Once you start putting electricity into your reprap even at just. A cheap laser diode is the first thing you need to make your very own high powered laser capable of burning paper. This block diagram is a representative sample, meant to familiarize the users with terminology and basic elements, not an exhaustive evaluation of what is available on the market. Laser diode mine is red you could buy any color it hardly matters 10 microfarad 16v. Jan 03, 2018 how to wire12v ttl stepdown laser diode ld power supply driver board with the ttl controlling using arduino nano board grbl library.
If you then try to power this damaged laser diode with a driver circuit using optical. Every laser driver are easy to use with laser diodes. The laser diode can be modulated at very high speeds. An introduction to pulsedcurrent laser diode drivers bob schmid dei scientific technical support b. If the laser driver draws 160 ma, which is what we would expect for a 65mw red laser diode drawing 150 ma, l1 will drop to 8 v and q1 will dissipate 300 mw. Sorry for so basic questions, i just have never made stuff like this. How to build a laser diode circuit learning about electronics. View and download samsung clp 300 color laser printer service manual online. How to make a laser diode driver that enables you to burn. Links to zip files with the latest version of the complete sams laser faq may be found in home and mirror site. It has been designed to be integrated into systems for maximum performance at a cost far below traditional laboratory and scientific diode laser drivers. Im attaching a photo of a driver circuit i found online.
Laser diode a beginners guide to laser diode driver basics and design fundamentals, article explains how laser driver s work and the types of commercially available drivers. It is an ideal light source for printing and medical applications. Also source code of lasergrbl is available under gplv3 license. Laser diode power supply 4 schematic reld4 lddrive. Bernard kippelen school of electrical and computer school of electrical and computer engineering. This article will help you understand pulsedcurrent laser diode. We offer drive electronics for the easy operation of all types of laser diodes. User manual ldd6000 cw laser diode driver the ldd6000 laser diode driver is intended for oem laser applications using high power diode lasers. Lasergrbl is free and opensource, but its development require time and money. You can get old dvd rw drives on ebay for 15usd, or just look around and ask friends if they dont have some old unused drives. Samsung clp 300 color laser printer service manual pdf.
On most cnc machines a spindle output or spindle speed output can be used to control the laser power by way of changing the impulse duration or by changing the voltage on the output slot. Aug 29, 2012 im new to all this stuff so could you tell me the components for testing a red laser driver circuit. Adjustable 2w 445nm445nm blue laser driver circuit 2around ol4452ad features 5. Do not look into the laser beam or shine the laser beam into your eyes, other peoples eyes, or pets eyes. How to wire12v ttl stepdown laser diode ld power supply driver board with the ttl controlling using arduino nano board grbl library. Follow this simple video and you shall not be disappointed.
D6505i 650nm 5mw laser diode product description d6505i is a 650nm mocvd grown laser diode with quantum well structures. Tida01573 nanosecond laser driver reference design for. Dissection of green laser pointer here is the complete sequence of photos of the dissection of a 532 nm green laser pointer. The block diagram in figure 1 shows a very basic laser diode driver or sometimes known as. Jun 12, 2017 a simple laser diode driver circuit utilizing tis lm317 pdf. Laser diode drivers vary widely in feature set and performance. Would this be a suitable driver circuit for this laser diode. Capacitor c1 determines the turnon delay for the laser. An introduction to pulsedcurrent laser diode drivers.
Everything about ttl and laser control endurancelasers. How to wire 12v ttl stepdown laser diode ld power supply for. We use zincoxide heat paste and lightly clamp the pintype heatsinks with a pair of small screws. Wmdc enables a pc and a windows mobilebased pocket pc to communicate. Design and test of fast laser driver circuits since the invention of the laser by theodore h maiman 50 years ago, lasers have found widespread applications in various technological fields, such as telecommunications, industrial production 1, and sensor and measurement equipment. A circuit built on the simplest dcdc forward bulk converter is shown in fig. For the driving of the laser diodes ld special drivers circuits are used. Laser diode drivers medium and highpower drivers for. Dec 31, 2007 here is a great video on how to make a laser diode driver. Schematic of current power supply for double laser from dvdrw burner drive with switch for selecting operation mode red infrared both. Side shooting class 3a red laser pointer always on. Ir lasers are commonly used by the military to help track targets, but they have civilian applications as well for example, in laser cutting or laser rangefinding. I make driver circuits for 10w and 20w lasers so im familiar with what they require.
A driver circuit is a circuit which can limit appropriately the amount of current being fed into the laser diode, so that it can function correctly. The purpose of this laser diode tutorial is to provide the information necessary to create a long lifetime, stable laser diode system. Introduction this expanded table of contents toc provides links to all of the files and major entry points of sams laser faq official overly long name. Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other than those specified herein may result in exposure to hazardous invisible laser radiation, damage to, or malfunction of the laser. Design and test of fast laser driver circuits since the invention of the laser by theodore h maiman 50 years ago, lasers have found widespread. Sams laser diode driver 1 schematic sgld1 sgld1sch. With soft starting circuit protection,no harm to diode even of frequent open pin connection is similar with led diode pin connection,there is pin conneciton. This white paper describes the design of fast driver circuits, pcb layouts and optical measurement considerations, as well as a solution to achieve an ideal design. How to wire 12v ttl stepdown laser diode ld power supply. Note that all these links are external and we cannot provide support on the circuits or offer any guarantees to their accuracy. The ad9662 laser diode driver evaluation board schematic and datasheet. Laser warning label supplied must be installed on the firearm with the laser aperture arrow pointing to the laser diode lens. Laser diode driver circuit homemade circuit projects. If you want to see the pdf of the datasheet, click on the datasheet link below.
Too little current and the laser diode will not have sufficient power to turn on and operate. Nanosecond laser driver reference design for lidar pdf 1277. Analog laser diode setup for gray scale image engraving. With the laser driver circuit drawing 100 ma, l1 will be 10. Adjustable 2w 445nm445nm blue laser driver circuit 2a. Ive been working on this laser for weeks, but couldnt find the time to complete it. The ld2000r is a stable laser diode current source that can be operated with laser diodes having a common laser diode anode and monitor photodiode cathode. These devices are used in applications such as materials processing, illumination, medical and sensing applications. If current is low then it will not operate, because of not having sufficient power. Lddseries laser diode driver is intended for single laser diode driving. Clp 300 color laser printer printer pdf manual download.
Light laser led circuitscircuits and schematics at next. This device contains a builtin rechargeable lithium battery and cannot be. High power laser diodes 10 watts are available at wavelengths from the near infrared through near the 2000nm region. Laser diodes are used many applications including cd, dvd drives and fiber optic interfaces. Tida01573 nanosecond laser driver reference design for lidar. The driver operates in an automatic power control apc mode using the builtin monitor photodiode integrated in the laser diode for feedback. Laser diode 650nm, 5mw a laser diode is a device which emits light by the process of optical amplification depend on stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation, in simple we can say it laser light.
Severe burns will result from skin exposure to the laser beam. Since no green direct injection laser diodes are currently available, these pointers are based on the use of diode pumped solid state frequency doubled dpssfd laser technology. Focus invisible co2 laser first with the ruler then fire a dot on a piece of paper and align the red laser dot so it hits the same spot. Pmic laser drivers integrated circuits ics digikey. A laser diode driver circuit is a circuit which is used to limit the current and then supplies to the laser diode, so it can work properly. Collimators made of glass or plastic are used to produce the most precise beam profile possible from the emitting laser diode. An introduction to laser diodes technical articles. The next step was to order samples from ti, while exporting schematic from. This does add another set of steps to assembly, but we stuck with larger sizes to make it fairly painless. Laser diode a beginners guide to laser diode driver basics and design fundamentals, article explains how laser drivers work and the types of commercially available drivers. Some circuits would be illegal to operate in most countries and others are dangerous to construct and should not be attempted by the inexperienced. Drive electronics for cw laser diodes laser diode accessories.
This circuit also allows for digitally pulsingmodulating the laser. Design of highspeed cmos laser driver using a standard cmos technology for optical data transmission approved by. Jeff woodcock, and his son jeffery, for their assistance and photos. Sams laser faq safety, info, links, parts, types, drive, construction a practical guide to lasers for experimenters and hobbyists. How to make a laser diode driver that enables you to burn paper. Can you go into more details of how to use the testing circuit please. The optional beam combiner provides better performance since it goes through the lens. Each output includes two 8bit digitaltoanalog converters dac with programmable gain and up to 400ma driving capability per channel. If we directly connect it to the supply, due to more current it will damage. Its a good idea to protect your investment in a dvd burner diode by hooking it up properly.
Furthermore, in a driver circuit for a laser i need to regulate not only voltage but current as well. In all of the discussed circuits the input voltage e is accepted as constant. One key section of a laser diode driver is the adjustable current source. How to make a weapons grade laser class iv 2000mw laser. This brief paper describes two control systems mechanical and electronic currently in use to control a 1. In this project, we will show how to connect up and build a laser diode circuit. This is an approximately 2000mw 450nm laser that i built from scratch into my own aluminium housing. Laser drivers ic laser diode drivers lm317 laser drivers. Laser drivers, also known as a laser diodes driver and sometimes as a laser diode controller, is a device used in converting very highspeed digital data to analog signals used to drive laser diodes. Im not for sure on the specs of the diode but im guessing its more than 100mw.
Im new to all this stuff so could you tell me the components for testing a red laser driver circuit. While the focus in communications is on achieving high. Nova ms60 measuring instruments pdf manual download. This page contain electronic circuits about laser circuits at category laser circuit page 2. The resistor determines the output current to the laser diodes using the formula i 1. Here is a great video on how to make a laser diode driver. The yellow line is at 27 c, the red line is at 100 c, and the cyan line is. As the element is damaged the laser gets damaged or not able to work. Led lighting, or by using red, blue, and green lasers in. The next step is understanding from a schematic point of view how a typical laser diode current source works. A simple laser diode driver circuit utilizing tis lm317 pdf.
With just two resistors the user is able to regulate both the operating current and thus the laser power and the pulse length. The next step was to order samples from ti, while exporting schematic from fig. Pulse circuits for infrared leds and visible diode lasers. The max3601 laser driver for pico projectors supports video imaging with red, blue, and green lasers. Reference board orientation is component side up, power inputs to the left. Generally lm317 is used for regulating power in laser diode driver circuit. Chameleon crystal laser marking system installation and maintenance manual 2 safety laser safety the chameleon series marking system contains a stateoftheart diodepumped solidstate laser that produces intense and invisible laser radiation at a wavelength of 1064 nm in the near infrared spectrum. Visible diode laser lowspeed driver for longer pulse widths and with risefall times no shorter than 200 ns, the 555 timer chip can be used to directly drive a visible diode laser at the nominal current level usually 20 30 ma with a current limiting series resistor.
Pdf design of yag coated laser diode driver with feedback. The most common devices are in the range of 808nm through 980nm. Laser projection with arduino schematic circuit diagram. At the time of manufacturing of red lasers a special care is taken to avoid surge like static electricity and increase in current, because in red laser the oscillation is occur with the low power of 2 to 3 mw even after the breakdown. The more complex laser driver circuit, in figure 10 below, uses a 10bit dac using a 3wire serial input to operate and maintain the laser diode at a constant average optical output power. This section responds to the control system section by driving current to the laser diode. Please read user manual before starting operations. In continuous mode, there is the maximum frequency and you can toggle on and off the driver.777 1478 633 226 445 507 1614 833 19 1120 460 726 31 957 337 1346 1054 1606 732 65 584 1072 1598 1367 258 748 1143 672 1419 74 1137 753 841 552 1459 766 372 1295 948 296 636 909 965 1476 1395


