A number of scientific studies indicate that spending long hours in the sun without eye protection can damage your eyes by contributing to cataract, Glaucoma and other growths on the eye. Sunglasses are an easy solution that makes life more comfortable when outdoors, while also providing critical protection from the sun’s damaging ultraviolet (UV) rays. That is why ophthalmologists suggest you must wear 99 percent and higher UV absorbent sunglasses whenever you're in the sun for long periods of time.
Thankfully, sunglasses don’t have to be expensive to protect your eyes and they can often be found at a local shop. Unfortunately, a high price is not always a guarantee of high quality and protection. You can get confused over the standards and labelling regarding UV protection. Therefore, next time you go out looking for the right sunglasses, keep the following things in mind:
- Look for UV protection: Don’t be deceived by colour, looks or cost. The ability to block UV light is not dependent on the darkness of the lens or the price tag. UV light is absorbed by both plastic and glass lenses. However it can be improved by adding certain chemicals to the lens material during manufacturing or by applying special lens coatings. Always choose sunglasses that are labelled as blocking 99-100% of UV rays.
- Wraparounds: Wraparounds offer added protection. Sunglasses that wrap around the temples prevent the sun’s rays from entering from the sides. Some studies have shown that enough UV rays enter around standard sun-glass frames to reduce the protective benefits of the lenses.
- Ensure they block enough sunlight: Sunglasses should screen out 75-90% of visible light. To determine if a pair is dark enough, try the glasses on in front of a mirror. If you can see your eyes easily through the lenses, they probably are too light.
- Check the quality of lenses: Look for a uniform tint, not darker in one area than in another. To check the quality of lenses, hold the glasses at arm’s length and then look through them at a straight line in the distance. Slowly move the lens across the line. If the straight edge distorts or curves, the lens is flawed.
Remember, sunglasses cannot protect your eyes from certain intense light sources. Arc welding, tanning
lights, gazing directly at the sun especially during a solar eclipse, can severely damage your eyes. Looking at any of these light sources without proper protection can cause a permanent loss of central vision
. Your ophthalmologist can recommend the appropriate measures to take to protect your eyes in special situations.


he graphite Lytro 8GB Light Field Digital Camera from Lytro is a compact camera that utilizes the Light Field sensor and the Light Field Engine 2.0 for image capture and processing. Through an 8x optical zoom lens with constant f/2 aperture it records light traveling in every direction throughout a scene, not only along 2 axes, and creates HD-quality "living" pictures in which the focus point is to be determined after you have shot the image. In addition to adjusting focus points on an image, you can change the point of perspective slightly to the left, right, up or down.
Touchscreen technology allows you to determine the point of focus with just a tap on the camera's LCD monitor or, after the image is transferred to your computer, by clicking on the spot in your image where you want focus. If you decide that you prefer focus on another part of the image, click on that spot in the original image (.lfp file) and save. There is no limit to the adjustments you can make. To print an image, save it as a standard 1080 x 1080 jpeg file.
As the Lytro has a constant f/2.0 aperture, you can control light intake by adjusting ISO sensitivity between 80-3200 and shutter speed between 1/250 and 8 seconds. Adjustments are made on the touchscreen. Exposure lock is supported and an integrated ND filter enables further exposure control to -4 equivalent f/stops. The display is a 1.52" back-lit LCD with a glass touchscreen that provides composition and playback viewing and touch control for almost all camera functions. Optical zoom is controlled by a touch sensitive slider on top of the camera body. Because there is no focusing, there is no shutter lag.
Lytro offers two modes: Everyday Mode and Creative Mode. In Everyday Mode the refocus range is set by the camera, but Creative Mode allows you to set the primary point of focus with a tap on the touchscreen and establish a wider refocus range. It also allows full use of the 8x optical zoom enabling close-up shots with a minimum focus distance of virtually zero and an ability to use the longer focal lengths for creative portraits with blurred backgrounds. Living Filters offers nine interactive filters for expressive touches such as Film Noir, Carnival, Mosaic and 8-Track, which adds a 1970's vignetted look to your photo.
The camera itself is extremely compact and lightweight (7.5 oz) with an anodized aluminum body and silicone rubber grip. Images are stored on the internal 8GB flash drive, which holds 350 pictures, and are imported to your computer with the free Lytro Desktop app via an included micro-USB cable. Photos can be easily posted on the Lytro webpage and to Facebook where they can be viewed in the same interactive manner as on your own computer or device. A firmware update and the Lytro Mobile App are also available to allow existing and future Lytro Camera owners the ability to upload photos to their iOS device and share them directly from their phone or tablet.


This IMI Defense quick detach 0.75” and 1” Light Mount TLM is a lightweight construction and gives a secure and stable platform to mount flashlights. Made of high quality fiber reinforced polymer compound material to stand up to the rigors of duty.
Quick Detach Mount from IMI Defense is reliable for tactical operation, providing a secure mount that will never falter. The TLM1 Tactical Light Side Mount is designed to provide a light-weight and versatile option to mount a flashlight onto any Picatinny rail system and will allow to mount most lights with a 0.75” or 1″ diameter. Depending on your mounting preferences, the TLM can be mounted in such a way that the light can be activated using a tape switch or it can be mounted in such a manner allowing to activate the light using the push button on the back of the light. The TLM Tactical Side Light Picatinny Rail Mount is impervious to most chemicals, solvents and oils and its highly advanced thermoplastics will not shrink. With the high quality and innovative design that you expect from IMI Defense product, the TLM Tactical Side Light Picatinny Rail Mount will keep you in the light and out of the dark.


