Science observations are taken at one of two timing settings: long (30-min) or short (1-min) cadence.
There are 94.6 million pixels within the CCD detector array across the focal plane. Data collected by 94% of those pixels cannot be saved because of hardware storage limits onboard the spacecraft and the bandwidth of communications between the spacecraft and Earth. Instead, data for specific targets are saved onboard as subimages every minute or every 30 minutes. The number of pixels in each subimage depends approximately on the brightness of the target therein. For example, 12th magnitude point sources in the Kepler bandpass (Kp = 12) have an average mask area of 32 pixels. The pixel size can be increased if necessary to accommodate extended objects. The 6% of stored pixels deliver time-tagged sub-images for 160,000-170,000 targets every quarter of operation.
The instrument has neither changeable filters
nor dispersing elements. The one Kepler photometric bandpass has a half-maximum transmission
range of 430 to 840 nm. The detector has an image scale of 3.98
arcseconds per pixel. The image quality varies with position in the focal plane,
with 95% encircled energy diameters ranging from 3.1 to 7.5 pixels,
with a median of 4.2 pixels. The percentage of point-source flux
concentrated in the brightest pixel is between 20% and 62%, with a median
value of 45%. Because of a very stable focal plane, the relative centroid positions of stars yields a precision better than 1 milliarcsecond over periods
up to three months. Target photometry (i.e. time-tagged light curves) are produced by software pipeline. The Kepler exoplanet survey has been designed for performance across targets 9 < Kp < 15 stars, but the potential magnitude range for astrophysics is broader. Neglecting sources of astrophysical noise, Kepler will achieve a benchmark photometric
precision of 80 parts-per-million (ppm) on a Kp = 12 G2V star in 30 minutes of integration.
A Kp = 20 target yields a photometric precision of 6% over the same integration time. Targets brighter than Kp = 11.5 are saturated on the detector but photometric precision is recoverable, albeit expensive in terms of pixels, for targets as bright as Kp = 4. Sub-images and target light curves are archived at the MAST
Kepler operations are divided into four quarters each year, separated by the quarterly rolls of the spacecraft. A new target list is uploaded to the spacecraft before every quarter. Long cadence targets can be removed or added to the target list every quarter. Short cadence targets can be removed or added to the target list every month. Kepler data are separated by the same scheme. Long cadence images and light curves are stored in files that span quarter. Short cadence images and light curves are stored in files that span a month.


Laser Distance Measurer Review at this site help visitor to find best Laser Distance Measurer product at amazon by provides Laser Distance Measurer product features list, visitor can compares many Laser Distance Measurer product, simple click at read more button to find detail about Laser Distance Measurer features, description, costumer review, price and real time discount at amazon, Other Related Product Comparison Suggested for FCOSP Review :
laser distance measure , laser distance measurers , laser distance measurer bluetooth , laser distance measurer meter , laser distance measurer compact , digital laser distance measurer , outdoor laser distance measurer , below we provides Laser Distance Measurer features List.
This Bosch Compact Laser Distance Measure, 120-Feet GLM 35 from: Bosch, Their ASIN : B00VI7WBWE , Small doesn't mean modest in a laser measure with functions that include area, distance, length, volume, continuous measurement and addition/subtraction. Simply press the measure button to activate the laser and begin measuring in real time. Backlighting allows user to see information in dark areas with better resolution. Handy pocket-s laser distance measurer.
ACCURACY: Features long-range measuring with extreme accuracy and measures distances up to 120-feet to within 1/16-inch. as well as area, length, volume, continuous measurement and addition/subtraction
EASY TO USE: Simple, one-button operation - press button once to begin measuring. The GLM 35 is compact and small enough to fit in any pocket
LIVE MEASURING: Provides default real-time measurement that adjusts as you move closer and farther from target, just like a tape measure
This DEWALT DW03050 165-Feet Laser Distance Measurer from: DEWALT, Their ASIN : B00FKMS2WG , The DEWALT DW03050 165' Laser Distance Measurer has the ability to calculate area and volume, making job estimates quick & easy with automatic calculations. The indirect height measurement uses Pythagoras to measure distances even when point A and/or point B isn't accessible for linear measurement. A memory unit stores last 5 measuremen laser distance measurer.
DEWALT DW03050 165-Feet Laser Distance Measurer laser distance measurer Features
Automatic area and volume calculations
Indirect height measurement uses Pythagoras to measure distances
Memory unit stores last 5 measurements. Measuring Range(m): 50 m
This Stanley STHT77425 TLM30 Pocket Laser Distance Measurer, 30' from: Stanley, Their ASIN : B074WTM8PH , The STANLEY STHT77425 TLM30 30 ft Pocket Laser Distance Measurer allows you to capture measurements on the go with the STANLEY TLM30 Pocket Laser Distance Measurer. The pocket size is easy to carry and the 30’ range (10m) is great for most interior measurements. This units features accuracy of 1/4" at 30 ft. Powered by a lithium-Ion b laser distance measurer.
Stanley STHT77425 TLM30 Pocket Laser Distance Measurer, 30' laser distance measurer Features
Accuracy: 1/4" at 30 feet
30 foot range for tackling most measuring tasks
Lithium-Ion battery for on the go USB charging
Laser Class 2/ output less than or equal to 1mw, 630-690 Nm
This Bosch Laser Distance Measurer, 825 Feet GLR825 from: Bosch, Their ASIN : B003NSBG7C , The Longest distance in the market, ideal for outdoor applications. Fast, easy, accurate measuring. laser distance measurer.
This Bosch 265-Feet Lithium-Ion Laser Distance Measurer GLM 80 from: Bosch, Their ASIN : B005AZZNXE , Measures distance up to 265 ft. with up to 1/16" accuracy. Built-in tilt sensor - calculates angle in two axis for more accurate measurements. Integrated lithium-ion battery - for up to 25,000 measurements per charge. Backlit display with tilt-screen technology - offers easy viewing in all directions. Min/max. measurement mode. Multi-su laser distance measurer.
ACCURACY: The Bosch GLM 80 Laser Distance Measurer measures distances up to 265 ft. with up to 1/16 inch accuracy with a built-in tilt sensor to calculate angles in two axis for more accurate measurements.
PERFORMANCE: Get the job done with Bosch's integrated lithium-ion battery that allows up to 25,000 measurements per charge ; Battery: 3.7 Li-ion Battery
FUNCTIONALITY: The backlit display with tilt-screen technology offers easy viewing in all directions. It even allows the GLM 80 to be legible whe
This DEWALT DW0889CG TSTAK Laser Kit: DW088CG Cross Line + DW099E 99ft Laser Distance Measurer from: DEWALT, Their ASIN : B076PC53MM , The DEWALT DW0889CG TSTAK Laser Kit: DW088CG Cross Line + DW099E 99ft Laser Distance Measurer. DW088CG Cross Line with Green Beams + DW083CG 3-spot Laser with Green Dots. The DW088CG is designed for extra long run time and the convenience of rechargeable power tool batteries. It features self leveling cross lines that projects bright cr laser distance measurer.
DEWALT DW0889CG TSTAK Laser Kit: DW088CG Cross Line + DW099E 99ft Laser Distan laser distance measurer Features
Projected lines: up, down & forward plumb dots
ACCURACY: DW088CG +/- 1/8" at 30ft, DW099E +/- 3/32" at 30ft
RANGE: DW099CG - 165' (Radius) Visible Range 65', DW099E 100' Range
RUN TIME: DW088CG 16 Hrs (1 Line) 8 Hrs (All Lines) ; Green beam for enhanced visibility & range
LASER CLASS: DW088CG - Class 2, < 1.5mw output, DW099E Class 2, < 1mW at 620 to 690 nm
This Laser Distance Measurer,Laser Tape Measure 100M/328ft with 2 Bubble Levels Pythagorean Mode and Area, Volume Calculation and Range Finder from: Tuirel, Their ASIN : B078K4Q22C , Tuirel T100 Handheld Digital Laser Distance Meter is an instrument that measure accurate distance from 0.03 ~ 100m with accuracy of ±2mm. It is intended to measure Lengths, widths, Height and Clearances. It has Pythagorean Theorem mode to take measurement in difficult to measure situations.It is hand-held and easy to operate.
< laser distance measurer.
Laser Distance Measurer,Laser Tape Measure 100M/328ft with 2 Bubble Levels Pyt laser distance measurer Features
▲Accurate Measurement: Suitable for Home Improvement and help you get data accurately and rapidly. The horizontal bubble and vertical bubble can help you to align and make measurement result more accurate.
▲Measurement Range: 0.03-100M; accurate to ±2mm; support both imperial and metric units
▲Powerful Functions: Tuirel T100 intended to measure Lengths, widths, Height and Clearances. It has Pythagorean Theorem mode to take measurement in difficult to measure situations.It is hand-held and eas
DEWALT DW030PL Lightweight Laser Distance Measurer, 30 ft Range, -1/8 in, LCD laser distance measurer
This DEWALT DW030PL Lightweight Laser Distance Measurer, 30 ft Range, -1/8 in, LCD Backlit, Li-Ion Battery, Plastic from: DEWALT, Their ASIN : B072NF73DS , Compact, lightweight design for easy storage; one button for simple operation; point and click operation; TPE over-mold for secure grip and slip protection; measuring range - 1/2 ft - 30 ft (0.15-9M); accuracy - +/- 1/8"; auto power saving - 50 seconds; metric and Imperial units. laser distance measurer.
DEWALT DW030PL Lightweight Laser Distance Measurer, 30 ft Range, -1/8 in, LCD laser distance measurer Features
Bosch Bluetooth Enabled Laser Distance Measure with Color Backlit Display GLM laser distance measurer
This Bosch Bluetooth Enabled Laser Distance Measure with Color Backlit Display GLM 50 C from: Bosch, Their ASIN : B015FCJTEA , Whether it's the upgraded backlit color display or Bluetooth technology that's compatible with both Bosch free apps (Measure & document and floor plan), this is a laser measure that's ready for anything. The Bosch GLM 50 C packs a lot of functions, including the basics of real-time length, length, area, volume and indirect. All-around s laser distance measurer.
Bosch Bluetooth Enabled Laser Distance Measure with Color Backlit Display GLM laser distance measurer Features
ACCURACY: Features long-range measuring with extreme accuracy and measures distances up to 165-feet to within 1/8-inch.
UPGRADES: Includes an upgraded color display with back lighting for increased visibility as well as Features Bluetooth functionality to conveniently transfer and store measurements from the laser measurer to a smart device via the Bosch app.
ADVANCED: The Bosch GLM 50 C's built-in inclinometer allows for advances features like angles, min/max, stake out and double indirect.
Laser Distance Measure, ieGeek 328ft Handheld M/In/Ft Laser Distance Meter Mea laser distance measurer
This Laser Distance Measure, ieGeek 328ft Handheld M/In/Ft Laser Distance Meter Measuring Device Laser Tape Measure Rangefinder, Pythagorean Mode/Measure Area Volume Capacity/LCD Display/Self-Calibration from: ieGeek, Their ASIN : B01N2B6ABR , ieGeek T100 328 Feet Laser Measure ieGeek laser measure supports area, distance, length, volume, continuous measurement, addition/subtraction and indirect Pythagoras Measurement. Simply press the read button to activate the laser and begin measuring in real time. Backlighting allows user to see information in dark areas with laser distance measurer.
Laser Distance Measure, ieGeek 328ft Handheld M/In/Ft Laser Distance Meter Mea laser distance measurer Features
▲HIGH ACCURACY: Wide measuring range from 0.05 to 100m, high accuracy measuring +/-2mm, multi-unit selection of meter, inch and feet. (Please check page 3 on the user manual for Unit Setting.) Self-calibration accuracy from -9 to 9 mm. ieGeek laser measure is bubble level designed for more accurate.
▲MULTIPLE MEASURE MODES: Area, distance, volume, continuous measure, addition and subtraction, indirect Pythagoras Measurement, a great laser distance measurer kit.(Please check page 3 on the user manual for
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Laser Distance Measurer Review
Comparison Best buy minimizes iconic price tag logo | pymnts., The news comes as best buy is opening its first big box store in seven years — a 36,000-square-foot store in a suburb of salt lake city. the store is located in a mixed-use development called station park and is scheduled to open in the fall, the startribune reported.. Comparison Best buy | official online store | shop & save, Shop best buy for electronics, computers, appliances, cell phones, video games & more new tech. in-store pickup & free 2-day shipping on thousands of items.. Best Best buy store reviews: | consumeraffairs, Original review: july 9, 2018. on june 24, 2018 went to best buy in boca raton to buy a microwave oven. since "they don't keep microwave ovens in stock at the store", an order had to be placed and paid for and in two days, i would receive the oven (on wednesday, june 27).. Best Best buy expands private-label brands - wsj, Best buy now sells hundreds of electronic products under an umbrella of five house brands that includes insignia and dynex televisions, rocketfish video cables, geek squad flash drives and init electronics cases and accessories.. Best Brand news today, Brand news today provides you with the latest breaking news and authoritative insights and opinions on business, finance, technology, sports, entertainment, fashion, culture, travel health, lifestyle, and more.. Best Deal day: electronics deals - buy, Shop the best buy deal of the day for deals on consumer electronics. watch for laptop deals, computers on sale, and many other great daily offers. watch for laptop deals, computers on sale, and many other great daily offers.. Post at Laser Distance Measurer Review.