Quantum engineering consists in building systems for safer communications, faster computations or more precise measurements out of elementary quantum “bricks”. Among such “bricks”, optical photons have many useful properties. They are easy to manipulate individually, their “quantumness” survives outside a vacuum chamber or a cryostat, and they can be transmitted over long distances. Unfortunately, they don’t interact with each other, which it makes it difficult to actually “assemble” something out of them.
Optical photons don’t interact with each other, but atoms do. So we create interactions between photons using interactions between atoms. We send the photons through a small laser-cooled gas, and use a laser to convert them into atomic excitation waves. These waves involve highly-excited Rydberg states, where atoms interact with each other very strongly. As a result, a single photon can fly straight through the gas, but other photons arriving at the same time are scattered around.
If one puts the atoms in a cavity, things change a little. Instead of being scattered randomly, photons bounce off the cavity in a known direction, but the presence of the first photon in the gas flips their phase. This mechanism can be used to create non-classical light and realize two-photon quantum gates.
In addition, the flexible geometry of our cavity allows us to either confine the photons to a single mode, or to let them wander around and organise themselves into exotic quantum states.


APPLICATIONS FOR LASER SCANNER
Measurements taken with laser scanner have the particularity of being composed of massive amounts of points
SURVEYS FOR TOPOGRAPHY AND DESIGN
From 3D points detected by laser scanner you can define project axes with direct extraction of prifiles and sections.
Surveys performed with laser scanners to detect existing buildings.
Directly from points cloud detected by laser scanner are extracted sections that are referred to a planimetric axis and to an altimetric profile.
SURVEYS PERFORMED WITH RPAS (Remote Piloted Aircraft System)
On the points cloud detected with RPAS you can perform points classification, direct extraction of profiles and sections,
interpolation with the possibility of grid correction.


The first optical devices date back 2700 years while the laser was invented just 50 years ago. Advances in these technologies in the 20th century that are continuing (and perhaps accelerating) today have led to the development of products and systems that impact our lives on a daily basis. From vision enhancement to early disease diagnosis, from gaming interfaces to high speed communication networks, from renewable energy to enhanced security, from the cosmic scale to the molecular level, optical science and engineering is a fertile ground for the creative scientist and engineer. This talk will provide an overview of how our world today is impacted by optics and lasers and will look to how optics can assist with some of the greatest engineering challenges we face in the coming decades.
Special Plasma Physics Seminar: Harnessing Light for a Better World


PCB service bureau : PCB (printed circuit board) AOI
automatic optical inspection services page.
As you already know, Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI)
is the method of choice among PCB manufacturers for
inspecting layers of printed circuit boards during production.
Utilizing Optrotech Vision 206/206E AOI Systems, LSP
now offers automatic optical inspection of your PCB
panels by scanning them to detect defects. Moreover,
these defects may be marked directly on the panel.


3D Galvo Head for High-Quality Laser MKarking on Various Surfaces
Inthe dynamic world of laser marking, businesses constantly seek innovativesolutions that offer enhanced performance and versatility. Soing Photonics isproud to introduce our advanced 3D galvo head,designed to revolutionize laser marking capabilities. Our compact-sized galvohead allows for seamless integration into existing setups, saving businessesvaluable time and resources. Additionally, the head's versatile capabilitiesenable it to mark on 3D, planar, inclined, and curved surfaces, expanding thepossibilities for laser marking applications.
Compact Size and Versatile Capabilities
TheSOING 3D galvo head is not only known for its exceptional performance but alsofor its compact size, making it a standout solution for easy integration intodiverse industrial setups. Whether you're operating in a manufacturingfacility, research laboratory, or production line, our galvo head seamlesslyadapts to enhance your operational capabilities without taking up valuablespace. Its compact size doesn't compromise on performance, allowing you toachieve high-quality laser marking on various surfaces, including 3D objects,planar materials, inclined surfaces, and even curved objects. With SOINGPhotonics, experience the freedom of laser marking on a wide range of objects,thanks to the versatility and precision of our compact 3D galvo head.
Enhanced Performance and User-Friendly Design
AtSOING Photonics, our priority is to deliver cutting-edge solutions that elevateperformance and efficiency. Our 3D galvo head is designed with seamlessintegration in mind, ensuring enhanced performance through compatibility withexisting software and equipment. The head adheres to the standard XY2-100protocols, guaranteeing compatibility with commonly used systems. Thiscompatibility streamlines the integration process and eliminates any potentialworkflow disruptions, allowing businesses to quickly and effortlesslyincorporate our galvo head into their operations. Additionally, theuser-friendly touch panel design empowers operators to easily select the targetfield size, optimizing marking precision and efficiency. With SOING Photonics'3D galvo head, businesses can experience the power of advanced technology whilemaximizing productivity and achieving outstanding results.
Allin all, at SOING Photonics, our dedication lies in empowering businesses withstate-of-the-art laser marking solutions. With our advanced 3D galvo head, youcan revolutionize your laser marking capabilities and explore new horizons inthe industry. Trust SOING Photonics to deliver cutting-edge solutions thatprioritize versatility, performance, and user convenience, allowing seamlessintegration into diverse industrial setups. Our commitment to innovationensures that you can experience the power of advanced technology and elevateyour laser marking capabilities to unprecedented levels. Discover the potentialfor enhanced precision and efficiency with SOING Photonics' 3D galvo head,designed to meet the evolving needs of modern industries while deliveringexceptional performance and reliability.


Collecting aerial imagery is easy and fool-proof with the FalconScan hardware system. The system consists of four parts: a touchscreen tablet, one or more cameras in a mounting box, a GPS unit, and a payload control box.
The tablet runs FalconScan’s unique software, FlightGUI, which dynamically creates a raster pattern based on current solar zenith and azimuth angles. The software handles the camera triggering, assuring uniform and complete coverage of your area of interest, and logs a GPS location for each frame.
The FalconScan system creates high resolution digital aerial images in Near Infrared (NIR) and true color using either a one or two camera configuration. Imagery from our NIR camera alone is sufficient to generate green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data; when a visible spectrum camera is added, red NDVI can also be calculated as well.
FalconScan systems have been commercially deployed in over 200 manned and unmanned data collects. They can be installed in any aircraft that has an aerial camera port or an FAA-approved CessnaCam Airborne Sensor Pod. At only 10lbs, the size and weight of the camera system, along with the integrated sensor operation software, make this a powerful tool for unmanned platforms.


LED Mood Light Fibre Optic Lamp Ice Colour Changing Base
- Part Number Code: SFL13
- Availability: In Stock
Using fibre optic technology this lamp will gently phase through different colours. Creates a calming and relaxed atmosphere with its mesmerising glow.
- Soothing colour changing mood light
- Mesmerising fibre optic spray
- Transparent light up ‘ice’ crystal filled base
- Requires 3 x AA batteries
Size: 9/9/36 cm.
Power Source: Mains
Usage: Visual effects
Weight: Approx: 360 g.


LED is based on the lighting passport issued by EOS main network, with a total circulation of 1 billion yuan and a real circulation of 20 million yuan. It is a de-centralized digital passport. In the future, LED can be used to pay for lighting products. At present, it is the first technology application of energy-saving lighting industry in the block chain in the world. It combines the technical characteristics such as unalterable, makes the energy-saving lighting industry chain realize the information consensus of upstream, middle and downstream, and creates a digital passport combining the real economy of energy-saving lighting with the assets of block chain.