FX-E - Practical Fibre Optics and Interfacing Techniques to Industrial Ethernet and Wireless
This manual will provide you with the necessary background to understand the fundamentals of fibre optic systems and their individual components including fibres, cable construction, connectors, splices and optical sources and detectors. Various pitfalls associated with the implementation of fibre optic systems are discussed and workable solutions to these problems are provided. It will provide you with the knowledge to develop the required techniques for design, installation and maintenance of fibre optic systems.
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Practical Fibre Optics and Interfacing Techniques to Industrial Ethernet and Wireless - Introduction
The rapidly changing face of data communications and telecommunications has seen a continued growth in the need to transfer enormous amounts of information across large distances. The technologies that were used extensively in the past say 20 years, such as coaxial cable, satellite and microwave radio for transferring information were, very quickly running out of capacity. The demand for transmission capacity was far outstripping its availability.
There was a growing requirement to provide a communications medium that was more suitable to the noisy industrial environment where the need for data communications and networking of control systems was rapidly expanding. With the introduction of fibre optic communications systems, the solution to the problems of transmission capacity shortage and to noisy industrial environments has been successfully found.
An optical fibre is simply a very thin piece of glass which acts as a pipe, through which light can pass. The light that is passed down the glass fibre can be turned on and off to represent digital information or it can be gradually changed in amplitude, frequency, or phase to represent analog information.
Fibre optic transmission has become one of the most exciting and rapidly changing fields in telecommunications engineering. To most of us, who have not previously encountered this technology, it can look like a form of black magic and one that is best left to experts. However, in reality it is a relatively simple communications technology. Compared to copper cable transmission and particularly radio and microwave transmission (which really are black magic!), fibre optic transmission systems are far easier to design and understand.
Fibre optic transmission systems have many advantages over more conventional transmission systems. They are less affected by noise, do not conduct electricity and therefore provide electrical isolation, carry extremely high data transmission rates and carry data over very long distances. These and other advantages are discussed in detail throughout this book.
Fibre optic transmission systems are not perfect and there are difficulties involved in designing, implementing, and operating fibre optic communications systems. This book is designed to provide a thorough background to fibre optic communications systems and to illustrate the design and installation of these systems. The many pitfalls associated with the implementation of fibre optic systems are discussed and workable solutions to these problems are provided.
The objective of this book is to provide a thorough, detailed, and practical reference to the reader. It contains information that is of practical use and avoids the trap many texts on the subject fall into of getting involved in the maze of technical and mathematical irrelevance.
A brief overview of the basic concepts involved in fibre optic communications, historical background to fibre optics and a comparison of copper and optical fibre transmission mediums is provided in this chapter.
1.1 Historical background to fibre optics
Fibre optic technology did not advance enough to be a commercially viable proposition for communication purposes until the 1980s. However, there were evolving international telecommunications standards that were predicting very high data rate requirements. Although transmission capacity could be obtained from conventional cable, microwave and satellite technologies, there was a definite shortage of transmission capacity for the term data transfer requirements. Fibre optic transmission systems have provided the enormous capacity required overcoming the potentially disastrous short falls.
A brief chronological description of the main events in the technological history that have shaped the development of fibre optic communications is given here:
Prehistoric Early societies used signal fires to send digital messages to distant locations. Polybious, a Greek mathematician, developed a method of sending characters using fires by setting up a matrix of characters where one set of fires represented rows of the matrix and the other set represented the columns of the matrix.
1700 Isaac Newton discovered the diffraction of light and that light is constructed of a spectrum of many different colors.
1790 French engineer Claude Chappe developed the first optical telegraph system using semaphores. Messages were relayed from one hill to the next using moving semaphore arms.
1800 William Herschel discovered that a certain part of the spectrum of light contained infrared energy. French mathematician Augustine Fresnel developed the first mathematical model to explain the properties of light. His proposal was based on the premise that light is constructed of sinusoidal waves. Physicist James Maxwell laid the foundations for the development of the study of light transmission in the form of electromagnetic waves. Maxwell’s equations are still used to explain the behavior of radio and light waves in transmission systems.
1854 British physicist John Tyndall set up an experiment whereby he passed light down a beam of water, demonstrating the transmission of a signal by total internal reflection.
1880 The famous inventor Alexander Bell invented a device called Photophone, which contained a membrane made of reflective material. When sound caused photophone to vibrate, it would modulate a light beam that was shining on it and reflect this light to a distant location. The reflected light could then be demodulated using another photophone. Applying this method, Bell was able to communicate to a maximum distance of 213 meters. American engineer William Wheeler designed a lighting system for a building that was based on a series of pipes and ducting. Light was injected into one end and the internal reflection through pipes carried the light rays to a number of pipe ends that emanated in rooms where the light was to be diffused. Although the system would probably have never worked efficiently, the idea was sound and eventually led to the advent of fibre optic communications.
1907 A chemist named Round discovered that by forward biasing different types of silicon carbide crystals, they emitted yellow, green, orange, or blue light.
1910 Two physicists, Hondros and Deybe, published an important paper on the transmission of electromagnetic waves in dielectric solids.
1923 Lossew, a physicist, developed the light emitting diode (LED)
1927 Baird, an engineer, proposed the use of uncoated fibres to transmit images for television purposes.
1934 AT & T engineer Norman French first patented the idea of transmitting communications signals down a thin piece of glass. At that time, there were no transparent materials available with sufficiently low attenuation to make the technology feasible.
1955 An RCA engineer Braunstein developed a device made of gallium arsenate that emitted an infrared signal.
1956 NS Kapany, an American company, first used the term ‘fibre optics’. It has the credit of having invented the glass rod for the first time.
1960 Theodore Maiman, an engineer from Hughes Aircraft, developed the first operating gas laser. IBM, General Electric, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology all virtually simultaneously developed injection laser diodes.
1966 Two researchers at STL in Harlow developed a glass fibre that had an attenuation of approximately 1000 dB/km.
1970 The Corning Glass Works company developed a technique for manufacturing glass fibres that exhibited an attenuation of 20 dB/km. Bell laboratories, RCA, and scientists in the then Soviet Union developed continuous operation semiconductor injection lasers.
1972 Signal attenuation in optical fibres was reduced to 4 dB/km.
1976 Rediffusion installed the first commercial fibre optic system for transmission of analog television signals.
1980 Fibre optic communication systems became commercially available.
1.2 Comparison of fibre optic and copper cabling systems
Fibre optic technology will definitely be used in the future as the main medium for information transmission. It is one of the reasons for the massive increase in international telecommunications and arguably the perception of the apparent ‘shrinking planet’. This technology has been the backbone that has enabled the Internet to become the incredible information medium it is today. However, contrary to popular belief, it is not everything to all people. There are still many limitations to fibre optic systems and many challenges yet to overcome.
Before discussing the theory of fibre optic transmission, this section will compare copper cables to fibre cables and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of using each.
Fibre optic cables have enormous bandwidth with transmission speeds up to 40 Gbps operating today and over 100 Gbps is expected in the near future. The factors presently limiting an increase in data speeds are: firstly, the time responses of the source and detectors are slow compared to the pulse periods for high data rates; secondly, the wavelength of light is close enough to the pulse period to cause differentiation problems at the detectors. Methods of multiplexing several wavelengths onto one fibre (referred to as wave division multiplexing (WDM)) increase combined transmission speeds over a single fibre to over several Tbps.
To provide a feel for what this represents in terms of information transfer, a fibre optic link operating at approximately 1 Gbps per second can carry over 30 000 compressed audio telephone calls simultaneously. A link operating at 30 Gbps can carry up to 1 million telephone calls simultaneously on a single glass fibre!
Coaxial cables with diameters of up to 8 cm can carry speeds reaching 1 Gbps over distances of 10 km. The limiting factor is the very high cost of copper.
Significant research is presently going on into increasing transmission speeds on twisted pair cables. Speeds of 100 Mbps are now quite common in many local area networks. Commercial systems are also available that operate up to 1 Gbps. Laboratory tests have successfully been carried out at 10 Gbps and products are nearing commercial release. The reason for such active development in this area is to make use of the over abundance of twisted pair cable infrastructure already installed and hence provide significant cost savings associated with trenching, ducting and laying of new fibre optic cables. For this reason, twisted pair cable technology is presently very competitive compared to fibre optic technology as both have many common applications.
Fibre optic cables are completely unaffected by electromagnetic interference (EMI), radio frequency interference (RFI), lightning and high voltage switching. They do not suffer from capacitive or inductive coupling problems. If designed correctly, fibre optic cables should be unaffected by nuclear magnetic pulses from nuclear explosions, and they should be unaffected by background nuclear radiation. (The greater majority of the population will be comforted by this knowledge after a nuclear war!)
As an adjunct to this fact, fibre optic cables do not emit any electromagnetic interference or radio frequency interference. This characteristic is very important in the areas of computing, video, and audio, where low noise environments are increasingly more vital for increased performance and production quality.
Copper cables are affected by external interference. Depending on the type of cable and the amount of shielding around the cable, they are affected to varying degrees by EMI and RFI through inductive, capacitive, and resistive coupling. Copper cable-based communications systems are permanently destroyed by nuclear magnetic pulses.
Copper cables also emit electromagnetic radiation, which can cause interference to other copper cable-based communications systems. The amount of radiation they emit depends on the magnitude of the signal they are carrying and the quality of the shielding.
1.2.3 Electrical isolation
Fibre optic cables provide complete galvanic isolation between both ends of the cable. The characteristic of non-conductivity of fibres makes the cables immune to voltage surges. This eliminates interference that may be caused from ground loops, common mode voltages, as well as shifts and shorts in ground potential. The fibre optic cable acts like a long opto-isolator. A further advantage is that because optical fibres do not emit radiation and are not affected by interference, there is no cross talk between cables (that is, emission of radiation from one communications cable interfering with another cable, which is running next to it).
Copper cables, simply working in their designed purpose, provide an electrical connection between both their ends. Therefore, they are susceptible to ground loops, common mode voltages, and ground potential variations. They will also suffer from potential cross talk problems.
1.2.4 Transmission distances
As for cheap simple fibre optic systems, distances up to 5 km between repeaters are possible. For high-grade commercial systems, distances up to 300 km between repeaters are now readily available. Systems have been installed between two end points (where repeaters were not required) for distances upto 400 km. Distances close to 1000 km have been achieved in the laboratory but have not made it into the commercial world as yet. A European company has claimed that it is presently developing a fibre cable that could be laid completely around the larger diameter of the earth, and without any repeaters, and can carry a signal from one end to the other! How is this possible? Using a slightly radioactive cladding, the incoming low energy light photons excite electrons in the cladding, which in turn release higher energy light photons. Thus, a form of self-amplification occurs. The chapters that follow will help the reader to understand these terms.
Distances upto 2.4 km between repeaters at data speeds of 4 Mbps are commercially available as for twisted cables. Distances upto 25 km between repeaters at speeds of less than 1 Mbps are possible in case of coaxial cables.
1.2.5 Size and weight
Compared to all other data transmission cables, fibre optic cables are extremely lightweight and very small in diameter. A four-core fibre optic cable will weigh approximately 240 kg/km and a 36-core fibre optic cable will weigh only about 3 kg more. Because of their small size compared to copper cables of the same transmission capacity, they are generally easier to install in existing conduits, and installation time and cost are generally reduced since they are light in weight and easier to handle.
Copper cable might weigh from 800 kg/km for a 36 twisted pair sheathed cable to 5 tons for a kilometer of high quality large diameter coaxial cable.
1.2.6 Use in hazardous gas areas
Multimode fibres operating with LED light sources are suitable for use in hazardous gas areas. Until recently, it was thought that all fibres were suitable for use in hazardous areas; research has however, shown that certain fibre links with powerful light sources (lasers) can raise the temperature of a metal surface they are shining on to the point of gas ignition or, they may cause sparks under certain conditions.
Unless copper cable transmission systems are very stringently designed and adhere to strict intrinsic safety standards, they are not suitable for use in hazardous gas areas. Copper cables that are carrying even small currents can form sparks or arc between cables, unless current limiting controls are applied to the transmission circuits.
It is almost impossible to hook across a fibre optic cable and ‘bug’ the data transmission. The fibres have to be physically tapped to extract the data, which will decrease signal levels and increase error rates, both of which are easily detected. With presently available technology, fibre optic systems are considered highly secure systems. It is anticipated that this will change in the near future, as methods of multidropping of fibres improve.
Tapping into a copper cable transmission system is simply a matter of hooking across the cable with an equivalent high impedance cable. Copper cables are not considered highly secure systems.
1.2.8 Multidropping for LANs
At present, there are a few methods of multidropping from a fibre optic transmission system, but they are not very effective. They are difficult to implement, and are very costly. Significant research is presently being undertaken into this area but cost effective systems are probably still some years away.
Optical fibre cables are also difficult to install, delicate and must be kept clear of possible physical stress that may damage them.
Multidrop copper-based systems are commonplace, simple to install and are very cost effective. Twisted pair cables, in particular, are cheap, easy to install and terminate, reliable and robust.
1.2.9 Jointing and connectors
Jointing of optical fibres is relatively difficult and requires specialized training and tools. These days, most short distance cables are bought pre-terminated, where machines in factories apply the terminations. The costs of connectors and tools are relatively high.
Jointing of twisted pair cables is comparatively easy and relatively cheap. Coaxial cables can be difficult to terminate and components are relatively expensive but not to the extent of fibre optic systems.
1.2.10 Terminal equipment
The biggest single factor limiting the mass distribution of fibre optic systems is the very high costs of the terminal transmission and receiving equipment. For high-speed systems, the costs can be between four and ten times those of equivalent copper-based systems. Slower speed systems are gradually reducing in cost but are still generally slightly more expensive than their equivalent copper-based systems.
The electronics of the terminal equipment for copper-based systems is significantly easier to design and manufacture than fibre optic terminal equipment and is therefore, significantly cheaper.
1.2.11 Test equipment and testing (fibre and copper)
Both fibre optic and copper system test equipment is complicated and generally very cumbersome and expensive. The only exception is in copper systems that have low speed transmission links.


