Implementing Thorough Testing and Inspection Processes
At Pioneer Products, quality control is priority number one. We understand that even the smallest defects can have a major impact on the performance of your products, so our specialists take great care to ensure that every manufactured part meets Pioneer’s high standards. We start by clearly defining the specifications for each part during the design process. Once the parts are manufactured, we subject them to rigorous testing to make sure they meet our requirements. Finally, we perform a final inspection before shipment to ensure that the products meet our customers’ expectations. By following these procedures, we can be confident that your parts and products will meet the highest standards of quality and reliability.
Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs)
Our coordinate measuring machines (CMM) are metrology instruments used to measure the dimensions of manufactured parts to prevent or resolve quality issues. CMM machines are used in many industries, such as automotive and aerospace, for quality assurance. CMM machines are very accurate, and can measure dimensions to a high degree of precision. We use our CMMs in production environments to test parts so we can make sure they respect the original design intent. CMM machines are typically used in conjunction with other quality assurance tools, such as inspection reports and CAD models, to ensure that products meet specifications. In summary, CMM machines are an essential tool for ensuring the quality of products and components.
The Keyence digital microscope is a powerful tool that Pioneer Products uses to fully focus on 3d objects and capture images for measuring. It is fast and accurate, and allows us to observe from any angle. The microscope that Pioneer uses is fully focused, meaning that the entire field of view is in focus at the same time. This is in contrast to traditional microscopes, which require the user to manually adjust the focus in order to get a clear image. The digital microscope has been essential in helping us to improve our manufacturing process and produce higher quality products.
Quality Management Certificates
The following certificates were awarded based on the manufacture of precision machined products. An audit conducted and documented in a report, has verified that these quality management system fulfill the requirements of the following standards:
IATF 16949:2016 (International Automotive Standard)


This ESA image below of Noctis Labyrithus was created with data obtained from the High-Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC), onboard ESA’s Mars Express, seems to depict a time near either sunrise or sunset. The quality of the light indicated suggests what one would see on Earth during the Golden Hour, warm light with longer shadows.
I'm assuming NASA's Insight image and gif below suggest the landscape at sunrise or sunset would appear cooler, and the ESA image is not an accurate depiction.
Included in the gif is "…are the 'raw' versions of the image and the color-corrected version; it's easier to see some details in the raw version, but the latter more accurately shows the image as the human eye would see it." In either case, the raw or color-corrected version, there appears a cooler color cast across the image.
Had the ESA made any mention of the color choice of this rendering?