By removing the complexity from 3D capture REACH3D's current breakthrough technology -- Single Light Path 3D HD -- is lowering costs and allowing development of both new applications for stereo 3D as well as those previously thought impossible or impractical.
Singe Light Path 3D (SLP3D) is created when REACH3D’s patented module is integrated into a single “eye” (single lens). No longer is the traditional “right eye” / “left eye” system required to produce stereo 3D.
Traditional 3D capture methods are expensive, very complex and labor intensive to manage and place great limitations on creative / operational freedoms. REACH3D’s SLP3D technology frees 3D capture from those restraints once and for all.
When combined with REACH3D’s other innovative technologies Single Light Path 3D applications can also provide:
Just a few of the many possible applications include:
To learn more about the advantages of this system or to schedule a demonstration please click here to contact us


What are intracorneal lenses?
They are 1 mm radius lenses, completely transparent, which are surgically placed in the centre of the cornea to modify its asphericity.
They are used to correct presbyopia, since they change the depth of focus and favor close vision.
In what cases are they used?
Presbyopia involves the loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens and therefore of its accommodation capacity, which translates into difficulty focusing on nearby objects. Near vision glasses are used to correct prebyopia, so intracorneal lenses are ideal for patients who wish to get rid of them.
In addition, the surgery is easily reversible by removing this lens, or by placing another.
A complete ophthalmologic examination should be performed to determine if the patient is suitable for surgery and which lens should be placed.
Presbyopia tends to evolve, so as time goes by, vision correction measures must be corrected. However, the technique of intracorneal lenses is increasingly reversible, to modify the correction of the patient’s vision without causing inconvenience to the patient.


- Focused Beam
- Ultra White 5700K Light
- Easy Plug & Play Installation
- 30,000 Hour Operating Life (30X longer than stock halogen bulbs)
- 2 Year Warranty
Focused Beam: Optimal night driving clarity from industry leading Philips Lumileds Luxeon Z ES LEDs, and designed to work in sync with your headlight housing for maximum light output and focus.
Ultra White Light: The 5700K Ultra White color temperature closely matches the light color temperature of the sun at noonday, providing optimal night diving conditionings, putting your eyes and mind at ease.
Easy Plug & Play Installation: Each kit plugs directly into your factory headlight wiring harness, and each bulb fits perfectly inside the headlight housing. No cutting. No splicing. No hassle.
30,000 Hour Operating Life: Designed to outlast the leading halogen bulbs by 30X. Save money in the long run, while enjoying superior performance for years to come.
- 2 NightViszon LED headlight bulbs
- 2 NightViszon LED drivers
- 1 Installation kit


This is an entry level setup for photoelectrochemistry. It consists of a potentiostat, a LED revolver, a universal electrochemical cell and a set of electrodes: reference Ag/AgCl and platinum counter electrode.
The device is ready for two and three electrode measurements.
The LED revolver delivers irradiation from 10 LEDs in UV, Vis and NIR range.
Although this is a budget version of a full photoelectric spectrometer, it is rich in measurement possibilities.
Currents can be measured as a function of external potential, illumination wavelength or intensity. Open Circuit Potential determination of a sample under illumination is also provided.
Mini photoelectric spectrometer can measure electric currents from 10 mA to 1 pA with a single pA resolution.
LED revolver automatically selects one of the 10 mounted LEDs.
One can perform current measurements when potential and light intensity are scanned across set ranges.
A sample is placed in a PTFE electrochemical cell that handles both transparent and opaque substrates.
The Kelvin probe system allows precise measurement of work function of different semiconducting and conducting materials with high precision and accuracy


Mar 13, 2023
Freight Measurement 2.0
With the aim of digitalizing measuring tasks in the logistics sector, LASE Industrielle Lasertechnik GmbH is developing laser-based systems for automated freight measurement. In these applications, the R2000 LiDAR sensor from Pepperl+Fuchs enables high-precision 3-D measurements within seconds.
Whether sending standard pallets, oversized freight, or other general and bulky goods, every company that ships products benefits from being able to measure cargo dimensions as accurately as possible. Accurate measurements not only mean that freight costs can be precisely calculated, but they also allow the loading of trucks to be optimized to ensure that the limited space in the truck is used in the ideal way.
In many companies, freight measurement is still carried out manually. "Measuring the pallet by hand with a folding rule, writing the numbers on a piece of paper, and typing them into the PC—a process as complex as it is prone to errors," comments Lars Ambrosy, Managing Director of LASE Industrielle Lasertechnik GmbH. To digitalize this process, his company has developed systems for automated freight measurement—with the support of LiDAR sensors from Pepperl+Fuchs.
Leaving Behind Pen and Paper
LASE specializes in solving a wide range of industrial applications with laser technology. For this purpose, the company uses its own application-specific software to apply further processing to raw data from laser sensors. The company, based in Wesel, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, has been well-known in ports, steel mills, and mining operations since the 1990s. "About five years ago, we began to gain a foothold in the logistics sector," says Ambrosy. "We wanted to use the technologies that we have been using on a large scale for a long time in the port sector for similar measuring tasks in logistics."
The advantages offered by automated freight measurement are obvious to the Managing Director of LASE: "Digitalizing the processes means that freight can be measured without any need for manual recording or data entry. This minimizes the work involved and the likelihood of errors, and also increases traceability."
"We use the R2000 LiDAR sensor to create a 3-D point cloud image of the object being measured. From this, the dimensions and volume of the freight are determined to an accuracy of +/- 20 mm."
Measurement Results in Seconds
To enable fully automated measurement of pallets and other freight items, LASE has developed a series of systems called LaseAFM. "These systems use the R2000 LiDAR sensor from Pepperl+Fuchs to generate a 3-D point cloud image of the object being measured. From this, the dimensions and volume of the freight are determined to an accuracy of +/- 20 mm. This data can be automatically fed into the merchandise management system," explains Ambrosy.
The LaseAFM-2-MB, an especially innovative system from the LaseAFM series, is used when pallets or other cargo items are measured on a measuring surface on the ground. A measuring beam is mounted diagonally above the surface, suspended from the ceiling, for example, and a LiDAR sensor is mounted in a swivel unit at each of the two ends. "The laser scanners are rotated once from left to right by a servo motor, therefore capturing all sides of the pallet. In combination with the movement data from the swivel unit, an evaluation unit determines the volume requirement within a few seconds," says Ambrosy, summarizing the function principle.
A clear path for forklifts: The measuring beam of the LaseAFM-2-MB system can be easily suspended from the ceiling.
A R2000 2-D LiDAR sensor from Pepperl+Fuchs is located at each end of the measuring beam.
A swivel unit rotates the sensors from one side to the other during measurement.
This allows the laser scanners to capture all sides of the freight.
A 3-D point cloud is generated from the measurement results.
The design of the LaseAFM-2-MB offers numerous benefits compared to other solutions on the market, according to Ambrosy. Since the measuring beam is suspended from the ceiling, there are no metal parts that could obstruct the passage of forklifts or material handling equipment. Unlike systems based on a square frame with two linear units, the LaseAFM-2-MB is characterized by an especially high degree of efficiency and low weight: "Because we only need one measuring beam, our system is easier to install, easier to maintain, and less prone to failure."
Highest Resolution, Compact Design
When laser measurement technology specialist LASE began to develop its freight measurement systems, the selection of the appropriate sensor technology played a decisive role. To measure pallets quickly and precisely in 3-D, sensors were needed that offered the right resolution. Another challenge was posed by the poorly reflective black plastic film that is often used to wrap pallets.
In search of the appropriate sensor technology, LASE turned to Pepperl+Fuchs. For freight measurement automation, Business Development Manager Arno Hagemann recommended the use of the R2000 2-D LiDAR sensor: "This sensor is characterized by a small light spot in combination with the highest angular resolution in its class. It offers an exceptionally high pixel density—with a compact design and a weight of only 800 g."
With its angular resolution of up to 0.014°, the R2000 2-D LiDAR sensor offers maximum precision.
The 360° measuring angle of the R2000 ensures all-around visibility.
Optimized for Specific Requirements
Ambrosy explains in more detail why these features were of particular importance for the LaseAFM-2-MB system: "The high scanning frequency of the R2000 allows for quick measurement, while the small light spot ensures precise scanning. This allows us to accurately capture the dimensions of the freight in a few seconds. The sensor's low weight is also an advantage, because we were able to keep the servo motor system in the swivel unit small."
However, not all requirements of the application were met from the outset—the ability to detect black packaging film was a particular challenge. "When the request arrived from LASE, we had already started development of a new version of the R2000," recalls Hagemann. "To make the application requested by LASE a reality, we optimized the new version to give it a very wide detection range on black surfaces." This range on the new OMD60M model has been doubled in comparison to the standard model. "Although the black film reflects only three to four percent of the light, that still results in a detection range of about eight meters, which is completely sufficient for measuring freight," Hagemann calculates.
"To make the application a reality, we optimized the new version of the R2000 to give it a very wide detection range on black surfaces."
Ambrosy looks back positively on the cooperation with the Mannheim-based automation specialist: "It wasn't long before Pepperl+Fuchs provided us with a prototype that we were able to test in the application. The sensor has demonstrated the perfect properties for detecting black packaging film. In addition to its high resolution, compact design, and economical price, this was a major reason why we chose the R2000."
Wide Range of Uses
LASE also relies on the 2-D LiDAR sensor from Pepperl+Fuchs for other automated freight measurement solutions—the LaseAFM-Tower system, for example, which is intended for use on semi-automatic wrapping machines. The pallet is placed on a turntable and wrapped in film to secure the load. The OMD60M version of the R2000 measures the pallet during the rotating process. A single sensor is therefore able to capture all sides of the pallet.
"This form of freight measurement is especially time-saving because the measurement takes place at the same time as the wrapping process," explains Ambrosy. According to him, the R2000 from Pepperl+Fuchs has been able to prove its worth in this system just as on the Lase-AFM-2-MB—not only because it has a high detection capability for black plastic film, but also because its compact design makes it easy to integrate into wrapping machines.
Toward the Logistics of the Future
"Digitalization in logistics is only just starting to take off. We are driving forward this process with our automated freight measurement systems."
The freight measurement systems from LASE have now been available on the market for over five years. For Sales Director Lars Mohr, the story so far has been a success: "We only have satisfied customers—and we are noticing that interest continues to grow." As Mohr emphasizes, this is because automated freight measurement offers enormous potential for the future. "Digitalization in logistics is only just starting to take off. We are driving forward this process with our automated freight measurement systems and helping to reduce the manual workload for companies and make the entire process as efficient as possible."