The ideal situation for anyone wanting to do macro or close-up photography is a nice expensive macro lens allowing you to shoot really close up. But for the rest this leaves you begging and only dreaming of those wonderful worlds within worlds. There is an answer, macro accessories.
For a long time macros was the domain of those that had lots of money but with digital this has all changed. Even compact digital cameras will give you a fairly decent close-up image. Before we continue let me state that true macro is a 1:1 ratio. That means that if a bee measures 15mm then it will take up 15mm on your digital sensor. Most accessories and lenses with a macro feature will only give you a 1:2 ratio or in other words, half the size of the actual subject.
So what accessories are there for macro photography?
1. Extension tubes
The most effective and versatile alternative to a macro lens are manual extension tubes. These fit between the lens and the body of the camera, increasing the distance between the lens and the digital sensor. This results in an increase in magnification. This is a relatively low cost alternative. For a little more money you can buy extension tubes that have the electronic contacts for autofocus and exposure metering.
2. Close-up filters
These little filters that screw on to the end of your lens increase the magnification of the lens. Not as good as extension tubes but still a lower cost alternative. These were the first macro accessories I ever purchased and they served me well. They come in threes, +1, +2 and +3 and can be used singly or altogether for maximum magnification.
Bellows offer really great magnification but they do have limited features due to the fact that they aren’t electronic. As a manual accessory they give a greater magnification than extension tubes. They aren’t so popular these days but are still a reasonably priced accessory that will give you great service and help produce outstanding images. They can be used with many of your lenses.
4. Reversing rings
A reversing ring is an adapter that allows you to connect the lens to the camera in reverse by screwing the attachment on the filter thread at the front of the lens. The lens is completely reversed. You can use this on any lens. It is a manual accessory as the camera can no longer communicate with the lens.
5. Ring flash
The final accessory is a flash and doesn’t help with the magnification. With the close working distances involved in macro you can’t use a flash mounted on the camera. So what is necessary is a round flash mounted on the front of the actual lens. This gives great lighting from around the lens and not one big flash from above. They are quite expensive but are a great solution to lighting problems connected with close-up photography.
As you learn digital photography and get to grips with macro you will realise that each of these accessories has its limitations and never truly replaces a high quality dedicated macro lens. But, if you want to experience macro photography on a budget before spending a lot of money, then these tips are for you. Happy shooting!


Lens Physics Ideas
It is composed of glass or plastic etc.. From the front part of the camera, the little hole (the aperture), would be viewed. A large selection of optical glasses are at present readily available to lens designers. Corrective glasses for nearsightedness focus the light to make an image closer to the individual's eye so they can see it. www.domyhomeworkfor.me This lens has a far shorter focal length, therefore it shrinks the scene before you. Moreover, when used for these cutting applications, plano-convex lenses also have been demonstrated to present a larger depth of field that's required to keep up a taperless edge.
When utilizing a microscope we don't observe the whole degree of the sample. The front element is vital to the functioning of the whole assembly. Hence most specimens should be illuminated, particularly at higher magnifications, when observing details which are so small they reflect only small quantities of light. In order to comprehend how a lens works, you will need to understand a bit about how light behaves in passing from 1 material to another.
The Fundamentals of Lens Physics Revealed
In the above mentioned examples, we show how to locate this info. This isn't an instance of the work generated by our Essay Writing Service. Within this lesson, we'll observe a similar system for constructing ray diagrams for double concave lenses.
Whatever They Told You About Lens Physics Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why
Aim To discover the focal length of a concave lens by means of a convex lens. Lenses can bend light as a result of a phenomenon called refraction.
This 1 path is going to be the exact same for each lens individually as well as for the combo of lenses. Professional cameras allow you to attach unique lenses so that you may observe the scene at various magnifications.
Where to Find Lens Physics
Actually, wide angle can be the only means to capture the whole setting without omitting any essential elements in the image. help me do my homework Thus the simple idea of any camera is to assemble light, and record it on some type of photosensitive objectfilm, in the instance of older cameras, and photo sensors, in the instance of digital ones. Like the term lens, the term focus first begun to appear in scientific writing in the 17th century. The HP-67 was an outstanding case of the issue. Should you need any assistance, don't hesitate to leave a comment below.
Things You Won't Like About Lens Physics and Things You Will
Start out with an image of nearby object which you're ready to focus. Mirrors reflect light and create images in a way like a lens, based on where an object can be found concerning a mirror. See this site to find out more on how the Hubble works.
Ray diagrams may be used to decide on the image place, size, orientation and kind of image formed of objects when placed at a specific location facing a lens. Since light does not really pass through this point, the image is called a digital image. You'll also realize that your image is upside down. The image is just a vertical line. The image of an object is discovered to be upright and reduced in proportion. The very first image formed by means of a telescope objective as seen in Figure 1b won't be large compared with what you might see by taking a look at the object directly.
This must be carried out very carefully. Field curvature is seldom totally eliminated, but it's often hard to detect edge curvature with the majority of plan-corrected objectives. Coma is often believed to be the most problematic aberration because of the asymmetry it produces in images. Refracting telescopes can be available in many unique configurations to correct for image orientation and varieties of aberration. And there are two major shapes we will need to look at. Locate the mean value of the focal length for all of the observations for various objects.
The image location is found by tracing all light rays backwards till they intersect. The electron microscope demands vacuum chambers so the electrons can proceed unheeded. As the rules are applied in the building of ray diagrams, remember the simple fact that Snells' Law of refraction of light holds for every one of these rays. A microscope arrangement is shown below, in addition to the ray diagram showing the way the very first lens produces a true image.
Simply take a look at some photography basics, learn the way your camera works, and how that can enable you to take superior pictures. We are going to be promoting as well. This is called the Cartesian convention.
The level of convergence or divergence is dependent on the focal length of the lens. That depends upon your present position. It is one of the two foci of the lens.
The magnification made by the eyepiece is 5. This leads to a growth in the apparent angular dimensions and is accountable for the perceived magnification. It is to magnify small objects, and both lenses contribute to the final magnification. To determine the image distance, it will have to be used. To decide on the image height, the magnification equation is necessary.


