gather light and to resolve fine specimen detail while working at a fixed object (or specimen) distance.


The KAIAM 48-channel, 100GHz, Low Loss Gaussian Athermal Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AAWG), for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) applications, is a fully passive device. It has no control electronics and consumes no electrical power. The rugged design contains no moving parts, and the optical performance is guaranteed from -40ºC to 85ºC.
In a de-multiplexing function the device will spatially separate a stream of ITU channels from a single-mode input fiber into different single mode fibers, each corresponding to an individual ITU channel in the specified wavelength band. The device can also be applied in the reverse format for multiplexing applications. The AAWG is available for multiple channel plans.
• 48 Channels x 100GHz Mux/Demux
• Gaussian Passband
• Fully Passive Module
• Wide Operating Temperature Range
• Low Insertion Loss & PDL
• Low Crosstalk
• High Uniformity
• No Electronics Required
• Telcordia GR-1221/1029
• RoHS/WEEE compliant


The exposure to blue light from smartphones and laptops triggers “poisonous molecules” that are generated in eye’s light-sensitive cells and can cause macular degeneration and other eye illnesses.
Staring at devices such as laptops or smartphones for extended periods of time can accelerate blindness and cause other eye problems, scientists said.
A study conducted on this by researchers at Toledo University in Ohio, USA revealed that it’s no secret that blue light harms our vision by damaging the eye’s retina.
“Our experiments explain how this happens, and we hope this leads to therapies that slow macular degeneration, such as a new kind of eye drop,” the scientists said.
Dr. Ajith Karunarathne, who is one of the researchers of the project, said humans are continuously exposed to blue light because the eye’s cornea and lens can’t block or reflect it.
Blue light itself has a short wavelength and more energy as compared to other colors and causes gradual damage to the eyes, given how many devices we use and the hours we spend on them per day.
One of the diseases mentioned above is macular degeneration which is caused by deterioration of light-sensitive cells in the retina. In the US, where the study was conducted, around 11 million people are currently suffering from this disease with the number expected to double by 2050.
Moreover, blue light also disrupts our body’s clock and interferes with our sleeping pattern. Around the evening when it gets darker, the human body produces melatonin which is a sleep hormone. Excessive use of devices emitting blue light can slow down or stop the process of producing melatonin.
Thankfully, most smartphones now come with blue light filters built-in and it is highly recommended that they are used to prevent any kind of eye damage. One can set the intensity of filter to whatever like. Some are activated at a particular time but one can also have the option to enable it manually.
Windows 10 also has a built-in blue light filter which goes by name “Night Light”. For those who don’t have any kind of blue light filter in their smartphones, third-party applications are available both on
iOS App Store and Android Play Store.


Optical Coherence Technology
The OCT provides microscopic cross-sectional views of the inner structures of the retina. These structures are not visible during a routine examination of the retina. Other tests and instruments only show a specific part of the retina, and the images may not give a clear diagnosis. For example, retinal angiograms only show the blood vessels of the retina.
The OCT shows the smallest structures of the retina in very clear detail, and can often provide accurate diagnosis of your retinal condition without the costs or risks of other tests. With this information, your Ophthalmologist can usually determine the safest and most effective treatments for your condition, and can often provide information about long-term prognosis.
OCC Eyecare was the first eye centre in Canada to use OCT technology, and is a leader in performing and interpreting the latest OCT technology.
Benefits of OCT
Non-invasive, painless, and completely safe.
Provides the most detailed images of the retina available.
Can be used with other tests recommended by your ophthalmologist to provide full diagnostic information about your retinal condition.
OCC Eyecare uses the most modern versions of OCT available, including high definition technology. Patients with significant retinal disease may require regular OCTs to monitor disease progression and assist in early intervention.
Click here to download infographic for this procedure and share them on your social media pages, websites or newsletters.


Camera Detector Full frequency Bug Detector Description
The CC308 dual mode detector can detect and locate any wired, wireless camera and RF device
Working frequency between 1MHz – 6.5 GHz, including GSM, VHF, UHF bug, trackers.
It can also detect and locate small camera lens through laser scanning
Windows host can be seen through the eyes of all within sight of the camera facing the camera.
It is equipped With auto-detecting function,once it detect bugs,it will vibrate,beep and LED light flicker.
5 Detection modes: 1.Laser detection, 2.Vibration (Mute) detection, 3.Beep detection, 4.LED display detection. 5. Headset
Wireless Sweep: frequency detection range (1MHz-6 5GHz)
Laser detection Camera distance of 10cm-10m (the naked eye can identify red flashing)
Radio detection of camera range 5cm-l0m (subject to the transmitting power of RF device)
Environmental economy, high temperature resistant, corrosion resistant
Power in the 50mv-200mv detection range 30-50cm
Power in the 300mv-600mv detection range 100-200cm
Power in the 80mv-1200mv detection range 300-800cm
Power supply: Built-in lithium polymer battery 450mAH
Current Consumption: 8mA
Self-shoot detecting wave length: 920mm
Receive frequency range: 1MHz-6500MHz
Special dedicated optical lens filters
1 x CC308 RF-signal bug detector
1 x Earphone
1 x USB Charging Cable
1 x User manual


May 17, 2020
LED panel light is a high-end indoor lighting fixture. Its outer frame is made of anodized aluminum alloy. The light source is LED. The whole lamp is beautiful and simple in design, luxurious in atmosphere, and has good lighting effect and can bring people The feeling of beauty.
The LED panel light has a unique design, and the light passes through the light guide plate with high light transmittance to form a uniform planar luminous effect. The illumination uniformity is good, the light is soft, comfortable and bright without losing, which can effectively relieve eye fatigue. LED panel lights can also prevent radiation and will not irritate the skin of pregnant women, the elderly and children.
1. Can be inlaid on the surface of ceiling, wall and installation body;
2. It can be hung under the ceiling or the installation body. When mounted on a white ceiling, the entire ceiling is colored, very beautiful, neat and coordinated;
3. The LED panel light adopts wide-band voltage design (AC85-240V / 50-60Hz), which can be used in various countries in the world; high-power LED uses isolated power supply, constant current or constant voltage drive, high power efficiency, no pollution to the power grid, stable performance ,Safe and reliable;
4. LED panel light is a new type of surface light source similar to LCD TV backlight technology. The light is soft and the appearance is beautiful. It has been widely favored by European and American merchants. A large number of foreign companies are looking for panel light products with good quality, good service and good price. And suppliers;
5. The LED panel light seems to be just a simple lighting fixture, but due to its high market positioning, the customer's quality requirements for this product are extremely demanding, plus the product itself involves materials, heat, optics, structure, hardware , Electronics, and other fields, general companies do not have a complete development team and sufficient development experience and subsequent supply chain management capabilities, it is difficult to truly develop successfully, and the market requirements are not clear, so a lot of development costs are invested in exchange for It's just a product that customers don't recognize.
Building G, 13, Lefeng 2nd Road, Maohui Industrial Zone, Henglan Town, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China.


