Femto LASIK: A Bladeless LASIK Procedure
Medilaser offers a bladeless corrective eye care procedure known as Femto Lasik laser eye surgery in Pune. This is an all laser procedure which is very different from the traditional LASIK surgery that is done using a microkeratome with a metal blade in the flap cutting procedure.
Who Needs Femto LASIK?
Femto LASIK is a recent addition to the collection of ground-breaking laser eye surgery procedures that have been made possible by the advancements in technology. It is especially meant to help people who can’t see without the aid of their eyeglasses or contact lenses.
You also need Femto LASIK if you:
- Suffer from myopia (short sightedness).
- Suffer from hypermetropia/hyperopia (long sightedness).
- Have presbyopia (age-related long sightedness).
How Does It Work?
Femto LASIK laser eye surgery uses Excimer laser. The flap in the cornea is made by way of the Femtosecond, which is a novel technology in eye surgery. This has eliminated the risks and complications associated with the previous method that utilized blades and let the cornea with considerable trauma in some cases. Femto LASIK method gives your cornea a huge chance at attaining better stability.
The principle at work in Femto LASIK laser eye surgery is photo-disruption and we employ infra-red laser energy to create a small pattern under the surface of the cornea with overlapping spaces. The patterns have unmatched precision and the laser operates at lightning speed.
What Are The Advantages Of Femto LASIK laser eye surgery?
- Negligible risk associated with the flap creation.
- A greater treatment surface with improved stability.
- Minimal risk of infection and inflammation.
- No need of any repeat surgery.
- Features thinner flaps that ensure that there is no residual tissue-bed.
- Improved predictability in terms of the resultant flap thickness.
- Less exertion of pressure on the eye during surgery and excellent results.
Femto LASIK eye surgery is a fast and safe procedure that gives incredible results all the time. We have done the same procedure for thousands of patients and the results speak for themselves.
If you are looking for Femto LASIK laser eye surgery in Pune for eye vision correction or spectacle removal, Call Us Today!!!
Talk to us to get more information on your options and how we can help you get your eye sight back. Dial 8888884477.


Spectralis® is an image processing platform that can be used for diagnostic and treatment decision making. The device provides excellent contrast and high-resolution images of both the front and back of the eye.
HEIDELBERG ENGINEERING SPECTRALIS enables us to examine the eye in record speed and many levels, discovering primary changes already at the micro level and imaging different cross-sections of the layers of the eye:
Spectralis® gives us the opportunity to observe various layers of the eye without having to dilate the pupils of the patient, which is vital among the following patient groups:
Spectralis® is equipped with ground breaking technology called Blue Laser. This the most effective technology for photographing the fundus, as all the energy is focused on one specific wavelength (so far, a wide spectrum of light has been used for photographing the fundus). As a result, the light flash disturbs the patient much less and does not have an unpleasant effect.
provides an overview of the corneal layers and anterior chamber. The width of the cornea and the measure of the anterior chamber angle provide relevant additional information in the diagnosis of glaucoma.
is the latest module allowing us to examine blood vessels without injecting a contrast agent. It is particularly suitable for allergic patients to avoid possible complications of fluorescein angiography.
The new generation of eye fundus computed tomography has the advantage of faster imaging speed and sharper image quality, which highlights retinal layers and their changes. Pupil size will not be affected during this examination.
is the new generation of glaucoma diagnostics. Measuring the width of the optic nerve disc, retinal nerve fibers, and the layer of ganglion cells is important in diagnosing glaucoma and monitoring the course of the disease.
The instrument is able to measure the exact same location as in the previous study in subsequent examinations and to perform a comparative analysis of the anatomical structures on the basis of the information obtained. In addition, patient data can be compared to a statistical average.
uses three laser wavelengths in parallel to detect different structures at different depths in the retina. The method allows us to visualize changes that cannot be seen with normal fundus examination or images. The described module can be used in imaging when the patient has cataracts or nystagmus.
indicates blue laser autofluorescence images. The non-invasive laser method for imaging of the eye fundus, reveals traces of retinal metabolic stress using lipofuscin as an indicator. The method highlights changes in retinal pigment-epithelial cells, such as age-related macular degeneration of the eye fundus and its hereditary changes.
Multicolor, OCT, OCT Angiography, and BluePeak Spectralis modules provide a wider imaging range than older devices. Thus, they allow more peripheral areas of the fundus to be photographed and documented.


The measurement of the thickness of metal coatings on steel strip utilizes the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) effect. By selecting the operating parameters of the X-ray source, the filters of the detectors and the measurement geometry different applications can be realised.
The energy of the fluorescence radiation is characteristic for the element that produced the radiation. The radiation produced in the steel strip has a different energy as the fluorescence radiation produced in the coating e.g. Zinc. Using the method of differential filters one or the other component of the radiation can be selected for measurement. The detector modules installed in the gauge-head detect the selected radiation component in the backward directions, e.g. the radiation from the metal coating.
An increase in the coating thickness also increases the intensity of the fluorescence radiation of the coating. The measurement of the intensity of the fluorescence radiation allows a precise determination of the coating thickness. For coatings of binary alloys such as Zn/Al or Zn/Ni the detector modules measure the fluorescence radiation from both elements separately and it is thus possible to determine the total coating thickness and the coating composition.


New SMD 5733 Lampada LED Lamp E27 220V 3W 4W 5W 7W 8W 10W Spotlight E14 Bombillas LED Bulb E27 Spot Lamparas LED Light Christmas
Specifications: Type: LED Corn Light Chip Model: SMD 5733 Chip Quantity: 30LED / 42LED / 64LED / 80LED / 108LED / 136LED Wattage:3W / 4W / 5W / 7W / 8W / 10W Base Type: E27 / E14 / E12 Voltage: AC 220V – 240V Lumens: 500LM – 1200LM Length: About 75mm – 110mm Beam angle: 360 degree Lifespan:> 60,000hrs Warranty: 2 Year Color Temperature:2800 – 3500K(Warm White)6000K – 6500K(White) Features: * Using 2015 the latest high brightness SMD 5733 Chip. * Use aluminum plate, better than ordinary glass fiber cooling effect, greatly extend the lamp life. * LED Lamp, no VU and IR radiation. * Long Service life, high luminous efficiency. * Energy Saving, low heat and lower power consumption. * Great Reducing carbon emission, environmentally friendly. * With 360 ° beam angle, the bulb can give out light omnidirectional. * Does not contain lead, mercury and other pollution elements. * Suitable for halls, bars, office or home use.


Desert Tech’s chassis for the SRS-M2 delivers a feature rich, innovative system perfect for any long range shooting application. It features a lightweight and highly ergonomic design which accommodates shooting in virtually any position, and includes intuitively placed controls for ease of use. The SRS-M2 chassis is also highly customizable with a full-length 30 MOA top rail for the installation of high-power optics and more than enough room for clip-on night vision devices. The handguard also features M-LOK attachment points every 45 degrees to allow the attachment of lights, lasers, backup optics and other accessories. In addition, the SRS-M2 chassis comes equipped with an integral Area 419 Arcalock rail for fast and easy adjustment of accessories such as bipods, tripods, fore-grips and barricade stops.
Features of the Desert Tech SRS-M2 Chassis:
- Full-length 30 MOA top rail
- Integral Area 419 Arcalock Rail
- M-LOK handguard
- HandednessRight Hand
- Item ConditionNew
- Product TypeRifle Parts


Here at Three Rivers Optical, we believe in constant, continuing education. Our Account Managers are always available to provide new lens information and best practices to business owners and employees. We provide “lunch and learns” or dinner meetings for your convenience. In addition, below are some of the best offerings available to those in the eye care industry when it comes to learning more about the products, theories, and technologies that help shape it.
Useful information and optical calculators are available. Abbe values, resultant prism, thickness, spectral transmittance material charts and much more.
This quick reference guide is invaluable to determine if lenses are within acceptable ANSI optical parameters.
The Progressive Lens Identifier is now only available online.
Certification is an important part of the optical profession. Get Certified!
This is a comprehensive training tool to enhance understanding of all things optical.
Everything you’ll need to prepare for the ABO exam.


The latest technology applied in laser welding is making it more efficient and also less time consuming.
FREMONT, CA: Several trends characterize the usage of lasers in the automotive sector. Vehicles can be made safer and superior with the help of high-strength steels, weight-saving aluminum alloy, ground-breaking joining technologies, and also extraordinary mixtures of material. These days the process monitoring systems around the laser joining are crucial so that it can be made sure about both the stability of the procedure and the quality. Process monitoring can be separated into pre-, in- and post-monitoring. The WeldMaster platform merges all several process steps into one.
The blending of the tracking function of the WeldMaster, along with the ScanTracker scanning system and the laser power control, has made it possible to approach the new procedures. The ScanTracker is utilized to laterally oscillate the laser beam that is in focus and impose it with higher frequencies. Moreover, there are also possibilities of applying a synchronous laser power modulation resulting in accurate power distribution in the lateral direction.
In the application of fillet weld, there are chances of measuring the probable gap among the upper and lower sheet based on the laser triangulation before the starting of the actual laser procedure. Furthermore, the process parameters like lateral position, power modulation of the laser beam, or laser power can be adjusted according to it. Therefore, leading to a more controlled and robust bridge gaping.
One of the vital indicators for the achieved quality is seam geometry. The defined geometric values like collapsed seams, seam bending, or seam width can be directly measured in-situ, followed by the processing and evaluation with the assistance of image processing. The evaluation is also based on grey level analysis and laser triangulation. Therefore, the information about the quality of the component is obtainable instantly, and it becomes easy to reject the unnecessary part and start rework.
The usage of WeldMaster and ScanTracker for inspecting the aluminum products have made it possible to decrease the processing time for welding. The total investment has also reduced because of the elimination of separate quality monitoring stations.