OFC Celebrates High-Performance Optical Interconnects
Once again, OFC proved to be the premier showcase of high-performance optical and copper interconnects in communication and network applications.
The 2023 edition of the Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC) roared back to normalcy after the muting effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. Over 11,500 participants from 70 countries accessed the latest advances in optical and high-performance copper interconnect technology. The sold-out expo floor hosted 515 companies from around the world, allowing face-to-face discussion of specific issues. The list of exhibitors included global industry leaders as well as many innovative startups, many of which used this venue to introduce new products and technologies. Nearly 200 technical presentations, workshops, seminars, and panel discussions presented over five days exposed both in-person and virtual participants to the most advanced interconnect technology. Topics ranged from Test & Measurement techniques of optical networks to advances in quantum computing.
The atmosphere on the exhibition floor and in technical sessions was optimistic. Prospects for optical communication continue to expand as existing interconnects are upgraded and new technologies are introduced. OFC 2023 showcased both optical as well as high-performance copper interconnect technology, reflecting industry preference for multiple options that allow the selection of the most economical interconnect that satisfies the needs of a specific application.
A few of the highlights observed at OFC 2023 included:
- Co-packaged optics (CPO) exhibits by many suppliers illustrated the interest this technology is generating. Many issues remain to be resolved, such as location of the laser source, internal fiber management, and field serviceability, but the promise of reduced power consumption and improved I/O panel signal density are key drivers of intense research and development. Several suppliers demonstrated models of the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF)-driven External Laser Small Form Factor (ELSFP) concept. Advanced 102.4 Tb switches and beyond are likely to make CPO architecture essential. OIF celebrated its 25th anniversary at this year’s event and hosted several live interoperability demonstrations and technology discussions.
- High-performance twinaxial cable assembles remain a popular option in relatively short-reach applications. The standard passive direct-attach cable has been supplemented with variations that include active cables featuring amplification, equalization retiming, or a combination of each, which can extend the bandwidth and reach of a copper cable assembly. Cables are also available that utilize from 32-gauge to larger 26-gauge conductors to improve performance.
- Linear drive optical direct attach cable assemblies eliminate digital signal processor and retimer chips from the cable assembly reducing power consumption and resulting heat, both major objectives in new equipment design. Hisense Broadband announced an 800G linear optical direct attach cable targeting applications in artificial intelligence and machine learning.
- PAM4 modulation has been adopted for channels at up to 212 Gb/s. It is unknown if a higher order modulation will be required beyond that, but PAM 6 or 8 may be viable options.
- Pluggable optical transceivers were everywhere on the exhibit floor. The QSFP-DD and OSFP formats dominate high-end applications with up to 800 Gb/s performance and reach to 1000Km. InnoLight, for example, showed a comprehensive family of optical transceivers, including 10G, 25G, 40G, 100G, 200G, 400G, and 800G, paving the way to 1.6 Tb links.
- Pluggable optical transceivers utilizing coherent transmission feature integrated DSP chips and are being driven by demand for increased bandwidth, fiber capacity, automated management, durability, future proofing, reduced power, and cost.
- A battle is emerging between the use of QSFP-DD/OSFP pluggables and CPO in next-generation hyperscale equipment applications. Multiple chip vendors featured new coherent DSP chips designed for AI applications.
- Connector manufacturers as well as network operators are waiting for the release of the OSFP-XD pluggable specification, which is now expected by early summer 2023. Adoption of this new high-density interface will require trade-offs between higher panel density and lack of backward compatibility. The reduced profile of OSFP-XD offers increased I/O panel signal density and provides increased front panel cooling options.
- 200 Gb per lane technology was prominently featured by multiple vendors and is a key technology to enable 1/6Tb networking. IEEE is currently developing the 200G/lane specification that will enable broad adoption of this capability.
- Near-package high-density copper and fiber interconnects continue to gain traction as ever-shorter PCB trace insertion losses become unacceptable. The Amphenol Overpass family includes the micro Link-OVER and DensiLink connectors; Molex’s BiPass, Samtec Flyover®, and TE Connectivity’s AdrenaLINE Catapult and Sliver connectors are other examples of this class of interconnects.
The connector industry was well represented with approximately 30+ connector and cable assembly manufacturers, including industry leaders Amphenol Communications Solutions, Molex, Samtec, and TE Connectivity.
The Molex booth demonstrated a wide variety of optical connectors designed for applications in robotics, medical as well as network communications.
Molex offers a full line of OSFP and QSFP-DD transceivers including 800G DR8.
Another demonstration used linear drive technology to transmit 4 X 112 Gb/s through 100 meters of OM4 optical cable.
The TE Connectivity booth showcased multiple copper and fiber optic high-speed internal and external interconnect solutions.
TE showed an 800 Gb/s active optical cable running 8X 106.25 Gb/s PAM4 to a maximum length of 100 meters of OM4 fiber. QSFP-DD connectors reduced power consumption to less than 14 watts per cable end.
A 1RU rack shelf was populated with developmental OSFP-XD pluggable connectors providing 16 data channels at 112 Gb/lane and delivering 1.6 Tb per port.
Another display was running 224 Gb/s PAM4 per channel over one meter of a DAC passive copper cable for an aggregate of 1.6Tb/s.
A model showed a 112 Gb PAM4 over-the-board copper cable linking a 3.2Tb co-package ASIC using microLGA chiclet sockets to a fully populated array of QSFP-DD connectors.
OFC23 seminars, panel discussions, and exhibition provided an opportunity to gain insight into where innovation in next generation optical interconnects may be headed.
Several advanced optical fiber-to-PCB connector concepts utilize micro-mirror and lens technology to achieve 90° orientation of the beam were shown. Vendors featured micro reflective elements using glass or metal materials.
Ayar Labs demonstrated the industry’s first 4 Tb/s optical chip-to-chip bidirectional solution. The SuperNova light source powers 8 fiber links using 64 wavelengths, each operating at 32 Gb/s for a total bandwidth of 2.048 Tb/s each direction using less than 5 pJ/bit.
Once again, OFC 23 proved to be the premier showcase of high-performance optical and copper interconnects in communication and network applications.
Like this article? Check out our Datacom Market Page articles and our 2023 and 2022 Article Archive.
- In New Product Development, Timing is Everything - May 23, 2023
- Signal Integrity: The Key to Successful High-Speed Circuit Design - April 25, 2023
- OFC Celebrates High-Performance Optical Interconnects - March 21, 2023


One of the main problems to solve with any automobile instrument or monitoring display is that the driver has to look away from the road to see the information. Also, in other cases, the driver does not look at the display, and therefore could miss an important warning such as low oil pressure. Many techniques can be used such as warning beepers or placing the instruments almost in view, but one of the most innovative is the head-up display (HUD). This was originally developed by the aircraft industry for fighter pilots; aircraft designers had similar problems in displaying up to 100 different warning devices in an aircraft cockpit. Figure 1 shows the principle of a head-up display and figure 2 shows a system in a BMW. Information from a display projector is directed onto a partially reflecting ‘mirror’. The information displayed projected would therefore have to be reversed for this system. Under normal circumstances the driver would be able to see the road through the screen. The brightness of the display is adjusted to suit ambient lighting conditions. A great deal of data can be presented when this system is computer controlled.
A problem, however, is which information to provide in this way. The speedometer could form part of a lower level display and a low oil pressure could cause a flash right in front of the driver. A visual warning could also be displayed when forward-facing radar detects an impending collision. Current HUD systems are for straight-ahead vision, but liquid crystal rear view mirrors, used to dim and cut headlight glare automatically, can be used as an effective display screen for rear facing, blind spot detecting radar.
1.Head-up display operation
2. HUD example (Source: BMW)
One interesting study is to determine exactly where the driver is looking at any point in time, which could be used to determine where the head-up display would be projected at any particular time. The technique involves tiny video cameras, coupled to a laser beam that reflects from the cornea of the driver’s eye and can measure exactly where he or she is looking. Apart from its use in research, the eye motion detector is one of a series of tools used in bio-mechanical research that can directly monitor the physical well-being of the driver. Some of these tools could eventually be used actively to control the car or to wake up a driver who is at risk of falling asleep.