3D digitizing, 3D modelling, point cloud inspection, reverse engineering, rapid prototyping or copy milling: this system is an all-purpose metrology tool for a multitude of applications.
Freedom of movement: with a fully integrated and certified RS3 laser scanner, this is an all-purpose metrology system for almost any measurement need. Point cloud inspection, product benchmarking, reverse engineering, rapid prototyping, virtual assembly or CNC milling are just some of the typical laser scanning applications that can be added to the rich portfolio of touch-probe measurement applications. The integrated laser scanner is designed to capture data from almost any object surface.
It does not need warm-up time or additional cables and controllers. Scanner and probe measurements are combined in the same software session.
All models of the ROMER Absolute Arm are available in three levels of accuracy, allowing you to select the right measuring arm for your application requirements and budget. The 73 Series and 75 Series arms offer excellent price/performance ratios for everyday metrology operations, while the 77 Series – the most accurate ROMER Absolute Arm ever produced – is ideal for specialist or high-end measurement applications.


Infrared spectrometers use part of the light spectrum that is invisible to the human eye. A sensor absorbs these waves and compares their patterns against a database. This tells us which molecules the waves have encountered, and therefore what the item is made of–a bit like a chemical fingerprint.
To analyze the pattern, or spectrum, the SCiO scanner is linked to a smartphone via Bluetooth. Using an app, the user states what type of item has been scanned, for example vegetable or meat. That helps the online database to find the right item from countless samples. To carry out a scan, the scanner has to be held close to the food and a blue target light is shone onto the object to be measured. The actual measurement is then carried out by the broadband infrared light generated via the phosphor converter developed by OSRAM.
The device can also check medicines and identify any that have been diluted or are counterfeit. With further development the technology could also be of interest for other application areas. Security forces could use it to instantly test suspicious substances. A sensor in the car could check the quality of the fuel being put into it. There are many ways in which the SCiO scanner with broadband infrared LED can help people to lead a better, healthier, and more sustainable life.
As Jansen puts the scanner back into its box he says: "In the future it may be possible to make the sensors small enough to fit directly into smartphones." An infrared spectrometer as small as a phone camera. It would be the next revolution.


In this experiment you will observe and measure the imaging properties of a simple lens.
You will need a good lens (magnifying glass), a flashlight, a viewing screen (tri-folded white copy paper), a meter stick and perhaps some modeling clay to hold things in place. You will want to be able to set these items on a flat table about 1 meter wide in an area where the lighting can be dimmed.
The most basic optical imaging device is a simple lens like those found in a magnifying glass. These lenses have spherical surfaces and depend on the law of refraction for their image-forming properties. For the level of treatment in this experiment, the imaging properties of a lens is completely specified by giving the lens' focal length. The lens in a good magnifying glass will have a focal length typically around 5-15 cm.
The imaging capabilities of your lens can be demonstrated very nicely in a dark room with the picture from a TV set. Position the lens and screen about 2-3 meters from the TV. Adjust the distance between the lens and the screen until you get as sharp a picture as possible on the screen.
In the jargon of optics, the TV in this part of the experiment is called the object. The distance from the lens to the TV is called the object distance and given the symbol o. The picture on the screen is called the image. The distance from the lens to the image is called the image distance and given the symbol i. The focal length is given the symbol f.
Measure the image distance and record this on the data sheet.
Move the lens and screen an additional meter from the TV and repeat the measurements of the object and image distances recording your results on the data sheet.
When the object distance is much much greater than the image distance, the image distance will be approximately the focal length of the lens. Thus, the image distances measured above are approximately the focal length of the lens.
Cut out a circular piece of opaque paper (black construction paper can be used) roughly the size of the face of the flashlight. Then fold the circle in half and cut out a wedge shape along the fold so that when the circle is unfolded the cutout will be in the shape of a long pointed triangle that is 1 cm from the pointed tip to the base. Put some tissue paper backing over the triangular hole and tape this (tissue side down) to the face of the flashlight. When the flashlight is turned on the brightly lit white triangle should make a good object suitable for image formation. For the rest of this experiment the triangle will be used as the object.
Begin by setting the object distance accurately to 20 cm. Adjust the position of the screen (image distance) to get a sharp image of the edges of the triangle. Record the object and image distances on the data sheet. Also measure and record the size of the image of the triangle (tip to base).
Repeat this procedure as you adjust the distance between the lens and flashlight (object distance) from 20 cm to about 70 cm in steps of 10 cm. Each time you will have to move the screen to reform the image of the triangle.
Set the screen 50 cm from the lens (i=50 cm). This time, adjust the flashlight (object distance) to get a sharp image. Record again the object and image distances and the size of the image.
Try to draw a smooth curve through the data points. Remember, no measurements are ever perfect, so it is OK to let the curve miss the data points by a little.
Hint: The theory predicts that 1/o + 1/i = 1/f. Thus, if you construct (from your measured o's and i's) new variables x and y defined by x = 1/o and y = 1/i, the equation 1/o+ 1/i = 1/f can be rewritten y = -1 x + 1/f. This is the equation of a straight line of slope -1 and y-intercept 1/f. Plotting y on the vertical axis vs. x on the horizontal axis, the data points should lie on a straight line with the predicted slope and y-intercept.
If you like, take additional data and add these points to fill in your graph more completely.
Draw the best straight line through your data points using a straight edge. Determine the slope and y-intercept of this line and record these on the data sheet.
Last modified: April 7, 1995Robert DeSerio / email@example.com


The increase in the traffic in carried by optical networks will increase the energy consumption. The elastic optical network has the ability to significantly reduce energy consumption. In combination with sliceable bandwidth-variable transponders (SBVTs), the elastic optical network presents some new features as regards optical traffic grooming and optical layer bypass , which can help to reduce the energy consumption. However, we still are unable to groom traffic optically in a very early stage, and this omission must be tackled.
The elastic optical network offers a lower blocking probability compared to traditional optical networks and so can accept higher volumes of traffic. This clearly is a significant advantage in terms of energy efficiency, as the deployment of additional network elements would not only increase cost, but also increase the overall energy consumption. Several energy saving schemes are anticipated, setting some the network elements into sleep mode when the traffic is below a certain threshold. Another interesting topic for future researchers is to analyze the energy efficiency of new protection and restoration schemes for the elastic optical network.
Physical Layer Impairments
As optical connections may span over many long links, physical layer impairments (PLIs), such as—dispersion, interference, noise, and nonlinear effects accumulate and degrade the signal quality, which affects the quality-oftransmission (QoT). Accounting for PLIs is a challenging issue for network designers, especially if we consider exact models and the interdependencies. Many studies [87,273-275] on PLIs have been carried out for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) based optical networks. PLIs have a distinct impact on both WDM-based optical networks and elastic optical networks. With the introduction of coherent detection and digital signal processing, impairments that are related to dispersion can be substantially reduced or fully compensated. However, high levels of flexibility make the minimization of these effects more complicated from an algorithmic perspective, which needs further research.