Praying mantises are badass hunters. Although famed for their ability to catch prey many times heavier than themselves, there’s not much research on the efficiency of mantis vision, or indeed on insect sight in general.
To help see the world through the eyes of an insect, scientists have been giving praying mantises 3D glasses to see if they are capable of stereopsis – the ability to perceive depth and view the world in three dimensions – and if this is what makes mantises such effective predators. Along with this, the findings from these funky bugs hope to help develop depth-perception “sight” in robots.
The study conducted at Newcastle University had its findings published in Nature this week.
Using beeswax to attach the glasses, they fitted the praying mantises with two separate 7-milimeter blue and green lenses. They didn’t use the more iconic red and blue lenses we’re probably more used to, as red light is poorly visible to mantises.
The insects were then placed into their very own 3D insect cinema. Upon the screen they played swirling images designed to provoke them into thinking there was prey up for grabs.
Acting as if they were amid a real hunt, when wearing the 3D glasses the mantises believed the stimulus was prey and begun to strike at the LED screen. When they weren’t wearing the lenses and were confronted with the 2D stimulus, they didn’t bother to attack the screen. These findings neatly show that some insects can see in 3D and praying mantises heavily rely on three-dimensional vision to survive.
"Despite their minute brains, mantises are sophisticated visual hunters which can capture prey with terrifying efficiency," said study leader Jenny Read in a press release. "We can learn a lot by studying how they perceive the world."
"Better understanding of their simpler processing systems helps us understand how 3D vision evolved, and could lead to possible new algorithms for 3D depth perception in computers".


Sony launches FX3 Full-Frame Camera with an eye on content creators
Sony has officially announced the FX3 (model ILME-FX3) camera that combines the best of Sony’s industry-leading digital cinema technology with advanced imaging features from Alpha™ mirrorless cameras to create the ultimate cinematic look.
As the latest addition to Sony’s Cinema Line, the FX3 delivers a cinematic look and professional operability and reliability all in one device that answers the needs of young creators who are looking for new ways to express their creative vision.
The new model provides outstanding image quality and usability for small scale and one-person shooting.
The FX3 boasts first-class focus performance, optical image stabilisation, handheld shooting design and advanced heat dissipation for extended recording times.
All this in a compact, lightweight body that provides the performance and mobility to meet the growing demands of today’s content creators.
Yann Salmon Legagneur, Director of Product Marketing, Digital Imaging, Sony Europe: “The FX3 was designed to turn creative vision into reality. It allows creators to bring their visual expression into the world of cinema through immersive content. We will continue to support the world’s creators through Sony’s Cinema Line Series.”
The FX3 flaunts Sony’s industry-leading image sensor technology to achieve high processing speeds and outstanding image quality. The full-frame, back-illuminated Exmor R CMOS sensor full-frame 10.2 megapixel(approx. effective) count for movie recording (and 12.1 effective megapixels for stills) and the BIONZ XR image processing engine team up to ensure high sensitivity with low noise.
The standard ISO range is 80 to 102,400 (expandable to 409,600 when shooting a movie), and dynamic range is an impressively wide 15+ stops.
In response to a growing need for more expressive depth, the FX3, along with FX9 and FX6 Cinema Line cameras, allows users to create a cinematic look without post-production using S-Cinetone. Based on the colour science inspired by Sony’s flagship VENICE camera, S-Cinetone delivers natural mid-tones, plus soft colours and smooth highlights that are essential to cinematic look.
Create movies with in-camera 4K recording at up to 120 frames per second.
Extraordinarily smooth slow-motion imagery (up to 5x) at QFHD (3840 x 2160) resolution with autofocus provides new expressive capability.
Designed for Comfortable Solo-Shooting
The most compact and lightweight Cinema Line camera is ideal for handheld shooting, gimbal and drone-mounted work. It weighs just 715 grams, including the battery and memory cards, and the body is 77.8 mm high, 129.7 mm wide and 84.5 mm deep – without protrusions. The camera grip has been carefully designed to provide optimum flexibility, stability and comfort for long shoots.
Designed for mobility and efficiency, the FX3’s body features five thread holes (1/4-20 UNC) to easily attach compatible accessories while remaining light enough for handheld shooting and making it easy to carry and set up.
The supplied XLR handle unit securely attaches to the body via the Multi Interface Shoe without any special tools and provides three additional thread holes for accessories: two on the top and one on the end. External monitors, recorders, wireless microphone receivers, the accessory shoe kit (cold shoe plate), or other add-ons can be securely attached.
To enable high quality audio, the XLR handle unit includes two XLR/TRS audio inputs to the FX3. With an optional XLR microphone, digital audio data can be directly transferred to the camera for outstanding audio quality.
Camera settings provide audio recording formats, including 4-channel 24-bit recording. Because the XLR adaptor is integrated into the handle and does not require any additional cables or batteries, it offers stress-free set up.
The FX3 offers Fast Hybrid autofocus (AF) by using the 627 points focal plane phase-detection system during movie recording.
The camera is further enhanced with Touch Tracking (Real-time Tracking) where simply touching the desired subject on the monitor screen initiates auto focus and tracking on that subject.
Precise and smooth focus is maintained with Real-time Eye AF – technology that pinpoints eye even when subjects are looking down or up at steep angles. Additionally, other AF features have been included and refined in response to feedback from professional users, including AF Transition Speed, AF Subject Shift Sensitivity, intuitive control and AF support when focusing manually. These AF features have been implemented in the FX3 to ensure stable, flexible and precise focusing in any situation and are easy to operate for solo shoots.
The FX3 features 5-axis optical in-body image stabilisation - highly effective for handheld shooting. A high precision stabilisation unit and gyro sensors have made it possible to provide an Active Mode that is dedicated to movie shooting in each format, including 4K.
In-body image stabilisation means that effective stabilisation can be achieved with a wide range of lenses, including E-mount lenses that do not include stabilisation of their own. In addition, the FX3 records image stabilisation metadata that can be done more practical adjustment during post-production using Catalyst Browse/Prepare.


This modular product has the following content:1 × Secabo Crosslaser Basic Unit1 × Secabo Stand Basic Unit1 × Secabo 500mm Rod1 × Secabo Screws Bag for Transfer Extension Modules Do you actually know how easy it is to use the new Secabo Crosslaser? For example, the single cross laser table version.Connect the base piece to the desired rod, available in 500mm or 300mm, of course you can vary the height that is comfortable for you. Then clip on the laser diode and tighten it. To make sure nothing bothers you, you can secure everything with the included cable ties and you're ready to go!The nice thing about the Secabo cross laser system is that you can now reorder more rods if you need more height, or even an intermediate rod for a second laser. All products from the Secabo cross laser system can be expanded if desired and as needed. Secabo cross laser modular accessory system for transfer pressesFor even more flexibility and precision in hot transfer: a cross laser suitable for all Secabo transfer presses! The new modular cross lasers from Secabo offer you unprecedented convenience in textile finishing. The Secabo cross laser system can help you, for example, to optimally position the desired transfer objects and to achieve consistent results with higher print runs. With Secabo's flexible cross lasers, textiles and other objects as well as transfer elements such as flex foils, sublimation papers and the like can be positioned easily and reproducibly. Secabo has developed a modular system here that is suitable for almost all Secabo transfer presses. Whether you want to use the table version, stand version or in combination with our Accessory Holder the laser directly at the transfer press.Here your possibilities are extremely variable, because by the different bar lengths and cross bars you can adapt everything to your workplace accordingly. The new laser can be focused even more precisely, which is particularly interesting for hot transfers in series production, as it makes it much easier to position the transfer objects exactly in almost all transfer press types. Like all Secabo products, these new products have been tested in accordance with current safety standards and come with a 24-month warranty. Features all transfer presses can be retrofitted with the cross laser systemmodular design for optimal workflowmore precise positioning due to exact laser focusdesk and floor standing version available Safety instructions!Do not look into the laser beamDo not look into the direct reflections of the laser beamDo not use at eye level.
|dimensions||15cm x 20cm x 50cm|


NEW Now also for rotary dies
The CITO LaserInspektor is a unique measuring instrument with specially developed software for measuring and optimizing laser cuts in stamping/cutting tools.
In close cooperation with Koskisen (a manufacturer of high-quality cutting die wood) and Polytronic (the largest and most important die manufacturer in Finland), CITO has now succeeded in further developing the existing version of the CITO LaserInspector and making it available for other applications.
From now on, it is possible to measure laser cuts not only in flatbed dies, but also in rotary half-shells. CITO now offers a special adapter for rotary half shelves for this purpose.
Use of the CITO LaserInspector during the production process enables optimized production parameters and thus contributes significantly to ensuring a consistently high stamping/cutting tool quality!
Thanks to their defined specifications, cuts are always uniform, irrespective of the user, which leads to a significant improvement in quality. The CITO LaserInspektor guarantees a consistent production flow and effective use of materials and labour resources.
For more information see CITO LaserInspektor.