ГОДИШНИК НА МИННО-ГЕОЛОЖКИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ “СВ. ИВАН РИЛСКИ”, Том 57, Св. I, Геология и геофизика, 2014
ANNUAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY “ST. IVAN RILSKI”, Vol. 57, Part I, Geology and Geophysics, 2014
Field spectroscopy measurements of rocks in Earth observations Denitsa Borisova1, Banush Banushev2, Doyno Petkov1, Valentin Atanassov1 1Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences /SRTI-BAS/, 1113 Sofia, firstname.lastname@example.org
2University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, 1700 Sofia, email@example.com ABSTRACT.Remote sensing applications in Earth observation begin with the design and development of equipment for carrying out research of the monitored objects remotely and without disturbing their integrity. Ground-truth data in Earth observation of the environment and in the remote sensing investigations are very important. The main goal in the geological remote sensing is the determination of the chemical and/or mineral composition and the structure of the rocks. For this purpose the field spectroscopy measurements of the samples of the main rock types are performed. These measurements are made to collect, compile and complete guide with spectral characteristics of different rocks for their reliable identification and for the determination of their mineral and chemical composition. The experiments are based on major physical principles such as light scattering, absorption of light, and reflection of light in the electromagnetic spectrum. In the field-based studies the Thematically Oriented Multi-channel Spectrometer designed and constructed in Remote Sensing Systems Department at SRTI-BAS is used. The spectrometer with increased spectral resolution works in (400-900) nm range of the spectrum. The obtained spectral data are compared with similar data from different instruments for Earth observation included in the spectral libraries. They correspond to the shape of the spectral signature in the same spectral range obtained with other spectrometers. These promising results encourage us to plan the next campaigns for the field spectroscopy measurements in different regions of Bulgaria.
Теренни спектрометрични измервания на скали в комплексните наблюдения на Земята
1Институт за космически изследвания и технологии, Българска академия на науките, 1113 София, firstname.lastname@example.org
2Минно-геоложки университет "Св. Иван Рилски", 1700 София, email@example.com Резюме. Приложението на спътниковите изображения при комплексните наблюдения на Земята започва с проектирането и конструирането на апаратура за извършване на наблюдения на изучаваните обекти от разстояние и без да се нарушава тяхната цялост. Наземните данни са много важни в мониторинга на околната среда и в дистанционни изследвания на Земята. Една основна цел в дистанционните изследвания за нуждите на геологията е определянето на химичния и/или минерален състав и на структурата на скалите. За тази цел са извършени полеви (теренни) спектрометрични измервания на образци от основните видове скали. Тези измервания са направени, за да се събере, състави и периодично да се попълва ръководство със спектрални характеристики на различните скали с цел тяхното надеждно идентифициране и за определяне на минералния и химичния им състав. Експериментите са базирани на основни физични принципи като разсейване, абсорбция и отражение на светлината в електромагнитния спектър /ЕМС/. В теренните проучвания е използван тематично ориентиран многоканален спектрометър, проектиран и изработен в секция Системи за дистанционни изследвания /СДИ/ в ИКИТ-БАН. Спектрометърът с повишена спектрална разделителна способност работи в диапазона на ЕМС (400-900) nm. Получените спектрални данни са сравнени с подобни данни от различни инструменти за наблюдение на Земята, включени в спектрални библиотеки. Получените зависимости съответстват на формата на спектралните сигнатури в същия обхват на спектъра, получени с други спектрометри. Тези обещаващи резултати ни насърчават да планираме следващи кампании за теренни спектрометрични измервания в различни региони на България.
Introduction Remote sensing using geophysical principles begins with the development and design of equipment for performing research of objects remotely and without disturbing their integrity. In geological remote sensing studies the determination of the chemical/mineral composition and the structure of the objects within the field of view of the instrument either obtained in the lab, with a field spectrometer, or with a remote sensor is a main goal. Or in other words: “What kind of rock am I looking at?” For this purpose field spectrometric studies of rocks were made to collect spectral signatures of different rock types for the reliable detection and identification of their mineral and chemical composition. The aim of this study is to present and test the procedure of preprocessing of the field spectrometric data. The experiments are based on major physical principles such as light scattering, absorption of light, and reflection of light in the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). Field spectral measurements were made with Thematically Oriented Multi-channel Spectrometer designed and constructed in Remote Sensing Systems Department at SRTI-BAS. The spectrometer with increased spectral resolution works in (400-900) nm range of EMS. The results are compared with similar data from spectral libraries. They correspond to the shape of reflectance spectra in the same range of EMS obtained with other spectrometers.
Theory and Methods Physical principles. Main physical principles that are based for performed experimental measurements are: scattering, absorption and reflection of the solar radiation in the visible range of electromagnetic spectrum (ems). Two major definitions which refer to the measurements carried out:
• Rocks are natural mineral aggregates and thus considered in the experiments;
• Hapke’s equation to model the reflectance () from an exposed rock (Hapke, 1981). The point of all of this is that with knowledge of known optical constants of various minerals and the angle of incident and emitted light, we can model the reflectance of a rock with mixed minerals and grain sizes.
Fig. 1. Physical processes in solid transparent parallel plate What does the solar radiation do when it hits a rock? When the radiation reaching the object (in this case - the rocks) it simultaneously scattered, reflected off of the grains either away from the surface or onto other grains, refracted through a grain onto other grains and absorbed by a grain. Thus the physical processes occur simultaneously (Figure 1) and following physical laws and relationships are applied:
• Beers Law (exponential law of absorption):
I – observed light intensity [W/sr], – original light intensity [W/sr], k – absorption coefficient () [m-1] and x is the distance traveled through the medium [m].
• Intensity of reflected solar radiation [W/sr]:
R is the reflection coefficient, is defined for two types of media,
and is not dependent on the direction of propagation and n is the relative refractive index of the reflecting medium.
• Spectral reflectance (measured in the field):
represents a measure of the ability of a surface to reflect solar radiation which criterion is equal to the ratio of reflected solar radiation by the object for each wavelength [W/(m2.sr)] to reflected solar radiation by the calibrated reference surface the same wavelength [W/(m2.sr)] in the same conditions of these measurements. Resultant graph plotted as a functional dependence vs. is called the spectrum or the spectral reflectance characteristics, or the spectral signature.
Spectrometric measurements.The field spectrometric measurements in this research are performed using the thematically oriented multichannel spectrometer (TOMS) working in (400 - 900) nm range of the EMS (Petkov et al., 2005a,b). The main measuring device of the field spectrometer TOMS is USB2000 (Ocean Optics, 2013).
The preprocessing is an important part of analysis of imaging spectrometry data and is relevant to a quantitative estimation of the data. It includes realization of characterization and correction procedures eliminating at sensor effects and data correction algorithms accounting environmental conditions. The measured radiance is influenced by a number of factors such as instrument response characteristics, atmospheric conditions, changes in scene illumination and viewing geometry.
More spectrometer characteristics will be expected to remain constant through instrument life and can be characterized in laboratory condition, while others will be expected to change during the operating mode and these must be corrected at the field work The characterization methods and correspondence procedures are determined in detail on the basis of error analyses. The frequency of characterization processes and algorithm update will vary with rate of errors change.
The following preprocessing procedures are expected to be considered critical for data calibration:
Atmospheric correction reduces the radiance at the sensor to a reflectance value at the object.
When detailed radiometric correction is not feasible, normalization is an alternative could be makes the corrected data independent of multiplicative noise such as topographic and solar spectrum effects. This can be performed using white calibrated target (reference standard), and the results are based on the relationship between radiance and reflectance.
A way for preprocessing of spectrometer data is indicated in the flow diagram (Figure 2).
Fig. 2. Preprocessing data flow diagram
The preprocessing algorithms of the received data are performed by the software of the spectrometer and include: the correction for electrical dark, the noise correction, the radiometric correction, the statistical correction and calibration (Atanassov and Jelev, 2004; Atanassov et al., 2005). The atmospheric correction is not needed in these filed experiments because of the low distance between the studied object and the fore optics of the spectrometer (see Table 1).
In Table 1 as a part of the preprocessing data the additional information is presented. In addition we have to take in account GPS-coordinates of the field points of measurement (GPS), weather conditions of the measurements in the field experiments (atm), the integration time for each acquisition (), the number of statistically averaged spectra () and the distance between the object and the device fore optics ().
Short petrographic description. Plutonic rocks in the Vitosha mountain are gabbro, monzonites, leucosyenites and granosyenites (Димитров, 1942), which according to modern petrographic nomenclature are monzodiorites, quartz-monzodiorites, quartz-monzonites, syenites, and quartz-syenites (Дабовски и др., 2009). Field spectrometric studies in the area of Hotel Moreni are made for the monzonites. Monzonites are colorful, grey-greenish, and medium-to-coarse-grained, with a massive structure and monzonitic texture. The rock-forming minerals are plagioclase, K-feldspar, augite, amphibole, biotite, a little quartz, accessory magnetite, apatite and titanite. The rocks are relatively fresh, with the rarely overlaped secondary mineral association - sericite, clay minerals, carbonate, epidote and chlorite.
In Rila Mountain the area of the locality Kirilova polyana is consisted of high-grade metamorphic rocks, metamorphosed ultrabasic and basic igneous rocks; called South Bulgarian granitoids, aplite-pegmatoid granites and fine-grained biotite granites. Spectrometric studies were made of the fine-grained biotite granite. They expose near Kirilova polyana and in the West direction and form the Monastic Body. Fine-grained biotite granites are light gray with a massive structure and hypidiomorphic texture. The rock-forming minerals are magmatic K-feldspar, quartz, plagioclase, biotite and zircon and secondary - sericite, chlorite and clay minerals.
On the road to the village Barziya in about 3 km after Petrohan pass are revealed magmatic rocks from Petrohan pluton. It is a complex magma body emplaced into rocks of Berkovska and Dalgidelska groups. It is made of several magmatic phases: the first is gabbro, widespread in northern part of the pluton near Berkovitsa; the second is represented by diorites, and the third - by granodiorites. The largest areas occupy diorites and granodiorites. Field spectrometric studies have been made of the diorites. They are gray, grey-greenish, medium-grained, and uniform-grained. Their structure is massive, and the texture – prismatic granular. The main rock-forming minerals are plagioclase (andesine) and amphibole, secondary – biotite and augite, and accessory - titanite and magnetite.
Results and Discussion For the reflectance calibration of the spectrometric measurements in the field we used a reference standard. The field standards are reference materials that should exhibit a highly Lambertian reflectance over the whole spectral range of interest. In addition, the reflectance of the materials should be insensitive to the bidirectional reflectance distribution function effects and should reflect at least more than 80% of the incoming solar radiation.
Since contamination of the standards material is often a problem, the spectral and spatial characteristics should not degrade over time and – if used frequently in the field – should be able to be washed or rinsed to remove contamination or particles such as mud, sand or others (Schaepman, 1998). The used reference standard is made from barium sulphate and its surface exhibits lambertian behavior (Figure 3).
Fig. 3. Reflectance spectra of the used reference standard In Figure 4 the presented reflectance spectra of three rock types are resulted as following the above described procedure. The obtained spectral data are pre-corrected under laboratory conditions.
red with similar data from the spectral libraries (USGS, 2013).
The spectral libraries represent the collections of spectra of numerous minerals and rocks obtained using the spectrometers with high radiometric and spectral resolution. Collected spectra could be compared with other spectra in order to be more accurately identified objects of comparative research. It is particularly important to take into account that data from different spectrometers should be compared only when they are converted to the criterion of comparability - the reflectance coefficient. Such spectral libraries are the basis for comparative remote sensing studies of rocks.
Conclusions The procedure of the preprocessing of the field spectrometric data is presented and tested. Obtained with the spectrometer TOMS the reflectance spectra of the studied rocks correspond as form and values of spectral reflectance in the same range of EMS to the similar signatures received using other spectrometers and presented in the spectral libraries.
Acknowledgments. This research was supported by the Bulgarian Science Fund under contract DFNI – I01/8.
Димитров, С. 1942. Витошкият плутон. – Год. СУ, Физ.-матем. фак., 3, 89-165.
Дабовски, Х., Б. Каменов, Д. Синьовски, Е. Василев, Е. Димитрова. 2009. Горнокредна геология. Магматизъм. – В: Загорчев, И., Дабовски, Х., Николов, Т. (ред). 2009.Геология на България. Том ІІ. Мезозойска геология. С., Акад. изд. „Проф. Марин Дринов”, 423-553.
Atanassov, V., G. Jelev. 2004. Algorithm for dark current characterization of imaging spectrometer. - Aerospace Research in Bulgaria, 19, 77-83.
Atanassov, V., G. Jelev, L. Kraleva. 2005. Imaging spectrometer data correction. Scientific Conference with International Participation “Space, Ecology, Safety – SES’2005”, Varna, Bulgaria, Conference Proceedings, Book 1, 221–226.
Hapke, B. 1981. Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy 1. Theory. - J. Geophys. Res., 86, 3039-3054.
Ocean Optics. 2013. Accessed December 2013. http://www.oceanoptics.com/homepage.asp
Petkov, D., Al. Krumov, H. Nikolov, G. Georgiev. 2005a. Multichannel nadir spectrometer for thematically oriented remote sensing investigations. - Proceedings of SES 2005, 227-231.
Petkov, D.; G. Georgiev; H. Nikolov. 2005b. Thematically oriented multichannel spectrometer (TOMS). - Aerospace Research in Bulgaria, No. 20, 51 - 54.
Schaepman, M. 1998. Calibration of a field spectroradiometer. Academic Dept.: Dept. of Geography, Zurich, pp.155.
USGS Spectroscopy Lab. 2014., Accessed June 2014. http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/spectral.lib06/
Статията е рецензирана от проф. дгн Стефан Димовски и препоръчана за публикуване от кат. „Приложна геофизика.