During the apple production process, it is crucial to evaluate the internal health of the apples accurately in order to provide high-quality and healthy products. To achieve this, producers use the NIR (Near-Infrared) spectroscopy method to sort the apples according to their internal health.
NIR spectroscopy is a technology used to analyze the chemical structure of different types of substances. This method is commonly used in apple production as well. Since the light absorption properties of the compounds in the apple’s internal structure are different, the differences can be detected using the NIR spectroscopy method.
Sorting apples according to their internal health is achieved through the use of the NIR spectroscopy method. In this method, the absorption of infrared light at different wavelengths by the compounds within the apple is measured. This data is used to determine the density and quantity of the compounds inside the apple.
The NIR spectroscopy method offers numerous benefits to apple production. Firstly, it provides quick and accurate information about the apple’s internal structure. This speeds up the quality control process for producers and enables apple products to be marketed more quickly.
Secondly, the NIR spectroscopy method helps apple producers increase their quality and productivity levels. This method not only ensures that producers market only high-quality products but also increases their efficiency, thereby reducing production costs.
In conclusion, the NIR spectroscopy method is a crucial technology in sorting apples according to their internal health during apple production. It assists producers in providing high-quality and healthy products while increasing their productivity. Therefore, apple producers should adopt this method to increase the quality and efficiency of their products.


Swim Goggles with UV Protection
All swim goggles protect eyes from the irritating effects of water but Swim Goggles with UV Protection shield eyes from the much harsher and seriously harmful effects of UV rays. Water reflects damaging UV rays directly onto our faces and into our eyes so UV protection while swimming is essential and makes sense. We rely on UV protective lenses in our everyday eyewear and now you can have a continuous shield when you need it most. Safeguard your eyesight with Swim Goggles with UV Protection!
- These goggles feature optic quality polycarbonate lenses an anti-fog coating 100% silicone soft gaskets and silicon straps and they provide 100% UV protection.
- Adjustable straps make them one-size-fits-all.
- Optic quality polycarbonate lenses
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A home blade directly infront of a distant blade on the same post.
The home spectacle plate with a red lens and clear lens.
The distant spectacle plate with a yellow lens and green lens.
But, I would imagine that when both blades are horizontal, at stop, the combined yellow lens and red lens would not provide a distinct red light.
Yes, they where so called Coupled Home and distant signals
but the Signal shows Red when both blades where Horizontal.
The mechanismus of the Signal granted this.
The Home arm, in front, had one red Lens and one clear , while the distant arm, in back, had one green lens and one clear . A swinging yellow Lens, pivoted in the Home arm and with a pin in the distant arm running in a slot, was located between the arms, which were both pivoted at top of the arms . When both arms were horizontal, the light from the lamp passed through the empty lens in the distant arm and the red lens in the Home arm.


Heat Mirror® insulating glass incorporating Heat Mirror films coated by Southwall Technologies was the world's first commercially produced low-e glass. Since 1980, Heat Mirror insulating glass has been used around the world in structures ranging from single family homes to high profile projects for Fortune 500 companies. This innovative technology has been recognized in the news for its oustanding contributions to the environment though the highest level of sustainable design.
Southwall manufactures 12 different coated films which are suspended in the middle of an insulating glass unit to create multiple insulating cavities, creating industry leading performance.
Heat Mirror units are produced with a wide range of glass products including clear glass, tinted glass and low-e glass, taking advantage of the benefits of film based coatings and glass based technologies to create superior insulating performance, outstanding solar control, while at the same time blocking UV radiation, and reducing outside noise more effectively than double pane glass.
Heat Mirror technology is based upon a very thin coating which reflects heat back to its source. The 12 different films provide varying levels of visible light and solar control to meet the diverse requirements of the commercial market place. The product designations loosely represent the amount of light transmitted through the coated film. Hence, Heat Mirror 77 will transmit more light than a Heat Mirror 22 product.
Because Heat Mirror units are available in a wide variety of films with diverse glass products, the performance needed for almost any project can be realized, making Heat Mirror an ideal choice for almost every application.
|Heat Mirror® Plus
Heat Mirror Plus Insulating Glass substitutes one lite of low-emissivity coated glass or tinted glass for the uncoated glass used in the standard Heat Mirror unit. With an optional Argon or Krypton gas filling, Heat Mirror Plus can achieve a U-value of 0.10 (R-value of 10).
Superglass Quad Insulating Glass is the most energy-efficient glazing product on the market today. It uses two Heat Mirror films suspended inside an insulating glass unit, creating three air spaces. Featuring a patented tape system for gas retention and a thermally broken, insolating spacer to stop conduction through the edge of the glass, Superglass Quad can achieve an industry-leading U-value of 0.08 (R-value of 12.5).
* Superior insulating performance reduces energy costs and enhances comfort
* Superior solar shading reduces expensive cooling costs
* UV protection helps reduce fading
* Noise reduction reduces noise pollution


Headlamp(car lamp housing)
The combined headlamp is in the front of the car. It mainly plays the role of lighting and signal. The light emitted by the headlamp can illuminate the road conditions in front of the vehicle body, so that the driver can drive safely at night. The combined headlamp can be divided into halogen lamp and xenon lamp according to the light source, According to the function, it can be divided into (1) low beam lamp, (2) high beam lamp, (3) front turn signal lamp, (4) front position lamp (also known as side marker lamp, indicating the position lamp of the vehicle), and front fog lamp. Fog lamp is not mandatory in national regulations, and is basically equipped for all models.
Combined tail lamp(car lamp housing)
The combined tail lamp is at the rear of the car. It mainly plays the role of lighting and signal. The rear lamp is generally composed of (3) rear position lamp, (5) reversing lamp, (1) brake lamp, (2) rear fog lamp, (4) rear turn signal lamp and retro reflector.
Cornering lamp(car lamp housing)
A lamp used to indicate a left or right turn to other road users. The regulatory requirements are amber.
License plate lamp is mainly used to illuminate the license plate, so that people can distinguish the vehicle license plate in the dark.