Choosing & Using Eye Protection
Safety Glasses & Goggles
No matter where we work, flying particles, dusts, fumes, vapors or harmful rays are apt to expose us to potential eye injury. Fortunately, we can protect against these hazards by using the appropriate protective eyewear for our jobs and by following our companies' established safety guidelines. The following is a guide to the most common types of protective eyewear and the specific hazards they can guard against.
Standard safety glasses look very much like normal glasses, but are designed to protect you against flying particles. Safety glasses have lenses that are impact resistant and frames that are far stronger than regular eyeglasses. Safety glasses must meet the standards of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). (Safety glasses are also available in prescription form for those persons who need corrective lenses.) Standard safety glasses can be equipped with side shields, cups, or tinted lenses to offer additional protection.
Like standard safety glasses, goggles are impact resistant and are available in tinted lenses. Goggles provide a secure shield around the entire eye area to protect against hazards coming from many directions. Safety goggles may have regular or indirect ventilation. (Goggles with indirect ventilation may be required if you are exposed to splash hazards.)
Shields and Helmets
Face shields and helmets are not in themselves protective eyewear. But, they are frequently used in conjunction with eye protectors. Full-face shields are often used when you are exposed to chemicals or heat or glare hazards. Helmets are used when welding or working with molten materials.
Using Protective Eyewear
You can guard against eye injury by making sure that you are wearing the appropriate protective eyewear for the particular eye hazards you face. It's important to remember that regular glasses alone do not offer protection from eye hazards. Follow your company's established safety procedures, and never hesitate to ask your supervisor if you have any questions about what you can do to protect your sight for life.


One of the main features that you have to check while buying a rifle scope is its long eye relief. The rifle scope long eye relief is the distance between the base of the scope and the eyepieces of the rifle. This is the distance that your rifle scope has to work well in order to provide you with clear shots. There are many things that influence the level of long eye relief of the rifle scope. Among these factors are the type of bullet that you will use, the wind conditions during hunting, and the quality of the rifle that you will be using.
As the rifle moves through the air, the rifle scope would follow the wind. If the wind is blowing from the northwest direction, the rifle scope long eye relief will be more than that of the rifle being used by people who have a wind coming from the southwest. This is because the wind from the northwest will cause the rifle scope to be pointed toward the northwest. Similarly, those who have wind blowing from the southeast will have much longer eye relief than people with winds coming from the southeast.
As you look into the rifle scope long eye relief of a rifle, the first thing that you should consider is whether you will be using a pistol or a rifle as a primary rifle. If you are going to use a pistol as your primary rifle, you will have less long eye relief than if you were going to use the rifle scope for hunting. This is because the pistol will not be moving at high speeds as the rifle does. If you are going to use the rifle scope for hunting, you will have much longer eye relief than if you were using the pistol.
You should also consider the type of rifle scope that you are using. As mentioned above, you will have much more long eye relief with a scope that is scoped than you would with one that is not. In addition, you will need to think about the elevation settings that are available on the scope of the rifle that you are interested in. There are some that will allow you to adjust the elevation up and down but there are some that are fixed and cannot be adjusted. Remember that when you are hunting and if you are using a rifle scope long eye relief is very important because you will be looking through much more magnification.
The next thing that you will want to take into consideration when you are shopping for a rifle scope long eye relief is how easy it is to install. You will want to make sure that it is easy for you to install the rifle scope and also that it is able to adjust easily so that you can get the best possible shot. In addition, you will want to remember that you will want to make sure that the rifle scope that you purchase is bright enough so that you can see through the scope at all times. When you are shopping for sks rifle type of rifle scope, the brightness will come into play because you will not want to have to use a flashlight at night time. This can be especially problematic if you are hunting during the night time because you will need to have a good rifle scope to help you with your hunt.
The last thing that you will want to consider when you are shopping for a rifle scope long eye relief is the size. Remember that this is something that you will be carrying around with you at all times so you want to make sure that it is comfortable for you to carry and also that it is not too big or small for you to handle. In addition, you will want to make sure that the rifle scope that you are shopping for is effective for the type of hunting that you plan on doing. If you are looking for a general rifle scope then you will likely be able to find a good size that will work for what you are looking for.


The eye can be examined with relative ease regarding both its function and its structure. A functional examination consists of the capability to move in the orbit and the response of the student to light and lodging.
The function of the eye may be evaluated in a number of methods. The client may be asked to recognize illuminated letter or objects of differing sizes on what is called the Snellen chart.
On the other hand, the examination of the structural part of the eye might be made in a number of methods. Stress within the eyeball is determined by a "tonometer." In certain illness, especially in glaucoma, the stress in the eyeball is increased significantly.
However, it should be well remembered that a patient with an eye problem might have other problems as well. Often other physical conditions are main and impact the eye as a consequence. The look of the eye can notify the patient and the doctor to difficulties in some disturbances of other parts of the body even prior to other signs provide themselves.
Consequently, one's dependence on sight is emphasized when one faces a possible or momentary irreversible loss of this crucial sense. When restorative procedures are looked for, specific kinds of vision correction such as contact lenses or spectacles are recommended.
On the other hand, some people are troubled with that they have some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.
For this factor, advanced surgeries were established to encourage decreased usage of contact lenses or glasses. One of which is the now popular LASIK eye surgical treatment.
Basically, LASIK eye surgery is the short-term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its tangible counterpart, LASIK eye surgery is another form of vision correction. The only distinction is that with this type of surgical treatment, one's vision is corrected permanently.
With LASIK eye surgical treatment, the refractive errors in the cornea are completely transformed. This can be done using an "excimer laser."
The main purpose of this surgery is to produce a threadlike, rounded "flap" in the cornea using a blade referred to as "microkeratome." try this In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is lastly reformed, permitting better the eye to direct more light into the retina.
Popularity vs. Disadvantages
In the middle of the growing appeal of LASIK eye surgery, there are still disadvantages that people need to know. Probably, the primary reason that this type of eye surgery has actually become well accepted is since the majority of its cases had actually achieved success.
Nevertheless, in spite of its success, there are still additional hints some disadvantages. Here is the list:
1. It is an operation applied to the most sensitive part of the eye
Since LASIK eye surgery includes the operation of the retina, which is one of the most delicate parts of the eye, many people state that the operation can be extremely dangerous.
To puts it simply, a simple error might practically trigger an person's life time blindness. It is important to consider many factors prior to choosing whether LASIK eye surgery is the ideal corrective step one has to undergo.
2. It is not a perfect treatment
LASIK eye surgery may fix your vision but it does not necessarily Going Here mean that it can provide you a twenty-twenty. Even if statistical reports show that 70% of the clients may have 20/20 vision, this does not necessarily mean they have ideal vision too.
Offered all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the appeal of the operation, LASIK might not always be the ideal eye surgery the way the majority of people view it
On the other hand, the evaluation of the structural part of the eye might be made in several methods. It needs to be well remembered that a patient with an eye issue might have other problems. Typically other physical conditions are main and affect the eye as a effect. The appearance of the eye can inform the patient and the physician to troubles in some disturbances of other parts of the body even before other symptoms provide themselves.
Like its concrete counterpart, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another type of vision correction.