OASIS Interface for Leica Microsystems SmartMove Controller
OI-SNP SmartMove Interface Card for OASIS-4i
The Leica Microsystems SmartMove device provides an ergonomic manual input controller for automated XY stage and Z focus movement, used with the Leica Microsystems range of automated microscope stands.
Objective Imaging's OI-SNP interface card allows the SmartMove to be used with standard 3rd party stages and focus adaptors that are controlled via the OASIS-4i controller.
The OI-SNP allows each axis of the SmartMove to be independently configured for use with either built-in microscope control or OASIS-4i control.
Examples of configurations possible with the OI-SNP:
- Leica DMIRE2 microscope fitted with a Prior motorized stage. By using the OI-SNP, the Prior XY stage is controlled using the XY hand controls on the SmartMove, while the Z control of the SmartMove controls the built-in DM focus motor
- A manual microscope with retrofitted Ludl XY stage and Ludl focus motorization and OASIS-4i controller card. The OI-SNP permits full XY stage and Z focus control via the SmartMove controller.
- Independent configuration of each axis to allow pass-through operation of any axis to Leica microscope or OASIS-4i controller
- Fully compatible with Leica Microsystems CTRMIC microscope interface
- Allows SmartMove controller to be used with 3rd party stages and focus drives such as Ludl, Marzhauser, Prior, and Semprex
- Allows standard Objective Imaging joystick unit to be used in conjunction with SmartMove


This item ships directly from our warehouse in Texas. Item ships 2-5 days after ordering. Please select free shipping option during checkout.
What it does:
The Trijicon Miniature Rifle Optic (MRO®) is a reflex-style, sealed sight intended for use on rifles, carbines, and shotguns to provide fast target acquisition. It is designed to be used with both eyes open, providing the operator with maximum situational awareness.
The large aperture and tapered light path maximizes the viewing area in such a small optic, allowing for fast target engagement – especially from non-standard shooting positions. Advanced lens coatings and electronics produce a crisp red dot.
The brightness control dial on the MRO is specifically designed for ambidextrous usage. With a mid-adjustment “off” position and eight discernible brightness settings, this brightness dial allows for quick and ergonomic adjustments.
The MRO features fully protected adjusters that maintain zero even during rough handling, and can be adjusted without the need for special tools.
Hard-anodized, forged 7075-T6 housing is fully sealed and waterproof, providing durability in demanding conditions.
The MRO Patrol includes an Ocular Lens Cover to protect glass from damage and to reduce glare and reflections as well as an Objective cover and ARD.
- Trijicon MRO 2.0 MOA Red Dot
- Trijicon Ocular Cap
- Trijicon Objective Cap
- Trijicon ARD
- Trijicon Hard Case
- Trijicon Lens Cloth
- Trijicon Warranty Registration Card
- Trijicon Decal
- Owners Manual
- CR2032 Battery
- Mount based on selection
- Faster target acquisition
- Faster follow up shots
- Increased situational awareness
- Magnification - 1x
- Objective Size - 25mm
- Bullet Drop Compensator - No
- Length - 4.1 in
- Weight (oz) w/o mount - 5.1 oz (116g) to 5.9oz (166g) with battery installed
- Weight (oz) w/ cowintess mount - 5.9oz (166g) with battery installed
- Illumination Source - Battery
- Reticle Pattern - 2.0 MOA Dot
- Reticle Color - Red
- Bindon Aiming Concept - No
- Eye Relief - Infinite
- Adjustment @ 100 yards (clicks/in) - 1.0 click = 1/2 MOA
- Housing Material - 7075-T6 forged aluminum
- Batteries - 1 CR2032 Lithium Battery
- Battery Life - 5 years of continuous use at day setting “3” (setting 5 of 8) at 70°F (21°C)
- Adjustment Range - 70 MOA total travel
- Illumination settings - 8
- Dimensions (LxWxH) w/o mount - 2.6 in. x 1.7 in. x 2.0 in. (66mm x 43mm x 51mm)
- Dimensions (LxWxH) w/ cowitness mount - 2.6 in. x 1.7 in. x 2.86 in. (66mm x 43mm x 73mm)
- Waterproof - 100 ft (30 m)
- Distance From Top of Mounting Rail to Optical Axis (Low / Full / Lower 1/3) inches: 0.985 / 1.538 / 1.663


Eye tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze (where one is looking) or the motion of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye movement. Eye trackers are used in research on the visual system, in psychology, in psycholinguistics, marketing, as an input device for human-computer interaction, and in product design. Eye trackers are also being increasingly used for rehabilitative and assistive applications (related for instance to control of wheel chairs, robotic arms and prostheses). There are a number of methods for measuring eye movement. The most popular variant uses video images from which the eye position is extracted. Other methods use search coils or are based on the electrooculogram.


Scleral contact lenses are special, very precisely made contact lenses that may help people with corneal problems such as keratoconus, corneal transplants, and more. Dr. Cazares is certified in fitting ZenLens, a scleral lens that has helped many of his patients see better than they ever have before. Do you or someone you know have a corneal disease or dysfunction? Call us to see if scleral contact lenses are right for you! ..
Monday, December 17, 2018 Ryan Cazares Comments (0)


Belvoir Engineering Services are able to offer a wide range of LED Lighting products direct to you.
The Callisto is a stylish recessed down lighter offering a lighting solution for a multitude of applications. The Callisto utilises the latest in Power LEDs in
a compact housing giving a super bright light source without compromising on safety.
The Microlux has been designed with both affordability and application in mind without having to compromise on the quality of LEDs used – the Microlux also utilises the latest in LED technology.
The Powerlux range has been designed to be unrivalled when it comes to performance, design and affordability. The performance comes from 5 x 1.25 watt Power
LEDs that draw very little power, and with the addition of an advanced crater reflector, the Powerlux range is up to 3 times brighter than other LED products on the market
A safer clearer working environment for users - the light utilises 6 x 2.5W Power LED’s to create a powerful arc of light around the vehicle and has an IP68
rating offering maximum protection.
LED TrueWhiteTM creates a clear safe working environment. Possibly the only LED worklite to provide 20 Lux of pure white light - resulting in less fatigue and
The Nebula incorporates the Orizon LED strip light in a tough aluminium housing to provide a bright, low profile, surface mounted LED lighting solution.
The Orizon LED strip lights are the ultimate in versatility at a cost that won’t break the bank. The 522mm length consists of 24 high intensity LEDs doubleing
to 48 LEDs for the 1022mm length strip, that are encapsulated in a weatherproof casing.
The Superlux has been designed using a new power driver which substantially increases light output to give an extra bright lighting solution
The Hyperlux has been designed using a new power driver which substantially increases light output to give an extra bright lighting solution
The Apollo LED light is one of the most versatile LED light units on the market. Available in a variety of lengths and concentration of LEDs, the Apollo is an
ideal lighting solution for commercial vehicle lighting, van lighting and leisure applications.
Based on the success of the original Orizon, the new Power Orizon hsa been designed to give you optimum performance and extended life; both at an affordable


Best from previous seasons (summer 2016)
18 mm Pentax-110 lens on Lumix GF1.
Not many digital photos were taken during summer season 2016. Here is one taken with 18 mm adapted Pentax-110 wide angle and Lumix GF1 digital crop format body.
When testing the tiny Pentax lenses it was quickly noted that sharp images could be taken. The problem was that the adapter did not position the lens accurately, thus sharpness was not consistent across the frame. If you looked at the image closely, the left lower corner isn't sharp while the right corner is - this is caused by inaccurate lens adapter. Another problem is that Pentax-110 lenses do not contain iris so they always remain wide open at f2.8 limiting depth of field and image quality in many cases.
Rokkorlab will design and fabricate new PTX-110 lens adapter with fixed iris f4.5 for digital cameras. When completed flawless digital photos can be taken with superb Pentax-110 manual focus lenses.
4k large image
info (št) rokkorlab.net