Take the Capillus® Challenge. Using the chart below, compare our products with other leading low level laser therapy treatment devices. Below, devices are evaluated by both technical specifications and user experience. Technical specifications include laser wavelength, power per laser, number of lasers, and total laser output. User experience describes how easily the device can be used on a daily basis, an important factor when choosing a treatment that will likely require months of use.
For Hair Loss
|Capillus272 Pro||Laser Combs*||In Office Domes*|
|For Home Use|
|Treatment Protocol||6 mins every day||Comb Hair 3X / Week
for 15 minutes
|Sit Under Dome 3X / Week
at Medical Clinic
|Power per Laser||~5 mW||5 mW||5 mW|
|Number of Lasers||272||9||82|
|Total Power Output||~1360 mW||45 mW||410 mW|
|Laser Wavelenghth||650 nm||650 nm||650 nm|
|Available From||Physicians Only||OTC||Physician In-Office Only|
|FDA Clearance Status||Cleared for treatment of androgenic alopecia in adults||Varied||Varied|
|Warranty Period||3 Year||5 Months||N/A|
More on this chart: The chart above compares the different devices available for administering low level laser therapy for hair loss. Lasers produce and emit light at specific wavelengths and watts of power. All the devices compared here emit 5mW of power per laser at wavelengths of 650 nanometers. The wavelength of laser light is chosen for laser devices based on its specific purpose. As per the International Society of Hair Restoration Surgeons, “The laser light used for treatment of pattern hair loss is visible red light with wavelength of 630-670 nanometers and low power (wattage),” [i].
“Low Level laser therapy for the treatment of male and female pattern hair loss”. International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery.


Note: Applicable to iPhone models. best waterproof shatterproof iphone case
About this item
- [Best Bundle] Your order will come with a transparent protective case compatible with your iPhone. There is nothing more perfect than such a combination. Please note: There are protective films on the inside and outside of this protective case, please make sure to remove the protective film before you use it.
- [Non-yellowing material] We use a more expensive German Bayer material and an anti-oxidation layer, which will effectively isolate ultraviolet rays and will not turn yellow over time, while other transparent cases may be discoloured within a month.
- [5A Grade Screen & Lens Guard] The raised frame can prevent the screen and camera from cracking and scratching. 0.5mm raised camera edge and 1mm raised screen edge to provide comprehensive protection for your iPhone 13 Pro Max.
- [4 Anti-collision Angle Design] Equipped with a patented anti-collision angle, 4 corner elastic airbags are resistant to impact, and strongly protect the phone from falling and collision.
Size: iPhone 12,iPhone14,iPhone 13,iPhone 12 Pro,iPhone 12 Pro Max,iPhone13 Pro Max,iPhone13 Pro,iPhone14 Pro,iPhone14 Pro Max,iPhone14 Max
Function: fall protection
Color: pure black/transparent magnetism eagle eye metal lens ring, black red/transparent magnetism eagle eye metal lens ring, navy blue/transparent magnetism eagle eye metal lens ring, far peak blue/transparent magnetism eagle eye metal lens ring, pale green/transparent magnetism eagle eye metal lens ring,l ilac purple/transparent magnetism eagle eye metal lens ring,
1 x phone case
Certain products are limited to the United States. We are working to expand our delivery operations soon.


Researchers at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN) said that brain implants can help in the restoration of vision for the visually impaired.
The study, published in the journal Science, revealed that high-resolution implants in the visual cortex of people who are blind can help them understand artificially-induced percepts and shapes.
For the research, scientists at NIN led by Pieter Roelfsema, are using new implant production and implantation technologies, advanced materials engineering, microchip manufacturing, and microelectronics, to develop more stable devices and durable than previous implants.
For the experiment, the team designed high-resolution implants consisting of 1,024 electrodes and implanted them in the visual cortex of two short-sighted monkeys.
Their goal was to create interpretable images by delivering electrical stimulation simultaneously via several electrodes, to generate a percept composed of several phosphenes, the study stated.
The researchers made the monkeys perform a simple behavioural task in which they made eye movements in order to signal the location of a phosphene that was triggered during electrical stimulation by an individual electrode.
Later, the researchers assigned them more complex tasks such as a motion direction task, in which micro-stimulation was delivered on a sequence of electrodes, and a letter discrimination task, in which micro-stimulation was delivered to eight to 15 electrodes simultaneously.
The monkeys were able to recognise shapes and percepts, including lines, moving dots, and letters, using their artificial vision.
Xing Chen, a postdoctoral researcher in the Roelfsema team explained: “Our implant interfaces directly with the brain, bypassing prior stages of visual processing via the eye or the optic nerve. Hence, in the future, such technology could be used for the restoration of low vision in blind people who have suffered injury or degeneration of the retina, eye or optic nerve, but whose cortex visual remains intact.”
This research stated that this rudimentary vision will help blind people navigate in unfriendly environments and interact more easily in social settings. This will further improve their independence.


3D Performance @ Berlin DE
March 30th, 2018
Part of an ongoing series of works exploring perceptual manipulation through different types of glasses or masks, “Between Roses and Violets” is a live audiovisual work using traditional 3D anaglyph glasses. Considered red and blue, but actually red and cyan (equal parts blue and green), anaglyph glasses work by allowing only red light to pass through one eye, and only all other colored light (blue and green) to pass through to the other – creating possibilities for two completely separate images to enter each eye. Traditionally, this is used to simulate 3D imagery, but in “Between Roses and Violets” this is used to create shifts in perception of complex textures, strobing color blocks, and pulsating lines that move in synchronicity with dense, almost white noise sound.


Multimode OM3 LC/LC Fiber Optic cable, 15m (49.2ft) long - Duplex zipcord graded index 50/125um multimode fiber optic cable with LC connectors on each end (Aqua Color) - Optical performance: 2000MHz/km
Listing may include stock images, please contact us for confirmed photos of our inventory.
We ship all products according to manufacturer specifications. If the manufacturer does not include an option as standard with the product (power supply, fan tray etc) we do not either unless specifically stated. If you are have questions regarding what is included with a product, please contact us.