Blackvue DR590X Series Dash Cam
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What is Nd:YAG crystal
Nd: YAG crystal
Nd: YAG, fully called neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal (Nd: Y3Al5O12), yttrium aluminum garnet crystal as its activator, the content of Nd atoms in the crystal is 0.6 ~ 1.1%, comes from the solid laser, can thrill pulse laser or continuous laser, giving off laser infrared wavelength 1.064 μm.
Brief pulse Nd YAG laser has crucial applications in laser handling, photoelectric countermeasures, laser varying, laser communication, etc. Especially the peak power laser gotten by Q switching is the core device in many innovative clinical research as well as modern-day clinical tools and tools.
Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser crystal has the advantages of great optical uniformity, mechanical properties, high physical and also chemical security, excellent thermal conductivity, and so on. It has actually ended up being the major assistance material for army solid laser innovation and also the application direction of medium and also high-power lasers. It is referred to as one of the “3 basic laser crystal materials”, which is widely used in commercial, clinical, army, and scientific research study.
Nd: YAG crystal is still one of the most widely made use of strong laser tool as a result of its outstanding optical and also mechanical homes, simple manufacturing, as well as affordable. However, the study mostly concentrates on the 946nm, 1064nm, as well as 1319nm wavelength lasers, and also the 1123nm laser discharge is additionally a crucial transition.
Nd: YAG crystals have superior spectral as well as laser properties. It is among one of the most extensively used laser crystals.
Compared with Nd YVO4 crystal, the previous has high thermal conductivity, good mechanical properties, and simple growth, and also Nd: YAG crystal can be used straight; Cr YAG Q modulation to get peak power and also high rep regularity outcome. However, because the doping focus of Nd: YAG crystal is reduced and also the absorption coefficient is little, it is hard to realize the miniaturization of the laser and boost its effectiveness. We have now acquired big, highly doped Nd: YAG crystals utilizing the cozy ladder technique, with the mole fraction of Nd ions doped up to 2.3.
Growth method of Nd:YAG crystal
Lifting method of Nd:YAG crystal
Tira method: Czochralsik: CZ technique, a crystal growth method developed by Czochralsik in 1917.
Fundamental concept: Under an affordable temperature level area, the lower end of the seed crystal installed on the seed crystal rod is reduced into the raw material of the melt. Under the activity of the rotating motor and lifting device, the seed crystal rod rotates while slowly pulling upwards. After numerous technical phases, such as neck diminishing, shoulder growth, shoulder rotation, equal diameter, finishing, as well as pulling off, the solitary crystal with qualified geometric form and interior high quality is expanded.
1) Advantages of the drawing method:
- During the growth process, it is convenient to observe the growth of the crystal
- The growth of the crystal on a free surface of the thaw without contact with the crucible significantly decreases the tension on the crystal and also avoids nucleation on the crucible wall
- It is easy to use orientated seed crystals and the “necking” process to acquire total seed crystals as well as crystals of the preferred alignment. The terrific advantage of the pull-up technique is the capability to grow crystals of higher quality at a faster rate
- Possible contamination of the crystal by crucible product;
- The thaw’s flow activity, the transmission’s resonance, and the temperature change all impact the crystal’s top quality.
Bridgman procedure is a common thaw growth method, typically divided into vertical and horizontal Bridgman process 2.
The vertical Bridgman process, also called the crucible descent method, is a method of growing crystals from thaw. Normally, when the crucible is reduced in a taking shape heating system and also passes through an area with a large temperature level gradient, the melt crystallizes in the crucible from the bottom up into a single crystal. The crystallization heating system climbing along the crucible can additionally finish this procedure.
Guided temperature level slope technique
The directed temperature level ladder technique is a solitary condensation approach of melt generated by orientated seed crystals. The temperature field of TGT is primarily adjusted by adjusting the shape as well as position of the graphite heating body, Mo insulation screen, Mo crucible, the power of the heating body, and the flow of flowing cooling water to create an ideal temperature slope from all-time low to top
Main application of Nd YAG laser
The Nd: YAG laser has a wavelength of 1064 nm and is not near the absorption top of oxygenated hemoglobin, which has inadequate Nd: YAG laser absorption. However, its infiltration deepness can reach concerning 8 mm, so that it can play a therapeutic function in the much deeper part of the hemangioma. According to the various power output modes, Nd: YAG laser can be divided right into constant and also pulse type two.
Continuous Nd: YAG lasers are typically made use of yet are non-selective in thermal tissue damages. Continual Nd: YAG laser is extensively utilized in the ent department, gynecology and also surgical procedure. And also in dermatology, as a result of the “not good cosmetic effect”, use is extra careful. Compared to continual Nd: YAG laser, pulsed Nd: YAG laser is extra regular with discerning photothermal theory. It can lower warm damage to the surrounding typical tissue and decrease the event of marks as well as other damaging reactions.


The study, published in the latest issue of the journal PLoS ONE, shows that the magnitude and orientation coincide with the blurring of the retinal image projected by its own optical system.
The optical system of the eye, comprising the cornea and the lens, projecting the images from the outside world on the retina. The imperfections of these lenses and misalignment between them produce a retinal image degradation. For example, when looking at a point on the retina is formed actually a degraded image, a spot usually smudged with asymmetries. The degree of visual blurring varies for each person and the concept of what is too blurry, too sharp, or a neutral image depends on the visual experience of each.
"The study shows that are considered less smudged those images degraded by imperfections similar to those present in the eyes, even if the amount of blurring is similar," says Susana Marcos, CSIC researcher at the Institute of Optics.
"We hate to see through other eyes"
To determine the pattern of blurring that each person considered optimal, the research team, which also included scientists from Schepens Eye Research Institute at Harvard University, has used a psychophysical method based on an image classification system.
Scientists asked a group of people to evaluate the quality of hundreds of images with the same magnitude of optical blurring (an automatic detection of the considered image quality like), but with varying orientations of blurring, which corresponded to the measurements over 100 different eyes. To ensure that the images projected on the retina were the same in all cases, eliminated the imperfections eye of each person with an adaptive optics system.
"So only able to evaluate the neural perception. Although all images were optically equivalent participants chose those that were blotted with imperfections similar to those of their eyes, and the others discarded. The reality is that we do not like to see through different eyes, "says the researcher at the Institute of Optics Lucie Sawides, first author of the study.
The results show, for the first time the internal visual code blurring of each person, but also have clinical implications, since different ocular pathologies or corrections can change the orientation of blurring using lenses or surgery.
Sawides Lucie, Carlos Dorronsoro, Andrew M. Haun, Eli Peli and Susana Marcos. Using Pattern Classification to Measure Adaptation to the Orientation of High Order Aberrations. PLoS ONE. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070856


The computer package includes the following items for hosting the Thermalyze software and retrieving thermal image data from an Infrasight camera:
- Dell PC
- Camera Link video board
The Dell PC and monitor specifications have been carefully selected to provide optimal performance while capturing live thermal images at 60 Hz and when performing sophisticated image processing and testing. Includes 25” LCD monitor (2560 x 1440 pixels) with soundbar, keyboard, mouse, and Windows 10 Pro.
CameraLink Video Board
The Camera Link video board is inserted into one of the computer's PCIe slots and captures real-time thermal images from the Infrasight IS640 camera using the high speed CameraLink digital protocol. Advantages of the CameraLink protocol over other image capture protocol (such as USB or GigE) include deterministic image capture timing and no lost frames. Includes CameraLink video cable(3m).


- 400Tel： 400-6092-808
OptiX OSN3500OptiX OSN3500 intelligent optical transmission system is a new generation of integrated 10G/2.5G multiservice optical transport platform (MSTP), which inherits all features of the MSTP technology,
OptiX OSN3500 intelligent optical transmission system is a new generation of integrated 10G/2.5G multiservice optical transport platform (MSTP), which inherits all features of the MSTP technology, maintains compatibility with traditional SDH, MSTP network, an integration of SDH, PDH, Ethernet, WDM, ATM, ESCON, FC / FICON, the DVB-ASI (Digital Video Broadcast- Asynchronous Serial Interface) and RPR technologies and mainly used in the access stratum of the metropolitan area network, providing perfect solutions for the smooth evolution from the present SDH application to the intelligent optical network equipment. It mainly used in highway access network communications systems.
OptiX OSN7500/3500/2500/1500 business panels and the software is fully compatible and forms a unified platform. By this, it can greatly reduce the cost of maintenance and spare parts. OSN Intelligent Platform has an efficient combination of operational capacity, offering the highest cost-effective solutions to operators, at the same time, it has hybrid network together with the existing Huawei’ equipment and can fit into Huawei's optical network network management solution for unified management.
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Typical power consumption: 400W.