What devices are considered all infrared?
We only have one model, All Infrared
How do the all infrared devices work?
The naked eye cannot see any light on this device without some form of night vision. ALL lights are infrared.
I still do not understand how the infrared lights work; do you have any examples?
This video is a customer using our all infrared device with night vision goggles showing how bright the infrared lights really are. https://vimeo.com/379310555


2 Pack 72W 7200lm LED Driving Lights, Waterproof Off Road LED Lights, Daylight White 5000K, Mounting Bracket Included PRODUCT FEATURES Super bright spotlight Efficient heat dissipation Highly energy saving LED lamp beads Waterproof and shockproof design Easy to install ( Provides bottom mounting brackets ) SPECIFICATION LED power: 72W (24×3W) Input voltage: 10-32VDC Luminous flux: 7200LM Beam angle: 30 degree Certification: CE RoHS Color temperature: 6000K-6500K Working Lifespan: 50,000 hours Color rendering index(CRI)> 80 Lamp beads Model: OSRAM3030 Number of lamp beads: 24pcs Waterproof: IP67, Waterproof, dustproof and shockproof Material: Aluminum alloy housing, PC Lens, Aluminum alloy Bracket Package included: 2pc 72w LED Light, Mounting Bracket, install accessories. Note: The LED light is not dimmable APPLICATIONS Ordinary vehicles: Off-road, Jeeps, Cars, 4x4, Motorcycles, SUV, Bus, Truck, Trailer, Forklift etc. Construction vehicles: Excavator, Dozer, Road Roller, Crane, Tractor, Grain Drill, Mower, Snowplow etc. Special vehicles: Fire engine, Rescue vehicle, ATV, Police car. Other Lighting: Camping, Mining, Garden, Backyard, Garage, Indoor, Construction, Back up light, Boat Lighting etc. MAINTENANCE FREE Extremely long lifespan reduces re-lamp frequency. Save labor cost to replace bulbs with short lifespan. We promise 2 years warranty.
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After a barrage of 48MP camera smartphones in the first half of 2019, get accustomed to hearing OEMs advertise ’64MP camera phone’ in the latter half of the year. While Realme is showcasing its 64MP Quad Camera technology tomorrow in India, Xiaomi decided to steal its thunder and show off its own 64MP camera technology and its future plans in China one day in advance.
At a media gathering, the Xiaomi’s sub-brand Redmi revealed a few details of its 64MP high-megapixel sensor phone. The company confirmed that it is indeed using Samsung’s 64MP ISOCELL Bright GW1 sensor that was announced a few months back. The announcement was made by Bin Lin, President and co-founder, Xiaomi, in the presence of Jesuk Lee, Vice President, Head of Sensor Design for Samsung Electronics.
What So Special About 64MP GW1 Sensor?
The Samsung G1 sensor huge 1/1.7″ sensor with 1.6-micron pixels which results in more light to capture. It is based ISOCELL Plus technology which utilized pixel-to-pixel barrier structure. What it does is partial cuts down light interference which results in better color reproduction. With the advantage of pixel size, ISOCELL Plus, Samsung also uses Quad-PD (aka TetraCell Technology) which combines four cells into one to take 16MP images in low-light.
While praising the GW1 sensor and its features, Xioami also talked about its Smart ISO feature uses Dual Conversion Gains (DCG) Technology. What DCG essentially does is it uses low ISO in brightness areas and pushes up ISO in underexposed areas of a scene. This results in a better signal-to-noise ratio in low light photography.
The upcoming Redmi 64MP camera phone with GW1 sensor will be able to capture images as big as 9248×6936 pixels. In comparison to existing 48MP camera phones, it will have 38% more pixels. Apart from these, the sensor is compatible with real-time hardware-supported high dynamic range (HDR).
Xiaomi Redmi 64MP camera phone India launch
The 64MP sensor based Redmi phone will launch in China in the next quarter. Xiaomi India has also confirmed the GW1 sensor backed by a Redmi 64MP camera smartphone will be announced in India in Q4 of 2019. Will it be the Redmi Note 8 Pro which has made some headlines recently. Well, that remains to be seen.
— Redmi India for #MiFans (@RedmiIndia) August 7, 2019