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Choosing the Best Zoom Eyepiece Telescope can be difficult if you don’t buy it frequently. But don’t worry – we have compiled a list of the Best Zoom Eyepiece Telescope for you. Check out our list and pick the ones you like best.
We’ve created this list of the Best Zoom Eyepiece Telescope so that you can easily choose the right one.
Best Zoom Eyepiece Telescope: Our Top Picks
Last update on 2022-03-12 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API
10 Best Zoom Eyepiece Telescope Reviews of 2022
Before making a purchase decision, we strongly recommend reading through the features of each Zoom Eyepiece Telescope and picking one that will work best for you.
- Zoom from low to high power in an instant with this versatile eyepiece
- Compatible with any telescope that accepts 1.25” eyepieces
- This fully multi-coated Premium eyepiece zooms to any focal length between 8 mm and 24 mm - pick the best magnification for your subject
- SV135 7 mm to 21mm adjustable focal length;SV135 7-21mm zoom eyepiece equivalent to multiple eyepieces ;obtain higher magnification with short focal length;It could bring you a better observation experience in a comfortable situation with high-contrast imaging
- 18mm - 16.3mm comfortable eye relief; especially for eyeglass wearers ;designed primarily for viewing landscapes and astronomical observations of lunar surfaces; planets; nebulae; clusters; and diffuse nebulae
- Fully multi-coated Premium eyepiece;The true fully multi-coated Premium eyepiece with superior edge and center sharpness than normal PLOSSL eyepieces; 6-Element 4-Group premium optical design for superior optical performance
- Standard 1.25" eyepiece;Equipped with a precision-made standard 1.25-inch lens barrel that is compatible with any telescope that accepts 1.25-inch eyepieces; Rubber eye guard for comfortable viewing and blocking stray light
- A cost-effective eyepiece;Full metal body; fine appearance; 40 degree - 57 degree wide angle field of view; high brightness observation is very comfortable ;you will obtain more details that you have never seen before
- SV170 Zoom Eyepiece is a better choice-A simple twist of the zoom eyepiece housing changes the focal length from 30mm to 10mm; providing a variety of viewing magnification powers
- Superior performance;5 Elements 3 groups made of high index glass deliver sharp; high contrast vistas; 5 element design delivers sharp images with good color correction and contrast
- 33°-51°Apparent Field of View; SV170 Zoom Eyepiece allows you to see different wide field of view under the same viewing conditions
- Metal Twist-Up eyecups; SV170 Zoom Eyepiece's eyecup is made of metal; durable and easy to shape; The eyecup is covered with a rubber shell; which makes you feel comfortable and helps protect your eyes
- All lens edges are blackened; Blackened lens edges; anti-reflection threads for maximum contrast
- SV191 zoom eyepiece can get a very wide view; super wide angle eyepiece; improve the observation experience
- No need to change the eyepiece frequently; zoom eyepiece; 9mm-27mm focal length; a variety of viewing magnification powers; easy to adjust and focus; handy for you to use; save your time to have a better observation experience
- Use it for a very long time; well made eyepiece; 7-Elements / 4-groups; fully multi-coated coatings; made of high index glass; black eyepiece tube; well machined
- Stable eyepiece; sleek black barrel with safety undercut; to prevent the eyepiece from slipping out of the focuser or diagonal; no need to worry about the slip off of the eyepiece
- Have a very clear image; blackened lens edges; anti-reflection threads; for maximum contrast; the image you get will be bright and sharp
- There are a number of things that you will thoroughly enjoy as an owner of this "Astromania 1.25" 8-24mm Zoom Eyepiece" which is specifically designed for both visual and photographic use.
- Equipped with a generous 40° to 60° field of view and a non-click stop adjustment mechanism, this eyepiece allows smooth transitioning between focal lengths, ensuring that the observer can find the perfect combination of field of view and magnification that the target object and seeing conditions will allow.
- Eyeglass wearers will also find that this eyepiece’s long 15mm to 18mm eye relief combined with a flip down rubber eye guard ensures that even they can easily take advantage of the many benefits provided by this eyepiece’s high quality multi-coated optics and zoom capability.
- Continuous focal length zoom of 8mm to 24 mm for a wide range of magnification without the need to switch eyepieces.Parfocal over entire range, so no need to refocus as focal length is changed.
- The eyepiece is threaded at the top for a T-adapter (standard M42x0.75 male thread) and at the bottom for 1.25” filters (standard M28.5x0.6 female thread), enabling owners of any T-thread mountable camera to photograph the planets, the moon and high powered terrestrial targets at broad range of focal lengths!
- One eyepiece for multiple uses; SV191 7.2-21.6mm zoom eyepiece allows you to change magnification power without swapping out eyepieces
- 1.25 inches standard eyepiece; not only for astronomical telescopes; but also for spotting scope
- 7-Elements 4-Groups lens structure; 7-Elements 4-groups made of high index glass deliver sharp; high contrast vistas
- M28.5*0.6 filter threads; base of SV191 zoom lens has a threaded adapter which allows standard 1.25in filter
- 18-20mm eye relief; twist up rubber eyecup and 18-20mm long eye relief provides comfortable long term viewing for people with or without glasses
- The Orion E-Series Zoom eyepiece allows you to change magnification power without swapping out eyepieces
- A simple twist of the zoom eyepiece housing changes the focal length from 21mm to 7mm, providing a variety of viewing magnification powers
- The eyepiece consists of six lens elements, which are fully multi-coated with anti-reflection coatings for bright and clear views, rich in contrast
- Exceptionally long 18mm-16.3mm eye relief range allows eyeglass wearers to enjoy the entire field of view without needing to remove their glasses.
- The 1.25" barrel is threaded for use with like-sized Orion eyepiece filters.
- Hyperion Universal Zoom Mark IV: fourth generation of Baader-Zoom, 68° Widefield eyepiece with five magnifications - focal lengths 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24mm clearly defined with "smoothed-out" improved Clickstop Action (a must for effortless binoviewing)
- Includes 2" and 1¼" barrel, usable for all telescopes with 1.25" or 2" focusers, and some spotting scopes with 1 3/8" thread (Celestron / Sky-Watcher and others)
- High Quality Phantom Coating Group Multicoatings! For faintest objects, maximum contrast and total freedom from reflections
- Large adjustable rubber eyecup, smaller straight rubber eyecup and winged, foldable eyecup included, to fit over M43 photo/video-thread
- M43-Video-Photo thread for afocal and classical projection photography, permits optional adaptation of practically any camera with optional accessories
- Versatile 9mm-24mm Zoom for Low Power and High Power Viewing;9mm-24mm zoom eyepiece Perfect focal length range for beginner intermediate astronomers with ease of access to different focal lengths
- Telescope Eyepiece with 17mm - 22mm huge eye relief; suitable for wearing glasses ;for casual sky viewing,star clusters Nebula and galaxies jupiter moon;21mm large eyepiece diameter Provide a comfortable viewing experience
- Bright and sharp image;Fully multi-coated Premium eyepiece;The true fully multi-coated Premium eyepiece support highly achromatic with good color correction and contrast; 7 Element 4 Group premium optical design for superior optical performance
- Standard 1.25" eyepiece; 1.25-inch lens barrel that is compatible with any telescope that accepts 1.25-inch eyepieces;Threaded for 1.25inch astronomical filters;Comes with sturdy plastic case and rubber cap-proect the eyepiece from dust and moisture
- Full metal body;well built;smooth zoom; 40 degree - 60 degree wide angle field of view; blackened lens edges; anti-reflection threads;The production and assembly of all our optical products are completed in a dust-free workshop;
- SV171 Super-wide Angle 1.25" 8mm-24mm zoom eyepiece;SV171 zoom eyepiece allows you to change magnification power without swapping out eyepieces
- FMC glass lens; Fully multi-coated glasses for excellent image contrast and light transmission; Sharp optimal performance with low chromatic aberration
- Comfortable long eye relief design; Exceptionally long 18mm-19.5mm eye relief range allows eyeglass wearers to enjoy the entire field of view without needing to remove their glasses
- Unique humanized design;Sleek black barrel with safety undercut to reduce the possibility of the eyepiece slipping out of the focuser or diagonal
- Standard 1.25" fitting diameter compatible with any astronomical telescope with 1.25" focuser;The bottom M28.5 x 0.6 thread can also be used with standard 1.25" Filter
Last update on 2022-03-12 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API
Buying Guide of Zoom Eyepiece Telescope
What are the key factors you look for when purchasing a high-quality Zoom Eyepiece Telescope? We understand that it can be challenging to decide which one is right for your needs when there are so many options available. However, we have done all of this research and put together lists that should help narrow down your choices. You must also have a list of questions on your mind. Although Consume with Care has done everything we can to help you, it is still imperative for you to do your own research. You need to check out any relevant Zoom Eyepiece Telescopes before buying them, so they are exactly what you need!
- Does it make sense for you to invest in the Best Zoom Eyepiece Telescope?
- Which brand offers the best Zoom Eyepiece Telescope in the current market for the money?
- What are the advantages to buying Best Zoom Eyepiece Telescopes?
- Which factors should be considered when selecting the best products?
There are undoubtedly many questions you still have about the best Zoom Eyepiece Telescope. The best way to find out the answers is to do your research and talk with someone who knows what they’re talking about. No one knows more about this topic than experts! Sources of information for you could include buying guides, word-of-mouth, rating websites, testimonials from previous customers who have purchased these products; and online forums devoted solely to discussing topics related to Best Zoom Eyepiece Telescope.
When making a decision, you should only trust the most credible and trustworthy sources. Our library provides objective, accurate information about the top Zoom Eyepiece Telescopes. We use trending technologies to create our guides, so you can be sure of what you’re getting, regardless of whether it’s a bestseller or not!
Our list is based on objective data from AI and big data, as well as custom algorithms that rank the top 10 options for each category. The list changes frequently as technology advances and new proofreading methods are developed.
We consider a variety of factors when building our list, including:
We have data that identifies what content users want and need.
We use user behavior analytics to understand how users interact with our platforms so that we can make smarter design decisions for our site or app in the future.
We also consider the following factors: in addition to these factors.
When looking to buy a Zoom Eyepiece Telescope, be sure to compare prices between sellers to get the best deal. Amazon offers great prices with their combo listings – browse through other products to find the best one for you.
2. Brand Value
When purchasing a high-quality Zoom Eyepiece Telescope, it is important to consider more than the price. It is also important to look at the brand name to see if it is well-known and established. Well-known brands for this type of product tend to be more expensive than lesser-known brands, but there are other factors to consider, such as durability and efficiency.
Before making a purchase, you should ask yourself if the purchase is really necessary. If it is not for everyday use, then you can save more money by choosing an alternate option that will suit your budget better.
Consider whether or how often an item would be useful in determining what kind of price range it would fall into. This is so as not to be lured into buying products outside our comfort zone just because they appear cheaper.
4. Product Reliability
It is important to ask yourself if a big purchase will fulfill your long-term needs before making it. Whether or not the products will work for you depends on their durability and how long they will last.
5. Pros and Cons of the product
If you are looking for a product that has all the features you need, be sure to read other reviews and ask people who have used the product before. This will help you understand what they think of it.
If you have any of the following conditions, this product is for you:
You need a durable, high-quality item that will last long enough to be used every day.
You need all the features you have listed on your list of desired features to live the life you want. However, you need it at an affordable price point, so you don’t have to break your bank account or break your spirituality!
6. Product Value
The Most Valued Zoom Eyepiece Telescope allows you to easily evaluate and compare the value you receive from each product.
It is important to be aware of the quality and durability before making any purchases. It is also important to consider how long your purchase or replacement parts will last, as this will affect whether it was worth the purchase in the first place.
The best way to protect yourself when buying a product online is to get a warranty from the seller. This will protect you if something goes wrong with the product or if you need to return it. You can also check to see if the seller offers returns on wrong orders or faulty products. This will give you peace of mind knowing that you are protected no matter what happens.
9. Customer Reviews
If you’re about to make a big purchase, reading through customer feedback may be the last thing on your mind. However, this is an absolutely necessary step for us to know not only what we are getting into before making our purchases but also how well they will fulfill their promises. They will live up to our expectations.
Evinco Design always strives to be the most up-to-date source for information on Zoom Eyepiece Telescope. We research articles like articles about Zoom Eyepiece Telescope and use online resources to ensure that our information is accurate. If you find something in our content that doesn’t seem accurate or applicable, please let us know so that we can correct it. Our goal is to provide you with reliable information from a trusted source.