Non-destructiveTo detect defects in hermetic packages by computer evaluation of infrared (IR) ages with previously defined patterns of acceptance.> 50 μm channel, > 100 μm pinholesOn-line, > 5 s> $50,000
Infrared light may be absorbed, transmitted, and emitted by a package or a seal. Differences between these parameters provide a means for visual interpretation when sensed automatically and enhanced for visibility.
Infrared imaging (IRI) thermography is an inspection technology that can be implemented on-line in industrial quality control systems to enhance efficiency in removing defective packages. According to the industry, the IRI technique makes a merit of non-destructively scanning and thermally imaging surfaces of various materials.
- Sample packages
- Infrared camera
- Seal packages by using heat sealers.
- Take thermal images after heat sealing by using an IR camera at heat-sealing temperatures in the range of 60 to 140oC. Thermal information in the 3 to 5 μm infrared band will be measured and recorded.
- Analyze images at IR Iron, Midgreen, or Midgrey image palette modes.
- Infrared images of packages with different standard defects are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Each image was taken at an interval of 1/30s and a shutter speed of 2 μs. In general, all defects were easily identified and further characterized by the infrared imaging (IRI) technique. Limit of detections (LODs) of the IRI technique for microchannels in foil-laminate packages and plastic packages were 180 μm and 40 μm, respectively. The LODs for pinholes in in foil-laminate packages and plastic packages were 100 μm and 160 μm, respectively.
- Linear regression analysis of seal quality data in Figure 3 indicated that average initial surface temperatures of heat-sealed area obtained from infrared images were significantly correlated with seal strength.
PACKAGE TYPES AND DEFECTS
|DEFECTS||Flexible Pouch||Semi-rigid and Rigid plastic container||Plastic Can (Double-seam Metal End)||Paperboard|
|Double Seam Defects*|
|Foreign Matter Inclusion|
|Loose Flap or Ear|
|Seal Defects (Blister)|
|Seal Defects (Blocked)|
|Seal Defects (Burnt)|
|Seal Defects (Compressed)|
|Seal Defects (Contaminated)|
|Seal Defects (Convolution/Embossing)|
|Seal Defects (Creep)|
|Seal Defects (Crooked)|
|Seal Defects (Incomplete)|
|Seal Defects (Misaligned/Deformed)|
|Seal Defects (Nonbonding/Weak)|
|Seal Defects (Plastic Lumps)|
|Seal Defects (Seal-width Variation)|
|Seal Defects (Stringy)|
|Seal Defects (Uneven Impression)|
|Seal Defects (Uneven Juncture)|
|Seal Defects (Wrinkle)|
|Swell (Swollen Package)|
The application is limited by the need for statistical chracterization of all defects and subsequent computerizations.


Learn About Various kinds of Bar code Checking Technologies
Using bar code technology in companies is advantageous in lots of ways. It improves operational efficiency, reduces errors, time saving, and enhances information access. Various firms, regardless of their size, use barcodes for his or her business purposes.
Bar code scanners are essential tools which ease business processes in manufacturing, education, healthcare, warehousing and lots of other fields. This is a description of bar code scanners which use different technologies.
Exactly what is a bar code?
A bar code is definitely an optical machine-readable data that contains a number of black bars and white-colored spaces of assorted widths. The primary purpose of utilizing a bar code would be to rapidly and precisely access information with the code by an automatic system. The devices that read data present on barcodes are known as bar code scanners.
So how exactly does a bar code scanner work?
A bar code scanner includes an illumination source, sensor, and decoder. An illumination source can be used to light up the bars and spaces around the bar code. The black bars absorb light in the source and white-colored spaces reflect it. The sensor detects the reflected light in the bar code and generates an indication of assorted current that is representative of the concentration of reflection. A decoder with specific software decodes the signal right into a readable text that’s shown on the computer monitor. Data collected in this manner is stored and managed by specific databases. Let’s explore bar code scanners as well as their different checking technologies.
Various kinds of checking technologies
Bar code scanners use different checking technologies for example laser and imaging technologies. Listed here are various bar code scanners.
They’re also known as as wand scanners and therefore are appropriate for low-volume and desktop applications. They have a photodiode that’s placed alongside a source of light. Once the scanner is swiped over the bar code inside a steady motion, the photodiode measures the concentration of the reflected light. Because they are by hand swiped, wand scanners aren’t restricted to the width from the bar code. One should ensure that they’re swiped at constant rate of speed in a particular position. Pen-type scanners are affordable, small, and highly durable.
Digital Marketing Methods For Any Modern Business
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DxO Optics Pro 7.2.3 | Mac Os X | 164.5 MB
DxO Optics Pro software automatically improves figurative expression quality by taking into account the strict characteristics of your photographic equipment (camera carcass and lenses). Designed for serious amateurs for example well as for professional photographers who are looking in favor of the best image quality possible, DxO Optics Pro processes one as well as the other JPEG and RAW image files. Recognized on every side the world for its award-delightful automatic optical corrections, DxO Optics Pro handles each kind of problem that can affect image quality. Whether you want to employment its image processing capabilities to automatically improve hundreds of images end batch processing, or if you choose to manually define the processing settings beneficial to each photo, DxO Optics Pro exquisitely adapts to your needs to bestow you unsurpassed image quality and matchless productivity.


LED / COB / MODULE / LENS / LED POWER / LED STRIPES /LED HEATSINKS / RETROFIT
Our patented light source technology produces clean, white LEDs used as the core of commercial and industrial lighting. It’s a rapidly growing market, and everything we do is focused on understanding light’s impact on human behavior, and delivering products that create better environments and experiences.
Ledil is a Finnish manufacturer and supplier of LED optics . Ledil is committed to developing top quality optical solutions which add real value to the end products. Our standard product range is wide and we have strong know-how in custom projects from design to delivery.
Nichia has grown in the field of development, manufacturing and sales of fine chemicals, particularly inorganic luminescent materials (phosphors). In the process of the challenging pursuit of brighter luminescent and light-emitting materials, we succeeded in developing and commercializing the super high brightness Blue LED in 1993, which greatly impressed the world.
OSRAM, based in Munich, is a leading global high-tech company with a history dating back more than 110 years. Primarily focused on semiconductor-based technologies, our products are used in highly diverse applications ranging from virtual reality to autonomous driving and from smartphones to networked, intelligent lighting solutions in buildings and cities. In automotive lighting, the company is the global market and technology leader.
ERP designs and manufactures small, smart and connected LED drivers. Established in 2004, and headquartered in Moorpark, CA, ERP owns and operates its own ISO 9001 certified manufacturing facility to ensure quality of design, sourcing, production and testing.
Self is a technology- and quality-oriented specialist in the design and production of innovative commercial LED lighting for the global retail market. With our experienced engineering team, we always focus on the latest developments in technology and materials.


Laser marking systems have steadily gained popularity in industrial packaging and manufacturing over the last 30 years. Offering quick speeds, high accuracy, and quality coding results, laser marking systems are used to complete some of today’s most demanding marking tasks, including:
In these environments and others, laser marking systems enable operators to create permanent, high-contrast markings at industrial speeds.
To accommodate the unique needs of different operations, laser marking systems come in a variety of forms. However, in terms of popularity, two laser marking technologies stand above the rest:
Both of these systems create markings using a highly-concentrated beam of light, rapidly heating material surfaces with pinpoint precision. As the laser heats a substrate’s surface, the affected portions are permanently altered, leaving behind a highly legible marking.
However, fiber and CO2 laser systems differ in several other ways, many of which affect whether or not one system is well-suited for a specific operation.
Below, we present a fiber laser vs. CO2 laser comparison to help potential users determine which option is right for them.
As mentioned above, both fiber laser systems and CO2 laser systems mark materials using highly-concentrated beams of light; however, they differ in how they produce and direct their beams.
Let’s begin our fiber laser vs. CO2 laser comparison by correctly classifying these systems and reviewing some basic mechanical properties.
Fiber laser systems are a solid-state laser technology, meaning they use solid materials as a laser source. Within each fiber laser system is a component called a diode, which converts electricity into light. This light is pumped into a fiber-optic cable, where it travels through the system until it enters the optical cavity.
The optical cavity is a section of the fiber-optic cable that contains a rare-earth “dopant” (i.e. a material that can alter the light’s electrical properties). As the light beam interacts with the dopant, the light exposure stimulates the electrons present in the rare-earth material. This stimulation causes a release of photons (i.e. light particles) of a specific wavelength.
Simultaneously, the optical cavity reflects the light back and forth, focusing it into a concentrated laser beam. The beam is given a desired shape using components such as beam expanders and lenses. The system then releases the laser beam to the substrate to create the desired marking.
In contrast with fiber laser systems, CO2 laser systems are a type of gas-state laser technology, meaning they use gaseous materials as a laser source.
Each CO2 laser system is built with a CO2 laser tube, which is a glass tube containing a mix of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen. The system creates light by exposing the tube’s gaseous mix to high-voltage electricity. The electricity excites the gas particles and causes them to release light.
The CO2 laser tube is bookended by two mirrors: a fully reflective mirror and a partially reflective mirror. The released light particles bounce between the mirrors, building in intensity and forming a beam. Once the light reaches sufficient brightness, the beam can pass by the partially reflective mirror and be discharged toward the substrate.
As a result of their different light sources, operating mechanics, and wavelengths, fiber and CO2 laser systems differ in several ways, including in:
These differences will have a significant influence on whether a fiber or CO2 system will work efficiently in specific situations.
For example, fiber lasers excel at metal marking and engraving due to their concentrated beam wavelength (1,064nm). This aptitude makes fiber laser systems a valuable addition to production lines that use metal cans. Conversely, CO2 laser beams have longer wavelengths, which makes them worse at marking most metal materials; however, they are well-suited for marking many organic materials, such as wood and rubber, that fiber lasers are incompatible with.
For a breakdown of fiber laser vs. CO2 laser material compatibility, see the table below:
|Fiber Laser-Only Materials||Fiber and CO2 Materials||CO2 Laser-Only Materials|
|- Aluminum |
|- Circuit boards|
- Electrical components
- Aseptic packaging
- Flexible material
- Rigid plastics
- Paperboard cartons
Beyond substrate compatibility, other important specification differences between these two systems include:
Want to learn more about fiber and CO2 laser systems? Stay connected to C&M Digest by subscribing to our newsletter. With information on hardware, formulas, and other important marking topics, our newsletter will keep you updated on the latest industry developments. To get in touch with us about possible collaborations or ideas for coverage, contact us today.