Focusing on a single object is easy, but what if you want both near and distant objects to be sharp? For this you need to know how to control depth of field.
We all know that to make your subject come out sharp you need to focus on it. And modern autofocus systems operate with such speed and precision that this is almost guaranteed. They can check the focus at many different points in the frame and select the correct one automatically, and even track subjects as they move across the frame (predictive autofocus). But what they don't take into account is 'depth of field', which is a much more important measure of a picture's overall sharpness. It's ignored not because it's unimportant, but because it's too difficult for a machine like a camera to evaluate.
What is depth of field?In theory, only subjects a precise distance from the camera (the distance you've focused on) will be perfectly sharp. In practice, the sharpness falls away slowly, so that objects some way behind the subject or nearer the camera can still look quite sharp even if, technically they're out of focus. In other words, there's quite a bit of leeway before objects start to look out of focus. This leeway is the 'depth of field', and it has a big impact on the appearance of the photograph. For example, in a landscape shot you might want everything sharp, from the wooden stile just a few feet from the camera to the mountain peaks in the distance. In other words, you want maximum depth of field. Alternatively, for a romantic portrait shot you might want to throw a distracting background out of focus. For this, you would want 'shallow' depth of field.
Use it to your advantage
The point is that depth of field can be worked out and used to your advantage. You can control the depth of field by the way you adjust the camera. The camera's autofocus system can focus on a specific object, but that's about its limit. Only you, the photographer, can take the next step and control the depth of field. Most photographers are aware that wide lens apertures produce shallow depth of field and small lens apertures produce greater depth of field. The optical science behind this is complex, but what it boils down to is that at smaller lens apertures, the sharpness of out-of-focus objects falls away more slowly. In other words things are much nearer or further away before they start to become blurred.
Depth of field is also affected by the focal length of the lens. The longer the focal length, the shallower the depth of field. This is one reason why portrait photographers prefer longer-than-average focal lengths - because this usually blurs the background. Conversely, wide-angle lenses are useful to landscape photographers because it's easy to get everything in the frame sharp, right from the foreground to the distant horizon. Depth of field also changes according to the distance of your subject - the focus distance. The greater the focus distance, the greater the depth of field. Similarly, the closer you focus, the more shallow the depth of field becomes. This is why depth of field isn't a problem with subjects some way from the camera, but a real headache with close-ups. You'll seldom see a close-up which is sharp right from the foreground to the background, unless the scene has been set up very carefully by the photographer to be as two-dimensional as possible.
The fourth factor in depth of field is one which is seldom examined in any great detail, but which is probably one of the most important. The larger the sensor, the shallower the depth of field. It's the sensor's physical size that's the key factor here. A DSLR offers much less depth of field than a compact digital camera, and a full-frame DSLR offers even less. This isn't strictly due to the size of the sensor but actually the required focal length of the lens. For example, on a full frame DSLR, a photographer might use a 50mm lens for a portrait shot. If he were using a digital SLR with an APS-C size sensor, he would require a 30mm lens to get the same angle of view. However, as already discussed above, the wider 30mm focal length will give greater depth of field than a 50mm focal length. This is one of the reasons many portrait photographers chose a camera with a large image sensor. This is exaggerated even more with compact digital cameras where the sensor size is about 10 times smaller and therefore the camera uses, for example, a 6mm lens which gives tremendous depth of field.
All these factors intermingle to make depth of field a potentially confusing business. In practice, though, the decisions are generally pretty straightforward. In any one situation, the camera you're working with is already decided, and you've probably settled on the camera position (the subject distance) and the focal length (zoom position) needed to compose the shot nicely. All that's left for you to adjust the depth of field with is the lens aperture.
So how do I work it all out?
You're no longer dealing with just the focused distance - there's also a near limit' (the nearest distance where objects will still look sharp) and the `far limit' (the farthest distance where objects will still look sharp). The distance between the near limit and the far limit is the depth of field. But how do you work out what the near limits and far limits are?
With fixed focal length (non-zoom) lenses, it's all rather easy. The lens has a focusing scale marked on the barrel and an index mark showing the distance you are focused at. Either side of this index mark are further pairs of marks, usually colour-coded so that wherever you're focused, the `f8' markers (for example) would indicate the near and far limits of the depth of field on the distance scale. Many lenses include several sets of markers for different lens apertures.With these, managing depth of field becomes a lot easier and you can start to plan your shots much more effectively. Let's imagine you want to get both a nearby gate and a distant hillside sharp at the same time. A modern camera will offer to focus on one or the other, but both are wrong, or at least highly inefficient choices. Instead, the ideal focus point will be somewhere in between, so that the gate is just within the near limit of the depth of field, while the hillside is just within the far limit.
Rather than focusing on one thing in particular, think in terms of zones of sharp focus and how to make sure all the principal elements in your photography can be made to fall within it. Modern cameras make this harder. First of all, you have to disable that sophisticated and expensive AF system and focus manually instead. Second, zoom lenses don't have depth of field markings. This is because the depth of field changes with focal length. With the exception of certain ancient 'trombone' zoom designs, depth of field markings are no longer possible.
A rather neat trick is to set the far limit at infinity; you'll make sure that distant objects remain sharp, while maximising the depth of field towards the camera. This is a well-known technique known as 'hyperfocal' focusing.As well as telling you the distance to focus at, they tell you the nearest distance at which objects will still be sharp. You look at the scene in front of you, work out how near the nearest object is and look up the lens aperture you need to use.
It's important, then, to understand the significance of depth of field and how to manipulate it if you want to properly control the sharpness in your photos. One general rule worth bearing in mind is that to get two objects at different distances to be equally sharp, you need to focus at a point one third of the distance between them. This changes slightly with close-ups, where the focus distance should be nearer halfway between them.
Many DSLRs have depth of field preview buttons. Normally, all viewing is carried out with the lens at full aperture, regardless of the aperture value that's going to be used for the exposure. The camera stops down to the required aperture when the picture is taken. Depth of field previews, however, stops the lens down manually. This darkens the viewfinder image, but also gives an idea of how much depth of field there will be. Depth of field preview buttons work, but the viewfinder image is often too dark for details to be clearly visible, and it's difficult to judge the exact sharpness levels as a result. With digital cameras you can simply take the shot, examine it close-up in Playback mode and re-shoot it if you need to. However, it's less hassle to be able to get the depth of field right first time.Instead of relying on your camera's autofocus and program AE exposure modes , try switching to manual focus and manual aperture control. Remember that photographs don't consist of a single plane of sharp focus, but an extended 'zone' of sharpness which you can control. You really can point and shoot - and not because you've invested in the latest and most expensive technology, but because you're using a principle that even the smartest camera has yet to exploit.
Creative Use of Depth of Field
Landscape photographers generally weigh sharpness all the way from the far distance right up to the foreground, and this is where an understanding of 'hyperfocal distance' proves crucial.
Many street photographers don't bother with focusing at all as it's too time consuming. Instead, you can use a knowledge of depth of field to 'zone focus'. Here, you choose a lens aperture and a manual focus distance which gives enough depth of field for any of your usual subjects. For example, at f8 everything from 1m to 8m might be acceptably sharp.
Shallow Depth of Field
Shallow depth of field is not always a bad thing. In portraits it helps blur unwanted backgrounds, and it can also be used to make the main subject appear sharper. Here, these frost-covered railings appear to have even more 'bite' because their sharpness contrasts with the soft background. You can achieve shallow depth of field with longer focal lengths and wider lens apertures.
Depth of Field And Close-Ups
Depth of field is a perennial problem for close-up photographers, and the closer you get, the worse it gets, to the point where even at your lens's minimum aperture the depth of field is only a few millimetres. Here, for example, the photographer had to settle for just keeping the bloom's stamens sharp - there was no way of keeping the nearest and farthest petals sharp too.
Circles of Confusion
When a point in the subject is perfectly focused it should appear as a point on the image sensor. But when it's slightly out of focus it is instead reproduced as a small disc. The technical term for this is `circle of confusion', and you'll find it comes up frequently in discussions about depth of field. If this circle of confusion is small enough, the subject will look sharp even if it is slightly out of focus. The point is that the maximum size for the circle of confusion varies according to the camera or, specifically, the sensor size. Compact digital cameras have much smaller sensors than DSLRs, which means images must be magnified much more to make the same-sized prints. This in turn means that the maximum allowable size for the circle of confusion for compact cameras is smaller than that for DSLRs. For the record, the usual circle of confusion size used for 35mm film or full-frame DSLRs is 0.03mm, for APS-C sized DSLRs it's 0.02mm, and for compact digital cameras it's 0.005mm. The circle of confusion value is part of the mathematical calculations used to work out depth of field figures.
To find out the depth of field and hyperfocal distance of any given lens and aperture combination, see the Depth of Field Calculator utility.


By shooting only in manual, you will make your life easier from here on out...so lets get to it.
Apeture is a setting controlled on your camera, that allows you to blur the background or put more in focus. The blur is often referred to as Bokeh.
Aperture is measured by a number known as the “f” number.
Eg: f1.4, f8, f22 etc
The value to which you can set the “f” number is determined by the lens you have, not your camera.
Eg. Some lenses are f3.5 - f5 or perhaps just f2.8 etc
A high aperture is f1.4
A low aperture is f22
A high aperture is a low “f” number and a low aperture is a high “f”number...confusing right, but you will get it soon.
So what does Apeture do inside your lens?
So...the bigger the aperture hole (ie the smaller the f number/high aperture eg: f1.4) the more light the lens will let through.
Also the bigger the aperture hole, the shallower the depth of field.
The smaller the aperture hole (ie the higher the f number/low aperture eg: f12) the less light the lens will let through.
Also the smaller the aperture hole, the deeper the depth of field.
Therefore to blur the background set your camera to the lowest f number for your lens (a high aperture)
Or to put more in focus, set your camera to a higher f number (a low aperture).
Any questions drop them in the comments below.