In the list of acronyms that home theater equipment comes with these days, two are particularly vexing because they are so very similar and yet so very different. If asked what the difference between LED and OLED is, most people wouldn’t be able to answer the question. We at Performance Audio can.
Shine a Light
The first thing to help distinguish LED from OLED involves light. To be more accurate, LED displays are actually LCD displays that are backlit by LEDs. As a result, the overall brightness of picture is quite high. The downside is that the image quality cannot be fine-tuned quite as well as far as colors and blacks are concerned. When you’re adjusting an LED picture, you’re adjusting everything all at once, essentially.
Meanwhile, OLED displays are generating the light directly. You’re not seeing LCD pixels backlit by an LED. Each pixel is its own LED. This makes for great fine-tuning of colors and blacks, but overall picture brightness is not quite as high as an LED display.
Playing the Angles
OLED displays have a degree of uniform clarity from any viewing angle, much the same way that plasma TVs used to have, though with considerably longer lifespan. Since the pixels are generating light, the image remains easily seen across a broad viewing arc.
LED displays, though, are best seen straight on. If the colors look darker or “shadowed” in some fashion, chances are that you’re at too great an angle to view the image clearly. While several innovations have broadened the viewing arc for LED displays, it’s still not quite as expansive as OLEDs.
Abundance and Scarcity
Probably the single biggest difference between LEDs and OLEDs lies in the availability and price points of the two types of display. LED displays are cheap to manufacture and widely available from an exhaustive range of vendors. A bare-bones home theater display can be had for less than a grand.
OLED displays, on the other hand, are labor- and resource-intensive, and only a few manufacturers produce them. As a result, they’re very much on the high end of the scale when it comes to price, owing to the production costs and limited availability.
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What is Cataract? Clouding or opacification of the natural lens is cataract. Cataract caused by old age (most commonly) or other reasons affects the clarity and the visual acuity. The lens startes loosing its transparent and become transluscent and then opaque. Cataract is the most common cause of vision impairment and blindness in the world.
The cataract is treated by surgery. An eye surgeon will remove your cloudy lens and in most cases, replace it with a clear, man-made focusing lens (intraocular lens implant, or IOL). The replacement lens implant remains permanently inside your eye and does not degrade.
Cataract surgery is usually a day case procedure, which means that you will go home on the day of your operation. However, you may wish to arrange for someone to stay overnight with you at home on the day of surgery.
Cataract is an old age problem where the natural lens become opaque causing dimness of vision. Our Hospital is equipped with state of the art equipments, latest cataract surgery with foldable and rollable lens. we have an imported operating microscope (Takagi Japan), Laser phacoemulsifier for 0.8mm sutureless, padless cataract surgery, ultra surgical instruments for superior surgical safety and quick recovery from blindness. Latest ultrasonic. A-scan biometer (Uniscan, USA) is installed to detect accurate lens power.
To cope up increasing diabetic patients with eye complications called diabetic retinopathy, we have advanced fundus camera (Carl Zeiss,Germany) to study the retinal vascular abnormality and have Argon Green Laser(Carl Zeiss,Germany) to coagulate it. We have high-tech small pupil ophthalmoscope (Welch allyn-USA) to detect earliest retinal changes as diabetics are to be examined by eye specialists once every 3 months. We have counselling wing to educate diabetics regarding the hazards of un controlled diabetes and alterations that are to be made in the life style to improve the diabetic status.
By manipulating the corneal surface, we can remove various visual defects. we have extensive collection of latest contact lenses soft, semi soft, bifocal, daily wear, continuous wear, disposable (daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, quarterly) cosmetic and coloured. Artificial and prosthetic eyes are also available. We have the latest Zyoptic lasik laser utilizing wavefront technology to correct all short sight and long sight. Advanced Ophthalmometer (Bausch & Lomb) and Topograph are used to measure the curvature of cornea.
We have Auto-refraco-meter (Nidek, Japan) for computerised eye testing and streek retinoscope to find out smallest and accurate power and axis for prescribing glasses and contact lenses.


Sensors Fingerprint sensors are mainly optical sensors and semiconductor sensors. Optical sensor mainly refers to the use of optical sensors such as coms to obtain fingerprints. Generally, the picture is made into a whole module in the market. This kind of sensor is low in price but large in size, and is generally used in fingerprint locks, fingerprint access control and other products. Semiconductor sensors are mainly monopolized by fingerprint sensor manufacturers such as Swedish fingerprint cards. They are divided into wipe-on type and surface type. Its price is relatively high, but its performance is still good. It is mostly used in important fields such as customs, military, and banking. Nowadays, with people’s awareness of home and the improvement of court security awareness, more and more manufacturers apply semiconductor surface sensors to the civilian field, and the user experience is also better. The product is small, the price is low, but the experience is poor. The speed and direction of scraping have an effect on the effect. Fingerprint module As the front end of the industry chain, the software companies and fingerprint lock research and development enterprises of China provide fingerprint module groups. —- Fingerprint anti-theft lock manufacturers
Most of these modules are imported from abroad for further improvement and provide corresponding secondary development space. Only after secondary development can the fingerprint module really play a role. The sensors of fingerprint locks are divided into optical sensors and semiconductor sensors. Optical Sensors Using Optical Sensors to Capture Fingerprint Images Optical sensors on the market are generally a complete module. The advantages of optical sensors are low price and strong anti-static ability, but due to the large size of optical sensors, they cannot identify living fingerprints, nor can they verify wet and dry fingers. Generally used for fingerprint locks and fingerprint door bans, etc. There are two types of semiconductor sensors: wipe-on type and surface type. Surface type is more expensive but has limited performance. Commonly used in military, banking and other important industries. Fingerprint combination lock proxy semiconductor sensor uses the principles of capacitance, electric field, temperature and pressure to collect fingerprints. Forged fingerprint materials cannot be recognized by semiconductor sensors, so semiconductor fingerprint chips are expensive, but their security is naturally high.
Post time: Jul-06-2022


HI-SC01 is a digital sight for long-distance use. It has excellent effect during the day and supports1080p@60fps HD video recording. In the darknight, you can still clearly aim at the target in the distance by using the standard flashlight of the product.
Excellent image effect
The product adopts Sony image sensor with a resolution of 2 million pixels. Under the condition of good lighting environment during the day, the image color is realistic and the display is clear and bright, which makes you watch the display screen image very clear when hunting.When it's all dark at night, you need to turn on the 850nm flashlight to make hunting easier.
High quality optical lens
HI-SC01 adopts self-developed high-quality lenses and optimizes lens parameters for hunting scenes to ensure bright colors during the day and outstanding nightvision performance at night. The assembly and testing of the lens are very strict. When we were doing the limit test，The product has conducted 10000 impact tests on the impact platform to ensure that there are no problems.
Powerful image processor
Hi-SC01 has a built-in 12nm quad core image processing CPU. The product has strong image computing ability. When you use the device, whether you operate the keys or observe the image on the display screen, it is very smooth.
Unique one click scene switching function
Our products include daytime mode, and night mode.
In daytime mode, when the image on the display screen is a little gray in the face of strong sunlight or poor air quality,You just need to turn on the effect enhancement , and the image on the display screen will be clear and bright immediately.
In the night mode, the surrounding environment is completely dark. Turn on the 850nm flashlight and you will see it very clearly.
Crosshairs of various colors and shapes
Hi-SC01 has built-in six colors and eight cross shapes. You can use it freely in 48 combinations.
Powerful 850nm flashlight
Hi-SC01's own 850nm fill light flashlight is small in size, but it has a very powerful light source output, which can help you see everything in a dark night environment.


Making use of barcode technological innovation in businesses is helpful in a lot of techniques. It enhances operational effectiveness, reduces mistakes, will save time, and boosts information accessibility. Different companies, irrespective of their dimensions, use barcodes for their business functions.
Ean code are essential resources which ease enterprise processes in production, schooling, healthcare, warehousing and many other fields. Listed here is a description of barcode scanners that use different systems.
What is a barcode?
A barcode is an optical equipment-readable info containing a collection of black bars and white areas of assorted widths. The primary purpose of employing a barcode is to quickly and properly entry information through the code by an automatic method. The products that study knowledge existing on barcodes are referred to as barcode scanners.
How does a barcode scanner operate?
A barcode scanner consists of an illumination source, sensor, and decoder. An illumination source is used to illuminate the bars and areas on the barcode. The black bars absorb light from the supply and white spaces mirror it. The sensor detects the mirrored light from the barcode and generates a signal of varied voltage that signifies the intensity of reflection. A decoder with certain software decodes the sign into a readable text that is exhibited on the check. Data gathered in this way is saved and managed by specific databases. Allow us seem at barcode scanners and their distinct scanning technologies.
Distinct kinds of scanning technologies
Barcode scanners use diverse scanning technologies this sort of as laser and imaging technologies. The pursuing are various sorts of barcode scanners.
They are also known as as wand scanners and are suited for lower-volume and desktop purposes. They incorporate a photodiode that is placed up coming to a light resource. When the scanner is swiped across the barcode in a steady motion, the photodiode steps the depth of the reflected gentle. Considering that they are manually swiped, wand scanners are not minimal by the width of the barcode. 1 needs to guarantee that they are swiped at constant rate of pace at a specific angle. Pen-variety scanners are low-cost, small, and very tough.
Laser barcode scanners
A laser beam is utilised as a mild source for capturing barcode details. They incorporate an oscillating mirror or a rotating prism which moves the laser beam back and forth across the barcode. Laser barcode scanners are very specific and correct. They can read through barcodes from increased distances also. They are utilized largely in spots the place barcodes need to have bright light-weight for reading through. They are suited for applications necessitating long assortment or high density scanning.
Omni-directional barcode scanners
The name by itself indicates that these scanners can study barcodes in any course. They largely use laser beams as a light resource. A established of set mirrors and a rotating mirror current in omni-directional barcode scanners generate styles of laser beams. Like laser scanners, they can also go through info from greater distances. They have substantial effectiveness and consequently can even read through inadequately printed, torn, or wrinkled barcodes.
As they read barcodes on items irrespective of their orientation, they increase the speed of scanning method. They are best for reading through barcodes a number of inches away for retail functions and also for reading distant barcodes like these on industrial conveyors.
CCD (Billed Coupled Device) scanners, also called as linear impression scanners, measure the depth of light by a series of little light-weight sensors. Hundreds of sensors arranged in a row build a voltage pattern that is similar to the pattern in the barcode. CCD scanners measure the emitted ambient light and that’s why are distinct from laser scanners. They are ideal for apps in retail, distribution, inventory and delivery. As they do not have any moving elements like rotating mirrors, they are much more resilient than laser scanners.
Second scanners use a tiny digital camera for capturing an graphic of the barcode. Innovative digital impression processing strategies are utilised to decode the barcode from the image. The benefit of making use of 2d scanners is that they can go through barcodes moving at more quickly charges and can be utilized for industrial conveyor scanning. They can read through 1D or 2nd barcodes omni-directionally and some can also capture images of destroyed packages or signatures.
Select the barcode scanner primarily based on the variety of software, kind of barcode, and the atmosphere in which you use it. Don’t forget, variety of a correct scanner assists you in strengthening the performance of your organization.


