Fiber optics patch cord is seeing broad fostering in applications covering telecommunication as well as information communication. With countless company and venture enjoying fantastic take advantage of it, fiber patch cord represents without a doubt the most enough as well as prevalent data transfer feeder. As those gigabit-capable networks proliferates, the fueling ability and also .rate pursuit additionally drives fiber patch cable implementation. When encountering numerous fiber patch cable types on the market, exactly how can we make a legitimate choice? Some standard understanding of fiber patch cable would certainly be handy.
What Is Fiber Patch Cable?
Fiber patch cord, commonly called fiber patch cable television or optical jumper, is a size of fiber cable that terminated with fiber optic ports (LC, SC, MTRJ, ST as well as etc) at each end. The ports allow fiber optic patch cord to be swiftly linked to an optical switch or various other telecommunications/computer tool. Fiber patch cord is a key player for interior usage, like in server spaces or in information centers. Including outstanding dependability, premium adaptability and enhanced protection, fiber patch cable has actually placed the very best choice for applications where conventional copper cable televisions falls short to get to.
What Are Fiber Patch Cable Kinds
Fiber patch cord can be classified into various kinds based upon different requirements, such as fiber optic cable manufacturer cord setting, transmission mode, coat type, port type and brightening kind.
Fiber Wire Setting: Solitary mode fiber is tinted yellow, while multimode fiber tinted orange and also aqua. Solitary mode fiber patch cord has a size of 8-10 µm that enables just one mode of transmission, therefore it can bring signals at a lot greater speeds with lower depletion. Single mode fiber patch cord are suitable for high data rates or far away transmission. Multimode fiber patch cord is made of bigger diameter (50 µm and 62.5 µm) that can lug greater than one setting of transmission. They are commonly utilized for short distances as fiber to the desktop computer or patch panel to tools.
Fiber patch cord types
Transmission Mode: While for transmission setting, there are simplex and also paired fiber patch cord. Simplex fiber patch cable has one fiber and one adapter on each end, whereas duplex fiber patch cable has two fibers as well as 2 ports on each end. Each fiber is significant “A” or “B” or use port boots with various shade to mark polarity.
Jacket Kind: PVC and also LSZH are used to define the jacket product of fiber patch cord. PVC fiber patch cables are extremely soft, and LSZH patch cables are a lot more inflexible as they contain the fire retardant substance that doesn’t discharge harmful fumes if it melts. PVC fiber optic patch cable is normally utilized for straight runs from the electrical wiring facility while LSZH wire is made use of in between floors in structure.
Adapter Kind: Split by fiber port, there are same-connector kind fiber patch cord and hybrid fiber patch cord. Fiber patch cable televisions that have the same kind of connector on both ends consists of LC to LC fiber patch cable, SC to SC fiber patch cable and also etc. While crossbreed fiber patch cord has various connectors on each end, like fiber patch cord LC to SC.
Brightening Type: Fiber optic adapters are designed and also polished to various shapes to lessen back reflection. This is specifically crucial in solitary mode applications. According to this adapter polish kinds, we have PC/APC/UPC fiber patch cord.
Unique Fiber Patch Cable Summary
Fiber patch cord is evolving to keep pace with the ever raising bandwidth requirements. Some particularly developed fiber patch wires emerge to fit various application requirements. Understanding the readily available options would conserve us considerable money and time. Below are a few of fiber optic patch cords for utilizing in specific situations.
Armored Fiber Patch Cable: It keeps all the functions of common fiber patch cord, however it is much stronger. Armored fiber patch cable can stand up to tipping by a grown-up and also it is anti-rodents. Strong as it is, armored fiber patch cord is in fact as versatile as conventional fiber optic patch cable, and also can be bend arbitrarily.
Bend Insensitive Fiber Patch Cable: This fiber patch cable television is highly immune to flex relevant damage as well as loss. It has a small cable flexing distance as well as avoid extra bend losses by innovative core style as well as enhanced low macro-bending sensitivity. Bend insensitive fiber patch cable is made to support data facility as well as FTTH applications, as well as high-density cabling that need to cover and also take dilemmas.
Mode Conditioning Fiber Patch Cord: It is a duplex multimode fiber patch cable that has a little length of single mode fiber at the start of the transmission size. It is created to fix the technical issue involved in making use of single mode tools on existing multimode wire plant. Mode conditioning fiber patch cable intends to drive the range of set up fiber plant past its initial designated applications, along with to enhance data signal high quality.
Reduced Insertion Loss Fiber Patch Cable: It births much similarities with typical patch cord evaluated only by look. However the onnectors at 2 ends are made with reasonably reduced insertion loss. http://www.bonelinks.com has done well in lowering the insertion loss to 0.3 dB for MTP ports and also to 0.2 dB for LC and also SC connectors, far less than the market requirement of 0.75 dB.
Uniboot Fiber Patch Cable: Terminated with specially designed LC uniboot ports, uniboot fiber patch wire integrate two fibers in a single cord, therefore delivering considerably much more advantages in high density cabling setting. It reduced the cable television matter up to 50% and also represent the best fit for areas where space is a problem.
Switchable Fiber Patch Cable: It enables quick as well as simple polarity adjustment in the area without unique devices or training, and prevents potential troubles that might brought on by re-terminating ports. With portable design, switchable fiber patch cable likewise attributes to much more efficient cord administration in high-density setting.
What Type Of Fiber Patch Cable Should I Pick?
Smaller as it is, fiber patch cable in fact forms the very foundation of a sound and also solid optical network. When picking a fiber optic wire, constantly considering the abovementioned aspects: fiber wire setting, transmission setting, coat kind, adapter type as well as brightening kind. If your cabling atmosphere is rather demanding, special fiber patch cord pointed out above should fit your demand.
Fiber patch cord has assisted many individuals to achieve bigger bandwidths as well as fantastic speeds, and also the advantage of which is stretching throughout a vast array of buildings. http://www.bonelinks.com uses a wide range of typical fiber patch cord kinds that endure the rigors of daily use, additionally, special fiber patch cord like armored fiber patch cable, bend aloof fiber patch cord, uniboot fiber patch cable and also etc are likewise readily available right here. You can likewise tailor your fiber patch cord with details features with FS.COM. We subject all our fiber patch cable to full system test in stringent atmosphere to ensure its performance and also dependability. Simply rest assured and also http://www.bonelinks.com will handle all your demands.