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Then an AR image of the terminal matrix is drawn on the monitor based on a unique ID, and this can be used to direct the work.Also, because the state of the work is being monitored, the database can be built and updated autonomously.Optical access equipment extending outward from communications buildings is designed to be highly reliable and to withstand harsh environments.
By establishing this technology, we will be able to use it both to locate faults and to detect potential faults, thus providing preventative maintenance.
Communication services are provided through various types of equipment.
We have focused on measuring the round-trip times between an optical line terminal (OLT) and each optical network unit (ONU).
This approach is often employed with PON systems, and we have shown that we can convert the measurement data to an optical fiber length and map ONU MAC (media access control) addresses to the location of reflections at the end of an optical fiber.
However, this line illumination work would change significantly if such test signals could be injected at arbitrary locations. Now, however, in the optical broadband era, information flows nonstop, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, via Internet, cloud computing, video distribution, and other services.
We are also studying applications for tasks such as checking the link status of a line, and for short-interruption optical media switching, which is described below. Therefore, the old approach cannot be used without affecting customers.The mechanism must assign a unique ID to each element of the equipment.We are conducting applied research on an equipment management system using image processing and augmented reality (AR) technologies as an effective means of achieving this.An example of the use of AR technology on optical patch panels in a communications building is shown in Fig. The optical patch panel has connector terminals densely arranged with 4 × 7 mm spacing.The positions of markers attached to the patch panel beforehand are captured with a camera.If this approach can be implemented practically, it will overcome one of the major difficulties with PONs.When a fault occurs, we use different instruments and systems to diagnose the fault in each transmission path (optical fiber) and transmission system.The research and development of optical fiber technology also has a history of roughly 40 years.The current optical broadband service infrastructure, which connects 17 million customers, is the result of developing technologies such as single-mode fiber, optical cables, optical interconnects, and operation and maintenance systems.Initially, optical fiber equipment was intended to create an optical fiber network that was as easy to handle as wired networks.However, to obtain high speed and a wide bandwidth, sophisticated skill or knowledge was often needed to build, maintain, and operate the equipment, and, depending on the amount of information being transmitted, the additional care resulted in time-consuming work.


Multispectral sensors capture the invisible. Our Mavic 3 Multispectral captures both standard RGB colour and colours that are invisible to the naked eye. In addition to it’s impressive 20MP 4/3 CMOS mechanical shutter RGB sensor, it boasts 4x5MP sensors capturing green, red, red edge and near infrared. Accompanied with it’s RTK positioning system, the M3M is an accurate and efficient survey drone.
With around 45 minutes flight time and the ability to survey at 34mph, this drone is both versatile and precise. It can be used for both standard photogrammetry as well as used to detect crop health, disease in vegetation and to estimate timber volumes within forests. Different plants/trees reflect different ‘invisible’ light. The M3M can quickly document these colours for us to post process and provide colour coded maps. It can also be used to conduct water enrichment monitoring, forest distribution surveys and urban green area surveys.


Fiber Optics, Cable & Accessories
The combination of high bandwidth demand along with long haul cabling has resulted in the emergence of Fiber as the media of choice for traffic control, video surveillance and outdoor monitoring systems.
Fiber’s virtually unlimited bandwidth, ruggedness, high immunity and scaleable system components make it a natural for the preferred backbone of communication & networking systems.
- Backplane Interconnects
- Fiber Optic Cable Assemblies
- Fiber Distribution Panels
- Fiber Optic Patch Panels
- Splice Enclosures


Whats the point of a Lens Hood?
All lenses come with one of these but whats the point? When should you use it?
When should you not use it?
It just gets in the way!
What does a lens hood do? The lens hood is designed to stop stray light getting on to the front of the lens and causing lens flare.
Why do they look different? Generally speaking a wide angle lens will have a hood with a wavy edge and a telephoto lens will have one like a tube. The key thing to understand is that the lens hood is designed for and is right for that lens and if you ever need to replace it then you need to get the correct one.
When should I use the Lens Hood Almost all the time as it has a number of advantages and roles a.- It will stop lens flare b - It will protect the glass at the front of your lens - big positive c - If you are working fast and changing lenses and you bag can manage it then you don't need to refit the lens cap when you put the lens with the hood fitted in the bag (does depend on how well organised your bag is and what you are doing) d - To get it out of the way! Typically the lens hood will come fitted to the lens but the wrong way round which is to aid storage. If you leave it like this it hinders how you hold and interact with the lens, so by not fitting it it becomes a problem.
When should I NOT use the Lens Hood a - When using a built in flash on a DSLR style camera as the lens hood will cast a shadow b - On a studio or portrait shoot as it can make a lens intimidating c - When you need to be unobtrusive as removal of the lens hood will make the lens less visible


Specially designed lenses are another option. Others will not be able to see them unless they look closely into a patient’s eyes. near-sighted people can see close-up, but their vision is blurry on objects in the distance. After the surgery, these jobs may become available to you. People who wear contact lenses can participate in sports without the worry of having glasses getting in the way or breaking. Your vision may not be perfect immediately following surgery, but you can expect it to gradually improve as your eye becomes accustomed to the new cornea. Being sturdier than soft lenses, GP contact lenses are easier to clean and last longer. For a few people, common side effects of LASIK eye surgery are permanent, but for many people these problems diminish over time. Cataracts worsen over time and will need to be removed eventually. Petrol permeable lenses are used now by practitioners because the comfort is not immediate like it is for the soft lens.
Practical Guidance On Core Factors In Keratoconus
The UltraHealth and ClearKone hybrid contact lenses manufactured by SynergEyes combine a highly oxygen-permeable rigid center with a soft peripheral “skirt.” These lenses were designed specifically for keratoconus, and the central GP zone of the lens vaults over the cone-shaped cornea for increased comfort. Hybrid contact lenses provide the crisp optics of a gas permeable contact lens and wearing comfort that rivals that of soft lenses, according to SynergEyes. UltraHealth uses silicone hydrogel material for the soft lens skirt, providing greater oxygen transmissibility than ClearKone’s hydrogel skirt. UltraHealth and ClearKone are available in a wide variety of parameters to provide a fit that conforms well to the irregular shape of a keratoconic eye. Keratoconus News Corneal Collagen Crosslinking Stabilizes Eyes of Children With Keratoconus August 2015 Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL), a relatively non-invasive procedure that uses topical application of riboflavin (vitamin B2) and UV light to strengthen chemical bonds in the cornea , effectively stabilized the eyes of children with keratoconus, according to a recent study. no dataCorneal crosslinking may help kids with keratoconus. Sidebar continued >> Researchers at Temple Street Children’s University Hospital in Dublin, Ireland, evaluated the medical records of children (ages 13 to 18 years) with keratoconus who had undergone CXL. A total of 25 eyes of 14 patients were treated and evaluated. Measurements of visual acuity, mean refractive error, amount of astigmatism and corneal curvature were taken before treatment and three, six and 12 months afterward.
For the original version including any supplementary images or video, visit http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/keratoconus.htm
Cataracts worsen over time and will need to be removed eventually. Some medications create difficulties with healing or dry eyes, and being on one of these medications would prevent a patient from undergoing LASIK. Astigmatism frequently occurs with refractive errors such as hyperopic and myopia. Read through the following categories and see if any of them apply to you: you are over age 65 or under age 21, disabled, blind, pregnant or you are the current caregiver of a child whose parent is unable to support him as a result of being disabled, deceased, unemployed or not present for any other reason. Look at what activities the child was doing in the hours before the headache struck. no dataAstigmatism, in most occurrences, doesn’t require any kind of correction. As with any surgical procedure, Lasik is not without risks. Most important, follow general contact lens instructions for wear and care. Nowadays, Doric contact lenses is available which can effectively correct this condition.