HYLO™ is recommended for rewetting contact lenses to minimize dryness. HYLO™ is compatible with hard and soft contact lenses and can be used while wearing contact lenses.
Why is HYLO™ suitable for contact lens wearers?
HYLO™ was tested in subjects wearing:
- Hydrogel lenses
- Silicone hydrogel lenses
- Conventional soft lenses
- Rigid gas permeable lenses (RGP)
- No irreversible depositions
- No tolerance problems
HYLO™ can be recommended to contact lens wearers for moisturizing / rewetting.
Is HYLO™DUAL suitable for contact lens wearers?
HYLO™DUAL can be used while wearing hard and soft contact lenses.


Photonics Seminar: Compound III-V Semiconductor based Classical and Non-Classical Light Emitters at Visible through Mid-Infrared
III-V compound semiconductor materials and photonic devices are expected to play an important role in addressing ongoing and future challenges in the field of communication and sensing. Ultra high-speed, short and long-range communication links; portable and power-efficient computing devices; solid-state lighting; ultra-fast interconnects; and high-performance optical sensors in sensing applications are critically depending on the success of next-generation emerging semiconductor materials and the resulting photonic devices. In this talk, I will mainly discuss about recent cutting-edge research efforts made by my team at OSU on III-V semiconductor materials and photonic devices. In particular, an emphasis will be given on nitride-based electrically-pumped lasers with emission wavelengths of the ultraviolet and blue regions. Design, fabrication and testing results of such lasers will also be presented here. In addition, I will present the recent theoretical and experimental results of advanced antimonide-based lasers, being useful for sensing and defense applications. Considering a significant promise of quantum technologies, I will also briefly show how my research enters into the quantum territory for developing non-classical devices including single photon emitters that could enable robust communication-based applications, such as electronic warfare, signal intelligence, and counter-digital radio frequency memory.
Date and Time
- Date: 07 Nov 2019
- Time: 10:00 AM to 11:00 AM
- All times are US/Eastern
- Add Event to Calendar
- Rochester Institute of Technology
- University Gallery
- Rochester, New York, New York
- United States
- Building: Booth Hall (7A)
- Click here for Map
Prof. Shamsul Arafin of The Ohio State University
Dr. Shamsul Arafin is an Assistant Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at The Ohio State University. Prior to joining OSU, he worked as a Project Scientist in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), USA. He received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Bangladesh in 2005 and the M.Sc. degree in Communication Technology from Universität Ulm, Germany, in 2008. He received his Ph.D. degree from Technische Universität München, Walter Schottky Institut Germany in 2012. He then joined the Nanophotonics Group of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at McGill University as a post-doctoral fellow. He also worked as a Postdoctoral Research Scholar in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA.


[2+2 Pack] Like Paper Screen Protector for iPad Pro 12.9 2020 (4th Gen) with Camera Lens Protector, High Touch Sensitivity No Glare Scratch for iPad Pro 12.9 Matte Screen Protector, Compatible with Apple Pencil or Other Active Stylus Pens
- [Perfect Match]: Exclusively designed for iPad Pro 12.9 2020 (4th Gen) touch screen and lens protection. Fit Models: A2609/A2232, please check the back bottom with your iPad to find the model number. This Like Paper screen protector quite smooth and highly sensitivity. And the lens protector has ultra-high light transmission and optical-grade effects. Perfect fits your need.
- [Like Paper screen protector]: Like Paper screen protector special designed for Apple Pencil/ Stylus, feels just like you are writing on paper, offers like paper touch, friction, and feel. It is mainly used for drawing, writing or sketching. With no-glare function to suppress light reflection. Fast and accurate response to the Face ID as well.
- [Camera Lens Protector]: Camera Lens Screen Protector made from Tempered Glass, is up to 9H hardness. Only 0.2 mm thick with a light transmittance of 99%. No-glare, no-fingerprints, and high transparency to ensure original high resolution for pictures and videos. Never effects the photos quality even at night when you open the flash.
- [Case Friendly & Scratch Resistant]: Extra space around the edges ensures compatible with most tablet cases. The lens protector does not effect the camera and covers the whole camera lens area perfectly without covering up any lenses. Both made of High-Quality Materials, Maximum Protection for your device screen and camera lens screen from scratches of sharp objects.
- [Easy Installation]: The air-exhausting adhesive makes the PET Film(Not Glass) automatically attach with iPad screen smoothly, hassle-free and bubble-free. The lens protector with bubble-free adhesive for easy installation and no leftover residue when you take it off.
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Optical Brightening AgentOptical Brightening Agents is added to many substrates to reduce yellowing, improve whiteness and enhance the brightness of the product. Optical whiteners function by absorbing ultraviolet radiation and re-emitting blue light. The emitted blue light will reduce the yellow color of the substrate and impart a pleasing whiter-than-white appearance. Optical brighteners give more intensity to some colors as well. Different Types of Optical Brightening Agent find suitable application on different substrates like Cellulose, Nylon, Silk, Wool, Paper, Detergents, Soaps, Plastics, Printing Inks, Coatings and Polymers. We are also one of the leading names in the field of Optical brighteners which are also known as optical brightening agents. These have in them capacity to absorb light in violet/ultraviolet region of electromagnetic spectrum ad subsequently re-emit light in blue region. With the coloring matter, be it natural/present as contaminant in fiber being generally decolorized by different bleaching methods, the appearance of textile substrate is creamish after bleaching. Thus it is necessary that chemical treatment is done to neutralize yellow tint of textile fibers.


2016-16-02 Visit us at the Professional Aerial Photographers Association conference and get your hands on the Hasselblad A5D!
Today’s aerial photography is more demanding than ever and Hasselblad continues to rise to the occasion, introducing more and more advanced products and applications for this exciting segment. This is especially true of the Hasselblad A5D, the latest evolution of Hasselblad aerial cameras designed for these special applications.
The new camera has been developed to deliver the image quality and reliability required by our surveying and mapping customers. Listening to their feedback we have developed a camera to encompass these needs and much more.
March 10-12th, 2016
Sugar Land, (Houston) TX
Read More about the A5D