During the 2022 IF DESIGN AWARDS Ceremony, Jovision Dual-spectral Thermal Camera has won the AWARD because of the innovative design and technology.
As the awards speech indicates: Jovision thermal imaging camera can be used for various scenarios. It can be directly connected to a monitor without PC. The camera integrates innovative ambient temperature measurement and can automatically compensate for the ambient temperature. In addition, it has an automatic correction function for body temperature measurement in an ultra-low temperature environment, and the temperature measurement module can be replaced by multi-point temperature measurement in industrial environments.
With optional module, this product can be used for human body temperature detection or can be applied to test the object temperature for fire prevention.
For details of this product, Please Email to: firstname.lastname@example.org


Ever since pre-ordering the Glowforge, I’ve been obsessed about learning more about laser cutting and etching equipment. It’s the largest expense made to date so I wanted to ensure I know how to take care of it. Since Glowforge is so new, they haven’t finalized their design yet. No online manuals yet for us. The internet contains a wealth of information. The Glowforge machine is really a scaled down version of the industrial machine.
Since I’m reading up on it anyway, why not share some of the knowledge with beginners just like me. If you have any feedback and / or comments, please let me know!
Glowforge offers a Class I laser and a Class 4 laser
- Class I (Basic model) means you don’t have to take additional safety precautions to be safe
- Class 4 (Pro Model) means you have to take precautions like posting warning signs and wear proper safety glasses
I’m looking forward to reading Glowforge’s safety precautions about it when it become available. However, it’s good to know about all the classes so you know where your machine fits in the industry. So I copied and pasted this excerpt that I found very helpful from the Ackland’s Grainger Website.
Disclaimer: I’m not an expert and you must always refer to the guidelines from the manufacture or your machine or their website for your safety and safety of those around you.
Laser Categories (Excerpted from Acklands Grainger):
Vision damage can occur from directly viewing the laser source or if the laser beam hits the eye. Damage is usually severe, and may result in blindness, which is why direct viewing of the laser source and its reflections should be avoided. A laser's reflective beam intensity may equal its direct beam intensity; therefore, no reflective objects or surfaces should be in the area with the laser.
Light is radiant energy and is defined as electromagnetic radiation. It is measured in wavelengths and described in nanometers (nm). A laser produces an intense beam of light of a single wavelength (or color) and frequency. Laser intensity varies from low power (Class 1, 2, and 3A lasers), to medium (Class 3B) to high power (Class 4). The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) classifies lasers into categories and gives guidelines on laser safety in the standard Z136.1. Following are laser categories as outlined by ANSI.
Class 1: Cannot emit laser radiation at known hazard levels. Users of Class 1 lasers are generally exempt from radiation hazard controls during operation and maintenance, but not necessarily during service. Most Class 1 industrial lasers consist of a higher class laser enclosed in a properly interlocked and labeled protective enclosure.
Class 2: Low-power visible lasers. Emit laser radiation above Class 1 levels and radiant power not above 1mW. The human aversion reaction to bright light will protect the person from this low level. Example: a supermarket laser scanner.
Class 3A: Intermediate-power lasers. Only hazardous for intrabeam viewing. Some limited controls are usually recommended. Example: a helium-neon laser used in the construction industry.
Class 3B: Moderate-power lasers. Not generally a fire hazard and not capable of producing a hazardous diffuse reflection, except in instances of intentional staring at distances close to the diffuser. Specific controls are recommended.