Measuring Pupil DistanceYou may be lucky, your PD may be noted on your prescription. If not you will need it measuring but when you next go for your eye test maybe ask them to measure it for you for.
The measurement needed is that between the pupils when the eyes are gazing into the distance. If the eyes are looking at something close (including the person carrying out the measurement) the pupils will be slightly closer together.
We recommend the following method.
If you are not confident you have the correct measurement you can send a pair of specs to us, and we can take the pupil distance from those, assuming they have been made accurately.
Does it matter?You will read on the net that an average is fine, or it hardly matters etc, so what is the truth regarding the pupil distance, or PD?
Well it depends on the strength of the prescription, a small prescription with the PD slighly off will be no problem at all for most, but a large prescription a considerable way off will cause a certain degree of strain to the muscles which control the direction of gaze.
The eyes default to looking straight ahead, turning requires effort.
Put simply, if the lenses are not centred correctly then the image in front of your pupil is not heading in straight, so to speak, so the eye needs to turn slighty to align it.
You can not damage your eyes with incorrectly centred lenses, but fatigue may be experienced with headaches and possibly double vision in extreme cases. In short the larger the presription, the more accurate the PD needs to be for comfortable vision.
Varifocal lenses require an accurate PD, they have a channel of clear vision as you move from distance to near and it is important that this is correctly placed.
NOTE if you come across sites which claim to have a formula for measuring PD this is a lie, no such formula exists.
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New technology in industrial cleaning has made methods faster and more accurate. One such innovation that has gained prominence is laser cleaning. When working in manufacturing, automotive, or restoration, selecting the appropriate laser cleaning machine to achieve optimal outcomes is crucial. This article will help you make an intelligent choice based on your needs.
Understanding the Basics of Laser Cleaning
To pick the best laser cleaning machine, start by learning the basics of this new cleaning method.
How Laser Cleaning Works
Laser cleaning is when laser beams remove dirt and unwanted things from surfaces. The pollutants soak up the laser energy. It makes them either evaporate or get blown away by air. This process is accurate and doesn’t harm the surface, so it’s suitable for fragile materials.
Choose wisely for a cleaner, more efficient future. Explore more about laser cleaning machines and their applications.
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Laser Cleaning Machine
Let’s explore the key factors when selecting a laser cleaning machine.
1. Power and Energy Density
How well a laser cleaning machine works depends on its power and energy density. Different applications may require varying power levels. High-power lasers work well in heavy-duty industries, but lower power can clean delicate tasks.
2. Pulse Duration
Pulse duration refers to the length of time the laser is in contact with the surface. Shorter pulses work well for cleaning. Longer pulses are better for removing bulk material. When choosing the pulse duration for your laser cleaning machine, think about your cleaning needs.
The wavelength of the laser beam influences its interaction with different materials. Some materials absorb specific wavelengths more efficiently than others. Pick a laser cleaning machine with the correct wavelength for the contaminants and substrate to get the best results.
4. Mobility and Ergonomics
It’s essential to have a laser cleaning machine that is easy to move and use. It is especially true if you must clean different things in different places. Find a machine that is easy to move and can reach tight spaces without slowing down.
5. Safety Features
Safety should be a top priority when choosing a laser cleaning machine. When buying, check for automatic shut-off if overheating, eye protection, and safety interlocks. Investing in a machine with solid safety features can protect your personnel and keep the equipment working for a long time.
6. Cost of Ownership
The initial cost is essential when buying a laser cleaning machine, but so are long-term costs. To determine if the machine is cost-effective, look at maintenance, supplies, and energy use.
7. Environmental Impact
Industries want to be more eco-friendly. It’s essential to assess the environmental impact of laser cleaning machines. Search for machines that reduce waste, use eco-friendly cleaning products, and follow regulations.
The Importance of Customization
When selecting a laser cleaning machine, it’s vital to consider customization since every cleaning task is unique.
Tailoring to Specific Applications
A one-size-fits-all approach does not apply to laser cleaning machines. Imagine machines that let you customize settings like power and pulse to match your cleaning needs.
Integration with Existing Systems
If you have manufacturing or cleaning systems, a laser cleaning machine that works well with them can improve efficiency. Compatibility and ease of integration should be pivotal in your decision-making process.
In conclusion, choosing a suitable laser cleaning machine involves considering different factors. Industries must use new cleaning methods to stay sustainable and maintain quality as they change. Keeping these things in mind helps you make an intelligent decision for your cleaning needs and success.
As we navigate the landscape of industrial cleaning, it’s crucial to recognize the transformative power of laser cleaning. This method enhances precision and minimizes environmental impact, setting a new standard for responsible and effective cleaning practices.
In the journey towards a cleaner and more sustainable industry, the choice of a laser cleaning machine plays a pivotal role. It’s not just a purchase; it’s an investment in your operations’ efficiency, safety, and environmental responsibility. A suitable laser cleaning machine can elevate your cleaning processes to new heights, ensuring a spotless and environmentally conscious future.
As technology advances, so will the capabilities of laser cleaning machines. Staying informed about the latest developments in this field and regularly reassessing your cleaning needs will enable you to effectively adapt and optimize your operations.
In the quest for the ideal laser cleaning solution, remember that the right choice is not only about the machine itself but also the long-term impact on your business. Consider factors such as customization, integration with existing systems, and the overall cost of ownership to ensure that your investment pays off in the short and long run.
So, whether in manufacturing, automotive, or any other industry that requires precision cleaning, the suitable laser cleaning machine is your key to achieving superior results. Make your decision wisely, and embark on a journey towards cleaner, more efficient, and environmentally conscious operations.


An international band of biologists from Israel and Sweden has obtained an in depth view of any scallop’s aesthetic system — a design as high as 200 eyes they state is strikingly similar to a reflecting telescope.
Depth About Little Reflecting Telescopes Work in Scallop Eyes
Most pets or animals use lenses to target light onto their retina, a light-sensitive coating of tissue coating the inner part of the eye, though certain sea organisms have implemented mirrors to produce images.
Dr. Benjamin Palmer from the Weizmann Institute of Technology and co-authors looked into the complex firm of the scallop’s reflection.
Using various microscopic imaging techniques, the scientists discovered that spatial eyesight in the scallop is achieved through the mirror’s split structure located behind each eyesight, which is fine-tuned to echo wavelengths of light that penetrate its habitat.
“Scallops have a visible system comprising up to 200 eyes, each made up of a concave reflection rather than a lens to target light,” the analysts said.
“The hierarchical form of the multi-layered reflection is manipulated for image creation, from the component guanine crystals at the nan scale to the complicated 3D morphology at the millimeter level.”
“The layered composition of the reflection is tuned to reveal the wavelengths of light penetrating the scallop habitat and it is tiled with a mosaic of rectangular guanine crystals, which reduces optical aberrations.”
“The mirror sorts images over a double-layered retina used for independently imaging the peripheral and central areas of view.”
“Our work shows the impressive control the scallop exerts above the growth and layout of crystals to produce a highly reflective reflection capable of developing practical images,” Dr. Palmer and co-workers said.
Equally the intricate optics of other pets or animals, like lobsters, have an enlightened telescope design, these results may pave the best way to the development of book bio-inspired optical devices for imaging and sensing applications.
The findings appear in the December 1, 2017 issue of the journal Science.
Benjamin A. Palmer et al. 2017. The image-forming mirror in the eye of the scallop. Science 358 (6367): 1172-1175; doi: 10.1126/science.aam9506


Standard Clear Glass
When it comes to edge color for glass, some things are never as clear as they appear in the showroom. It’s an unfortunate fact: when you order glass for countertops, tables, glass doors, room dividers or shower enclosures, the edge color gradually changes according to the thickness of the glass. Look at the edge of almost any piece of standard clear furniture glass and you’ll notice a green cast. That effect is exaggerated as the glass becomes thicker or longer.
In addition to getting darker as it gets thicker, edge color may also be affected by other factors, such as the amount of ambient lighting or the way a shaped edge is contoured.
The Edge of Starphire Glass
If a dark green or black edge color is undesirable, PPG offers an alternative. Starphire Glass is the industry’s most transparent glass, thanks to a proprietary glass formulation and manufacturing process that gives this extraordinary product a jewel-like blue-edge not available from any other commercial glass product. Even at a length of 130 inches, Starphire glass edge maintains a pleasing blue-green aesthetic that brings more light into interior spaces, while offering unmatched levels of brightness, color fidelity, clarity and visual excitement.