Review Sigma 24-105 mm f/4 Art (C FF)
|To the surprise of many, in October 2013 the Sigma 24-105 mm f/4 Art lens, suitable for an APS-C and a full-frame camera, was announced. We hadn't expected that. The 24-105 mm zoom is a popular zoom lens among Canon photographers, due to the broadly useful zoom range and because it's sold as a kit lens with various Canon full-frame SLR cameras. Some portrait photographers prefer a 24-105 mm zoom lens to a 24-70 mm, because that model at a focal length of 105 mm gives a bit more flattering portrayal if you make a full-screen portrait. At 24-105 mm, this is a bit more universal than a 24-70 mm zoom. It's possible that may have been a consideration for Sigma in bringing out this lens.|
Sigma 24-105 mm f/4 DG OS HSM Art @ Canon 5D MK3
|On a camera with a full-frame sensor a 24-105 mm zoom lens is the universal walk around zoom, which can replace the popular fixed focal lengths of 24 mm, 28 mm, 35 mm, 50 mm and 85 mm. The Sigma 24-105 mm Art lens comes with a pouch and a flower-shaped lens hood.|
|The Art series lenses are so solidly built that they withstand comparison with the best professional lenses. If you put the Canon 24-105 mm f/4 L next to the Sigma 24-105 mm, the Sigma looks more modern. You also notice that the Sigma lenses looks more professional, and is more heavily built. The lens is not affected by creeping (shifting of the zoom when the lens hangs vertically, which our Canon test model did suffer from) and both the zoom ring and the focus ring are much better padded. The Sigma is also heavier, larger and has a larger filter size than the Canon. |
The heavy brass mount fits perfectly and completely without play on the camera. It may seem exaggerated to pay attention to it, but with the high resolution of modern cameras the quality of the mount is also becoming increasingly important.
This lens is made with attention to detail. I find the "in/out" text on the supplied lens hood to be a funny detail, so that you know which direction you have to turn it to tighten or loosen the lens hood.
|The lens is equipped with two switches: image stabilization on/off and auto focus/manual focus. These switches have a – hand-painted – white background, allowing you to better see the current setting of the switch. |
The HSM drive of the auto focus is fast and can be overruled manually at any time if you want to adjust the focus point.
We tested the image stabilization (OS) at a focal length of 105 mm. The image stabilization turned out to be not only very quiet, but also effective. The Imatest measurements showed that a picture taken by hand at a shutter speed of 1/200 was slightly less sharp than a picture made at a shutter speed of 1/25 second using the built-in image stabilization. Move your mouse over the image on the right. That's actually a profit of 3 stops, and that's very good.At shutter speeds slower than 1/25 the images are no longer razor-sharp. Even so, I could still get reasonably sharp pictures at a shutter speed of 1/3 second and a focal length of 105 mm. Below you'll see a 100% cut-out of the picture shown here. Without image stabilization, the result doesn't bear looking at.
Tip: Both with and without image stabilization, it's true that at the point where the sharpness begins to decline through motion blur, the variation in the sharpness is relatively large. If at slow shutter speeds, you make multiple pictures right after each other, then the chances are great that there will be a sharp picture among them.
|Tip: Zowel met als zonder beeldstabilisatie geldt dat op het punt waar de scherpte begint af te nemen door bewegingsonscherpte, de variatie in de scherpte relatief groot is. Maak bij lange sluitertijdenmeerdere opnames vlak achter elkaar. De kans is groot dat er toch nog een scherpe opname tussen zit. |
|The optical design consists of 19 elements in 14 groups, and includes several high-quality glass types, such as two elements of a glass type (FLD) with the same properties as fluorite, two SLD lenses and 3 aspherical lenses. |
The chart on the right shows the results from our Imatest measurements of in-camera jpg files. At multiple focal lengths, the corner sharpness is somewhat lower than the center sharpness. That's common for a good lens on a camera with a full frame sensor. At focal lengths of less than 85 mm, the resolution in the center never drops below 2500 lines per picture height. At the longest focal lengths, we measure relatively speaking the lowest resolution, but the center resolution remains above 200 lines per picture height. All very good, then.
|Across the board, the Sigma 24-105 mm rated comparable to, just a little bit better than, the Canon 24-105 mm that we reviewed earlier. In our overview of results at individual focal lengths, you can compare the sharpness of the Sigma 24-105 mm with the Canon 24-105 mm. |
To give you an impression of the difference in sharpness between the Sigma 24-105 mm f/4 and the Canon 24-105 mm f/4, you see below a 100% cutout from a picture made at 105 mm f/4, with both lenses focused at precisely the same point. In the center, it's hard to see a clear difference in sharpness, but in the corners, it's clearly visible. Even so, in the vast majority of cases you won't see any difference in sharpness in practice.
|We start from "What you see is what you get" and therefore use 1 scale to assess the vignetting of all lenses, regardless of the sensor size. Lenses tested on a camera with a full frame sensor have much more trouble with vignetting. This also applies to the Sigma 24-105 mm Art. At maximum aperture, the vignetting in the corners at multiple focal lengths is up to 2 stops. You will really need to correct vignetting. |
Across virtually the entire range, distortion is visible. At 24 mm the visible distortion is barrel-shaped. From 30 mm, the visible distortion is pincushion-shaped. Distortion is quite correctable with lens correction profiles in Photoshop or Lightroom. However, during the test these profiles were not yet available.
Bokeh Sigma 24-105 mm f/4 Art
Many photographers who use a camera with a full frame sensor find me the bokeh important. The diaphragm of the Sigma 24-105 mm Art is composed of 9 rounded blades, which deliver a quiet background blur. With our bokeh test setup, the pictures made with the Canon 24-105 mm L gives a more restless bokeh than the Sigma 24-105 m f/4. The bokeh shows clear circles with the Canon; the Sigma, practically none.
Also in the pictures taken in practice the bokeh of the Sigma 24-105 mm is more beautiful. But, you get a nicer bokeh if you use a brighter lens.
From the MTF charts that manufacturers place on their website, you can distill an indication of the quality of the bokeh. The smaller the difference between the horizontal and vertical resolution (sagittal and meridional MTF), the quieter the bokeh. On the Global Vision site of Sigma, there are various charts for Sigma 24-105 mm Art performance data for MTF, distortion and vignetting. If we compare that with the MTF charts for the Canon 24-105 mm, then you would be able to see a confirmation of our observation that the bokeh of the Sigma at 105 mm is a bit nicer.
|Move your mouse over the image for a comparison of the Sigma 24-105 mm f/4 Art with the Canon EF 24-105 mm f/4 L |
Flare Sigma 24-105 mm f/4 Art
|Like the other recent lenses from Sigma, this lens is well protected against flare. Ghosts such as those found in the Lenstip review we didn't come across. Even if you are shooting straight into the sun, the flare zone is limited. It's just a very good result. |
Chromatic aberration Sigma 24-105 mm f/4 Art
At this point, we had hoped for more for a lens from the Art series, because most Sigma lenses have a design in which you encounter very little chromatic aberration. There are also several glass elements of high-quality glass types applied, which have little CA or correct for CA. In the RAW pictures we found – at large magnifications – visible lateral chromatic aberration in the form of purple and green edges at sharp contrast transitions in the corners of the image, also in practice pictures of branches against a gray sky. Fortunately, chromatic aberration in RAW files is also easy to correct with software.
In the jpg files, the lateral chromatic aberration was considerably better corrected. In our measurement results, we saw a kind of dip, where the CA in the corners was higher for both large and small apertures. The CA was always low; at f/5.6, the CA was the lowest.
Conclusion Sigma 24-105 mm f/4 Art review
Use the Lens Comparison or look in our list of reviewed lenses to compare this lens with other lenses.


It is well known that the eye’s lens focuses by changing shape. When muscles in the eye relax, the lens is pulled flat to focus on distant objects.
It is well known that the eye’s lens focuses by changing shape. When muscles in the eye relax, the lens is pulled flat to focus on distant objects. When they contract, the lens returns to a fatter shape, bringing closer objects into focus. These principles were used in design our autofocusing eyeglasses with variable optical power.
Our idea is to use elastic lens, which is similar to eye’s lens can change its optical power according to the viewing distance. One of the proposed technical solutions is based on the patented design of liquid-filled variable lenses. The distinctive feature of our variable eyeglasses is in the using of native human reflex for optical power control of the liquid filled elastic lenses.
( J. Bekerman , A. Bekkerman “Apparatus and method for eyesight rehabilitation”. Patent Application. PCT/IL 2003/000721, WO2004/023167 A2. ) On the Fig. 4an isometric view of multifocal autofocusing eyeglasses is shown. Multifocal eyeglasses comprise a spectacle-like rim 1 for wearing the spectacles on a user’s nose and two liquid lenses 2. The transparent optical liquid is confined between two elastic membranes that are held at their circumference in a corresponding recess in the rim 1. The variable lens is essentially the closed hydrostatic system, that comprising two connected reservoirs one of which is the elastic lens 2 and the second one an optical liquid container.
3. How it is working ? We used the gravitation force as the means of pushing the liquid from container into the lens cavity. Since the membranes are made from an elastic material, the curvature of the lens is adjustable and determined by the pressure of the liquid confined between the membranes. When the pressure of the liquid is greater, the curvature of the liquid lens is higher. The variation of the membranes curvature in fact leads to variation the optical power of the lens. When the person is shift one gaze from far objects to close ones the eyeglasses automatically change its optical power. The human brain estimates the sharpness of the picture focused on the retina and gives the command for head muscles to choose an optimal position. At the same time, the eye muscles also try to take an optimal condition for the better vision. One of the most important advantages of liquid filled lenses is their wide field of view in comparison with progressive multifocal lenses. It makes possible non-strained and non-distorted side vision in the reading condition. Actually, this is the new technology of the cooperative interaction of adaptive optics and biological system of human eyes. This technology provides comfortable (non-strain) seeing of objects at any distances. Relaxed vision gives the feeling of native (as if youthful) sight. Such non-strained state of eyes gives also good motivation for activation of all physiological processes in the biological system of vision. As the result person gradually gains the experience of normal visual work of eyes.


Please forward this error screen to zener diode list pdf. Parts of a conventional LED.
The flat bottom surfaces of the anvil and post embedded inside the epoxy act as anchors, to prevent the conductors from being forcefully pulled out via mechanical strain or vibration. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small incandescent bulbs. Recent developments have produced LEDs suitable for environmental and task lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. They are also significantly more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer environmental concerns linked to their disposal. LED is neither coherent nor monochromatic, but the spectrum is narrow with respect to human vision, and for most purposes the light from a simple diode element can be regarded as functionally monochromatic. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades. In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. The emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away.
This signal was fed into an audio amplifier and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music. We had a great deal of fun playing with this setup. This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications. In October 1963, TI announced the first commercial hemispherical LED, the SNX-110.
Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972. Pearsall created the first high-brightness, high-efficiency LEDs for optical fiber telecommunications by inventing new semiconductor materials specifically adapted to optical fiber transmission wavelengths. 200 per unit, and so had little practical use. 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators.
These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible. Later, other colors became widely available and appeared in appliances and equipment. In the 1970s commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. The combination of planar processing for chip fabrication and innovative packaging methods enabled the team at Fairchild led by optoelectronics pioneer Thomas Brandt to achieve the needed cost reductions.
LED producers continue to use these methods. However, neither of these initial blue LEDs were very bright. As of 2017, some manufacturers are using SiC as the substrate for LED production, but sapphire is more common. The combination of that yellow with remaining blue light appears white to the eye. The first white LEDs were expensive and inefficient.
Light output and efficiency of blue and near-ultraviolet LEDs rose as the cost of reliable devices fell. This led to relatively high-power white-light LEDs for illumination, which are replacing incandescent and fluorescent lighting. A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons cross from the N-region and recombine with the holes existing in the P-region. Thus the energy level of the holes is less than the energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.
If the semiconductor is translucent, the junction becomes the source of light as it is emitted, thus becoming a light-emitting diode. However, when the junction is reverse biased, the LED produces no light and—if the potential is great enough, the device is damaged. An LED begins to emit light when more than 2 or 3 volts is applied. The reverse bias region uses a different vertical scale from the forward bias region to show that the leakage current is nearly constant with voltage until breakdown occurs. In forward bias, the current is small but increases exponentially with voltage. LEDs are usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type layer deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well.