Various Kinds Of Uv MicroscopeMicroscope Medical are mechanical devices utilized for viewing things and products so minute in size that they are undetected by the naked eye. The procedure conducted with such an instrument, called Microscopy, utilizes the combined schools of optical science and light reflection, controlled and manipulated through lenses, to study little objects at close range.
The fundamental microscopic lense consists of a number of complex and interrelated parts: a cylinder that supplies a necessary space of air between the ocular lens (eye piece) located at the top and the unbiased lens fixed at the bottom, hovering close to a stage consisting of an optical assembly on a turning arm and a focused hole through which a light shines from a solid U-shaped stand below. Amplifying values for the ocular range through X5, X10, to X20, while the worths for the unbiased lens has a wider span: X5, X10, X20, X40, x100, and x80. These values supply the observer with a spectrum of possible distance orientations and degrees of sharpness as are required for seeing and analysis.
Several different sort of microscopic lens exist, each having specific features:
Optical Microscope: The very first produced. The optical microscope has a couple of lenses that work to increase the size of and enhance images placed in between the light source and the lower-most lens.
Simple Optical Microscope-- uses one lens, the convex lens, in the magnifying procedure. This sort of microscope was used by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek during the late-sixteen and early-seventeenth centuries, around the time that the microscopic lense was invented.
Compound Optical Microscope-- has 2 lenses, one for the eyepiece to serve the ocular point of view and one of brief focal length for unbiased point of view. Multiple lenses work to reduce both chromatic and get more info spherical aberrations so that the view is unblocked and uncorrupted.
Stereo Microscope: This is likewise known as the Dissecting Microscope, and uses two different optical shafts (for both eyes) to create a three-dimensional image of the item through two slightly various viewpoints. Inverted Microscope: This kind of microscopic lense views items from an inverted position than that of routine microscopic lens.
Petrographic Microscope: This sort of microscope includes a polarizing filter, a turning phase, and plaster plate. Petrographic Microscopes focus on the research study of inorganic compounds whose residential or commercial properties tend to modify through moving perspective.
Pocket Microscope: This type of microscope includes a single shaft with an eye piece at one end and an adjustable unbiased lens at the other. This old-style microscope has a case for easy carry.
Electron Microscopes: This type of microscope employs electron waves running parallel to binocular stereo microscope a magnetic field offering higher resolution. Two Electron Microscopes are the Scanning Electron Microscope and the Transmission Electron Microscope.
Scanning Probe Microscope: This kind of microscopic lense procedures interaction in between a physical probe and a sample to form a micrograph. Just surface data can be gathered and evaluated from the sample. Kinds Of Scanning Probe Microscopes consist of the Atomic Force Microscope, the Scanning Tunneling Microscope, the Electric Force Microscope, and the Magnetic Force Microscope.
Science wouldn't be what it is today without the microscopic lense, as this device is the primary instrument by which the world and all of its elements are determined and examined. It is with the microscope that we take a look within ourselves so we can comprehend and find out who we are and how we work.


The Nikon D200 was announced on 1st November 2005, some three and a half years since Nikon revealed their first prosumer digital SLR, the D100. It's fair to say however that the D200 is a completely different beast altogether, it shares far more with its 'bigger brother' the the D2X than its earlier namesake. The D200 has the robust build quality of the D2X, a 10.2 million pixel CCD sensor and a compact design more like the D100. Just as the D100 the D200 has a CCD sensor, unlike the D2X which utilized a CMOS sensor. It's clear that this camera is aimed at the same kind of market as the recently announced Canon EOS 5D. From a features, control and performance point of view the D200 is closer to the D2X than any other model.
10.2 megapixel DX Format CCD image sensor: A newly developed 10.2 effective megapixel DX Format CCD image sensor that captures images with edge-to-edge sharpness and incredible color at 3,872 x 2,592 pixels, yielding extraordinarily high-resolution images perfect for enlargements or creative cropping
Industry-leading image processing for exceptional color performance: Incorporates Nikon's industry-leading advanced imaging processing engine of the D2x, which allows color-independent pre-conditioning prior to A/D conversion to work in symphony with advanced digital image processing algorithms to achieve fine color gradations with exceptionally smooth, consistent transitions
Large viewfinder with 0.94x magnification: The new eye-level optical viewfinder developed for the D200 features large magnification (0.94x) that helps ensure a clear view for precise composition, and built-in diopter adjustment that allows fine-tuning to your eyesight
Durable, Magnesium alloy (Mg) body: Nikon's advanced technologies and mechanisms are housed within a rugged, lightweight magnesium alloy chassis and body ready for the most rigorous of assignments. Additional sealing for dust and moisture add to the D200's strength.
5fps high-speed continuous shooting: Capture fast action and fleeting expressions with the ability to capture high-resolution images at a rapid 5 frames per second in continuous bursts of up to 22 NEF (RAW) or 37 JPEG (FINE - LARGE) shots**
Fast SLR response where it counts: Instant power-up in just 0.15 seconds, a shutter release time lag of a mere 50 milliseconds, and a shortened viewfinder blackout time of just 105 milliseconds makes the D200 ready to respond to any photographic situation
New, 11-area Multi-CAM AF System with 7 Area Wide AF: The new Multi-CAM 1000 AF Sensor Module offers an 11-area AF that ensures consistently fast and precise focus lock under varying shooting conditions. The 7-wide area AF system, offers broad coverage suited for moving subjects enabling greater compositional freedom
Large 2.5-inch LCD monitor with wide angle viewing to 170 degrees: A high-resolution LCD monitor provides ultra-wide, 170 degree viewing in all directions. Assisting with accurate sharpness assessment, images can be previewed at up to 400% magnification
New EN-EL3e Rechargeable battery with Fuel gauge function: The high-energy EN-EL3e rechargeable lithium-ion battery lets you capture up to 1,800 shots per charge featuring an accurate real-time Fuel gauge system that displays the percentage of remaining charge, number of shots since last charge and overall status of battery service life.
Wireless Transmitter WT-3a: The optional Wireless Transmitter WT-3a provides wireless functionality with IEEE 802.11b/g technology; it enables cable-free image transfer to a compatible computer, with the added safety and versatility of wide-ranging network and security protocols (available Fall 2006)
**When using select high performance CompactFlash cards capable of and certified for this performance specification. CompactFlash cards enabling this specification are subject to change. Contact Nikon technical support (800-NIKON-UX) for latest information
$1699.95 ESP1 Camera body only, lens sold separately2
$1999.95 ESP1 Packaged with 18-135mm DX Zoom Nikkor lens2
$1999.95 ESP1 Packaged with 18-70mm DX Zoom Nikkor lens2
$2399.95 ESP1 Packaged with 18-200mm DX Zoom Nikkor lens2
$100 Instant Savings: From June 1, 2007 through August 31, 2007 you can receive Instant Savings with the purchase of a D200. See your participating dealer for details.
1ESP (Estimated Selling Price) listed is only an estimate. Actual prices are set by dealers and are subject to change at any time.
2Configurations available at individual retailers may vary.


LASER (Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation) technology has been used for various applications such as medical, industrial, military, research, commercial, consumer, automotive, and communication. The purpose of these applications is either scientific/laboratory experiments or the measurement/exploration of distances. Lasers have become robust, compact, and versatile with technological developments. These developments have triggered the commercial and industrial applications. This laser technology market report is segmented on the basis of different laser types, laser processing techniques, and laser applications. Also, it further provides a detailed segmentation analysis of the market based on various geographies. It also briefly explains the market drivers, challenges, opportunities, and trends in the laser technology market and forecasts the market till 2020. The different types of lasers can be divided on basis of the matter of state of the active medium which includes: solid, liquid, or gas; the characteristics of the radiation emitted from the laser; and the number of energy levels which participate in the lasing process.
Currently, North America has captured the laser technology market and according to the forecast, the next emerging region which will move its position upwards by 2020 will be APAC. Japan and Korea are primarily in the broadcasting system industry. China and Brazil will also show a growth and boost in profits.
The report presents detail analysis of different segments for the global Laser technology market which includes product types, resolutions, applications, and geography. The analysis of the global laser technology market is done with a special focus on the high growth in applications in each vertical and the fast growing application market segments. Illustrative segmentation, analysis, and forecast of the major geographic markets give an overall view of the global market used for various applications. However, only a few of these lasers are used for specialized research.CO2 lasers, fiber lasers, and solid state lasers are the most prominent lasers used in the market. Major players of the laser technology market are Trumpf (U.S.), JDS Uniphase Corporation (U.S), Coherent, Inc. (U.S.), Rofin-Sinar (Germany), Cymer, Inc. (U.S.), Newport Corporation (U.S.), and IPG Photonics Corporation (U.S.).