With the facelift of the Mercedes-Benz V-Class, the High-Beam Assist Plus is now also available, which will be available as an option for the LED Intelligent Light System. In contrast to the previous system – which could only switch between dipped and high beam, the new high-beam assistant now also works adaptively.
The LED Intelligent Light System for the V-Class – in the model series 447 of the equipment line EXCLUSIVE standard equipment – can be optionally extended with the High-Beam Assistant Plus.
In contrast to the pre-model, the new high-beam assistant Plus can not only switch between dipped and high beam, but now works adaptively and regulates the light distribution as the traffic situation allows – with low beam, high beam or partial high beam. For this purpose, the other road users are left out of the cone of light and thereby blinded as little as possible. Recognized oncoming or preceding vehicles detects the system and continuously adjusts the headlight range to the distance so that the headlight cone ends in front of the oncoming vehicles.
The operation of the system remains the same – as well as the display for the driver in the instrument cluster – the same. The system itself is available for 214,20 Euro extra charge.
Images: Daimler AG


About 2D and 3D Crystal Engraving
3D Crystals proves innovative mementos by combining technology and imagination. Designed to last forever, they are an heirloom that you can pass down for generations. Only the highest grade of optical crystal is chosen for 3D Photo products as this material is free of any impurities, and sparkles when polished to our specifications. Choose from a variety of different shapes and sizes! You can customize your crystal to suit your home or office decor.
Photo crystals are created using a special laser that focuses its concentrated beams of light to a precise point below the surface of the crystal. Each bright point in the image is plotted in the final crystal piece. The laser then uses these locations as three-dimensional coordinates. The laser then moves to the next coordinate and makes another etched point. Finally, enough points are created to reproduce the design deep within the crystal. Any design, photo, animal, human form, or product can be engraved with stunning realism.
As laser beams are non-invasive, no marks or blemishes are left on the surface of the crystal. When viewed from any angle the intricate design is viewed much like a three dimensional sculpture.
Our unique software can turn your 2D photos into a mesmerizing 3 dimensional design in a matter of moments! Then, using our state-of-the-art laser technology, we etch the 3D image into a into a flawless piece of optically clear solid crystal designed to last forever.
To create a 2D Photo Crystal our designers transform your image into a laser ready file, once lasered, the image appears flat within the crystal when viewed from the side.
This is called Vitreography, which is a fine art printmaking technique that uses a float glass matrix instead of the traditional matrices of metal, wood or stone. This artform was invented by American glass artist Harvey Littleton and is an excellent way to externalize your photo into a high-quality optical crystal.
With proper care, your crystal will look stunning forever.
Crystal is glass and should be treated as such. Care should always be exercised in its handling. The interior of your crystal will always stay pristine and as vibrant as the day you received it. To clean the exterior, wash with mild soap and warm water. Use a glass cleaner product if necessary. Dry with a dust free cloth.
Sub-surface engraving is permanent, lasting as long as the crystal is intact. Guaranteed never to discolor or fade, you can be sure that your crystal will look exactly the same years later.


19-20 Ram 2500/3500/4500/5500 ( need extra converters for stock LED projector headlights, please select the option from the top )
Built-in Osram LED
These Ram 2500/3500/4500/5500 NOVA-Series projector headlights fit the following models:
19-22 Ram 2500/3500/4500/5500 ( need extra converters for stock LED projector headlights, please select the option from the top )
These Ram 2500/3500/4500/5500 NOVA-Series projector headlights are with our quad projector design. We use our signature 3D ice-cube projector lens to develop these Ram 2500/3500/4500/5500 NOVA-Series headlights, with a surrounding switchback light tube for DRL in white LED and sequential turn signal tube in amber LED; in addition, the bottom is with sequential turn signal in amber LED. The headlights also come with an activation light, which is a light sequence that turns on when you unlock your Ram. The inner projector is for high beam, while the 3 outer projectors are for low beam.
We compose these Ram 2500/3500/4500/5500 NOVA-series projector headlights with our patented rectangular projector lens. The projection cut-off line is perfect for American LHD regulation.
Our Ram 2500/3500/4500/5500 projector headlights come with chrome, black and alpha-black housing. The chrome housing gives your truck a stock housing look and matches your truck if you have a lot of chrome accessories. On the other hand, the black housing gives your truck a sporty look and easily matches any color truck and front grill. The alpha-black housing is our specially designed housing that has the glossy look mixed with the black paint, as well as a smoked light tube that will give your truck an all-black sporty and luxury look at the same time. Read this article to learn more detail about our headlights color housing.
Our Ram 2500/3500/4500/5500 projector headlights are made of polycarbonate plastic lenses. We also apply a layer of anti-fog agent on the headlights lens; thus, it allows better light output in extreme weather. In addition, we also apply another coating to protect the lens against yellowing and oxidation.
Our Ram 2500/3500/4500/5500 projector headlights are compliant with SAE and DOT FMVSS108 regulations. Moreover, all our products are certified to ISO-9000, ISO-9001 and ISO-9002. Most importantly, we inspect every detail of the lights to make sure we are satisfied and so are our customers.
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The FEI Titan Krios G2 300kV Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscope is the premier cryo-TEM that is available for both single particle averaging and 3D tomography of vitrified samples. Equipped with a high-brightness field emission gun (X-FEG) and a high-stability 300kV high-tension (HT) generator, the system easily facilitates the high-resolution, sub-nanometer scale imaging of frozen biological specimens. The electron optical column is equipped with ConstantPower™ lenses, which have optimized magnetic circuitry designed to reduce cross talk and keep beam hysteresis to a minimum. This platform is also equipped with an image corrector that removes the increased spherical aberration present due to the larger pole-piece gap of the C-TWIN objective lens, which is required to accommodate large angle specimen tilts in tomographic data acquisition. In addition, the system is equipped with a unique, one-of-a-kind cryogenically cooled sample handling and auto-loading system. The Titan Krios G2 platform has been configured with two detection cameras, a scintillated CMOS camera (FEI Ceta), which will be used for regular TEM/STEM imaging and diffraction applications and an energy-filtered Direct Electron Detection camera (Gatan K2 Summit on a GIF energy filter) for the low dose imaging of frozen biological specimens. In addition, the platform is equipped with two other capabilities, phase contrast imaging and STEM imaging. The phase contrast system almost entirely removes the necessity to acquire images of low contrast objects under beam defocus conditions. Finally, the STEM imaging functionality is essential in high-resolution studies of cellular macromolecules in situ.
- Sample Auto-loading System - allows twelve independent samples to be loaded into a cassette, which can be transferred into the auto-loading system for delivery into the Titan Krios for imaging. The auto-loader is maintained at liquid nitrogen temperatures to protect the samples from any environmental factors, and each individual sample holder (AutoGrid) is robust and protects the sample against deformation and / or damage.
- Ceta CMOS camera - The Ceta is a 16 Megapixel digital camera designed specifically for regular TEM/STEM imaging. The large field of view and small pixel size (a characteristic of CMOS sensors) allows a fast read-out for dynamic experiments and is capable, of recording full-frame 4k x 4k images at 30 fps and a reduced field of 512 x 512 at > 250 fps. The camera can also easily switch between this fast mode and high-resolution mode with ease.
- Gatan K2 Summit Direct Electron Detector with GIF Energy Filter - The combined Gatan K2 Summit Direct Electron Detection camera and GIF energy filter – the “BioQuantum 967” allows for the direct detection of electrons at high sensitivity. In addition, the presence of the GIF energy filter allows the preferential detection of zero-loss electrons, thus serving as an additional mechanism to enhance the contrast of unstained, vitrified biological specimens.
- Cs Aberation Corrector - The C-TWIN objective lens with its larger pole-piece gap is essential for high tilt angle tomographic acquisitions. Its symmetric design allows for the changing of the accelerating voltage without adjusting the stage z-position. Additionally, it ensures that there is no performance compromise, or any re-alignment between TEM and STEM imaging modes. However, whilst important for tomography, the larger pole-piece gap in the C-TWIN objective lens increases spherical aberration. The addition of an image corrector removes this added spherical aberration (Cs) thus restoring the TEM/STEM resolution to that of a Titan microscope platform with a smaller pole-piece separation.
- Volta Phase Contrast System - A major issue in the imaging of unstained, vitrified samples is the lack of electron density, and thus contrast in the acquired images. A new, and cutting-edge approach that almost entirely removes the need for the addition of beam defocus is phase contrast imaging. By separating the phases of elastically and inelastically scattered electrons that pass through the sample by 90o, the in-focus contrast in the imaging plane can be drastically improved, which is beneficial in the imaging of weak phase objects, such as vitrified biological specimens.
- STEM detector - The ability to scan the electron beam whilst acquiring the transmitted electron signal, a so-called “STEM” image is essential in high-resolution studies of cellular macromolecules. The incorporation of STEM functionality onto the Titan Krios G2 platform increases its versatility without compromising any of the other imaging modes of the microscope (TEM, EFTEM etc).