3 edition of Fiber optics in astronomy III found in the catalog.
Fiber optics in astronomy III
Includes bibliographical references.
|Other titles||Fiber optics in astronomy 3, Fiber optics in astronomy three|
|Statement||edited by S. Arribas, E. Mediavilla, and F. Watson.|
|Series||Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series ;, v. 152|
|Contributions||Arribas, S., Mediavilla, E., Watson, F.|
|LC Classifications||QB84.5 .F55 1998|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xxv, 352 p. :|
|Number of Pages||352|
|LC Control Number||98074355|
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves Traditional optical fibers, whose refractive index of core is higher than that of the cladding, confine light field by the total internal et al. proposed Bragg fiber (Fig. ) in which rings of high- and low-refractive index are arranged around a central core .In Bragg fibers, light cannot penetrate into cladding since light is reflected by the Bragg ://
Integrated Optics: Theory and Technology explains the subject of optoelectronic devices and their use in integrated optics and fiber optic text emphasizes the physics of how devices work and how they can be used in various :// • An optical Fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent Fiber that acts as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the Fiber. • Optical fibers are widely used in Fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of :// - fibre.
Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the size of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit signals over long distances. EE Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak~torlak/courses/ee/lectures/ SPIE books provide content relating to optics and photonics, such as Optical System Design, Second Edition by Robert E. Fischer, Biljana Tadic-Galeb, and Paul R. Yoder, ://
Ben Nevis and Glencoe
Toxicology of reptiles
Luminous supersoft X-ray sources as progenitors of Type Ia supernovae
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Nonconformity in its present reasons
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Black language in America
Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times
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Physics - a First Course, Investigations Manual
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Amending section 4916, Revised Statutes, relating to patents.
Fiber Optics in Astronomy III Volume: Year: View this Volume on ADS: Editors: Arribas, S.; Mediavilla, E.; Watson, F. ISBN: eISBN: Electronic access to books and articles is now available to purchase. Volume eAccess: $?book_id= Buy Fiber optics in astronomy III: Proceedings of a meeting held in Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands, Spain, December [i.e.
] (Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series) on FREE SHIPPING on qualified orders Fiber optics in astronomy II. San Francisco, Calif.: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, (OCoLC) Material Type: Conference publication: Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors: Peter M Gray Title: Book Review: Fiber optics in astronomy II / Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Book Authors: Gray, P.
Review Author: Jenkins, 57J. Not Available adshelp[at] The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative Agreement NNX16AC86A Fiber Optics in Astronomy II Volume: 37 Year: View this Volume on ADS: Editors: Gray, Peter M.
ISBN: eISBN: Electronic access to books and articles is now available to purchase. Volume Fiber optics in astronomy III book $?book_id= Updated January This book is a complete guide to the design, installation, testing and operation of fiber optic networks.
It was written with the assistance of many experienced Fiber Optic Association (FOA) instructors in fiber optics as a reference book for classes aimed at FOA CFOT certification as well as a basic reference for anyone working in the field of fiber › Books › Engineering & Transportation › Engineering.
Advances in Lasers and Electro Optics. This book is divided in four sections. The book presents several physical effects and properties of materials used in lasers and electro-optics in the first chapter and, in the three remaining chapters, applications of lasers and electro-optics in three different areas are What is optics.
Unanswered Questions. Fiber optics are used by the big organizations, these fiber optics are pricey but are totally worth it for these organizations. Adaptive Optics, Humor Browse our growing collection of more thanconference proceedings papers. RECENT SPIE CONFERENCES.
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Fiber optics are Get this from a library. Fiber optics in astronomy III: proceedings of a meeting held in Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands, Spain, December [i.e. [S Arribas; E Mediavilla; Fred Watson, (Of Washington Tyne and Wear England);] incomplete nature of classical optics and provide a brief introduction to quantum optics.
A collection of electronic material related to the text is availableincluding videos of students performing the lab assignments found in the book.
This curriculum was developed for a senior-level optics course at Brigham Young Physical Optics Lecture Notes (PDF 44P) This note covers the following topics: elementary electromagnetic waves, maxwells equations, the material equations and boundary conditions, Poynting's vector and the energy law, the wave equation and the speed of light, scalar waves, pulse propagation in a dispersive medium, general electromagnetic plane wave, harmonic electromagnetic waves of arbitrary SAO/NASA ADS Astronomy Abstract Service Find Similar Abstracts (with default settings below) Reads History Translate This Page.
Title: Book-Review - Fiber Optics in Astronomy: Authors: Barden, S. Publication: Science, Vol, NO/JUL14, B. Part of the Springer Praxis Books book series (PRAXIS) Abstract. For our first spectrograph we had been thinking about a fiber feed.
Who needs fiber optics anyway. Keywords Fiber Diameter Ground based and airborne instrumentation for astronomy III (Vol.
p. Google :// The increasing use of fiber optics in the field of medicine has created a need for an interdisciplinary perspective of the technology and methods for physicians as well as engineers and biophysicists.
This book presents a comprehensive examination of lasers and optical fibers in FEATURES OF A WAVE 3 Evidence for light as a stream of particles One of the earliest proponents of the idea that light was a stream of particles was Isaac ~gadda/goodtheorist/files/ PH Cooperative Education in Laser and Fiber-Optics Technology.
1 class hour, plus a minimum of hours of appropriate work experience; 3 credits Prerequisite: a minimum of 12 credits in laser and fiber-optics technology courses. Cooperative education involves employment with a company in the laser, optics, fiber-optics or related Optical interferometry in astronomy is resolved by an interferometer if the fringe contrast goes to zero at the longest baseline.
As motivated in the last paragraph, this occurs when the angular separation is λ/2b, where b is the ~monnier/Publications/. - iii - PREFACE The invention of the laser and its demonstration is dated It was suggested in that optical fibres might be the best choice for using laser light for optical communications, as they are capable of guiding the light in a manner similar to the guiding of electrons in copper wires.
The main problem was the high lossesA section of Applied Sciences (ISSN ). Section Information The section of Optics and Lasers is open to receive high-quality papers reporting state-of-the-art technology in the fields of optics and lasers, which includes non-linear optics such as high-order harmonics, Raman, wave-mixing, multiphoton ionization, as well as other basic Following the success of the SPIE Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation conferences in previous years, this conference will continue to provide an opportunity and a forum for optical and opto-mechanical engineers and scientists to present and discuss advances and innovations in optical fabrication, optical devices, metrology, new materials


© 2015 Crystran Ltd. Powered by Serif WebPlus X8
Crystran Ltd is a manufacturer and supplier of high quality optical components. We manufacture windows, lenses, prisms and specialist optics as both standard products and to the designs of our customers.
Our products are used in a wide variety of Ultraviolet, Visible and Infrared optical systems by an equally wide variety of customers all over the world. We have established a global reputation as a leader in the manufacture of windows, lenses, prisms, ATRs and custom optical components in a broad range of materials including Calcium Fluoride, Magnesium Fluoride, Barium Fluoride, Zinc Selenide, Zinc Sulfide, Germanium and many more exotic materials too.


Branislav Dzurnak CV
2013 - 2016
post-doctoral researcher at University of Sheffield, Low Dimensional Structures & Devices Group. Research focused on study of semiconductor microcavity polaritons and their quantum properties.
2012 - 2013
post-doctoral researcher at Toshiba Cambridge Research Laboratory, Quantum Information Group. Developing quantum key distribution protocol using the entangled-light-emitting diode.
2007 - 2011
PhD study at Charlses University in Prague, Department of Quantum Optics & Optoelectronics. Specialised on ultrafast spectroscopy and nonlinear optics of nanocrystalline diamond films. Also study of silicon nanocrystals and InAs/AlAs quantum dots.


Large-Area MEMS-Based Distributed Bragg Reflectors for Short-Wave and Mid-Wave Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Applications
PROJECT TITLE :
We present the look, fabrication, and optical characterization of silicon-air-silicon-based mostly distributed Bragg reflectors, or quarter wavelength mirrors, in sizes starting from two hundred $mu textmtimes 200~mu textm$ to 5 mm $times$ five mm. Such mirrors will be utilized in conjunction with either single-part photodetectors or giant-area focal plane arrays to appreciate tunable multispectral sensors or adaptive focal plane arrays from the short-wave infrared wavelength ranges (150zero–3000 nm) to mid-wave infrared wavelength (300zero–600zero nm) ranges. Surface optical profile measurements indicate a flatness of the order of twenty–30 nm within the fabricated structures across several millimetres. Single purpose spectral measurements on devices show glorious agreement with simulated optical models. The fabricated distributed Bragg reflectors show $sim 94$ % reflectivity, which is in shut agreement with theoretical reflectivity. The demonstrated high reflectivity across a good wavelength range renders them suitable as broadband reflectors. Finally, we have a tendency to gift optical transmittance modeling results for Fabry-Pérot filters primarily based on these distributed Bragg reflectors. [2015-0161]
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Laser projection refers to the process of using lasers to project images, videos, or other visual content onto a surface. It involves the precise manipulation of laser beams to create a coherent and focused display. Laser projectors typically use one or more laser sources, such as red, green, and blue lasers, to generate a wide range of colors.
Laser projection finds applications in areas such as cinema, events and concerts, museums and galleries, virtual reality (VR), simulation, and interactive displays.
Laser projection mapping
Laser projection mapping, also known as spatial augmented reality or video mapping, is a technique that involves using lasers to project images or videos onto three-dimensional objects or surfaces. It creates the illusion of transforming the appearance of objects by accurately aligning the projected visuals with the physical features of the object.
Here’s how laser projection mapping show system works:
- Projectors: High-quality projectors are used to generate laser beams or traditional video projections. These projectors must have high brightness and resolution capabilities to ensure clear and vivid visuals. Laser projectors are often preferred for their precision and ability to produce vibrant colors.
- Mapping Software: Specialized mapping software is used to create a virtual 3D model of the object or surface onto which the projections will be mapped. The software allows the user to precisely align and adjust the projected visuals according to the object’s shape, contours, and other physical characteristics.
- Content Creation: The visual content for the projection mapping show is created using computer graphics software. Designers and artists create custom animations, videos, and images that are tailored to fit the object’s dimensions and features. This content is then mapped onto the virtual 3D model within the mapping software.
- Calibration: Once the content is created and mapped onto the virtual model, the system requires calibration. This involves aligning the virtual model with the physical object or surface in the real world. It ensures that the projected visuals accurately match the object’s shape, position, and perspective.
- Projection Mapping: With the calibration complete, the projection mapping show can begin. The projectors are set up in strategic positions to project the mapped visuals onto the object or surface. Multiple projectors may be used to cover the entire object from different angles for a seamless projection.
- Real-Time Tracking: In some cases, real-time tracking systems are employed to enhance the projection mapping experience. These systems use sensors or cameras to track the movement of the object or people interacting with it. The tracking data is fed back into the mapping software, allowing the projections to respond and adapt accordingly.
- Show Execution: Once everything is set up, the projection mapping show can be executed. The visuals are projected onto the object, bringing it to life with dynamic animations, colors, and effects. The combination of the precisely mapped content and the physical object creates a stunning and immersive visual experience.
Laser projection mapping shows are commonly used for artistic performances, advertising, product launches, themed entertainment, and architectural displays. They provide a unique way to transform static objects into dynamic and interactive visual spectacles, captivating audiences and creating memorable experiences.