The main areas of Department research are:
1. The development, testing and implementation of technological processes for creation of micro- and nano(opto)electronic devices. Devices and test structures prototyping. Semiconductor devices packaging..
2. The comprehensive study of electrical parameters of semiconductor structures (MIS systems in particularly), localization and study of electrically active defects (EAD)..
3. The analysis of the technological structures and devices radiation resistance.
4. The complex development of analytical integrated and local research methods for MIS structures electrical parameters determination. More over we are developing a complex methods for analyzing and detection the local properties of EAD in various types of technological structures.
5. Certification processes.
6. Performing technological work on wide range of materials deposition including:
– Metals (Al, Ga, Cu, Ti, Ni, Mo, In, Zn, Ag, Hg, Au, Bi, Pb, Fe);
– Semiconductors (AlN, GaN, InN, SiN, SiC, TiN, MgN, BN, SiTe, MoSi2, poly-Si);
– Insulators (SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, Si3N4).
These materials and their compounds, could be deposited on the different types of surfaces (including flexible substrates).
The available at IMD equipment enables to perform research and manufacture operations in different areas:
– biomedicine, implantology;
– micro- & nano(opto)electronics;
Research group of Prof. OSINSKY
Qualitatively new developments, patented in Ukraine:
• LED chips & heterolasers integration technology based on АЗВ5 heterostructures in combination with CMOS Si integrated circuits;
• epitaxial technology for achieving multilayer LED nanostructures;
• technology for effective radiation output from heterostructures;
• the design of the optical system for radiation output from the chip and direction diagram formation;
• the technology of heat-removing from the LEDs matrixes;
• the LED matrixes control method with minimizing the number of switching elements;
• structure and technology of ohmic contacts for LEDs;
• laser-computer technology to improve the LED chips parameters;
• the active layers materials with quantum dots;
• the technology for creation a stable multi-phase solid solutions to form the LEDs & heterolasers emitting regions.


Attenuators in Calbayog
Found: 1 products← Back to category "Testers: power, voltage"
DMSI offers a full line of fiber optic attenuators for use with all applications. Our attenuators can be installed easily and are constructed of the highest quality materials. Each of our fiber optic attenuators are individually tested and are offered in a wide variety of connector styles and polis Read more
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ISE is equipped with 17 lasers over 3 locations with the capacity to cut parts up to 240” long and a thickness of 1”.
We invest in the latest cutting technology to offer our clients the most competitive pricing and quote within 24 hours. Contact us for a quote today.
Our estimating team is eager to respond to requests for quotes accurately and in a short time.
Flying Optics – Flying Optics lasers feature a stationary table and a cutting head (with a laser beam) that moves over the work piece in both of the horizontal dimensions. Flying Optics cutters keep the workpiece stationary during processing, and often don’t require material clamping.
ISE has the flexibility among 3 Laser operations to serve a wide variety of industries in North America.


Celestron announces new products for 2014
January 16, 2014 by Sarah
Celestron, the leading maker of telescopes in the world and located in Torrance just outside of Gardena, recently announced its new product lineup for 2014. Most likely the company is turning to a variety of printing services to help with the announcement of these new products.
In 2013, Celestron introduced five series of binoculars and other scopes for the sport optics market and this year has added a new line of large aperture binoculars. This has become the Echelon line with three rugged models with magnifications of 10x, 16x and 20x that feature fully multi-coated optics, 70 mm objective lenses and BaK-4 prisms. The binoculars have an aluminum housing armored with rubber that is needed for sports optics for durability and enhancing ergonomics. For 2014, Celestron has added three new large aperture models to the Nature DX binoculars that have magnifications of 8x, 10x and 12x.
For 2014, Celestron is also expanding its line of astronomical accessories. They have developed two spotting scope eyepieces, one of which is a wide-angle model and the other a long relief model that also feature fully multi-coated optics and waterproof housings.
Another new astronomical accessory is the TrailSeeker tripod which is made of lightweight aluminum and can be used for spotting scopes. It has multiple leg angles, quick release plate and a two-way fluid head so that it can be used in a variety of terrains.
Adding to its line of digital microscopes, Celestron has created the MicroFi which includes Wi-Fi integration so that live streaming video can be fed to up to three tablets or smartphones up to 30 feet in distance.


Texas Instruments (TI) (NASDAQ: TXN) today announced its 0.66-inch 4K UHD chip for home theater, business and education projection displays. Based on proven DLP Cinema® technology, the imaging choice for more than eight of 10 digital theatre screens worldwide, the DLP 4K UHD chipset combines the fast switching speed of the digital micromirror device (DMD) with advanced image processing. This latest DLP Products offering in a single-chip projector architecture enables high resolution and high brightness solutions at a price point that allows manufacturers to expand 4K UHD projection displays to a broad audience. For more information, visit www.ti.com/DLP4KUHD.
The DLP 0.67-inch 4K UHD chip for home theater, business and education projection displays.
The DLP 4K UHD solution uses the fast speed of the chip with advanced image processing to deliver more than 8 million pixels to the screen with just 4 million mirrors. Each mirror is capable of switching over 9,000 times per second, creating two distinct and unique pixels on the screen during every frame to deliver full 4K UHD resolution.
Key features and benefits of the DLP 4K UHD solution
High performance 4K UHD imager: The fast switching speed of the DMD enables each mirror to display two distinct and unique pixels on the screen during every frame, reducing blur and delivering full resolution. The inherent one-chip DLP system alignment enables the color integrity of the content to be maintained without blurriness between colors.
Affordable 4K UHD: With a small, 0.66-inch DMD that is similar in size to the DLP 0.65-inch 1080p chip, customers can have access to more affordable 4K UHD solutions in settings ranging from the home theater to the boardroom to the classroom.
Powerful ANSI contrast: DLP technology’s high ANSI contrast brings out the fine details in 4K UHD content to offer a stunning viewing experience.
Advanced image processing: DLP Products’ proprietary algorithms deliver sharp, high quality images with crisp and clear fine lines and details.
A flexible solution: The DLP chip can be used with multiple light sources including lamps, LEDs, and laser phosphor, giving manufacturers the flexibility to create a unique solution for a variety of applications.
"4K UHD comes to life when all of the details in the content are accurately displayed," said Dave Duncan, DLP Products business manager, Texas Instruments. "By giving customers the ability to incorporate a 4K UHD display chip that’s roughly the same size as our 1080p chip, this new solution from TI DLP Products can be a game changer for the industry."
"TI’s versatile 4K UHD chipset gives us the capability of developing high quality 4K UHD products for a variety of applications. With this product, more people will be able to enjoy 4K UHD projection systems," said Robert Sterzing, president, Optoma Technology.
The DLP 4K UHD chip solution will be available in spring 2016. For more information, or to sign up for notification when the chip becomes available, visit www.ti.com/DLP4KUHD.
Find out more
Visit the overview page to learn more about the features and benefits of the DLP 4K UHD solution.
Watch a video on the DLP 4K UHD solution.
About Texas Instruments DLP Products
Since 1996, award-winning TI DLP technology has powered the world’s top display devices to deliver high-resolution images rich with color, contrast, clarity and brightness for a wide range of applications, including industrial, automotive, medical and consumer market segments. DLP technology is being used in movie theatres (DLP Cinema® products) and large-scale, professional venues and conference rooms, classrooms and home theaters. With mobile devices enabled by DLP® Pico™ technology, users have the ability to display images from the palm of their hand. Every DLP chipset features an array of microscopic mirrors that switch on and off up to 10,000 times per second. To learn more, please visit www.ti.com/dlp or follow TI DLP technology on Twitter at @TI_DLP.
About Texas Instruments
Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is a global semiconductor design and manufacturing company that develops analog integrated circuits (ICs) and embedded processors. By employing the world’s brightest minds, TI creates innovations that shape the future of technology. TI is helping more than 100,000 customers transform the future, today. Learn more at www.ti.com.
DLP and DLP Cinema are registered trademarks. All registered trademarks and other trademarks belong to their respective owners.
With a small, 0.67-inch digital micromirror device (DMD) that is similar in size to the DLP 0.65-inch 1080p chip, customers can have access to more affordable 4K UHD solutions in settings ranging from the home theater to the boardroom to the classroom.
DLP technology combines speed and performance for accurate, razor sharp, 4K UHD projection displays.
SOURCE Texas Instruments


Green, blue, and purple tattoo pigments are often the colors most resistant to laser removal. Recently, the first ever picosecond laser with a 785 nm wavelength was developed by Syneron Candela to improve the rate of clearance of green, blue, and purple tattoo inks. This is available for Picoway, the world’s most effective, and most safe laser system for tattoo removal with minimal to no recovery time.
Please see an article on the PicoWay 785nm handpiece written by Dr. Bernstein & co:
In this first study of the new 785 nm picosecond laser, results demonstrate safe and effective removal of multicolor tattoos. Although clearance was shown for a multitude of colors including black, the 785 nm laser wavelength has a special affinity to purple, blue and green tattoo pigments.
Publication details: Lasers Surg. Med. 9999:1–7, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Trap Light floor lamp is the result of an exciting collaboration between Gionata Gatto and Mike Thompson, proposing a radical new approach to lighting design. By utilising photoluminescent pigments to capture escaping light, Trap Light converts waste energy back into visible light.
Photoluminesence is a process in which energy absorbed by a substance is gradually released as light. Using the Murano glass blowing technique, the designers were able to embed photoluminescent pigments into the glass body of the lamp. Through this process, Trap Light becomes both shade and light source, emitting, absorbing, and re-emitting light. 30 minutes ‘charge’ of recycled light from a traditional incandescent or LED light bulb provides up to 8 hours of ambient lighting.
Other project: Blood Lamp… bit different
For the lamp to work one breaks the top off, dissolves the powder, and uses their own blood to power a simple light. By creating a lamp that can only be used once, the user must consider when light is needed the most, forcing them to rethink how wasteful they are with energy, and how precious it is.