The Top Scopes for a 300 Blackout Rifle: A Comprehensive Review
Finding the best scope for a 300 Blackout rifle is crucial for achieving optimal accuracy and performance. With the right scope, you can enhance your shooting experience, whether you are engaging in long-range shooting, hunting, or tactical operations. In this article, we will discuss the top-rated scopes for the 300 Blackout, their features, and their suitability for various applications. We will also provide answers to commonly asked questions to help you make an informed purchasing decision.
1. Trijicon VCOG 1-6×24: Best 300 Blackout Optic and Tactical Scope
The Trijicon VCOG 1-6×24 is widely regarded as the best optic and tactical scope for the 300 Blackout. This rugged and reliable scope features a first focal plane reticle, allowing shooters to range and engage targets accurately at any magnification. The illuminated reticle provides quick target acquisition in low-light conditions, and its BDC (Bullet Drop Compensator) allows for precise holdovers out to extended ranges.
2. UTG 3-12×44: Best Scope for the Budget
For those on a budget, the UTG 3-12×44 offers excellent value for money. Despite its affordable price point, this scope boasts impressive features such as an illuminated mil-dot reticle, parallax adjustment, and superior light transmission. It is also shockproof, fogproof, and waterproof, making it durable and suitable for various environments.
3. Vortex Crossfire II 4-16×50: Best Scope for Mid-to-Long Range and Hunting
The Vortex Crossfire II 4-16×50 is a versatile scope that excels in mid-to-long-range shooting and hunting applications. With its adjustable magnification range and large objective lens, it provides clear and crisp images even in low-light conditions. The Dead-Hold BDC reticle ensures accurate holdovers, especially when shooting at different distances.
4. Vortex Strike Eagle 1-6×24: Best Scope for Hog Hunting
If you are specifically looking for a scope for hog hunting, the Vortex Strike Eagle 1-6×24 is an excellent choice. Its low magnification range allows for quick target acquisition and improved situational awareness, making it ideal for close-quarters shooting. Additionally, the illuminated reticle aids in rapid target engagement, even in low-light situations.
5. Primary Arms 1-6x24mm SFP Gen III: Best Scope for 300 Blackout Subsonic
The Primary Arms 1-6x24mm SFP Gen III is specifically designed for 300 Blackout subsonic ammunition. Its illuminated ACSS reticle offers precise bullet drop compensation and range estimation. This scope performs exceptionally well with subsonic loads, making it perfect for both hunting and tactical operations.
6. Steiner P4Xi 1-4x24mm: Most Versatile Scope for 300 Blackout
The Steiner P4Xi 1-4x24mm is a compact and versatile scope that excels in a wide range of shooting applications. Its illuminated reticle allows for quick and accurate target acquisition, while the rugged construction ensures durability and reliability. Whether you are engaging in close-quarters combat or shooting at medium ranges, this scope delivers exceptional performance.
7. Nikon P-Tactical 300BLK 2-7×32: Best Scope for BDC Supersub
The Nikon P-Tactical 300BLK 2-7×32 is specifically designed for the 300 Blackout cartridge, with a bullet drop compensating reticle calibrated for supersubsonic ammunition. It offers excellent light transmission, making it a reliable choice for low-light shooting conditions. The compact design and affordable price make it an attractive option for budget-conscious shooters.
Choosing the best scope for a 300 Blackout rifle is essential for achieving optimal performance and accuracy. The scopes mentioned above cater to different shooting needs, whether it be long-range shooting, hunting, or tactical operations. Consider factors such as magnification range, reticle type, durability, and budget when selecting a scope. By doing so, you can make an informed decision to enhance your shooting experience and achieve satisfying results with your 300 Blackout rifle.


FLIR E60 Thermal Imaging Camera
FLIR Part Number: 49001-0602
The FLIR E60 is an old favourite of electricians, plumbers and HVAC specialists.
Price: £2,549.00 exc VATBuy Now
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- Camera Features
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- Downloads and Software
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- Other Purchasing Options
The FLIR E60 is an old favourite of electricians, plumbers, and HVAC specialists.
With a resolution of 320 x 240 pixels the FLIR E60 creates thermal images with excellent depth and clarity.
This is an extremely versatile camera suitable to many applications within electrical, mechanical and building applications.Buy Now
Used FLIR E60:
Price: £2,549.00 exc VAT
Service Package: £600.00 exc VAT
Package includes a full service and calibration completed by FLIR.
|320 x 240 pixels||–20°C to +650°C||Standard Angle||< 0.05°C|
- FLIR E60 Thermal Imaging Camera
- Hard transport case
- Battery (3 ea.)
- Battery charger dock
- Power supply
- USB cable
The camera was manufactured in June 2016. Throughout this time the camera and its accessories have been well maintained and kept in excellent condition to ensure perfect operational performance.
This FLIR E60 comes from Red Current's own hire stock and has been used successfully to solve many problems for our clients.
Visual condition photos of this camera are available upon request as well as example thermal images.Buy Now
Downloads:Download the FLIR E60 Datasheet
Thermal Studio is FLIR's software designed for easy viewing and editing of radiometric images, report generation and measurements. There is a free option with all the basic functions.Buy Now
All used cameras are supplied with a 7-day warranty*, during which time the camera can be returned for a full refund if the equipment is found to be faulty.
Where equipment is still within the remainder of the manufacturer’s warranty period, applicable defects will be repaired directly by the manufacturer.
For added peace of mind, we also offer a 1-Year Warranty/Service Package provided by FLIR. See PRICE OPTIONS tab for further details on costs.
*Equipment and accessories must be returned fully and in the same condition as they were despatched.Buy Now
Advice from our Thermal Surveyors
If you are considering purchasing a thermal imaging camera, it may be within your interests to contact one of the experts at Red Current. This will allow you to fully understand the capabilities of both the camera and its accompanying software.
This thermal imaging camera is also available for hire. However, possessing your own imager may prove more beneficial in the long run, as it means you’ll have immediate access to specialist equipment without incurring a cost each time.
Don’t forget to take a look at our full range of infrared imaging cameras - both new and used - in order to make an informed decision about whether this thermal camera is the best option for your needs.Buy Now


Apertures are optic devices that limit the cross-section of radiation beams . Depending on the effect and design, covers are called different.
Designation accordance with the action
Depending on the effect, three pure forms of diaphragms can be distinguished from one another:
A pure aperture diaphragm is uniformly attached to the aperture of the optical device. Does not affect the size of the image. For this purpose, it should be considered that the same radiation flow is relative to the radiant power of the object.
In devices having a single image component (eg, a lens or a primary mirror), the aperture diaphragm is generally disposed close to it or is made by the lens or the edge of the mirror. In the eye, the iris acts as an opening stop. For more complex devices, such as camera lenses, the aperture diaphragm can also be in the object, in the image or between the image elements.
The images of the aperture diaphragm are called the entrance pupil in the object and the exit pupil in the image side.
In practice, almost any limitation of a beam through an aperture causes a beam passing through the cross section of the aperture at a different angle to be cut in a different ratio. This usually leads to a darkening of the image near the edge, which goes beyond the law Cos 4. This phenomenon is called vignetting.
A pure field of view limits the image without affecting the brightness of the image.
It is located in the image plane (z. B. sensor chip of a digital camera ), the object plane (z. B. slide mounts in the slide projector) or in an intermediate image plane (z. B. in the microscope ). In practice, the field stop is usually not exactly at the object or image, so that the edge is never sharply defined.
The images of the visual field diaphragm are called the entrance hatch (on the object side) and the exit hatch (on the image side).
A field stop in an illumination beam path is also called field stop . It limits the illuminated area on the observed object. In a classic Köhler illumination with the microscope , it is usually designed as an adjustable iris diaphragm . In confocal technology , the field diaphragm is so small that the luminous field is only determined by the diffraction-related resolution limit of the microscope. In a Kreutzblende comes an aperture with crescent-shaped opening used.
A pure lens hood is located outside the beam path and affects neither the brightness of the image nor the size of the image section.
Photographic iris is often made as in an iris diaphragm. A lens mount acts as a fixed aperture diaphragm. But as it often reflects scattered light, a fixed opening ring is placed before or after.
When the magnification of negatives (photographs made on film or plate) is made of a metal plate, it is placed on a metal plate. Therefore, the paper is pressed to a large extent on the cassette (good for sharpness and without distortion), the image is considerably limited and created with a white margin not exposed on the paper. Of the larger glass negatives, contact copies are often made in a fixed-frame wooden cassette.
The body of the camera already generates its film guide, usually made of aluminum or plastic, which molds a rectangular boundary of the exposed surface of the film. The special characteristics of the contour (dimensions, rounding of corners, shadow of a filament) offer researchers clues about the type of camera used or even the copy of the camera. The frames of the slides form an optical frame around the film of the slide, which is somewhat smaller than the standard format (eg, small image 24 × 36 mm).
Openings with a striking outline. Classically, the perspective of the keyhole with a circular opening and an attached trapezoid, which extends slightly downward, is the view not observed through a door. 4 squares at a small distance through a prison window with bars, many squares through a ventilation grid.
Small hatches, often yellow in the back of a movie. Stock Photography in the back of a movie. Some miniature cameras allow this to be read on the label of the film cartridge.
Slot diaphragms generally limit the path of the beam only in one direction as a field diaphragm. In spectrometers and related optical devices, they are called optical gaps, they usually have a width (order of magnitude of 1 mm when it comes to the visible spectral range) and their height (order of magnitude of 20 mm) adjustable.
They serve on the input side as secondary light sources in a well defined and usable way, on the output side, for example, of monochromators as selection agents for certain wavelengths (ranges) and rotate as secondary light sources. The width of the gap is often negligible.
In ophthalmology, a non-adjustable orifice (called a stenotic gap) is used for the differential diagnosis of visual acuity reduction as an opening stop. The ENT specialist sees through a thin mirror panel of illumination in the neck, nose or ear.
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MOCVD is commonly used in the production of laser diodes, LEDs, and semiconductors for
advanced optoelectronics, high power and highspeed electronics, enabling mass production of semiconductor heterostructures via bandgap engineering. Furthermore, MOCVD can be utilized to precisely fabricate 0D, 1D, and 2D nanomaterials.
Oxides, Nitrides, Carbides, Semiconductors, Carbon Based Materials, Organics
Full catalog download
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Japanese camera manufacturer giant Canon has declared that it has developed a new sensor. The new sensor has 250-megapixel 19,580 x 12,600 APS-H CMOS sensor as according to The Verge, that Canon claims it could be a world record for having such a great resolution with such a little size.
The company told that its new sensor is capable of identifying the written material on the side of an Aeroplane from 18 kilometer away, i.e., 11.1 miles. APS-H is a sensor size larger than APS-C however smaller than full-frame and is especially used on Canon’s gift EOS-1D line of DSLRs.
The Canon’s new sensor includes a quick signal readout speed of 1.25 billion pixels a second. Canon says it’s smart noise performance despite the component count. Also, the sensor are also can be used to capture unbelievably high-resolution video, concerning 30 times sharper than 4K at 5 frames per second.
The new sensor encompasses a fast signal readout speed of 1.25 billion pixels per second. Canon claims that the sensor has sensible noise performance despite of the massive component count. Videos are often captured at implausibly high resolution exploitation the device and therefore the videos are going to be 30 times slicker than 4K at 5 frames per second.
Canon says the new sensor technology won't be used for industries
Sensor Technology, Crime Interference, Ultra High Resolution
Canon says the new sensor technology won’t be used for industrial functions as of now and can be place to use as crime interference tools, specialized police investigation, ultra-high-resolution mensuration instruments, field of visual expression and alternative industrial instrumentality.
But the device wouldn’t realize an area within the smartphones for now, however the corporate claims that the device are often accommodated during a comparatively little camera body.
Canon’s accomplishment of using the sensor along with the prototype camera, to read the written material on an airplane over 11 miles away is quite awesome. However, it’s little difficult to inform what proportion of that magic is that the sensor, because the company has not discovered any details regarding the camera or lens used. The technology remains within the development part however it would enter mainstream photography in the next few years.