ISOONE is the winner of the ContaminExpo 2019 Innovation Award for Cleanroom Components.
The cleanroom world thus recognizes ISOGEO, an indoor light geolocation system, as the main innovation of the last two years in the ultra-propetric world.
We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to the Aspec and the jurors of this award.
Feel free to contact us to find out all the benefits that ISOGEO can bring to your clean room.
Mars, an Isoone innovation, lighting fittings for cleanrooms.
Isoone presents a new range of recessed luminaires for cleanrooms, LEDs and access from the top. On innovative and compact formats we have developed this range, taking into account the problems of spaces available in false ceilings. These formats also allow us to reduce the weight of the luminaires and the risks of contamination.
On the other hand we wanted to adapt the Mars range to a maximum of users and uses, this is why the range of power is extremely wide, from 20 to 200W, ie 2000 to 20,000 Lumens emitted. The latter power is used to illuminate clean rooms of very great height, useful for example in the space industry.
Finally, we introduce an entirely new range of optics: 30º, 60º with high-performance optics or a more extensive solution with the opal diffuser.
Isoone is a luminaire manufacturer specialized in ultra-clean applications. The experience of its founders in the field of lighting for cleanrooms and the technological change towards LED generate opportunities for innovation which must improve the qualities of the luminaires by adapting them to the increasingly strict framework of the Control of contamination in sensitive industrial processes.
So that the qualities of our products bring value to yours.
In 20 years the efficiency gains in lighting are unprecedented, in the attached table we illustrate the evolution on a 600×600 luminaire for office lighting. The data are in flux emitted by the luminaire and the output in emitted flux / power consumed.
On the other hand, these efficiencies have not been achieved to the detriment of the luminous comfort since the luminaires are today all equipped with optical systems minimizing the luminances. This factor, added to the evolution of work screens, today all flat and orientable, allows a great visual comfort on the workstations.
Let us not forget that the consumption of a lighting installation can be greatly optimized by the use of control and gradation systems that compensate for the entry of natural light by automatically reducing the power of the luminaires and extinguishing them In case of absence in the room.
This evolution is not meant to stop because the LED technology is in constant progression and that the luminaries will not escape the arrival of the connected objects.
To be continued…


Moreover, waves diffract best when the size of the diffraction opening (or grting or groove) corresponds to the size of the wavelength. The higher the index of refraction, the longer the wavelength in the medium. Whereas, if the index increases with increasing wavelength the medium has anomalous dispersion. The frequency, wavelength, and speed are related by: Index
When would maximum diffraction occur for a single slit? Links
By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. index of refraction : n = c / v When light travels from one medium to another, the speed changes, as does the wavelength. While the wave slows down, the frequency remains the same because its wavelength is shorter. Even though vaccines are ready? other than normal to the boundary, then the
Sorry for not being clear. red green and blue) shining through glass will there be a noticeable difference in how each laser bends?
a. Even our eyes depend upon this bending of light. To enable Verizon Media and our partners to process your personal data select 'I agree', or select 'Manage settings' for more information and to manage your choices. GCSE Physics. Conversely, as the wavelength decreases, the angle of diffraction decreases. Refraction occurs when light bends as it crosses a boundary between two different mediums, each with a different index of refraction. Light
(see the definition of wavelength). Light
Still have questions? Hence, light diffracts more through small openings than through larger openings. At the front side of the lens, the rays are bent toward the normal (the perpendicular to the surface) because the glass is a denser medium than the air, and, at the back side of the lens, the rays are bent away from the normal as the rays pass into the less-dense medium of the air. Conversely, light emerging obliquely from a denser medium is bent away from the normal. The basic features of refraction are easily derived from Snell’s law.
Yahoo is part of Verizon Media. as it moves from one environment (medium) to another. The index of refraction can also be stated in terms of wavelength: Although the speed changes and wavelength changes, the frequency of the light will be constant. For example, the index of refraction of air at standard conditions is 1.0003, water is 1.33, and glass is about 1.5. Join Yahoo Answers and get 100 points today. The law of reflection states that, on reflection from a smooth surface, the angle of the reflected ray is equal to the angle of the incident ray. After refraction, the wave has the same
Other optical imaging systems range from simple single-lens applications, such as the magnifying glass, the eyeglass, and the contact lens, to complex configurations of multiple lenses. Electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum. Information about your device and internet connection, including your IP address, Browsing and search activity while using Verizon Media websites and apps. The bending is the result of light waves "squeezing" through small openings or "curving" around sharp edges. 8. The law of reflection can be used to understand the images produced by plane and curved mirrors. The bending is the result of light waves "squeezing" through small openings or "curving" around sharp edges. Is demonology the scientific study of demonic spirits? Do you notice that the absorption has a very predictable effect on the refractive index? The optics of the human eye is centred around the focusing properties of the cornea and the crystalline lens. GCSE Chemistry
In the special case where the incident beam is perpendicular to the boundary (that is, equal to the normal), there is no change in the direction of the light as it enters the second medium. Light rays passing through a lens are bent at both surfaces of the lens. How does a medium’s index of refraction affect wavelength? When light traveling in one transparent medium encounters a boundary with a second transparent medium (e.g., air and glass), a portion of the light is reflected and a portion is transmitted into the second medium. The formula for diffraction shows a direct relationship between the angle of diffraction (theta) and wavelength: d (sin theta) = m (wavelength) --> for constructive interference In some cases of anomalous dispersion it is possible that phase velocity exceeds speed of light c, (or in another words it's possible for n to be less then 1 or even negative) but this does not violate postulate of Theory of relativity because it does not indicate any superluminal information or energy transfer. The higher the index of refraction, the shorter the wavelength in the medium. Hence red light (long wavelength) diffracts more than blue light (short wavelength). If you have lasers with different wavelengths (i.e. Why is diffraction of light hard to detect. Factors affect the absolute refractive index of a medium. where n_red, n_yellow and n_blue are refractive indexes for red, yellow and blue light, respective, or alternatively: dn/dλ < 0. that is, refractive index n decreases with increasing wavelength λ. how far will it move in four centuries? a glacier moves a the rate of 43.0 meters per year.
Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. And radio waves (really long wavelength) diffract more than X-rays (really short wavelengths). Water Waves,
glasses) have: where n_red, n_yellow and n_blue are refractive indexes for red, yellow and blue light, respective, or alternatively: that is, refractive index n decreases with increasing wavelength λ. In vacuum, phase speed v is equal to speed of light c but in general case of propagation through medium, v differs from c. Usually v Harry Potter Rpg Tabletop,
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This is one of the most general questions asked by people suffering from dry eyes. People suffering from dry eyes find it difficult to wear contact lenses. With the advancement in science and technology even people suffering from dry eyes can wear contact lenses. There are various contact lens options available in market for people suffering from dry eyes.
In case of healthy eyes, a thin tear film is formed under the contact lens. But in case of dry eyes due to various reasons there is a reduction in natural tear formation, leaving your eyes with feeling of burning sensation and irritation. Using contact lenses in such condition will enhance the irritation and burning sensation.
Before selecting any contact lens it is important for people with dry eyes to evaluate a variety of contact lenses available in market. Make sure that a qualified contact lens fitter is available before you make your selection as he may guide in finding specific lens for dry eye condition. Listed below are the various contact lens options available for people suffering from dry eyes:
Soft Contact Lenses:
It is observed that wearing contact lenses in dry condition is difficult. Hence many lens manufacturing companies are working to develop comfortable contact lenses even for dry eyes. In this process they have come across ways to make contacts comfortable. One way is by reducing water content of the lenses. It is observed that modern silicon hydrogel contact lens contains about 30% of water. With the use of new polymer in contact lenses also helps in keeping the lenses moist.
Soft lens manufacturers like Vistakon and CooperVision have designed lenses which keeps the lens hydrated while on dry eyes. Other contact lenses like Proclear Compatibles, Extreme H2O, Purevision and Acuvue Oasys available in market are helpful for dry eye condition. These special lenses are made from special proprietary plastic which helps in retaining water content, shape and hydration throughout the day.
Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP) Contact Lenses:
These contact lenses are considered to be the best option for dry eyes. RGP lenses are made up of rigid plastic hence they don’t absorb much of water as compared to soft lenses. Basically RGP lenses are hydrophobic hence repelling water which in turn forms a tear film. This tear film keep your eyes and lens hydrated, reducing the discomfort associated with wearing contact lens on dry eyes.
There are different plastics used like extremely oxygen permeable or low wetting angle in making of RGP lenses. RGP lenses with plasma treatment are the latest advancement in contact lenses for dry eyes. When both are compared then plasma treatment proves to be better than RGP lenses.
Semi-Scleral Gas Permeable Lenses:
This is another effective contact lens option for dry eyes. These lenses are made of gas permeable material but with a soft lens size. These lenses are as comfortable as soft lenses and at the same time provide benefits of gas permeable lens.
The type of lens you opt when suffering from dry eye is important but proper care and cleaning solution also plays an important role in the success of the lens. Make sure that you take proper care of both your eyes as well as contact lenses. Before selecting any contact lens it is better to consult your ophthalmologist.


Augmented reality (AR) has the potential to transform how we interact with the world, but its success largely depends on the design and development of an effective optical system. Enter the JOYA Team and their work with Brilliant Labs.
JOYA Team—an expert in augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) systems design and development—partnered with Brilliant Labs to create a second-generation AR product. The mission: to design an AR product that was simple, built on mature technology, open-source for application builders, compact, scalable, friendly to mass adoption, and above all, affordable.
To accomplish this task, JOYA chose to use Synopsys’ CODE V and LightTools. CODE V was employed for optical design, optimization, and tolerance sensitivity analysis. Particularly helpful was the CODE V Image Simulation feature, which gave an accurate and realistic assessment of the AR optical system’s visual image quality during the early design stages. It also allowed for insight into how the image would change with various eye positions of the AR system user.
Moreover, CODE V aided in defining a comprehensive set of product specifications that aimed to minimize design time, system complexity, and overall cost. It helped evaluate the impact on image quality when tolerances were relaxed to shorten production lead times.
Following coding and design, JOYA used LightTools to create a virtual prototype—or digital twin—of the product, replicating all effects of materials, coatings, and surface finishes. This allowed for an accurate evaluation and visualization of the AR system’s performance without the need for a physical prototype. It provided essential information about image quality and resolution, image uniformity, color quality, contrast, see-through performance, ghost images and artifacts, and image quality changes based on the system pupil/eye position.