6 car safety features to drive in winter
Adaptive headlights can help drivers see better on dark, curved roads. And while they aren't as common on today's vehicles as other technologies, Lachnit says they could provide great assistance in the fog or rain.
For example, BMW's adaptive headlight system works by using sensors to measure speed and the steering angle. Based on information sent from the sensors, small electric motors adjust the headlights so they fall directly on the road ahead.
This car safety feature was found to be even more effective in preventing crashes than Highway Loss Data Institute researchers expected. They analyzed adaptive headlights offered by Acura, Mazda, Mercedes and Volvo, and found that property damage claims fell by as much as 10 percent.


This low-light camera is co-located with the daylight camera in Homer. It is extremely sensitive to light and has a range that extends to the Near Infrared (NIR). The image from this camera will often be light-saturated during daylight hours and will display only as a white featureless screen.
Approximate sunrise/sunset times at the Augustine - low light webcam:
Thursday July, 18, 2019:
Sunrise: 05:27 AKDT
Sunset: 22:57 AKDT


Hikvision is expanding the DarkFighter range of ultra-low-light surveillance cameras with the release of the DS-2DF8223I-AEL PTZ network camera. This cutting-edge camera utilizes Hikvision’s industry-leading, ultra-low-light MP lens and is designed specifically to capture sharp color and monochrome images in extreme, low-light conditions. The result is crystal-clear color images in conditions that would defeat conventional monochrome IP cameras and competing low-light cameras.
The DS-2DF8223I-AEL DarkFighter PTZ opens up new opportunities for 24-hour CCTV surveillance and is the ideal replacement for conventional IP network cameras. The incorporation of EIS (Electronic Image Stabilization), 120dB WDR and a plethora of Smart Detection technologies further improves image quality and operational convenience. The overall excellence of the camera has been recognised by the ISFEC Security & Fire Excellence Awards which has nominated the new DarkFighter PTZ as a finalist for “CCTV Camera Equipment of the Year”.
Award – winning low-light specifications
The DarkFighter camera features a large, two-megapixel, 1/1.9 inch progressive scan CMOS image sensor capable of capturing full color images down to 0.002 Lux and B/W to 0.0002 Lux. Together with a 120 dB WDR (wide dynamic range) and Hikvision’s 3D DNR (Digital Noise Reduction) technology, the camera is capable of streaming full HD 1920 x 1080 video at 30fps. IR distance of up to 200 metres is further supported to ensure image capturing in darkest environment.
The camera features a wide range of Smart detection features, including face detection, intrusion detection, line crossing detection and audio exception. These features, combined with smart tracking, which enables the camera to detect any progressively moving object and follow it within the camera’s area of coverage without fault, place the DarkFighter head and shoulders above other PTZ and IP cameras. Smart Defog and EIS (Electronic Image Stabilization) are further supported to improve image quality in challenging conditions.
High power optics
DarkFighter PTZ is fitted with a fast and powerful 23X optical zoom lens, which zooms from wide open to fully zoomed in less than five seconds. This high-power lens is capable of rotating endlessly through a full 360 degrees and tilting from -20 to 90 degrees and its ultra-low-light performance is augmented with infra-red capability over a range of 200 meters. In addition, up to 300 preset positions may be programmed and the new camera is also capable of combining up to 32 presets in up to 8 patrols. The DarkFighter PTZ will also scan up to 4 patterns and supports up to 24 ROI areas.
Multiple compression formats
MPEG4, MJPEG and H.264 video compression formats are supported and the camera features multiple H.264 compression profiles, allowing users to optimize bandwidth and storage without compromising image quality. With support for ONVIF, PSIA, and CGI standards, the new camera also offers quick and easy integration with other video surveillance equipment and systems.
The DS-2DF8223I-AEL DarkFighter PTZ is the latest member of the growing DarkFighter family of ultra-low-light CCTV cameras. It is fully protected by an integrated heater in the sturdy IP66 and vandal-proof housing, making it the perfect candidate for deployment in challenging outdoor environments both day and night down to temperatures as low as -40°C. High-PoE and 24VAC power supply are supported as well.
In addition, Hikvision also introduces another DarkFighter PTZ member — DS-2DF6223-AEL 2MP Smart PTZ Outdoor Network Camera for customer’s choice. This camera doesn’t feature IR capability, but shares all the other excellent functionalities of the DS-2DF8223I-AEL. For more information on the two products’ specification, please visit Hikvision at Intersec at stand SA-C11.


The LED strip is built into the unit (instead of using fiber optics) placing the light as close to the water fall as possible. This design creates a wonderful illumination to the water falling into the pool. 10 selections of pre-programmed LED lighting pattern allow you to create the best luminous water features on your hands.
Five different models available for different water effects:
- PB Series: Sheet of water with standard trajectory
- PBA Series: Sheet of water with arc trajectory
- PBS Series: Sheet of water with sheer trajectory
- RA Series: Rain fall effect with arc trajectory
- RS Series: Rain fall effect with sheer trajectory


We are a leading Wholesale Trader of dpn-124g d-link optical network unit from Patna, India.
DPN-124G D-Link Optical Network Unit
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DPN-124G provides an optical line connection to a GPON OLT device. The key advantage of GPON technology is extraordinary bandwidth of the channel. This helps to deliver the next generation of high-speed Internet services to home and office users. DPN-124G helps to provide a reliable, long-reaching last-mile connection by extending the high-bandwidth public network to people living and working in remote multi-unit buildings.
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High-performance Q-Switched laser system
safe and efficient, fast and convenient
StarWalker® and its visionary ISA (Adaptive Structured Pulse) technology mark a titanic breakthrough in the field of medical and aesthetic lasers.
This third-generation technology combines the unbeatable range of duration modes of Fotona’s ICV (Variable Square Pulse) technology with the revolutionary ability of ISA technology to adapt the temporal structure of laser pulses to the biophotonic dynamics of laser-tissue interaction.
Safe and efficient, fast and convenient
Improves skin texture and tone
By combining four complimentary wavelengths and 14 laser modes, the StarWalker acts as a highly versatile multi-functional system for a wide range of aesthetic applications. The StarWalker’s energy, four colors, and exclusive FracTAT™ procedure also make the StarWalker, an industry-leading tattoo removal laser system. By combining four complimentary wavelengths and 14 laser modes, the StarWalker acts as a highly versatile multi-functional system for a wide range of aesthetic applications.
Pico laser power with Q-Switched laser energy
StarWalker’s unique oscillating DMT (transverse mode discrimination) laser technology combines with ISA pulse control to emit very short Q-switched pulses (5 nano sec) that consist of a sequence of very short energy explosions in trillionths of a second, causing the photomechanical impact to burst tiny skin targets without damaging the surrounding skin. StarWalker’s technology thus combines the high energy capabilities of nanosecond lasers with the peak powers of the very short pulses of traditional picosecond lasers.


Fringe Pattern Analysis for Optical Metrology (Hardcover)
Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
Wiley-Vch, 9783527411528, 344pp.
Publication Date: August 18, 2014
List Price: 181.00*
* Individual store prices may vary.
About the Author
Manuel Servin received his engineering diploma from the ?cole Nationale Sup?rieure des T?l?communications in France (1982), and his Ph.D. from the Centro de Investigaciones en ?ptica A. C. (CIO) at Leon Mexico in 1994. He is co-author of the book `Interferogram Analysis for Optical Testing?. Dr. Servin has published more than 100 papers in scientific peer-reviewed journals on Digital Interferometry and Fringe Analysis. Juan Antonio Quiroga received his Ph.D. in physics in 1994 from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. He is now teaching there at the Physics Faculty. His current principal areas of interest are Digital image processing applied to Optical Metrology and applied optics Moises Padilla is a Ph.D. student in optical sciences at the Centro de Investigaciones en ?ptica (CIO) at Le?n Mexico. He is associated with the optical metrology division of the CIO. His research activities are in digital signal processing and electrical communication engineering applied to processing and analysis of optical interferogram images.
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TRUE: In this video, we highlight the difference between using a nanosecond and femtosecond (ultrafast) pulse duration laser. When using the ultrafast laser, there is no heat input into the popcorn due to the 350 femtosecond pulse duration. This ultrafast pulse translates photon energy to the material’s electrons before there is time for this energy to be translated from the electrons to the lattice. This phenomenon is often referred to as athermal laser processing, and allows the Laser Applications Engineer to control the heat input parameter and not pop the popcorn. When using a nanosecond pulse duration laser, the heat input is higher and less controlled than an ultrafast laser system. With this laser, the heat input was sufficient to pop the popcorn.
The videos show the difference between two types of laser systems within Mound Laser’s micromachining department. The ultrafast femtosecond or picosecond laser systems are best suited for applications where material is sensitive to heat input such as bioabsorable material, polymers, nitinol and precious metals. These systems are capable of producing features down to 5 microns. Typical applications include stents, biofilters, or micro implants. The nanosecond pulse duration laser system is best suited for applications that require extensive amounts of precise material removal and have more tolerance for heat input. Mound Laser has 21 laser systems, and our Laser Applications Engineers will assist with selecting the right system for each customers’ applications.


Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)$99 Base price View My Quote Request
Near-infrared Imaging (NIR)
Near-infrared imaging (NIR) is a nondestructive, noninvasive, and highly efficient method for localizing certain defects in photovoltaics and solar cells via electroluminescence. The technique is also a viable means of localizing defects in NIR fiber optic systems and lasers as well as monitoring high-temperature systems. NIR is currently seeing a growing field of application in pharmaceutical and polymers applications.
- Rapid assessment of solar systems
- Defect detection in NIR lasers and fiber optics
- Imaging through optically opaque but NIR transparent materials
- Well-suited for characterizing high-temperature systems
- Low temperature systems (which are better suited for infrared thermographic imaging (IRT))
- Microscopic inspection
Photograph (top) and NIR image (bottom) of a historic painting by Hans Memling (titled “Triptych of Jan Crabbe”) that portrayed John the Baptist and a monk. Near infrared light scatters from submerged paint layers and shows areas where the artist attempted several approaches – varying the right hand of John the Baptist and adjusting the position of the monk’s head.
- Best suited for sample areas >1cm2 in size, smaller samples should be assessed independently.
- Samples requiring fine probing are not well suited for this analysis – to see if your sample would be a good fit, please contact us
Near-infrared imaging works similarly to a standard optical camera/imaging sensor, but utilizes a unique solid state Peltier-cooled detector designed to detect light in the 900-1700nm wavelength range (just outside of the visible spectrum). Interestingly, most digital photography cameras today are actually able to detect NIR light and require specialized filters to ensure that only visible light is captured.
As brightness is perceived by standard optical cameras, NIR cameras too correlate the intensity of photon signals across a target wavelength range and interpolate this information for each pixel in an array covering the subject field of view.
Because NIR radiation is scattered and absorbed differently than visible light, NIR images can sometimes be clearer and more detailed than conventional photographs, capturing subjects obscured by overlayers of IR-transmissive materials.
When imaging high-temperature systems, NIR systems detect shorter wavelength than infrared thermographic imaging (IRT), and therefore can see regions with temperatures beyond what is perceptible to the IR system. Electromagnetic radiation is emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero (-273.15 °C); objects with higher temperatures produce more radiation with shorter peak emission wavelengths. At very high temperatures, the wavelengths in a system become too narrow for conventional IR thermography, requiring NIR for characterization.
Emission Microscopy (EMMI)
Emission Microscopy (EMMI) is a non-invasive and non-destructive optical analysis technique used to localize photon emissions from fault...
Infrared Thermography (IRT)
Infrared thermography can be used to measure the heat distribution in integrated circuits (die) and printed circuit boards,...


What is LiFi?
LiFi is a high-speed, bidirectional and fully networked light communication solution. LiFi technology uses light instead of radio waves to transfer data, embedding the information in beams of light. Our LiFi-enabled devices convert these beams into an electrical signal, which are then converted back into data.
We provide LED lighting solutions with the required LiFi hardware and software components installed. Customers simply plug a LiFi dongle into their laptop which automatically connects via the light beam to the nearest LiFi LED light. The device can now receive and transfer data up to 100x faster than WiFi – and with 100% security.


* Monolithically integrated interferometric biochiPs for label-free earlY deTection of Human dIseAses
PYTHIA project aims at the development of an innovative optoelectronic biochip for the early diagnosis of human diseases through label-free multi-analyte detection. These biochips are envisioned to "prophesise" potential predisposition to, or diagnose the early onset of human diseases, paving the way for advances in personalised health care. The principle of operation of the PYTHIA biochip is based on Broad-Band Mach-Zehnder Interferometry which improves the sensing capabilities over other main stream optical detection schemes. The PYTHIA biochip is built around an optoelectronic transducer consisting of a VIS-NIR light source and an interferometric waveguide all monolithically integrated on a single Si chip. The integration of all passive and active optical components on the same Si chip achieves the highest miniaturization level and overcomes the limitations of all optical transducers developed so far. Its breakthrough design makes use of conventional microchip technologies while circumventing common manufacturability issues. The final goal of the biochip is to enable the medical community to simultaneously diagnose a variety of diseases.
The transducer's ultimate integration level allows for the development of arrays consisting of individually functionalized interferometers coupled to their excitation source, and converging to a common detector for multiplexed operation. Encapsulation at wafer scale with a microfluidic system allows for the easy delivery of samples, while boarding on a disposable cartridge ensures the facile contact with the measuring apparatus.
The final system will be capable of simultaneous multi-analyte detection, real-time reaction monitoring and data processing, requiring minimal sample volumes and a few minutes of operation.
The system is completed by a user-friendly software for ease-of-use that does not require the presence of highly trained personnel and can be applied in any size diagnostic centre or even a privately owned practice. The final system will have the ability to be tailored to diverse diagnostic applications and patient or population genetic profiles.
The great potential and analytical breakthroughs of the proposed biochip will be demonstrated through its use in:
- Prostate cancer, a frequently occurring disease severely burdening health care systems.
- MEN2, a medical condition, linked to an inherited faulty gene (RET), demonstrating the ability of the biochip for efficient predisposition screening of population-specific genetic profiles.
- Retinitis Pigmentosa (inherited diseases group causing retinal degeneration and vision loss) demonstrating substantial downgrading of the diagnostics costs of genetically complex diseases.
The development of miniaturised and more powerful analytical and diagnostic tools for the early detection of diseases & for point-of-care monitoring systems is of very high priority for the whole healthcare sector.
Photonic biosensors are considered as very promising solutions towards this objective. Despite their attractive attributes, the existing optical biosensors are burdened with the need of external optical components and the final systems are bulky regardless of the miniaturisation level of the biosensors themselves.
For the fabrication of the next generation of compact, portable, cost-efficient biosensors which will allow for the label-free, real-time detection of biomolecules (like proteins and DNA strands) at very low concentrations in small-volume samples, "smarter" designs are direly required. These designs should also result into biosensing devices able to be mass produced and used in any size clinical centre or even private practice by non-specialised personnel.
The principle of operation of the PYTHIA biosensor device is significantly different from the existing detection approaches and is based on broad-band Mach-Zehnder interferometry (BBMZI). The basic sensor scheme consists of a VIS-NIR light source and a waveguide monolithically fabricated on a silicon wafer, while its principle of operation is the spectroscopic interference due to the optical path difference originating by biochemical events. The signal recording will be realised either via an also monolithically fabricated photodetector or via an external spectrophotometer.
The integrated nature of the basic biosensor scheme allows for the development of arrays tailored to specific diagnostic applications. Each biosensor array will be comprised of individually functionalised light source/optical waveguide series coupled to a single detector for multiplexing operation. Encapsulation with an appropriately designed microfluidic system will allow for the easy delivery of the samples to be analysed and ensure the facile contact with the external low-noise electronic components. The encapsulated array will be fixed on a cartridge, ready to be manually inserted to its final position in the housing, where it will be directly connected to the optical and electrical interconnects. The biochip, controlled by accompanying user-friendly software, will be capable of simultaneous multi-analyte detection (e.g. mutations of specific genes), and real-time monitoring and processing, with a detection duration that will not exceed a few minutes with minimal blood sample volumes or specimens.Technology choice: Proprietary technology
Main results, benefits and impacts
The PYTHIA project aims at the development of a novel optoelectronic transducer based on broad-band Mach-Zehnder Interferometry (BB-MZI), suitable for wafer scale fabrication, functionalisation and encapsulation and its application to the early diagnosis of human diseases through the label-free, multi-analyte detection of gene mutations and proteins.
The PYTHIA biochip is the only device in the world where all active and passive optical components (light source, waveguides, photodetector) are monolithically integrated all in the same Si chip, and fabricated by standard silicon technologies only.
The electro-optical bio-transducer, addresses all key issues of existing optical biochips: miniaturisation, ultimate integration level, improved sensitivity and detection limits, repeatability, and adaptability to various diagnostic schemes (genomics and proteomics).
The PYTHIA biochip becomes the only truly integrated, fully-compact, all-Si optical biosensor that can be readily implemented to mass-production.
The biochip, controlled by accompanying user-friendly software, will be capable of simultaneous multi-analyte and real-time detection, with an assay duration that will not exceed a few minutes with minimal blood sample volumes or specimens.
The PYTHIA optoelectronic transducer consists of a VISNIR light source and a waveguide monolithically fabricated on a Si wafer and patterned in two arms. Its principle of operation is the spectroscopic interference due to the optical path difference between the reference and properly functionalised sensing arm originating from biochemical events. The signal recording is realised either via an also monolithically fabricated photodetector or via an external spectrophotometer.
The basic biosensor scheme allows for the development of arrays consisting of individually functionalised light source/optical waveguide series coupled to a single detector for multiplexing operation.
Wafer-scale encapsulation along with an appropriately designed microfluidic system allow for the easy delivery of the samples and ensure the facile contact with the external low-noise electronic components. The encapsulated array is fixed on a cartridge ready to be manually inserted to its final position in the housing.
The electrical and optical characterisation of the first batch of optoelectronic transducers provided a solid confirmation of the BB-MZI concept and useful information for the design optimisation of the biosensor chips. The transducers were functionalised and encapsulated with a microfluidic cell to be possible to evaluate them in real conditions. For the Biotin- Streptavidin model assay, the detection of streptavidin in the picomolar range was easily demonstrated, which is comparable with the state of the art values for labelfree biosensors.
The progress in the design and fabrication of the biochip along with the preliminary results obtained so far are convincing that the PYTHIA biochip and measuring apparatus will be able to diagnose diseases at an early stage, determine whether one will suffer from hereditary diseases and provide head-up warnings for one's well-being.
Return on investmentReturn on investment: Not applicable / Not available
This field will be completed by the submitter when the lessons learnt have been identified and understood.Scope: Cross-border, International


Fiber optics standard dictionary second edition martin h weik dse consultant in fiber optics research systems and standards jor the united states navy. Fiber optics vocabulary development in 1979 the national communications system published technical infonnationbulle tin tb 79 1 vocabulary for fiber optics and . Fiber optics standard dictionary martin weik on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers fiber optics vocabulary development in 1979 the national . The first edition of this dictionary was written during the years preceding 1980 no fiber optics glossary had been published by any recognized stan dards body no . Fibre optics definition at dictionarycom a free online dictionary with pronunciation synonyms and translation look it up now
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