Coming soon later this month is the NEW PosiTector RTR 3D which captures high-resoluton 3D surface imagery and common 2D/3D parameters at a fraction of the cost of drag stylus or confocal microscope instruments.
This powerful new probe incorporates and improves upon the technology in the PosiTector RTR P and continues to provide profile height and peak count parameters in addition to 2D/3D profile parameters.
The patented PosiTector RTR 3D is ideal for measuring the surface profile of flat, curved or irregular surfaces in the field or laboratory. Simply create a replica by burnishing tape onto the surface and insert it into the instrument. In seconds, the handheld PosiTector RTR 3D displays imagery and measures common 2D and 3D profile parameters such as Ra, Rz, Sq and Spd, traceable to a national laboratory.
Keep your eyes peeled for this exciting new release and make sure you follow us on LinkedIn to stay updated.


Cicero said, ‘Ut imago est animi voltus sic indices oculi’, which translated means, ‘the face is a picture of the mind, as the eyes are its interpreter’. Boil this down to its essence and you get, ‘the eyes are the windows of the soul’.
Philosophical or physical, looking in or peering out, it’s all relative.
The three key elements are eyes, window and soul. In its best sense, the photographer provides the soul, the camera its eye and the lens its window. Your eye may function perfectly, but if the window it’s looking through is dirty or distorted you’re view is going to be adversely effected and your soul is going to be inaccurately rendered.
So this article addresses those windows, which more likely, are known as lenses.
Generally speaking, there are three types of camera lenses. The wide angle, the standard and the telephoto. Each have a special purpose. The wide angle lens is useful when you are in a small room or if you want to be up close and personal with your subject. The standard lens is more less an all purpose lens and the telephoto is useful when you have more distance between you and your subject.
This is not to say each of the lenses can’t be useful in other situations. An example of this would be with the telephoto lens. A telephoto lens is often useful for portraits, because of its ability to blur the background. But in the interest of keeping this simple, we’ll leave those details for further exploration later.
Your question now may be, ‘How do I distinguish a wide angle lens from a standard or a telephoto lens?” As far as physical properties go, usually a wide angle lens will be shorter and stubbier, whereas a telephoto will likely be much long and the standard will fall somewhere between the two.
A much easier way to learn to understand focal lengths. The focal length is the distance between the optical center of the lens and the surface of the film or, in the case of a digital camera, its sensor. A wide angle lens will have a smaller number, usually 35mm or less. A standard lens is somewhere around 50mm and a telephoto 85mm or above.
You may ask, “What about my lens, it’s 28—135mm?” A lens with multiple focal lengths is referred to as a zoom. As you zoom in or out the focal length changes by moving the optical center of the lens closer or farther from the film or sensor.
A lens with a fixed focal length is called a Prime Lens. Many purest photographers insist that Prime Lenses are better and I would agree. The argument is that the lens was manufactured to do one thing best and this is usually the case. A zoom lens (especially an inexpensive model) will usually have a sweet spot either at its shortest or longest focal length.
There are sometime distortions or aberrations found at different focal lengths in inexpensive zoom lenses and this is why the purest will use prime lenses when available. As an example, I use a 17-40mm f/4 lens and the lens is clearly sharper at 17mm than at any other focal length. Is this a reason to use only Prime Lenses? No. There are many instances where using a Zoom Lens is essential.
I have been asked numerous times what Sharper means, in photographic terms. Two terms used in describing a lens are sharpness and softness. When a lens is extra clear when focused it is referred to as sharp. To be tack sharp is to be perfectly focused. On the other hand a lens called soft usually is not perfectly clear when focused—this is not to say it is out of focus. Often times certain situations will call for soft lens, such as in weddings or other portraits where a dreamy effect is desired.
Soft can also be a polite, yet derogatory term for a picture that is out of focus. And speaking of Out of Focus, OOF is an acronym you may come across that means exactly that.
The next term we need to address is f/stop. There are many debates as to what the f in f/stop means. Some suggest it is an abbreviation for fenestra, which means opening in Latin. Others for something as simple as fraction. Maybe it’s even easier to think of as Focal Length.
The reason I say this is that the Focal Length divided by the number that follows f/ is how wide in diameter the Aperture is going to be. In case you don’t know what an Aperture is it is the opening in the lens that the camera sees through. For example a 50mm f/2 lens when Wide Open will have an Aperture 25 millimeters in diameter.
Now you may be wondering what Wide Open means. Wide Open is when the Aperture is as open as it will get for the particular lens. The opposite is Stopped Down. Think of it as the retina in your eye. When you enter a dark room the retina in your eye gets larger akin to being Wide Open. When you step out into bright sunlight it gets smaller akin to Stopping Down.
Hopefully, all of this makes sense. This next part may be more difficult to understand. f/stop numbers increase as the aperture stops down. Whereas a 50mm f/2 lens is Wide Open at f/2, as the f/stop number increases the Aperture closes. The basic f/stops for this 50mm f/2 lens are f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22.
Over in the corner I can hear someone say, “I’ve got a 50mm lens, but it says f/1.4. What does that mean?” That means that your lens has an extra stop on the f/2 I have been using as an example. That means that your lens is Faster than mine.
Faster is another photographic term that describes a lens’s attributes. Generally speaking the Faster a lens is the better and nine times out of ten the more expensive. A Faster lens has a larger aperture. A larger aperture allows in more light. Remember your eye? In a darker room your retina gets bigger allowing more light in.
That means with the f/1.4’s larger aperture has a bigger retina. And with a bigger retina you have the ability to see in a darker environment. What difference does this make? On an average sunny day, none. In a low light situation, such as a concert, it can make all the difference in the world.
Hopefully this has been a helpful tutorial on lenses.
A few things to keep in mine when considering the purchase of a new lens. Whether you know it or not right now, a lower f/stop number is preferable. Faster is always better. And even though this equates to a more expensive lens, it is a good idea to remember that lenses hold their value long after your DSLR is selling for half of what you paid for it.
Next time I will discuss the effect a crop factor can have on your lenses.