Darmoptik’s innovative industrial fiber laser unites high beam quality, with a robust design and improved manufacturability. The single mode fiber laser can reach the maximum power range of 2kW with BPP less than 0.4mm×mrad. The technology, which was developed and patented in Germany, avoids complex single emitters pumping technology, and instead uses high brightness and high power diode laser modules pumping. The resulting laser systems are reliable sources for material processing, especially for laser welding and laser cutting, with low cost of ownership and a small footprint.
Darmoptik, founded in 2011, develops and sells high power fiber laser and high brightness diode laser for wide industry applications such as laser cutting and laser welding. Closely working with famous institutes, we have significantly increased the brightness of high power fiber coupled diode laser and also have achieved the industry kW fiber laser.
Headquartered in Neuss, Germany, our core team has more than 25 years industry laser experience all over the world. We offer lasers with optical output power levels from a few hundred Watts up to the Kilowatt range.
News and Events
Darmoptik releases EXCEL 1.5kW Single Mode OEM fiber laser for laser cutting and laser welding.
Darmoptik introduces DioPower 1kW 400um fiber coupling diode laser system for industry and scientific applications.


The Academy Lights flexibility and light efficiency allows it to overcome most the of limitations of conventional picture lights.
Lowe energy, durable and replaceable LED lamps are employed to deliver optimal color rendering and specialy designed.
This is achieved through a unique combination of lensed LED heads, which can be:
- selectively positioned across the picture span
- interchangeable between several beam profiles
- variably angled against the face of the picture
These features give unprecedented control over the distribution and uniformity of the light, which can be tailored to suit any piece of Art - of whatever shape or size.
Our lights can also be transferred between paintings of different dimensions; simple re-configuration and re-alignment of the light heads makes them re-usable time and again.
Whatever is required will be calculated by us and delivered to you, ready for installation.
- Low energy, durable and replaceable LED lamps
- Excellent colour rendering
- Color temp. 2700K and 2w 24vdc per module
- Optics options 28deg, 43deg, 60deg, and ellipsoidal 12 x 40
- No damaging heat or UV emissions
- Sleek, sicreet and elegant, with concealed light heads
- A range of sizes and finishes, standard and bespoke
- LIGHTS THE WHOLE PAINTING - EVENLY - FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
- A low voltage tungsten halogen version available
Suitable for the residental collector, as well as lighting designers and museum curators.


LINE Magnifying Ruler - 2.5x magnificationItem number: 367085
9,95 € 0,00 € 9,95 € incl. VAT and exclusive of shipping
Item in stock, delivery in 3-10 working days
The magnifier bar combines a magnifier and ruler for enlarging entire lines. Lens size: 24mm x 210mm. 2.5x magnification. Integrated additional lens for spotting details. The reading bar is made of crystal clear acrylic and has an integrated 150mm ruler. The product packaging is in English.
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The portable optical handheld tachometer from Laser is used for non-contact measurement of rotational speeds. Uses include maintenance and adjustment of various machines, conveyor belts, motors and belt drives and more. It uses photoelectric, anti-jamming and junction laser technology to provide non-contact measurements over a wide range (2.5 – 99,999 RPM) and at great accuracy (± 0.05% + 1 digit). A reflective mark is placed on the object to be measured (white reflective tape is provided for this purpose) and this is used as a target for the instrument’s integral laser light beam. The detecting distance is 50-500mm, and the sample time is just .8 sec, so that the rpm is displayed on the large and clear LCD display almost instantly. The digital tachometer has a memory function (minimum, maximum and last values) and 96 sets of continuous data can be saved. It includes a low battery indicator, and three AA batteries are included for added peace of mind.


Hunters and precision long range shooters who want to hit their targets reliably over long distances, at the range or in the mountains in every weather condition, require reliable, repeatable ballistic readings – within fractions of a second. The revolutionary Leica Geovid 3200.COM with Bluetooth® measures precisely to a true 3,200 yards on non-reflective targets. Industry leading optical quality and a rugged sleek design gives the new Geovid a long life and lasting value. As a binocular and rangefinder, it combines unmatched precision and performance with a new more robust Bluetooth® platform. Coupling these new features and Leica’s unrivaled optical qualities it gives shooters a new level of confidence in any situation mother nature can throw at them.
Using the new Leica Hunting App, the Geovid 3200.COM can now be quickly and easily adjusted and managed. Linking to a “Kestrel Elite” wind meter also allows you to utilize advanced “Applied Ballistics” incorporating your personalized ballistic values. Connectivity with the Apple Watch via your smartphone also means that ballistic data and correction values can be transmitted silently and error-free. For precise, repeatable, measurements you can rely on – anywhere and anytime.
The benefits at a glance:
Ranging capacity & Leica ABC ballistics
Precise repeatable rangefinding up to a true 3,200 yards – even on non-reflective targets in difficult weather and light conditions
• 3 output formats: EHR, holdover, and number of clicks
• On board sensors give air pressure, temperature and angle readings.
Laser class 1 - Overall improved ranging performance in 100% eye-safe laser class 1First Geovid with Bluetooth connection - Maximum ease of use thanks to the possibility to program standard and ballistic settings over the new Leica Hunting App. 2.0
Kestrel Integration (w. Applied Ballistics) - In combination with a Kestrel Elite you get full access to Applied Ballistics solutions up to 3,200 yards directly displayed into the Geovid via Bluetooth.
Leica Hunting App 2.0 - Next generation of the Leica Hunting App with improved user experience and reworked Leica ABC ballistic.
Apple watch connection - Connection to an Apple watch via your smartphone for a silent shooter-spotter experience. Ballisticsolutions are displayed on the watch display.
Superior optical quality, sleek rugged design - German engineering, robust materials and the highest-quality optics for lasting value and a lifetime investment.
|Delivery Scope||Contoured Neoprene carrying strap, front lens caps, eyepiece caps, Cordura case, battery|
|Front lens diameter||42mm
|Field of view at 1,000 yds / 1,000 m||342 ft. / 114 m|
|Field of view for spectacle wearers||> 312 ft. /104 m|
|Objective angle of view||6.45°|
|Close distance||approx. 16 ft. / 5 m|
|Diopter compensation||± 4 dpt|
|Distance Measurement: Range||10 up to approx 3,200 yds / 2,950 m|
Distance Measurement: EHR
|10 up to 1,200 yds / 1,100 m|
|Distance Measurement: Accuracy||± 0.5 yds at 10 - 219 yds / ± 0.5 m at 10 - 200 m
± 1.0 yds 219 - 438 yds / ± 1.0 m at 200 - 400 m
± 0.5 % above 438 yds / 400 m
|Measuring time||max. approx. 0.3 s|
|Measuring modes||Scanning mode, single measurement|
|Switchover meter / yard||yes|
|Ballistic function||Equivalent horizontal range (EHR),point-of-impact correction (holdover),necessary number of clicks for reticle adjustment|
12 pre-installed curves
|ACD – Angle Compensated Distance||no
|Output "ballistic measurement"||yes|
|Output "equivalent horizontal distance"||yes|
|Output "click adjustment"||yes|
|Kestrel connection with Applied Ballistics||yes|
|Use of own ballistic data||no|
|Eyepieces for eyeglass wearers||yes|
|Eyecups||yes, rotary sliding sleeve, detachable, with 4 click-stops|
|Prism system||Perger-Porro system|
|Lens coating||HDC® multilayer coating,AquaDura® coating|
|Focusing||Internal focusing via central drive|
|Laser||Eye-safe invisible laser according to EN and FDA class 1|
|Laser beam divergence||1.2 x 0.5 mrad|
|Display||LED display with 4 digits,easily legible in any light|
|Barometric pressure sensor||yes|
|First destination logistics||no|
|Battery||1 x 3 V / Lithium-type C2R|
|Battery lifetime||approx. 2,000 measurements at 20 °C / 68 °F|
|Watertightness||Watertight to a depth of 16 ft / 5 m|
|Dimensions (W x H x D)||4.9 x 6.9 x 2.8 inch / 125 x 174 x 70 mm|
|Weight||approx. 34.5 oz / 980 g incl. battery|
|Accessories||- Floating carrying strap (42 163)- Tripod adapter (42 220)|