In Russia, according to various city health departments and expert estimates, at least 40% of high school students in urban schools have some degree of myopia. Myopia actively progresses between the ages of 6 and 17. It is during this period that it is very important to be able to intervene in the irreversible process as early as possible and slow it down as much as possible because children and adolescents still have a whole life ahead! The quality of life of a person with high myopia degree is reduced – he constantly lacks visual information, and without means of vision correction is almost helpless.
Ortho-K therapy eliminates all the restrictions during wakefulness associated with wearing glasses and ordinary contact lenses — you can run, jump, swim, rub your eyes, etc. This is also very important specifically for children, because they usually lead an active lifestyle and, due to their age, may not fully understand what threatens violation of the rules for wearing contact lenses (for example, getting into eyes with dirty hands).
Finally, children usually spend the night at home and are under the control of their parents, which ensures timely and correct putting on and removing Ortho-K lenses, as well as timely contact with a specialist for follow-up care.
How night lenses work
The human cornea is covered on the outside with several layers of integument cells. When a myope wear an Ortho-K lens (shown in orange), it creates hydraulic forces that cause the epithelium to change shape (shown by yellow arrows). As a result, in the center of the cornea, the number of layers of the epithelium decreases by 1—2, and on the periphery, it increases by 1—2. The central part of the cornea becomes flatter, its optical power decreases, the image focuses on the retina, and the person sees well. This new form of the cornea and good vision persist for some time (until a deep evening or longer), then the effect begins to decrease slowly. If you do not wear a lens, the corneal epithelium gradually restores its former structure, and initial myopia returns.
Hyperopia and astigmatism are corrected by a similar mechanism. For this, other designs of Ortho-K lenses are used that make the cornea in the center more “steep” (convex) or reduce its toricity (toricity is the geometry of the cornea with astigmatism).


Revo Sunglasses :: 5 left in stock Aug 2018
Made in ITALY
- Acetate frames
- Ideal for sports and active living
- Lightweight frames are ideal for withstanding extreme temperature conditions
- NEOPHAN GLASS lenses filters light waves naturally, enhancing color and heightening contrast. This means you get even brighter color and sharper vision through a wafer-thin lightweight 1.8mm lens
- All Revo lenses are equipped with polarizing filters to protect your eyes from reflected glare from water, snow, sand, or road surfaces, giving you perfect vision, wherever you are
- Revo’s revolutionary Oleophobic coating is more than simply water resistant: it also repels all oil-based substances, including grease, oil and make-up. Non-smudge lenses that are quick and easy to clean
- The Revo gradient flash mirror system maximizes protection against direct glare, its so subtle, you won’t know its there
- Six layers of anti-reflective coating on the back of the lens eliminate bounce-back glare, preventing irritating light interference, ensuring total comfort
- Revo lenses filter up to 90% of blue light waves. They are designed to allow the necessary amount of blue light to enable clear color definition, while blocking the dangerous waves that can cause blue blur, hazy vision and eye strain
- Help protect the eyes from strong sunlight that can harm the conjunctivae and corneas of the eyes
- Sunglasses are the most widely available ophthalmic devices sold over the counter that are regulated by the FDA.
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At present, the electricity consumed by lighting accounts for about 20% of the entire electricity consumption. Reducing the electricity consumption for lighting is an important way to save energy. In order to achieve this goal, the industry has researched and developed a variety of energy-saving lighting appliances, and achieved certain results. However, the requirements for “green lighting” are still far away, and it is imperative to develop and apply new types of light sources that are more efficient, reliable, safe, and durable.
As an emerging green energy, solar energy has been quickly promoted and applied with its unparalleled advantages. As the fourth-generation new light source LED, it has been effectively used in urban lighting and beautification, road lighting, courtyard lighting, indoor lighting and other lighting applications in various fields. Solar LED lighting systems, especially in remote areas without electricity, solar LED lighting systems have a wide range of application prospects.
With economic development, China’s lighting power consumption will be greatly increased, and the research and application of green energy-saving lighting will receive more and more attention.
As a cold light source product, solar LED lighting system has the characteristics of high cost performance, green environmental protection, safety and reliability, stable quality, long service life and simple installation and maintenance. It can be widely used in green space lighting, highway lighting, advertising light box lighting, urban modeling landscape lighting and home lighting systems, but the high one-time investment of solar LED lighting system is the bottleneck of its development.
In the 1990s, semiconductor green lighting has entered a period of real rapid development. A large number of various lighting fixtures combined with solar cells and LEDs have been widely used. The research fields of semiconductor green lighting systems include:
(1) Research on micro-power controllers and high-efficiency LED devices in solar LED lighting systems.
(2) Research on high-efficiency and long-life energy storage technology in solar LED lighting systems.
(3) Research on high-efficiency LED lighting fixtures.
(4) Research on the optimal matching between solar cells and LEDs.
In addition, a dedicated semiconductor lighting control chip was developed, and a module was designed on this basis, as shown in Figure 1, it has solar cells on the front and special semiconductor lighting control chips and LEDs in “soft packaging” on the back. It is particularly suitable for the field of urban landscape lighting, and it is also suitable for road lighting.
At the 15th International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference, Sharp exhibited a solar cell glass curtain wall with LEDs installed on the back of their design. This new type of glass curtain wall composed of solar cells and LEDs is shown in Figure 2.
At present, people’s understanding of semiconductor green lighting is the narrow semiconductor green lighting that stays on LED lighting. Since solar cells are a new semiconductor energy source with great development potential, there is every reason to look at semiconductor green lighting from the system: It should be a semiconductor power generation, a semiconductor control circuit and semiconductor LED light source composed of a pollution-free, the most ideal lighting system for human beings, it can also be called semiconductor green lighting in a broad sense.
The solar cell and the LED need to be connected with a relatively complicated, even very complicated control circuit, and the control circuit is completely completed by semiconductor devices, that is, by countless PN junctions. In the independent semiconductor wall green lighting system, the battery needs to be charged and discharged. In order to meet the low voltage and constant current operating characteristics of the LED, it is also necessary to perform high-efficiency voltage and current conversion and many controls such as automatic switching on the power supply. Therefore, there should be countless PN junctions between the two PN junctions of solar cells and LEDs, which form a real semiconductor green lighting.
Semiconductor green lighting is not only the task of LED R&D and production departments. It should be the common task of silicon materials, battery manufacturing, solar cell module manufacturing, integrated circuit design and manufacturing, semiconductor power device manufacturing, and LED R&D and production departments. Especially the design of application-specific integrated circuits in the system is very important and urgent. The use of universal standard integrated circuits to manufacture semiconductor green lighting fixtures cannot meet the needs of the market in terms of energy saving and price.
As far as solar energy technology is concerned, lighting application is not its main application field, nor is it the field that best reflects its application advantages, but in terms of its manifestation as an energy source, lighting is the most intuitive and easy to be recognized and accepted by the public. However, at the current level, the high cost and low efficiency of solar energy technology as an energy source cannot be avoided. Especially in single lighting applications, if LED technology is not used, solar lighting systems are designed according to conventional methods, often facing its conversion. The electric energy is not enough to supply the embarrassment of the power consumption of the lamps. In this sense, LED has become the first choice for solar lighting applications due to its advantages of low energy consumption under the same visual effect and DC inverter-free during work. The current problems of solar LED lighting systems include:
(1) The efficiency of the solar photovoltaic system. The total efficiency of a solar photovoltaic system is composed of the conversion rate of the battery components, the efficiency of the controller, the efficiency of the battery, and the efficiency of the load. At present, the conversion rate of solar cells is only about 17%, and the efficiency of controllers and storage batteries are much higher than that of solar cells. Therefore, improving the conversion rate of solar cell modules and reducing the unit power cost are the key and difficult points of solar power industrialization.
(2) The capacity of solar cells. At present, it is difficult to use solar-powered LED lighting fixtures for main road lighting. The lighting of main roads on highways has higher illuminance requirements. In terms of the current conversion efficiency and price of solar cells, this requirement cannot be met. However, in the near future, with the improvement of technology, the application of solar LED lighting on the main roads of highways will definitely become popular.
(3) Solar energy storage components. The service life of solar batteries is more than 25 years, and the service life of ordinary batteries is 2 to 3 years, so batteries are the weakest link in solar LED lighting systems. Energy storage capacitors can solve this problem to a certain extent. The service life of the energy storage capacitor can reach more than 10 years, and the control circuit is simple, but the expensive price limits its application. At present, it is only applied to some traffic lights and decorative lights. With the development of technology and economy, it will be one of the most promising ideal energy storage components for solar LED lighting systems.
(4) The quality of solar products. In recent years, solar photovoltaic technology has developed rapidly. However, some products have not formed a series, and the quality is uneven, and there are even many defects in the selection of light sources and circuit design, which reduces the economy and reliability of the products. At the same time, the country lacks corresponding product quality standards and testing systems, which affects the industrialization of solar photovoltaic technology.
(5) As far as LED technology is concerned, entering the general lighting market is its ultimate goal. Among them, due to product performance characteristics, street lamp applications are its most important breakthrough.