Machine vision (MV) is the technology and methods utilized to provide imaging-based automatic inspection and analysis for such applications as automatic inspection, process control, and robot guidance, usually in industry. Machine vision describes many technologies, software and hardware products, integrated systems, actions, methods and expertise. Machine vision as being a systems engineering discipline can be regarded as distinct from computer vision, a type of computer science. It attempts to integrate existing technologies in new ways and apply them to solve real life problems. The term is the prevalent one for these functions in industrial automation environments but can also be utilized for these functions in other environments such as security and vehicle guidance.
The general Top Machine Vision Inspection System Manufacturer includes planning the specifics from the requirements and project, and after that developing a solution. During run-time, the procedure starts off with imaging, accompanied by automated analysis of the image and extraction from the required information.
Definitions from the term “Machine vision” vary, but all are the technology and techniques used to extract information from an image with an automated basis, instead of image processing, where output is an additional image. The information extracted can become a simple good-part/bad-part signal, or maybe more a complex set of web data including the identity, position and orientation of each object in an image. The data can be used for such applications as automatic inspection and robot and process guidance in industry, for security monitoring and vehicle guidance. This field encompasses a large number of technologies, software and hardware products, integrated systems, actions, methods and expertise. Machine vision is practically the only saying used for such functions in industrial automation applications; the phrase is less universal for such functions in other environments like security and vehicle guidance. Machine vision as a systems engineering discipline can be looked at distinct from computer vision, a type of basic computer science; machine vision efforts to integrate existing technologies in new ways and apply these to solve real life problems in a manner in which meets certain requirements of industrial automation and similar application areas. The term is also used in a broader sense by industry events and trade groups such as the Automated Imaging Association as well as the European Machine Vision Association. This broader definition also encompasses products and applications generally associated with image processing. The main uses of machine vision are automatic inspection and industrial robot/process guidance. See glossary of machine vision.
Imaging based automatic inspection and sorting
The main ways to use machine vision are imaging-based automatic inspection and sorting and robot guidance.;:6-10 within this section the former is abbreviated as “automatic inspection”. The general process includes planning the details from the requirements and project, then creating a solution. This section describes the technical process that occurs during the operation of the solution.
Methods and sequence of operation
The initial step within the automatic inspection sequence of operation is acquisition of the image, typically using cameras, lenses, and lighting that has been made to provide the differentiation essental to subsequent processing. MV software applications and programs created in them then employ various digital image processing techniques to extract the desired information, and quite often make decisions (like pass/fail) based on the extracted information.
The constituents of your automatic inspection system usually include lighting, a camera or other imager, a processor, software, and output devices.3
The imaging device (e.g. camera) can either be apart from the main image processing unit or coupled with it in which case a combination is normally known as a smart camera or smart sensor When separated, the link may be produced to specialized intermediate hardware, a custom processing appliance, or even a frame grabber inside a computer using either an analog or standardized digital interface (Camera Link, CoaXPress) MV implementations also have digital cameras competent at direct connections (with no framegrabber) to your computer via FireWire, USB or Gigabit Ethernet interfaces.
While conventional (2D visible light) imaging is most often used in MV, alternatives include multispectral imaging, hyperspectral imaging, imaging various infrared bands,line scan imaging, 3D imaging of surfaces and X-ray imaging. Key differentiations within MV 2D visible light imaging are monochromatic vs. color, frame rate, resolution, and whether or not the imaging process is simultaneous within the entire image, making it appropriate for moving processes.
Though the majority of machine vision applications are solved using two-dimensional imaging, Automated Vision Inspection Machines utilizing 3D imaging are a growing niche within the industry. By far the most frequently used technique for 3D imaging is scanning based triangulation which utilizes motion of the product or image through the imaging process. A laser is projected on the surfaces nefqnm an object and viewed from the different angle. In machine vision this is accomplished having a scanning motion, either by moving the workpiece, or by moving the digital camera & laser imaging system. The line is viewed by a camera coming from a different angle; the deviation in the line represents shape variations. Lines from multiple scans are assembled in to a depth map or point cloud. Stereoscopic vision is utilized in special cases involving unique features contained in both views of a pair of cameras. Other 3D methods used for machine vision are duration of flight and grid based.One strategy is grid array based systems using pseudorandom structured light system as used by the Microsoft Kinect system circa 2012.


Optical elements are a critical part of the visual process. They’re responsible for bending, inverting, and distorting light to produce an image that is focused on your retina. The optical system in the eye works with these components to create images that you can see clearly. However, the diffractive optical elements are often the most overlooked part of the optical system.
The primary thing they do is split light to be filtered and focused to your retina. They have several uses inside an eye clinic or hospital, from splitting up multiple wavelengths to focusing on specific areas for imaging purposes. This blog post will focus on few critical ones that you need to know about.
A lens is an optical element that refracts light to produce images. The shape of the lens controls how the curvature affects incoming rays, causing them to converge or diverge at varying distances from its center along a single line known as the principal axis. This design allows you to see objects clearly, both near and far away, without your glasses on!
As the name suggests, a prism is an optical element that refracts light to produce images. It can split light into its different wavelengths so it can be filtered and focused on the retina. In ophthalmology, prisms are often used in eye exams with double vision or poor depth perception. It helps your optometrist determine exactly what’s going on with your eyesight.
A mirror is a reflective surface that reflects light in the direction it came from. They can reduce your need for lenses by reflecting light down to where you want it instead of refracting and focusing on yourself using lenses. In ophthalmology, mirrors are used for directing or reflecting beams into specific parts of the eye when performing surgery.
A polarizer is an optical element that only allows light waves to pass through in a single direction. It’s used by your eye doctor when performing some types of retinal imaging. The best way to think about it is like the polarized lenses you wear on sunny days. They help cut down on glare so you can see what you are looking at more clearly
- Wave plates
Waveplates are optical elements that control the polarization of light. They can rotate or change the plane in which a polarized wave vibrates.
Optical elements are the only way to control light in the eye. They determine how much you see, where it’s focused, and whether or not you need lenses to help correct your vision.


Did you know that the human eye is not sufficient to inspect the various stages of electronic products fabrication? Even using high magnifications to inspect the small structures, the eye, sensitive only to the visible light spectrum, fails to see many types of defects during fabrication. Inspection systems with detectors in different wavelengths are therefore used to inspect in Infra-Red, X-Ray and even using acoustic waves (between 10 and 300 Mega Hertz). The signal obtained by these tools is converted back to a shade of colors visible to the eye and makes it possible to identify defects in various interfaces. This is how the wafers bond interfaces are inspected with an infrared detector that “sees” through silicon wafers. This technique is also used to align patterns on either side of the wafer using alignment features present only on one side.


LASIK Surgery - How The Excimer Laser Works
The Excimer laser is a form of ultraviolet chemical laser, and is the key element that has made laser eye surgery possible. Though Excimer laser was originally used in semiconductor manufacturing in the 1970s, its use in eye surgery is now fairly widespread. While working at the IBM research laboratories in 1982, Dr. Rangaswamy Srinivasin and his research team discovered the potential of the Excimer laser in interacting with biological tissue. An ophthalmologist, Dr. Steven Trokel, explained its connection with the corneal tissue.
And this was how LASIK eye surgery came into existence. There are several types of lasers, but excimer is the preferred choice when it comes to corrective eye surgery. This is due to the fact that excimer is the most technologically advanced laser type. The excimer laser is, literally, a cool laser. That is, it precisely removes the desired part of the corneal tissue, without heating up or damaging the adjacent tissue.
Quite amazingly, the excimer laser is so precise that it is capable of removing 0.5% of a human hair’s width at a time. That fact itself is enough for patients to believe that excimer-assisted eye surgery is not a gimmick, but a true technology leveraged procedure. With the computer technology at its disposal and the precision offered by the laser, LASIK surgery has emerged as the number one choice for patients with refractive error. Since the excimer laser emits cool, minute beams that make precise incisions on the surface of the cornea, a dedicated technician operates the machine while the ophthalmologist performs the surgery. Your eyes are your window to the world and your sight is the most important of the five senses. Hence, it is all the more imperative that, if need be, you go for an eye surgery that is reliable and has minimal side effects. With the high-precision technology of the excimer laser and the overall reliability of the procedure, LASIK is the most prevalent of corrective eye surgeries.
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Researchers in collaboration of tech and medical experts are developing new ways for permanent restoration of the sight amongst the affected. The revolution is due to the fact that more than 40 million people around the world suffer from blindness while other 120 million are faced with low vision. To aid these patients, the coming of bionic eye or bionic eye implants is no less than a blessing and a hope of seeing the world in all its glory.
There’s one common goal bionic eye scientists wish to achieve and that’s development of technology to cater visual disabilities with bionic eyes. The technology is still in its infancy phase but ongoing research and development would surely make it commercial in times to come. While several bionic eye implants are being developed, only one’s available for blindness caused by specific eye diseases. It’s expected that more and more people would benefit from the technology soon.
Bionic eyes – Going beyond prosthetic implants
An important fact that a bionic eye isn’t the same as a prosthetic eye! That being said, prosthetic eyes are also known as “artificial” or “glass eyes” and they literally substitute appearance and physical structure of an eye that has been removed following injury, pain, deformity or lethal disease. Bionic eye implants on the contrary, work inside of the existing eye anatomy or in the brain and designed to achieve visual function goals, other than physical and cosmetic aims.
Blindness isn’t caused by one single disease or factor and the same goes for cure which comes with many different possibilities. For a bionic eye to work, retina specialist in Dubai would first perform a detailed analysis of the severity and overall patient’s health to know underlying reasons of vision loss.
Our ability to see begins as light enters the eye after which the cornea focuses it on the retina at the eyeball’s rear. The light sensitive cells then convert the light into electrical energy which is transmitted to the brain thus giving us a clear picture.
The process among the blind is different due to damaged or diseased lens or cornea and perhaps inability of the retina to perceive light. Signal is thus lost somewhere along the visual trajectory in the brain. The development of different bionic eye models is aimed to serve various areas of the visual path so as to cater patients with different anomalies, all leading to blindness ultimately.
Although corneal transplants and cataract surgery can replace the natural eye lens due to defects or cloudiness, bionic eyes are the only retinal implants being commercially approved.
The appropriate subjects/receivers of bionic eyes
FDA in the U.S. approved just one commercially available bionic eye device known as the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System. It was developed by Second Sight; a California-based company. Argus II promises restoration of visual perception among hundreds of patients with high-grade retinitis pigmentosa. The device is further tested on people with a more common eye anomaly known as Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD).
A ray of hope for the blind
Future iterations and development seems to be far more advanced than the current Argus II, giving a ray of hope for the blind to see the word again.
This content is proudly offered by Moorfields Eye Specialists in Dubai.