We use Amazon to create the list of the best air rifle optics. This site was chosen for many reasons. Most importantly, it is one of the best online stores with numerous customer reviews and a convenient comparison function. All compressed air rifle optics in our list are available on this website.
People who have no idea about compressed air rifle optics will not be able to choose the best item quickly. There are hundreds of products from different brands, and it is very difficult to compare their offers on your own! We recommend that you simplify the task by using our help. Read our buying guide and choose an option from our list of the best air rifle optics.
6 Best Air Rifle Scope
Style Rifle Scope 4-16 × 50 For Air Rifles
This best long range scope for the money cannot be a part or accessory of an assault weapon. Integrated rails provide ample space for accessories. 12 months warranty will be provided to all our scopes. Advantage of the viewfinder: High quality fully coated optical lens, dry nitrogen filled with waterproof, shockproof, anti-fog. Magnification: 4x-16x suit for any Picatinny rail w / 22mm. The viewfinder is red and green multi-x reticles with 5 levels: pupil output: 3.3mm-10mm; the field of view: 10 ‘~ 27’ 100yards; eye relief: 3 “~ 3.4”; windage & elevation click value: 1/4 ‘100 yards; with 50mm beautiful flower lens makes your lens unique in amazon. Excellent fully coated lenses, high quality matte black finish, Dry nitrogen filled with 100% waterproof, impact-resistant,
Fast focus eyepiece with 1/4 “resettable fingerprint and elevation adjustments. Aiming distance of about 50 – 100m, the best choice for long eyelet shooting: 66.8-99.06mm, the field of view: 13.41-40.38 100yards, exit pupil: 3.3mm-10mm. Wide 4x-16x magnification provides great visibility at 200-1000yards. 5 red and green levels, the illuminated adjustment provides better viewing in dark environments. Three parts with more functions – plus electric control, the red sight, and flashlight are ideal for quick acquisition of close and fast targets. When targeting a large deer or other prey at 200 meters, you save more time. For this purpose, you can easily install other equipment such as the flashlight, which helps more in the hunting environment’s darkness.
Style Rifle Scope 4 × 32 Air Rifle Rifle Scope
Fixed 4x magnification, objective diameter – 32mm, low magnification and long clear, ideal for close-range action, from crossbow hunting to gun shooting to simple edge shooting action. Shock and Recoil Resistant, Nitrogen Resistant, Shockproof, Fog Resistant, and Water Resistant. The exit pupil of eight millimeters, the field of view of 36.6 feet at 100 yards, and weight of 16.4 ounces. High-performance optical scope with fiber optic optics for fast acquisition manufactured multi-layer optics. Red-green-blue illuminated glass etched reticle.
UMsky Air Rifle Scope 4 x 32 Airsoft Sniper Riflescope
Made of a high-strength aluminum alloy and with its one-piece tubular structure, the lens is certainly more resistant and long-lasting. Magnification: 4x; Lens diameter: 1.26 “(32mm) distance from eye: 4.13” (105mm) Length: 7.48 “(190mm). The length of the entire oscilloscope is 190 mm. This makes this compact riflescope suitable for fast movement and aiming. Inert gas cleaning, fog, shock, waterproof, this ferrule can be used in all weather conditions. With the fully coated optical glass, the range will give you a bright and contrasting image.
FOCUHUNTER Cobra Fangs Optics Riflescope
One-year warranty: come with a lens cloth and protective caps to clean and protect the lens, a set of mounting rings, and a wrench. Cobra fangs riflescopes have a 1-year warranty, and feel free to contact us with any inquiries. Aerospace Aluminum Alloy: The riflescope is made of one-piece aluminum alloy, shockproof and water-resistant, extremely sturdy when shooting. The nitrogen-filled tube ensures rain protection and prevents mold, which is resistant to all weather conditions. Professional Optical Scope: Full green. 50mm multi-layer lens is large to provide a wide field of view. 95% high transmission gives you a clear picture which decreases refection and eye tiredness.Powerful 4x to 24x magnification is great for outdoor hunting. Red / Green Reticle: Just turn the rheostat knob to adjust the brightness in 5 levels and the color of the viewfinder for different contours. Mil-dot design helps calculate the distance to the target, track and aim more precisely.
Precise Adjustable Knob: Rotate the bottom wheel to unlock the turret and rotate the knob to adjust the height and direction. Built with the side knob to adjust the side focus and rotate the eyepiece to match the distance to the shooting target to help eliminate parallax.
UMsky Rifle Binoculars, Rifle Scope 4 12 × 50 Rifle Scope
Touch range of the shooting range with the pressure switch in the rat tail line high quality black matte finish, the color is the red and green reticle, unlimited brightness control 5 levels. Height and wind recordings with audible 1/4 moa -click firm and after finger turrères. 100% waterproof and fog-proof and shock-resistant dry nitrogen filled with dual flashing graphic streetlight / multi-coated optical sight with 33mm reflex lens offers a wide field of view, suitable for normal and rapid-fire moving targets, easily mountable on all 22mm rails (Picatinny or Weaver). The electronic red and green holographic perspective is electronically controlled, screw by hand. It is much easier and clearer than other screw points. There is a better choice for fast-moving targets in hunting.
A musky gift: multifunctional tactical sphere outdoor package. New style button with an electronic brightness control easier than the hand control. Hd104 dot reflex red dot with lower switch for ar10.15, ak47, m4 – very accurate gun optics and clear picture replace too expensive holograph, high resolution, unlimited terrain, and wide field of view.
Pinty Telescopic Sight Scope For Rifle Rangefinder
The O-ring gasket and nitrogen filling guarantee 100% waterproofness and the absence of fog. Highly flexible and robust aero-space aluminum alloy. This riflescope’s lens cap offers maximum maneuverability and helps protect both the objective and ocular lenses of the riflescope while keeping the lenses clean. Green and red dot for different environments, magnification from 6x to 24x. The rangefinder reticle provides quick and easy aiming points for different shooting distances.
How did you compile the list of the best optics for compressed air rifles?
We consider so many factors that it is almost impossible to inform you about all of them. Confide in me; we’ve done a pretty good job. This TOP-10 list was created using pricing, content, user rating, and other optical compressed air rifle functionality. We’ve done our utmost to assist you in choosing the best air gun!
Is Amazone.com a good place to buy a compressed air rifle scope?
Nowadays, online shopping is completely safe. It might even be safer to shop regularly since you don’t have to leave your home to buy the products you need. There is nothing dangerous about buying compressed air rifle optics in the Amazon. After all, you can always get a refund if you don’t like the model you bought or received in a faulty condition.
Is there anything special I need to know before buying a compressed air rifle scope?
Before you buy it, you can find everything you need to know about any specific compressed air rifle scope on Amazon. That’s why we like this market so much: it offers a very affordable website with a “Compare” function and hundreds of user reviews. Read them to understand if a compressed air rifle scope is right for you.
Should I get a compressed air rifle scope with a lifetime warranty?
The companies that produce compressed air rifle optics offer all kinds of guarantees for every taste. Generally speaking, budget models only have a 6-month warranty or don’t have it at all. Average users suggest a two-year warranty for compressed air weapons, but we think the five-year warranty is much cheaper and safer. Simultaneously, our team would not recommend buying models with a lifetime warranty, as the vast majority of them are too expensive.


Housing material Pressure die-cast aluminum housing. Certifications IP67, CE, RoHS, DOT.Lifespan Over 50,000 hours. The benefits of LED front headlight for Harley Davidson. Our LED motorcycle headlight ensures that your bikes are ready for the road and trails. These LED headlights are built with an unbreakable and waterproof IP67 projector lens, they can be used in a variety of environments. IP67 waterproof rating: After high-intensity tests, even in the cold of winter, there are no cases where the lights do not turn on due to the cold.
With the IP67 waterproof rating, the sealing is effective in all weather conditions. Excellent heat dissipation: The cooling system and special design of the ventilation holes at the back of the aluminum housing allow moisture and heat to be expelled from inside the shell.
Safe driving: The response speed of LED lights is faster than halogen lights, and they have very high brightness and a very wide field of vision, so the driver can drive freely in the dark without worrying about driving issues caused by the darkness of the road. Modern design: 7-inch diamond motorcycle headlight, surpassing the appearance limits of round LED motorcycle headlights on the market. Very easy installation, as a direct replacement for the original headlight assembly.Your specialist in carbon parts, poly fairings, workshop stands, and motorcycle accessories.