Researchers at Fraunhofer IZM have joined forces with TecVenture, Optrontec Inc., and KAIST to create a high-speed camera fitted with a unique multi-lens array that can capture images with a far greater depth of field than its conventional counterparts. The miniaturized electronics make the system a good choice for efficient damage analytics in industrial use or for many research activities. To prepare the camera for reliable work in the tough reality of industrial environments without compromising its compact size, the electronics for the system were miniaturized by Fraunhofer IZM using the Institute’s embedding technology.
As production processes are accelerating everywhere in industry, manufacturers need the right means to monitor these processes at every link in the chain. Increasingly, their weapon of choice for this mission is high-speed cameras. But conventional cameras struggle with adjusting their focus quickly enough to track objects moving through their field of vision. A solution is to use cameras with a greater depth of field with the same optics, with the focus virtually adjusted by processing the resulting image data to produce a clear image at the right depth. The Fraunhofer IZM researchers and their partners took on the challenge of creating a high-speed and highly miniaturized camera capable of this feat.
The right lens is chosen for the application and the image is focused on a full-format sensor. A special multi-lens or polarization filter array, made by KAIST and Korea’s Optrontec, is placed in the path between lens and sensor to get a greater depth of field and better contrast to capture even the fine structural details of the monitored objects. Operating at a speed of 2000 images per second – a tenfold increase compared to conventional cameras – the system enables an accurate visual analysis of the very fast, often critical processes happening in laboratories or factories.
The Micro-Lens Array (MLA) consists of a closely populated matrix of lenses, each placed only 150 micrometers from the next. All of the components needed to supply the image sensor are mounted directly beneath the sensor itself in a highly integrated embedded module.
With 3D stacking and different electronic components embedded directly in the circuit board, the system could not only be miniaturized into a tiny package but also equipped with far shorter electrical connections, a must-have for better signal quality in high-speed systems of this nature. The almost completely encapsulated design also makes the system extremely rugged and robust. The highly integrated electronic module was created with the production facilities available at Fraunhofer IZM.
The camera revealed its exceptional performance immediately in the first functional trials. Over the next months, the production process will be refined and ramped up for industrial use. But the plenoptic camera is not only a great tool for industrial process analysis: Its combination of great speed and an excellent depth of field also makes it a promising choice for scientists exploring other biological, chemical, or physical processes.
Source and Image: Olga Putsykina, www.izm.fraunhofer.de


Vision systems are cameras that allow us to improve the production process in assembly lines and transportation systems. With this type of cameras we can detect wrong parts, defects, etc. being able to discard these pieces without stopping the line.
All this type of analysis can be performed both statically and dynamically.
These types of accessories are 100% compatible with NIKAI SYSTEMS conveyor systems and assembly lines.
- Vision system
1D and 2D vision system for quality checks, measurement, position and
counting of products
- QR vision systems
Another highly demanded tool today is the integration of QR readers in assembly lines for the sequencing of products and processes.
The advantage of this type of system is the little interaction with operators, which speeds up production systems.


ATTENTION Please!!! Upgraded Structure–Thanks for the customer feedback about frame broken and lens coating peeling-off . We have upgrade the frame with stronger Germany polycarbonate material, adopt Japan-made 7 layers TAC polarized lens to avoid peel off. Duduma always take customer satisfaction as our priority.
PRODUCTS DIMENSION-Lens height:44 mm (1.69 inches); lens width:69mm (2.6 inches); leg length:140mm(5.51 inches); nose bridge: 24mm (0.9 inches); frame length:145mm (5.7 inches).
SUPERLIGHT, STYLISH, DURABLE- Lightweight design is ideal for usage by motorcycle and cycling bicycle, driving, running, fishing, racing, skiing, climbing, trekking or other outdoor activities enthusiasts. Fashion and stylish design, with rich color combinations of frames and lens. Polycarbonate lens and frames are impact, scratch resistant, durable and unbreakable.


NASA's MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) mission has acquired stunning views of Mars in two ultraviolet images taken at different points along the Red Planet's orbit around the Sun.
By viewing the planet in ultraviolet wavelengths, scientists can gain insight into the Martian atmosphere and view surface features in remarkable ways.
The images were taken using MAVEN's Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) instrument in 2022 and 2023 when the planet was near opposite ends of its elliptical orbit.
The IUVS instrument measures wavelengths between 110 and 340 nanometres, outside the visible spectrum.
To make these wavelengths visible to the human eye and easier to interpret, the images are rendered in false colour, with the varying brightness levels of three ultraviolet wavelength ranges represented as red, green, and blue.
In this colour scheme, atmospheric ozone appears purple, while clouds and hazes appear white or blue.
The surface can appear tan or green, depending on how the images have been optimised to increase contrast and show detail.
The first image was taken in July 2022 during the southern hemisphere's summer season, which occurs when Mars passes closet to the Sun.
The summer season is caused by the tilt of the planet's rotational axis, similar to seasons on Earth.
Argyre Basin, one of Mars' deepest craters, appears in the image filled with atmospheric haze, while the deep canyons of Valles Marineris appear with clouds.
The southern polar ice cap is also visible, shrinking from the relative warmth of summer.
The second image is of Mars' northern hemisphere and was taken in January 2023 after Mars had passed the farthest point in its orbit from the Sun.
The rapidly changing seasons in the north polar region cause an abundance of white clouds.
The image shows deep canyons of Valles Marineris as well as many craters.
MAVEN launched in November 2013 and entered Mars' orbit in September 2014.
The mission's goal is to explore the planet's upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and interactions with the Sun and solar wind to explore the loss of the Martian atmosphere to space.
Understanding atmospheric loss gives scientists insight into the history of Mars' atmosphere and climate, liquid water, and planetary habitability.


COG-8MP-IPC-TUR-MW Cognitio Turret Camera
- 8MP, 1/2.7″ CMOS image sensor, low illuminance, high image definition.
- Outputs max. 8MP (3840 × 2160) @15 fps, and supports 2688×1520
(2688 × 1520) @25/30 fps.
- H.265 codec, high compression rate, ultra-low bit rate.
- Built-in IR LED, max IR distance: 30m.
- ROI, SMART H.264/H.265, flexible coding, applicable to various
bandwidth and storage environments.
- Rotation mode, WDR, 3D DNR, HLC, BLC, digital watermarking,
applicable to various monitoring scenes.
- Intelligent detection: Intrusion, tripwire.
- Abnormality detection: Motion detection, video tampering, no SD card,
SD card full, SD card error, network disconnection, IP conflict, illegal
access, voltage detection.
- Supports max. 256 GB Micro SD card, built-in MIC.
- 12V DC/PoE power support.
- IP67 protection.
Protection (IP67, wide voltage)
IP67: The camera passes a series of strict test on dust and soak. It hasdust-proof function, and the enclosure works normal after soaking in 1m deep water for 30 minutes.
Wide voltage: The camera allows ±30% input voltage tolerance (wide
voltage range), and it is widely applied to outdoor environment with


We appreciate that frames aren’t the first choice for everyone and don’t always support busy and versatile lifestyles. Our vast range of contact lenses could offer the feel-good solution you require to see clearly, comfortably and efficiently. Just like glasses, contact lenses offer the relevant prescription for you to be able to see without the added hassle of fogging over, slipping from your face or becoming uncomfortable in certain situations. Today’s contact lenses are made from advanced materials that self-lubricate and deliver oxygen to the eye so that they ensure high levels of safety and comfort to the wearer in all different environments.
There is a wide variety of contact lens options to suit different lifestyle preferences and eye care needs. We offer soft daily disposables, soft monthly and fortnightly, gas permeable, toric and multifocal lenses. If you’d like to know more about the range we have in-store and which option would be the best for you, please contact a member of our team today.


Chemical Analysis Test Lab
Chemical analysis using Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) necessitates a sufficient voltage to induce an arc between a tungsten electrode and the sample to be analyzed. As a result of the burn induced on the sample, light is emitted from the sample. Each element in the sample produces a characteristic wavelength which is measured by the spectrometer.
The intensity of each wavelength is directly proportional to the concentration present. The intensities are calibrated by curves that are generated by NIST traceable or Certified Reference Materials (CRM) standards. Results are displayed in weight percent for each element chosen to be analyzed.
Call 1-888-611-3076, contact us or fill out our Quick RFQ form and get reliable, trustworthy results on your next project.


There are 4 different colors of LED bulbs. However, the infrared (IR) bulbs cannot be seen with the human eye, since they are outside of the visible spectrum, and will appear to be "off".
The IR bulbs penetrate deepest into the skin, since they are the longest wavelength. These bulbs help to heat deep into the dermis, causing new collagen and elastin, and are very beneficial for anti-aging. However, as we note in the user manual, these will appear "off" while they are indeed working, and they comprise 25% of the LED panel (spread throughout the panel).


L2 introduces Laser Cinema
Laser Light powers Digital Cinema projectors.
L2 is an international trademark of Digital Darwin Ltd and under this brand we work since a couple of years on a Laser Light offering to replace the xenon bulb in current Digital Cinema projector systems. This will offer the following advantages to cinema operators:
- Lower TCO (total cost of ownership). A laser engine will last 5-10 years and consume half the electricity.
- No more replacement of bulbs needed.
- Green technology.
- Laser engines are redundant and more stable compared to bulbs.
- Increased brightness. Up to 10 times the brightness of Xenon bulbs.
- Image quality is far better. Laser engines offer to 30% more colors & a far more stable image.
L2, the laser light projection secures your future!