Hologram is a physical structure that diffracts light to enhance an image that occurs due to diffraction of light. This technology incorporates three dimensional projection forms that make the image visible on a screen via illuminated holographic print.
In 1947, a Hungarian native Denis Gabor formulated the idea to depict the “two-step optical imagery” (Curtis, 2010). His objective was to improve the view of electrons on a microscope. This resolution made him observe to images ‘holos’ and ‘grama’ that formulated the word ‘whole message’ (Schnars & Jueptner, 2005).
Holography is a form of science that translates to light interference via transmission or reflection. To create a hologram, there is need for a light source, object, and means that can split the rays of light. The initial stage occurs when they split the light beam into more and similar beams, and redirect them using a mirror. In addition, Holography enables the reconstruction and capturing of spatial images that are dependent. Details in a hologram are different from photographic films because they are enfolded within the interior surface.
It is also evident that holographic images incorporate unique display that exhibit a spatial and dynamic scene. Holographic procedure can be used to create two images in an object wave. It is clear that the superposition of light in this technology enhances a complex pattern. The diffraction of these complex gratings subjects the complex images to be regenerated. The procedure of holography via transmission diffracts the light that is illuminated. Conversely, transmission photography has a different quality in vision that is controlled by geometry. In a transmission hologram, different colors in presence of light happen due to various wavelengths.
This technology is vital to materials that applies to security such as credit cards and pass ports. It makes the materials hard to duplicate in absence of a master hologram. This procedure is also beneficial when it is used to generate three dimensional video.
Curtis, K. R. (2010). Holographic data storage from theory to practical systems. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Schnars, U., & Jueptner, W. (2005). Digital holography digital hologram recording, numerical reconstruction, and related techniques. Berlin: Springer.
Continue reading more high quality Research papers like the one above on Hologram Technology On our blog. Alternatively, you can also talk to us directly for help with essays, research papers, dissertations or any other assignment.


In the second part of our series on measuring horticultural lighting performance, we examine different lighting measurements used frequently in the horticultural lighting industry.
Want to read the previous article or the next one? Check below!
Photosynthetically Active Radiation, or PAR, is the portion of the electromagnetic radiation that drives photosynthesis. PAR ranges in wavelength from 400 to 700 nanometers (nm). Although PAR is within the human visible range of the light spectrum, plants use light differently than humans (Figure 1).
Measurement of human perception of light is given in lumens and the human light sensitivity curve is called the photopic curve. Because the plant-light-response curve lacks significant overlap with the photopic curve, measurements of human light sensitivity should be avoided when selecting light fixtures for plant growth. Fixture specifications measured in lumens, Lux (lumens/m2), foot candles (lumens/ft2) or a combination should be avoided for grow-operations.
Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF), measured in µmol/s (Pronounced “Micromoles per Second”), defines how many photons of light are emitted per second that are photosynthetically active. This information is crucial when purchasing a horticultural lighting system, as it is the quickest metric for determining the general “power” of a fixture. For example, a clone producer who maintains a vertical farm with tightly spaced shelving needs to provide the optimal light intensity for unrooted clones. Unrooted clones generally need low-intensity lighting fixtures with a suitable form factor to provide light a few inches away from the plant canopy with high uniformity. A clone producer would probably look for a fixture with a PPF of 200, not 1500.
However, PPF is not the be-all, end-all of measurements. A horticultural lighting system is made up of a combination of luminaires, reflectors, lenses,heat sinks, drivers and power supplies. A fixture company can increase their PPF by only measuring the PPF value produced by the lamp or luminaire, and not including PPF loss due to other parts of a fixture such as the reflectors.
For any lighting fixture, the luminaire PPF output degrades over time. The rate of PPF degradation differs depending on the fixture type. PPF degradation rates for filamented lamps are significantly higher than those of LED fixtures. Additionally, the spectrum of light changes over time, except for LED fixtures. These changes affect the yield and consistency of the crop, harvest after harvest, and can negatively affect growers who rely on consistency to meet consumer demand. This is the reason why it is common to frequently replace HID bulbs, an added operating expense. If you want to compare fixtures for financial purpose, it is wise to take into account the fixtures’ expected lifetime.
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) examines the number of photosynthetically-active photons crossing a plane of defined area (typically the canopy) per second. Quantum sensors measure PPFD in units of µmol/m2/s (Pronounced “Micromoles per meter squared per second”). In many ways, PPFD is considered to be the go-to measurement of light “intensity” alongside of PPF. PPFD is influenced by the fixture light output (PPF), distance from the fixture to the plant canopy, fixture light distribution pattern (beam angle), the angle of light falling on the leaf surface and the surface area of the canopy. On a plant canopy, there are an infinite number of potential PPFD measurements from the center to the edge. These values provide a richer understanding of the distribution of the light intensity over the canopy.
Light uniformity is key to producing a consistent crop. An isoline PPFD map provides a better understanding of the light dispersion pattern (Figure 2). In the horticultural lighting industry, it is common to provide an average light intensity for a defined canopy area; this average intensity can cover anywhere from a 4’x4’ cannabis canopy to a 30’x200’ bay of basil plants in a greenhouse. Think of this measurement as the average of all the spot PPFD measurements on the canopy. Average PPFD helps to determine the daily light integral (DLI) and quantify plant responses based on light intensity. In turn, this allows the grower to predict yield and crop growth potentials based on the PPFD and other environmental conditions.
However, please be aware that the average PPFD alone is meaningless. A plant canopy can have the same average PPFD under two different lighting fixtures, but the light uniformity could be poor for one fixture (Figure 2). Therefore, when requesting a lighting proposal for your grow-operation, look for average PPFD and light uniformity together. If you receive a lighting proposal with just average PPFD, request minimum and maximum PPFD, or a visual representation of the light distribution in the form of an isoline map (Figure 2) or a false color distribution (Figure 3).
Figure 2: Two light fixtures with 1000 PPF light output show significant uniformity differences. Fixture A provides greater PPFD uniformity due to an optimized form factor.
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About the Author
Tharindu Weeraratne, PhD, is a horticulture scientist and a plant physiologist working with Fluence Bioengineering.


The University Eye Center at SUNY College of Optometry provides the latest in diagnosis, treatment, and management of a range of visual disorders and eye conditions. Click below to find additional information on specific diseases and available testing.
A Scan Ultrasonography uses the speed of sound through the different media of the eye to allow the clinician to assess axial length. B Scan Ultrasonography uses the same principles to allow the clinician to assess the various structures of the globe and posterior segment. Commonly, retinal detachments and lesions are assessed with this technique.
Corneal Topography (Orbscan)
This device maps a patient’s anterior and posterior corneal surface with respect to thickness, surface power and contour. Common indications include determining a patient’s eligibility for refractive surgery and aiding in the diagnosis and management of corneal diseases, such as keratoconus.
Digital Anterior and Posterior Photography
Diseases and abnormalities of the cornea, angle, lens and retina are documented by means of photography throughout our clinics. Optos panoramic viewing allows for 200° wide field color imaging through a pupil as small as 2mm diameter. We perform fundus autofluorescence imaging with Optos.
This procedure involves injecting a small bolus of fluorescein into a patient’s arm and photodocumenting the flow of the vegetable dye derivative through the choroidal and retinal vasculature over time. An exciter filter and a barrier filter allow the fluorescein to fluoresce and block out all other wavelengths. Macular edema and vascular abnormalities, such as neovascularization, are commonly assessed by fluorescein angiography.
The GDx (Glaucoma Diagnosis) VCC (Variable Corneal Compensation) uses scanning laser polarimetry and the birefringent properties of the retinal nerve fiber layer to assess thickness and check for changes over time.
The Heidelberg Retinal Tomographer 3 uses confocal laser scanning technology to measure retinal contour, especially of the retinal nerve fiber layer as it converges at the optic nerve head. Changes in the optic nerve head and nerve fiber layer contour over time may be monitored.
Meibography is a non-invasive diagnostic procedure which allows infrared imaging of the Meibomian glands along the eyelids. It is useful in diagnosing Meibomian gland dysfunction.
Optical Biometry IOL Master
Using the principle of laser interferometry, this device records a patient’s axial length, anterior chamber depth and corneal surface curvature. These measurements are then incorporated to calculate the correct intraocular lens power to be inserted after cataract extraction.
Optical Coherence Tomography
Optical Coherence Tomography is a non-invasive diagnostic instrument used for imaging the retina. Doctors are able to see a cross section or 3D image and detect a variety of eye conditions and eye diseases such as macular degeneration, glaucoma and retinopathy.
A pachymeter uses ultrasound to determine a patient’s corneal thickness and is typically part of a glaucoma evaluation.
Spectral Domain OCT (Cirrus/Optovue)
Spectral Domain OCT takes many more readings per second than earlier technologies (Stratus) and provides the clinician with a 3-dimensional topographical view of the retinal tissue of concern at a much higher resolution. Commonly, macular edema and retinal nerve fiber layer thinning are quantified using this device.
The Ultrasound Biomicroscope (UBM) uses ultrasound to acoustically assess the characteristics and relative positions of the various structures of the anterior segment. The angle may be assessed as open, closed or occludable.
Automated Kinetic Perimetry
Automated Kinetic Perimetry applies the same principles as manual kinetic perimetry however, instead of a trained perimetrist manually moving, choosing and displaying the targets, these functions are programmed into a computer.
Automated Perimetry (Standard)
Automated Perimetry involves systematically quantifying a patient’s visual field by showing to an illuminated target against a defined background and recording the patient’s response. The target is shown at different intensities and positions in order to plot the extent of the patient’s visual field and define the patient’s threshold at each test position. Ocular and neurological conditions which can affect the visual field are commonly assessed in this way.
Electrooculography is an electrodiagnostic test to assess the function of the retinal pigment epithelium. The clinical application of this test is to help rule out one of the hereditary retinal diseases that often affects macular function, called Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy. The test takes about 45 minutes and tests saccadic eye movements under scotopic and photopic conditions. It is usually performed in the Hereditary Eye Disease Clinic.
Electroretinography assesses the function of the neural cells of the retina, especially the photoreceptors, by quantifying their electric responses to visual stimuli. The procedure is done under photopic and scotopic conditions and is commonly used to aid in the diagnosis of and monitor for progression in many retinal degenerations and dystrophies, including retinitis pigmentosa and cone dystrophies.
Frequency Doubling Technology Perimetry
This technique assesses a patient’s visual field and involves the use of a target best described as a sine wave grating of a low spatial frequency which flickers at a high temporal frequency. This perimetric technique tests the magnocellular pathway because the target has a defined temporal frequency.
Manual Kinetic Perimetry
Manual Kinetic Perimetry involves a trained perimetrist who moves an illuminated target against a defined background. The extent of the visual field is mapped to targets of different sizes and brightness. The results of this method are plotted in the form of isopters, which are lines of equal light sensitivity that, when plotted for each light brightness and size, resemble a topographic map with the peak at the most sensitive points. Ocular and neurological conditions which may affect the visual field are assessed in this way.
Visually Evoked Potentials
Visually Evoked Potentials are cortical responses to visual stimuli, usually flickering lights, which are measured by electroencephalography focused on the occipital cortex. Conditions with the capacity to affect these potentials, such as stroke and demyelinating disease, may be assessed in this way. Cortical function in non-communicating patients may also be assessed with this technique.