We hope you love the products we recommend and just so you know that as an Amazon Associate, DSLRad may earn from qualifying purchases.
OK, so why are camera lenses so expensive?
The truth is that camera lenses are expensive because they need to be made to a very high quality to achieve crystal clear, in-focus images. Lenses are intricately crafted with precision glass optics and metal housings to produce clear, sharp photographs.
A camera lens is one of the most important and expensive components of a camera. It’s responsible for capturing an image from the scene in front of it and bringing it into focus.
Camera lenses can cost tens or even hundreds of thousands of dollars depending on their quality, size, and features such as zoom capabilities or tilt-shift capabilities.
Manufacturers need to make sure that all these features work well together so that the photographer can take the best possible pictures without having to worry about anything else on their camera going wrong.
So there are FIVE key factors that make lenses really expensive – Here they are.
Precision Glass Manufacturing
Lenses have perfectly shaped pieces of curved glass. To shape this glass, expensive, precise machinery is required to cut, polish, and buff them into the exact shape required. This machinery makes it possible for lenses to be manufactured with tremendous precision. This does, however; have the effect of making lenses expensive as they are specialized and the machines are very costly.
Elements and Groups
Not all lenses have the same number of glass elements within them.
‘Elements’ are the individual glass lenses within a lens, while ‘groups’ are either a series of lenses or two or more lenses fixed together. While it might seem like having more elements and groups would make a lens clearer, that’s not actually true.
There is no definitive answer to whether more or fewer elements and groups will increase the quality of the lens, but you can be sure that the more there are, the more expensive it is for the manufacturer to produce.
The mechanics inside of the lens allows movement of the internal glass toward or away from one another and the image sensor. Not only that, certain glass elements within the lens are responsible for making different things come into focus at different distances.
They are rings on the outside of the camera lenses. For either Zoom or Focus. Those rings turn gears that are inside the camera lens which in turn move the glass back and forth. All of this is tightly packed inside these lenses.
While this feature could be described as one of the mechanical features of a lens, it does warrant its own mention here. The quality of autofocus (including the mechanical and computational ability – ie. the reactive speed of the lens) is a huge contributor to the manufacturer’s cost in producing a lens and therefore causes the price to increase with quality.
This technology, which is packed inside this lens, enables it to move back and forth, in tiny fractions of an inch, without actually physically touching the rings.
The next item on the list is the lens’ aperture blades.
These are thin blades made of different kinds of materials that are packed tightly together and simultaneously. All of them have closed down or open up to allow less or more light into the camera. These blades have been opened or closed form the funky shapes and circles in the background of some images – also known as bokeh.
And then to add to these three factors. There are other things, like image stabilization, and build quality, For each of the things that I mentioned above, you can also get better quality versions. Such as better quality glass, Better quality focus technology, basically the price increases as build quality increases. So there you have it. These are the basic elements that make lenses really expensive.
How to know if you’re getting a good deal on a lens
When trying to get the best deal on a lens, it is important to know the difference between lens costs and other factors that may drive up the price.
A good way to get a feel for what a lens should cost is by looking at what other lenses in your price range are going for. The best way to find this information is by checking out sites like Consumer Reports or PCMag.
So why are camera lenses so expensive?
Basically, it all comes back to quality. You really do get what you pay for with a few minor exceptions.
Brad is a seasoned photographer whose journey began in 2006 with a 3.1-megapixel digital camera. Over the years, he has specialized in various photography genres—from weddings and portraiture to product and studio photography. Based on the Sunshine Coast of QLD, Brad combines his love for education and photography, sharing his expertise on DSLRAD.com, a platform committed to capturing life’s treasured moments and empowering photography enthusiasts.


Fluorescence imaging technology has broad application prospects in basic biomedical research and clinical diagnostic testing. Near-infrared zone II fluorescence (1000-1700nm, NIR-II) imaging technology overcomes the strong tissue absorption, scattering, and autofluorescence interference faced by traditional fluorescence (400-900nm), and can achieve higher tissue penetration depth in vivo imaging with time and space resolution, it is regarded as the most promising next-generation in vivo fluorescence imaging technology.
Wang Qiangbin, a researcher at the Suzhou Institute of Nanotechnology and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and his team focused on the emerging field of “Near-Infrared II Zone Live Imaging Technology”, after more than ten years of hard work, achieved systematic research results: the first to propose Ag2S quantum dots system in the world, reported for the first time the near-infrared II region fluorescence properties, and further expanded the Ag2Se, Ag2Te, and other quantum dot systems, established a full-spectrum quantum dot system covering the near-infrared II region. They developed the small animal imaging system in vivo with planar array detector based on short-wave infrared indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), and the wide-spectrum (400-1700nm) small animal in vivo imaging system compatible with visible fluorescence imaging, which has laid a solid foundation for the development of cross-level, cellular, and small animal in vivo models multi-scale near-infrared zone II fluorescence imaging research.
A biomedical research technology platform has been established for “visualization” of near-infrared zone II fluorescence in vivo. This in situ and real-time imaging platform at the level of small animals in vivo achieving high tissue penetration depth (>1.5 cm) and high penetration, with temporal resolution (~30 ms) and high spatial resolution (~25 μm), which has an order of magnitude improvement over traditional fluorescence imaging technology; These researchers established accurate “visualization” research strategy for tumor diagnosis and treatment, drug screening, stem cell regenerative medicine and brain science.
In view of the above series of studies, the team was invited by the Journal of the American Chemical Society to write an article titled Advanced Fluorescence Imaging Technology in the Near-Infrared-II Window for Biomedical applications. This prospect reviews the principle of near-infrared zone II fluorescence imaging technology and its development process; systematically introduces the design, development and advantages and disadvantages of different types of near-infrared zone II fluorescent probes in the past ten years; summarizes the near-infrared zone II development and application of fluorescent small animal live imaging system, two-photon microscopy imaging system, laser confocal imaging system, light-sheet imaging system and clinical surgical navigation system; analyzes the biological structure and function of near-infrared zone II fluorescence imaging technology applications in biomedical research such as imaging, living body sensing detection, and image-guided precise diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and bottlenecks that need to be resolved; prospects for the future near-infrared zone II fluorescence imaging technology in probe design, equipment development, and precise tumor diagnosis and treatment; the key issues that need to be resolved in stem cell regenerative medicine, brain science basic research and clinical application, accelerate the clinical application of near-infrared zone II fluorescence imaging technology.
Chunyan Li, Guangcun Chen, Yejun Zhang, et al. Advanced Fluorescence Imaging Technology in the Near-Infrared-II Window for Biomedical Applications. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 35, 14789–14804. August 7, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c07022


|Coal miners were frequently at danger from explosive mixtures of methane gas in the atmosphere of the mine. Its very important to provide adequate and safe light to enable miners to work underground.|
LED mining lamp is used to replace the traditional lamp beads as the luminescent body with high brightness LED light source, and cooperate with the mining lamp produced by lithium ion battery.Compared with the traditional lamp, this product has the advantages of small volume, light weight and efficient energy-saving lamp.The LED mining lamp can be used for all kinds of underground mining operations, tunnel operation, ocean operation, maintenance work, outdoor sports, hunting night fishing, expedition, soldiers' equipment, etc.
BRANDO provided a variety of miner lights, such as corded lamp, semi-corded lamp and cordless.
* The brightest corded lamp up to 50000lux
* semi-corded lamp with excellent weight balance on helmet
* Cordless light weight only 120g.
The lamp is included with a special charger, which does not need to be equipped with others charging equipment and maintenance workers. Also can be energized by smart phone's(USB cable). The charging cost is only one sixth of the traditional one.
The lamp has the function of overvoltage, overcurrent, overdischarge automatic protection, safety and explosion-proof.
The lamp case is made of engineering plastics and bullet-proof glass, which can work in all kinds of harsh environments.


Light Meters – Novatron Lux Meter
Designed to give light level readings up to 50,000lux. It has a sensor connected to the meter by one metre of coiled lead (when extended). This allows light measurement to be made away from the subject area, thereby minimising errors due to shadow,etc.
Call our sales team on 01403 754416 for more information
Enquire about this product
0 – 1999 lux -resolution 1 lux


Item: 8x32 Binocular Telescope
Objective Diameter: 32mm
Eyepiece Diameeter: 20mm
Exit Pupil: 4mm
Eye Relief: 16mm
FOV: 7.5 degree
Prism: Roof BAK4 prism
Objective Coating: FMC green film
Eyepiece Coating: FMC blue film
Diopter Adjustment: Right Eyepiece
Eye Cup: Twist-up
Waterproof: Nitrogen-filled Waterproof
1. Objective Multi-optical multi-layer composite broadband green film has better light transmittance; it looks very clear even under weak light conditions.
2.All optical glass lenses, FMC blue film, more clear and sharp imaging, no color difference, wide field of vision.
3.Unique non-slip hand wheel design, just turn the hand wheel, you can debug a clear picture, feel more comfortable.
4.Right parallax adjustment. Since some friends have parallax in the left and right eyes, parallax can be eliminated by fine-tuning the right eyepiece.
1pc 8x32 binoclar
1pc storage bag
1pc wiping cloth