USB, Keyboard Wedge,
RS-232, IBM 46xx (RS485)
Decode capabilities :
Reads standard 1D, PDF,
2D, Postal and OCR symbologies
Featuring a custom sensor that is optimized for barcode
scanning, the Xenon™ 1900g scanner offers industry-leading
performance and reliability for a wide variety of applications
that require the versatility of area-imaging technology.
Powered by sixth-generation Adaptus™ imaging technology, the Xenon
1900g scanner delivers superior barcode scanning and digital image
capture. The scanner incorporates a revolutionary decoding architecture
and a custom sensor, enabling extended depth of field, faster reading and
improved scanning performance on poor-quality barcodes. From highdensity
linear to 2D barcodes found directly on the screen of a mobile
device, the Xenon 1900g scanner decodes virtually all barcodes with ease.


Sometimes it is difficult to know what is worth splurging on when it comes to glasses. Which upgrades are worth the extra bucks? After getting my first pair of glasses from Dr. Tavel, I would say anti-reflective coating is a must.
According to Allaboutvision.com, anti-reflective (AR) coating eliminates reflections of light from the front and back surface of eyeglass lenses. This allows for 99.5 percent of light to enter through the lens. So why do you need it? Here are three reasons AR is a great idea.
1. Lenses look invisible. With AR, your eyes are much more visible to onlookers. Without it, light is reflected off the lens creating a glare over your eyes.
2. Glare and reflections are eliminated. When looking through your lenses, AR helps eliminate the halos and glare from outside light. This is particularly helpful when driving at night. Glare from headlights can make it difficult to see without AR coating.
3. Overall clearer,crisper vision. If you are going to splurge on glasses, you might as well see as clearly as possible. Purchasing AR coating ensures that your lenses will allow you to see clearly.
For more information, visit a Dr. Tavel location to check into our lens package information. Be sure to ask our staff about the Clarifier® lens option when discussing AR.


Exam and Surgery Lighting
50 watt LED
4 ports (Wolf, Olympus, ACMI, and Storz)- other ports available
Compact, efficient, durable source of brilliant “daylight” quality light
Color temperature: 6500°K
Typical LED life: >50,000 hours
Low power consumption: 52W typical
Electronic (PWM) . . .
200 watt Halogen Bulb
3 ports (Olympus, ACMI, and Storz)
Thermostatically controlled fan keeps the unit cool to its optimum temperature
Maximum Intensity/Maximum Lamp Life switch allows you to extend bulb life
3600 degree Kelvin Color Temperature at maximum intensity
Two . . .
The compact and economical MI 500 LED is an ideal exam/diagnostic light. Utilizing a unique 5" (127mm) dichroic glass reflector, the MI 500 LED produces a large pattern of light for a wide variety of applications. Like the MI 1000 LED Surgery Light, it features the exclusive Centra arm . . .
The Centurion Standard is a revolutionary mid-range surgery light which offers the performance and features found on higher-priced surgery lights. The Centurion includes a highly efficient, single reflector design, assuring optimal shadow reduction, and the 21st Century Series exclusive . . .
The new AIM-50™ provides both amazing illumination, unparalleled aesthetics and many more features that make it the right light for any procedure. The AIM-50’s™ 360° limitless arm-and-mounting-system-rotation around vertical axes on single ceiling models (a feature . . .
The Outpatient® II is the documented industry leader for diagnostic and procedure lights. More physicians choose the Outpatient® II than any other diagnostic light for focusable flood-type light, maximum intensity and shadow-free operation. With minimal heat output and high color . . .
Centurion Excel represents the new standard in minor surgery lighting, featuring a larger reflector, higher output, a larger pattern, and improved shadow control. The Centurion includes the 21st Century Series exclusive Centra arm delivery . . .
The AIM-100™ provides both amazing value and unparalleled aesthetics and also boasts limitless rotation on ceiling mounts (a feature previously available only on O.R. type lights). Along with the highest intensity in its class, the AIM-100™ provides very smooth focus. A longer . . .
Introducing the NEW AIM LED, the most exciting revolution in diagnostic examination lighting. The AIM LED uses the latest advances in state-of-the-art lighting technology to achieve incredible performance and unsurpassed value and energy efficiency. The AIM LED provides 10% more . . .
The MI 1000 LED represents the new standard in minor surgery lighting with its green technology LED lights. It features a larger reflector with high efficiency at a very low heat, a larger pattern, and long life LED bulbs. The MI 1000 includes the 21st Century Series . . .
This full-featured spotlight gives exceptional performance and versatility in a truly unique design. Used independently or in combination with other lights such as the Centurion, the clean, streamlined Centura creates a tightly focused, high intensity light pattern. The Centura also . . .
The aesthetically appealing CoolSpot™ II offers incredibly pure, white light along with a guaranteed no-drift arm, high intensity setting, and variable spot size control. The CoolSpot II offers intensity of up to 13,000 footcandles at 24 inches (61 cm) and 5000 footcandles at one . . .
The NEW AIM-200® OR provides versatility, amazing illumination, unparalleled aesthetics and many more features that make it the right light for any procedure. With a Color Rendering Index (CRI) of 96, 90,000 Lux at 1 meter, and a color temperature of 3700 Kelvin, the AIM-200® OR . . .
Designed for outstanding performance, the System Two Halogen S1 surgery light incorporates all of the most requested features: High output of cool, color-corrected light, adjustable pattern size, electronic touch controls for on/off and dimming, smooth, flexible and extensive suspension . . .
Designed for outstanding performance, the System Two Halogen S2 surgery light incorporates all of the most requested features: High output of cool, color-corrected light, adjustable pattern size, electronic touch controls for on/off and dimming, smooth, flexible and extensive suspension . . .
The next level in the evolution of surgery lighting has been achieved with the System Two MH Series of surgery lights. This all new design heralds a notable incarease in efficiency over tradtion ahalogen light sources, producting over 100,000 lux output with only a 39 watt HID (Hight . . .
The NEWEST product for LED surgery lighting is the System Two LED Surgery Light. Utilizing the latest LED technology, this light is one of the most bright, efficient, cool, and long lasting in its class.
The ultra high-efficiency and very low electrical consumption of each light head . . .


Dare 2B Velose Junior Ski Goggles
Get optimum stability on the slopes with the Dare 2b children's Velso Ski Goggles. These goggles are designed to protect the eyes from snow and UVA and UVB rays. The adjustable full stretch strap helps these goggles to fit securely over your helmet. They have double lens with anti-fog coating for improved visibility. The goggles have an orange tint for a better definition.
- Double lens with anti-fog coating for improved visibility.
- Versatile Category 2 lens that is suitable for most light conditions.
- Provides protection against harmful UVA & UVB light/ UV 400.
- Seamlessly integrates with Dare 2b helmets.
- Complies with European directive 89/686/EEC, in accordance with EN174:2001.


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All Printing Resources (APR) has joined forces with MicroDynamics, a leader in accurate inspection equipment and software to expand its product portfolio of flexographic products, supplies, and accessories.
APR and MicroDynamics have entered into a partnership enabling APR to sell MicroDynamics anilox inspection products, including the Veritas, 3DQC Classic, and LaserQC systems, the MicroScan3 software, and all of MicroDynamics inspection accessories.
The partnership was initiated when APR and MicroDynamics were introduced at the 2023 FTA Forum & Infoflex exhibition.
Tim Reece, VP of technical services for APR shared: ‘We are excited to begin offering MicroDynamics products, especially their new Veritas microscope system that offers the same accurate, repeatable results used by most anilox OEMs and is now designed and priced for pressroom operations. MicroDynamics strong commitment to innovation and support makes them a perfect fit for the APR portfolio or solutions.’
MicroDynamics was founded in 2001 and manufactures the inspection systems for anilox and gravure roll quality control. Manufacturer of the original 3DQC interferometric microscope, MicroDynamics produces a variety of inspection instruments, software, and accessories engineered for true measurement accuracy, resolution, and repeatability.
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Slide Transfer onto CD-ROM, DVD or Hard Drive (HD)
The 35mm slide image gets optically projected onto a 6.3 mega pixel camera chip. This means we are not scanning the slides, but even better, projecting them directly onto a camera chip! This very high resolution (of 3088 x 2056 pixels) allows for the images' archival. (RGB Color System)
Have your slides digitized to before it is too late! Over time they lose their color and clarity, and mold build-up can damage them for good.