Clark-Reliance is pleased to announce the release of Jerguson® & Jacoby-Tarbox® Maintenance Videos. These instructional videos are to assist in the proper maintenance and rebuild for Jerguson® Transparent and Reflex Glass Gages as well as well as Jacoby-Tarbox® Sight Flow Indicator and Dual Window and Glass with Holder.
Proper maintenance procedures for the Jerguson Transparent Gage.
Proper maintenance procedures for the Jerguson Reflex Gage.
This Jacoby-Tarbox instructional video demonstrates the rebuilding of a typical bulls-eye sight flow indicator. The procedure is the same for all manufacturers with cross-bolted assemblies.
This Jacoby-Tarbox instructional video demonstrates the rebuilding of a typical Dual Window assembly or a Glass with Holder assembly used in bulls-eye sight flow indicators or sight windows.


SOCAL-LED H11 H8 Fanless LED Conversion Kit 60W 6400LM 6000K Xenon White Car Headlight Bulbs
Free Shipping Included! SOCAL-LED H11 H8 Fanless LED Conversion Kit 60W 6400LM 6000K Xenon White Car Headlight Bulbs by SOCAL-LED LIGHTING at JE Type. MPN: LKT-3G6-H11W. Hurry! Limited time offer. Offer valid only while supplies last. Why choose Fanless LED Bulbs Kit For Cars? It's well known HID lamps were the optimal light source on vehicles from the beginning of the 21st
Why choose Fanless LED Bulbs Kit For Cars? It's well known HID lamps were the optimal light source on vehicles from the beginning of the 21st century. With the advent of LED technology, and improved light output and reliability, LED is the new alternative and replacement. Luxury car manufactures such as Audi have been incorporating LED as the main light source in their vehicles and are completely slowly abandoning HID. LED offers lower heat, longer life and much improved reliability.
Where our LED Headlight Bulbs Stand Out:
With the elimination of flaws that are present in other LED Headlight Bulbs, These LED Headlight Bulbs truly outperform the other brands. With new design heat dissipation technology LED Headlight Bulbs are made to last.
A Perfect Light Pattern: Without the proper beam pattern LEDs result in unfocused light that is scattered and foggy. Our LED Headlight Bulbs are designed to emit perfect beam patterns all while providing crystal clear LED lighting.
True 6000K Cool White Lighting: Crystal clear lighting is provided with zero warm-up time.
True Plug-N-Play: Plugs directly into your OEM sockets and fits perfectly into your headlights.
- Wattage: 60W/Set
- Voltage: DC12V-24V
- Color: White
- Beam Angle: 280 degree
- Lumens: 6400LM
1) Please double check the size of the bulb with your car before purchase. The amazon bulb fitment guide will tell you if these fit your vehicle However! It will not tell you if its for fog, low beam or high beam.
2) Please check your car Owner's Manual.
3) We Suggest you to use Sylvania or Philips automotive lamp replacement guide online to ensure you purchase the right size bulb.
Vehicles such as Dodge, Jeep, Chrysler, GMC, Audi, BMW, Mercedes and Etc High-End cars may require additional decoder to avoid flickering.
Features & Highlights
- Super bright white LED Headlights bulbs which can replace HID Xenon and traditional Halogen Lamp.
- Crystal clear 6000K white light bulbs with 6400Lm (3200LM per bulb) LED lighting output shine without dark spots.
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- Instant on/off response time, waterproof and vibration resistant car headlight bulbs
- Plugs directly into your OEM sockets, if bulb doesn't turn on at first, you may have to rotate the plug (reverse polarity) since some vehicles use negative ground wire for power.
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Does Tesla glass roof need to be tinted?
We are using a BTU meter to demonstrate the measuring of the radiant heat coming in from the sun, and to also demonstrate that the Tesla glass roof is designed to block out an extraordinary amount of solar energy.
Model 3 Glass Roof Demo
Model Y Glass Roof Demo
Standard Glass UV Exposure
Tesla Glass UV Exposure
Tesla glass roof comes with built-in Polyvinyl Butyral, (PVB). PVB film acts as a fantastic barrier against solar radiation, especially the infrared kind. Filters out all the extra heat, blocks up to 99.9% harmful UV rays. Excellent thermal protection.


Vision-Based Inertial Navigation
A high-precision vision-based inertial navigation software package is being developed to enhance the performance of an Inertial Navigation System (INS), or to allow navigation in GPS denied environments. Traditionally an INS consists of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) measuring body-frame accelerations and rotation rates, and a GPS to measure inertial position and velocity in an Earth-fixed coordinate frame. A Kalman filter combines measurements from these various sensors and keeps a time history of the inertial position and orientation of the vehicle. The GPS measurements allow the filter to estimate the time varying biases present in the IMU data. Ultimately the precision of the navigation solution is determined by the measurement noise of the IMU, and therefore if a high quality estimate of inertial pose is required, one must spend a large amount of money on a very high quality IMU. Additionally, if the GPS signal is lost, the IMU biases are no longer able to be estimated and the inertial navigation solution will accumulate bias error until GPS is reacquired.
Using a camera in the vehicle to observe and track features in the environment can alleviate these problems. A high-resolution camera alongside a cheap IMU can provide the same or higher quality navigation solution as a much more expensive IMU. Additionally, if the inertial-frame coordinates of some of the observed features in the environment are known, navigation can continue with high fidelity even without GPS.
The LASR vision-based inertial navigation software is under development with the goal of providing a high-fidelity navigation solution to enable aerial mapping with the HD6D LIDAR sensor. The software will be used in combination with a VectorNav VN-200 INS. Initial flight tests have occurred in a Cessna O-2A Skymaster owned by the Texas A&M Flight Research Lab (FRL).
Computational Vision Pipeline
To solve the Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) problem is to calculate one’s own six degree-of-freedom motion with respect to an unknown scene, and to simultaneously generate a three-dimensional map of the scene. LASR_CV is a computational vision pipeline for solving the SLAM problem in real time. A modular and extensible framework, LASR_CV is designed for rapid-prototyping of algorithms and sensors for estimation and computer vision. LASR_CV consists of several modules operating in parallel to generate frame-rate pose estimates and geometric models. This modular architecture decouples research topics of interest from the SLAM problem as a whole, enabling developers and researchers to test their software or hardware easily. Each module has “hooks” into the internal data to enable algorithmic tuning or report generation. When combined with inertial measurements, detailed error studies of individual sensors or algorithms can be performed.
Custom object recognition algorithms have been developed to calculate real time estimates of the relative pose of target objects observed using vision-based sensors. This pose information can be used for proximity navigation in the vicinity of a known object. The software utilizes an iterative least squares solution to estimate the relative pose of the target with respect to the sensor by comparing measured geometric point clouds with a known geometric model of the target. The software is modular, and development has been largely application driven. Target objects can be modeled as a function using three-dimensional parametric surfaces, or empirically as a point cloud or wireframe model.
A recent implementation is being used to provide five degree of freedom relative pose estimates of a mock upper stage rocket nozzle for ground based simulation of space debris mitigation missions. The rocket nozzle is modeled as a parametric surface of revolution, thus allowing rapid convergence to a pose estimate.
Using the principle of triangulation between two cameras separated by a fixed baseline distance, or by images from the same camera displaced by motion through space, stereo correspondence matches of the same points yield a 3-dimensional reconstruction of a scene. These 3D reconstructions may be used as an input to the TAMU-CV Computer Vision Pipeline, or as standalone tools for robotic situational awareness or path planning.
LASR Lab has extensively studied the strengths and weaknesses of stereo based mapping for space applications. One of the largest drawbacks of stereo correspondence matching is computational expense. To address this issue, a novel dense stereo algorithm for correspondence matching in the Fourier Frequency Domain, the output of which is high-fidelity local 3D models at frame rate, has been implemented in a parallel computing environment aboard the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) using NVIDIA’s Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA).
Active stereo operates by projecting a known pseudo-random infrared pattern onto the scene and then observing how that pattern registers with an infrared camera. Positioned at a known baseline distance, the camera/projector pair allows for computing depth data via stereo triangulation. A color camera provides native surface texture for the resulting three-dimensional geometric point cloud. Active stereo addresses many of the failure modes of traditional passive stereo, and is particularly attractive for space applications due to its low cost and small size. LASR Lab uses the Microsoft Kinect and the Asus Xtion passive stereo sensors.
LASR Lab, in collaboration with Systems and Processes Engineering Corporation (SPEC) is developing a novel LIDAR sensor for space applications. The sensor is capable of delivering high-definition full color point clouds at ranges of 1m to several km. Designed around a rotating prism system to distribute the outgoing laser light, and parallel data receivers to process returns, the sensor is capable of 12 million independent range measurements per second. The eye-safe system combines the high data rate and large field of view of a flash LIDAR with the accuracy and range of a scanning LIDAR into a single compact package.