Class 4: High–power lasers. Hazardous to view under any condition (directly or diffusely scattered). Potential fire hazard and a skin hazard. Significant controls are required for Class 4 laser facilities. Example: an Excimer laser operating in the ultraviolet.
A laser's danger varies depending on which area of the light spectrum it is generating. The ultraviolet radiation laser (180-400nm) causes corneal burns. Lasers in the near-infrared region (780-1800nm) cause retinal damage. These are usually Class 2, 3A, 3B and 4 lasers. The high-powered lasers, Class 3B and 4, can also cause electrical shock and skin burns. A skin cover, like opaque gloves and tightly woven fabrics, and or a "sun screen" may be recommended.
A laser consists of a resonant optical cavity filled with an active medium. The medium is acted upon by some source of excitation energy. The media could be one of three types: a solid state, a gaseous state, or a semiconductor or injection-type. Solid lasers use a crystal, e.g., ruby, glass or a semiconductor (argon) as the light amplifying substance, producing a pulsating laser beam. A gaseous state laser (helium-neon) produces a continuous beam.
For information on the laser’s wattage or power of the laser, refer to the instruction/maintenance manual.


We’re counting down to the time of the #TotalEclipse and here is your last minute check list of what to do, and what not to do, before heading out to watch the eclipse.
- ALWAYS use your solar filters or “eclipse glasses” for viewing a partially eclipsed sun.
- Check your eclipse glasses for damage. (i.e. scratches, holes, rips, tears, etc.)
- Keep an eye on kids who are viewing the eclipse.
- Put on your eye protection BEFORE looking at the sun.
- If you have traveled to the path of totality you can remove your glasses once the sun is completely covered and it’s dark outside. Once the sun reappears, put your eye protection back on.
- If you’re outside the path of totality you must keep your eclipse glasses on the entire time.
- Don’t use homemade filters or ordinary sunglasses for viewing the eclipse, these lenses will transmit a very unsafe and dangerous amount of sunlight.
- Don’t remove your eclipse glasses while looking at the sun
- Don’t look at the sun through a camera, telescope, binoculars, or other optical devices without an approved filter.
- Do not look at the sun through the items mentioned above while you’re wearing eclipse glasses. This concentrates the suns rays and will damage your eye protection and your eyes.
- If you use a solar filter with any telescope, camera, binoculars, etc. make sure the filter is on the FRONT.


Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Room 321, EOW
Telephone: 250-721-8617/2733 (Canada)
Tao Lu received his B.Sc. degree from the Department of Physics, University of Manitoba in 1995, his M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University at Kingston in 1998 and his Ph.D. degree from the Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, in 2005. He has worked in industry with various companies including Nortel Networks, Kymata Canada, Peleton etc., on optical communications. Before joining UVic, he was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology from 2006 to 2008. His research interests include optical microcavities and their applications to ultra narrow linewidth laser source, bio and nano photonics.
Publications (under construction)
highly motivated researchers on bio and nano photonics using silica toroid shaped optical microcavity as a platform. Research assistantships to Master and Ph.D. students are now available at the Dept. Electrical and computer engineering, University of Victoria, Canada. The intended research fields include:
1. Numerical modeling of optical microcavities;
2. Ultra-High Q optical cavity device fabrication;
3. Nonlinear and quantum optical effects;
4. Highly sensitive biological detection;
5. Nano structures on an optical microcavity;
6. Narrow linewidth laser.
If you have graduated or are
expecting to graduate from Dept. of Physics, Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Biology, Chemistry, Material
Science, or any other related disciplines and interested in performing world
class research in these fields, please contact me.