Riflescopes, also known as telescopic sights, are attached to rifles and used to provide accurate points of aim for shooting. They consist of a scope base and a scope ring. Some rifles already have built-in scopes, while others use separate scoping devices.
Riflescopes are commonly used in the police and the military. They give maximum advantage to snipers who rely on concealment and stealth to get close to and target their opponents.
Types of Rifle Scopes
Kinds of Rifle Scopes include the following:
Riflescopes with fixed power
Riflescopes with fixed power have a magnification measure that cannot be changed. The most common magnification set of these scopes is 4x-32mm. 4x refers to the magnification power that can zoom an object up to four times its original size, while 32mm refers to the diameter of the objective lens measured in millimeters.
Riflescopes with variable power
Riflescopes with variable power have a magnification measure that can be changed and adjusted.
Most models have power rings at the rear where the magnification adjustments are made.
Choosing Rifle Scopes (Buying tips)
Lens quality: Choose a riflescope made with a high quality lens that produces clear and accurate images. It should have no visible distortions around the edges. For reduced glare and reflection, choose a riflescope with a single-coated lens. It effectively gathers light for a clearer and brighter image. Reticle steadiness: Look for a riflescope made with a reticle that cannot be adjusted easily to prevent unnecessary movements. A riflescope with little or no reticle movement can help you focus at a target even if it is moving.
Light and brightness: Choose a riflescope with a higher objective lens diameter that allows it to gather more light and brighten the view.


Washington: It’s one thing to make an object invisible, like Harry
Potter’s mythical cloak. But scientists have made an entire event
impossible to see. They have invented a time masker.
Think of it as an art heist that takes place before your eyes and
surveillance cameras. You don’t see the thief strolling into the museum,
taking the painting down or walking away, but he did. It’s not just that
the thief is invisible — his whole activity is.
What scientists at Cornell University did was on a much smaller
scale, both in terms of events and time. It happened so quickly that
it’s not even a blink of an eye. Their time cloak lasts an incredibly
tiny fraction of a fraction of a second. They hid an event for 40
trillionths of a second, according to a study appearing in Thursday’s
edition of the journal Nature.
We see events happening as light from them reaches our eyes. Usually
it’s a continuous flow of light. In the new research, however,
scientists were able to interrupt that flow for just an instant.
Other newly created invisibility cloaks fashioned by scientists move
the light beams away in the traditional three dimensions. The Cornell
team alters not where the light flows but how fast it moves, changing in
the dimension of time, not space.
They tinkered with the speed of beams of light in a way that would
make it appear to surveillance cameras or laser security beams that an
event, such as an art heist, isn’t happening.
The scientists created a lens of not just light, but time. Their
method splits light, speeding up one part of light and slowing down
another. It creates a gap and that gap is where an event is masked.
“You kind of create a hole in time where an event takes place,” said
study co-author Alexander Gaeta, director of Cornell’s School of Applied
and Engineering Physics. “You just don’t know that anything ever
This is all happening in beams of light that move too fast for the
human eye to see. Using fiber optics, the hole in time is created as
light moves along inside a fiber much thinner than a human hair. The
scientists shoot the beam of light out, and then with other beams, they
create a time lens that splits the light into two different speed beams
that create the effect of invisibility by being too fast or too slow.
It is the first time that scientists have been able to mask an event
in time, a concept only first theorized by Martin McCall, a professor of
theoretical optics at Imperial College in London.