Laser as a welding tool was first used in the 60's; then it was ruby crystal lasers. Active industrial application of this technology started in the 80s: the power of laboratory CO2 lasers reached 25 kW, also Nd-YAG solid-state and disk lasers were used for welding.
In 1996, after 4 years of research and testing, the EuroLASER project was completed, which resulted in the approval of the commercial use of laser welding in the shipbuilding industry.
The use of laser welding machines in this industry reduces total costs by a factor of two and also has an impact on overall process time. For example, in the UK, at the Vosper Thornycroft shipyard, corvettes had been built a year faster precisely due to the introduction of laser welding and cutting into the production process. In Germany, similar technology in shipbuilding reduces the weight of ships by up to 30%.
Whereas in the past you needed huge laser units to work efficiently, now, a laser welding machine weighs about 45 kg and fits easily into a car luggage boot.
But these are not the only features of lasers. In this article we will explain in more detail the advantages of ytterbium laser welding, how it works, with which materials, where and how it is used, and what to look for when choosing a laser welding machine.
Advantages of laser welding and how it differs from traditional methods
The main advantages of laser welding machines are optimisation, speeding up, and making the process cheaper while reducing the weight of the final construction. For example, when laser welding was used for producing the Airbus A380, the weight of the aircraft had been reduced by 15% compared to the previous model A340 simply by using laser welded rivets instead of traditional riveting. Kerosene consumption per flight across the Atlantic has been reduced by 750kg, which is projected to save €9,000,000 over 25 years.
For the sake of clarity and specificity, we will cite laser welding machines from one of the world market leaders, Wattsan, as one of the best manufacturers to combine quality, advanced functionality, and affordability.
So, the advantages of laser welding include:
- Quality of welding. The physical and mechanical properties of the weld after laser welding are virtually identical to those of the original material. There are no defects such as: gas pockets, increased seam thickness, tarnishing, and drosses.
- Small heat-affected zone. The properties of laser radiation make it possible to weld metal without overheating or overburning it, minimizing warp distortions. This is especially true for thin-walled metal products.
- Speed. In some cases, it is up to 4 times faster than conventional welding methods. Average laser welding speed is of 1 to 10 m/min, with welding done in a single pass.
- No need for additional processing. In particular, there is no need for edge preparation or pre-treatment and post-treatment.
- Versatility. The laser welding machine is suitable for most metals and plastics. It can be quickly set up for new material. Laser welding is easy to integrate into the production process.
- Easy to master. Laser welding requires no in-depth knowledge or experience: even a beginner will quickly get into the process thanks to preset modes for different materials and settings for the laser beam trajectory for different tasks, which automatically imitate the movements of the electrode of traditional types of welding.
- No filler wire required. Structures with a gap of 0.3 mm or less can be welded without filler wire by a laser welding machine. Parts cut out on Wattsan laser metal cutting machines are especially well welded. Read more about laser metal cutters.
- Safety. Laser welding is much safer in comparison to traditional welding methods, as there is no release of molten metal or hazardous sparks at operation. It also makes working conditions more comfortable.
- Welding, cleaning, and cutting 3 in 1. Some laser welding machines, such as the Wattsan Laser Weld A1500 combine three functions: laser welding, cleaning, and cutting. This versatility makes it possible to simplify and speed up some production processes.
How laser welding works
A laser beam is generated in the source using pump diodes. Then, along the optical fiber, the beam passes in an active medium with a reflection close to 100% into a laser welding gun where a focusing lens is installed. After focusing, the beam reaches an extremely high power spectral density.
The maximum thickness of laser welding depends on the emitter's power. The minimum thickness is measured in tenths or even hundredths of a millimeter, depending on the material, and occurs with deliberate defocusing.
The welding gun has special electrically operated mirrors that can guide the laser beam to simulate the path of the weld. While traditional welding requires an experienced welder to do this, laser welding simply requires the gun to be guided evenly in a straight line..
Laser welding has several beam path modes:
- Upside down,
- Figure 8
- Straight Stepped
Each path type is used for specific tasks, whether it's for conventional welding, angle welding, riveting or other tasks.
Laser welding usually takes place in a gas environment, which not only creates a protective environment for welding, but also cools the nozzle and the protective lens. Nitrogen, helium, and argon are used for this purpose. Gas consumption in laser welding is much more economical than in traditional welding.
What can be done with a laser welding machine
Since laser welding is a rather expensive technology, it is most suitable for large applications such as chemical, nuclear, oil and gas, aerospace, military, medical, automotive, and shipbuilding industries.
The technology is gradually becoming more affordable, so it is being used in other, smaller, applications as well. However, laser welding is still an expensive solution for personal use.
Materials that can be welded with a laser welding machine:
- carbon steel,
- low-alloy steel,
- high-strength structural alloys,
- stainless steels,
- aluminium, copper, and brass alloys,
- dissimilar materials.
Types of welds to be performed:
- butt joint,
- edge joint,
- tee joint,
- lap joint,
- corner joint.
Criteria for choosing a laser welding machine
If you have decided to buy a laser welding, it is worth looking at the power of the emitter, the functionality and usability of the welding gun, the software options, the cooling method, and the compatibility with filler wire feeders.
Laser welding emitter and its power
The power determines the thickness the laser welding machine will be able to weld at a good quality. The specific welding thicknesses of the basic materials are shown in the table below.
Laser welding gun and its functions
The laser gun is lightweight, so it is easy to work for long periods without interruption in any position, even in hard-to-reach places.
Due to the dual-motor head, Wattsan laser welding guns are able to simulate special weld paths designed for different tasks.
The seam width is adjustable from 0.1 to 5 mm. The fibre length is 5 metres as standard, but can be made 10, 15 or 20 metres.
Some advanced models, such as the Laser Weld A1500, also allow the laser welding to be used as a laser cutter and laser cleaning machine.
Filler wire feeder
For welding without filler wire, the parts must fit together well. You can work without filler wire if the gap between the parts is no more than 0.3 mm.
Any wire feeder with a diameter of 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.6 mm is suitable for Wattsan welding machines, and the welding gun is also adapted for this.
Software, features, and range of settings for laser welding
The Wattsan laser welding machines have:
- user-friendly interface, with all settings displayed on the screen;
- 70 preset welding parameters for different metals and thicknesses;
- the possibility to save your own parameter settings for the most frequent tasks (you can change the power percentage, the frequency of the laser radiation from 50 to 30 000 Hz, the frequency of repetitions of the welding trajectory patterns, the load cycle, aka duty cycle, and other parameters)
- control of the weld configuration/shape
- the gas and laser beam are controlled via the welding gun
- seam width setting in the range of 0.5-5 mm
- programmed gas pressure control.
Cooling of laser welding
The most common cooling for laser welding machines is a chiller built into the housing with two circuits: one for cooling the emitter and the other for cooling the welding gun. The advantage of water cooling is that you can weld continuously around the clock.
Air cooling requires periodic work stoppages to normalise temperature, but practice shows that such interruptions are most often natural and unavoidable during the welding process.
The main advantage of air-cooled welding is its compactness. If you are planning to buy a laser welding machine, compare the water-cooled Wattsan Laser Weld 1000 with the air-cooled Wattsan Laser Weld A1500. The first model weighs 180 kg and has dimensions of 1120x550x1120 mm, while the second, the air-cooled model, weighs only 45 kg and has dimensions almost half as large: 650x300x621 mm.
Laser welding outperforms traditional methods of welding by a factor of 3 to 4, with a seam that is perfectly flat and smooth and has properties identical to the original material. That is why laser welding is the future of any industry where welding technology is needed.
If you want to buy a laser welding machine, it is important not only to choose the right machine, but also to contact a reliable company.
Virmer not only supplies laser welding machines to the EU, but also provides the following services:
- Virmer laser welding specialists will give you a detailed consultation and answer all your questions,
- Our managers conduct online demonstrations of the equipment and show the laser welding process on the materials you will be working with,
- Virmer engineers carry out start-up, integration of the laser welding machine into the production line, training, maintenance, and repair of laser welding machines.


ATEX Entry Lighting Kit – These dedicated ATEX certified vessel entry kits are designed to safeguard your employees, providing versatile lighting within confined spaces. Combining a 400V Transformer with LED lighting enables powerful light output for a wide range of situations.
It is an ideal system for tank cleaning, confined space entry, aircraft maintenance, tunnel maintenance and sewers.
Bright LED light output – Compact & lightweight – 23,200 lumen light output – Waterproof & Dustproof
ATEX approved for zones 1 & 2


750g of Clear XT-copolyester 1.75mm filament. XT is unlike PLA absolutely neutral from color and completely transparent. So if your 3d print project requires some transparency then should give XT a try, it is as transparent as any filament can get.
ColorFabb XT Clear 1.75mm
- Material: colorFabb XT-COPOLYESTER Diameter Tolerance: ± 0.05 mm Density: 1.370 g/cm3 Glass Transition Temperature: 75C


Understanding the key characteristics of laser modules and their impact on industrial applications
Determining the exact laser for an application requires an understanding of the various laser specifications and how they can be optimized based on the unique application and system. Laser Components is a global leader in optical and laser solutions for every industry and application. Manufacturing our collection of FLEXPOINT® laser modules in-house means it is fast and easy to find a custom-built laser tailored to your unique system and application.
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