Electromagnetics, high-energy lasers, imaging systems, nano electronic materials and circuitry, nonlinear optics, multiferroics
With our DoD partners, UES has established leadership in the research and development of photonic and electronic technologies. Our current electronic areas of focus include electro-optic modulators, multiferroics, nanoelectronics, plasmonics, and metamaterials. Our photonic research extends to laser-materials interaction testing the study of materials' performance in high temperature environments. We operate the Laser Heated Materials Evaluation Laboratory (LHMEL®), which is accessible by external users through a CRADA mechanism. Controlled laser heating coupled with operationally significant environmental simulation provides valuable data to high temperature materials developers.
Learn more about our research and development in photonic and electronic technologies by contacting us through the form below.
Part of the Photonic and Electronic Technologies Division, the Laser Heated Materials Evaluation Laboratory (LHMEL) provides high temperature materials characterization performance data to the United States Air Force, The Department of Defense, NASA, and commercial industry customers. This nationally unique research and development laboratory specializes in laser/materials interaction testing focused on thermal simulation in operationally significant environmental simulations.


Video-Processing Technology Enabling World's First Wraparound View of Vehicles in Real Time
Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. announced today the development of a new video-processing technology that enables a complete wraparound view of a vehicle's perimeter in real time, to enhance the driver's field of view. The new driver assistance technology adapts to different driving situations, enabling the driver to peripherally view the entire surroundings of a vehicle, from the point of view and field of view that is most appropriate for each driving situation. The technology improves driving safety by assisting the driver in a variety of situations, such as parking, passing on a narrow street, and seeing around corners at intersections with poor sightlines.
Details of this new technology will be presented at the 15th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems & ITS
Fujitsu Laboratories developed the world's first video-processing technology that enables the supplement of a field of view that can show any perspective and any sightline on the vehicle's periphery, and which can instantaneously smoothly transition from one view to another.
Four cameras were installed around the vehicle's perimeter, and their video images of the vehicle's surroundings were synthesized by a "3-D virtual projection/point of view conversion technology" developed by Fujitsu Laboratories, comprised of the following: projection of the video images onto a virtual 3-D curved plane as a virtual 3-D video, and conversion of the the video images into views from any desired perspective of the vehicle's surroundings ("omni-view"). This technology enables drivers to easily check views from any direction or from any perspective desired, thereby alleviating the cognitive burden involved in recognizing the view that is being displayed. Additionally, when switching between different views as the driving situation changes, this new technology makes a smooth transition from one view to another by continuously interpolating points of view, fields of view, and sightlines. This helps to quickly orient the driver to the new view currently being shown, when the driver makes periphery checks.
Source : Fujitsu


PhD of Inorganic Chemistry and Asst. Prof. of Chemistry and Nanotechnology with more than 17 years research and industrial activities in the field of electrochemistry, photochemistry, materials science, petrochemistry, crystallography, nanotechnology and thin film PVs. He was coordinator of 5 research and innovative projects in the field of natural gas desulfurization (TRL 7), methane to methanol under ambient condition innovative reactor (TRL 7), smart electrochromic mirrors for photonic industry application (TRL 5), methane to olefin electrocatalytic system (TRL 6) and water-based nanocrystalline slurries for application in optic and photonic industries (TRL 7). He published various scientific articles and book chapters in the fields of chemistry, crystallography, solar cells, corrosion, photocatalysts, electrochemistry and computational chemistry. He also filled 13 patents in the sectors of CO2 reduction to fuels (electrocatalytic), methane to methanol (electrocatalytic), methan to olefin (EC), EC-gas desulfurization, water based polymers, methanol separation membranes, large-scale nanomaterials manufacturing, nanocomposite coatings, perovskite solar cells and modules as well as food industry by crystallization of natural sweeteners.
He is RDI manager of Iritaly Trading Company S.r.l and through this position he is managing the “NEXTCCUS” EU project (ERA-NET ACT 2021) and CHOH-D (semi-industrial Italian project). He is also working in University of Rome Tor Vergata, department of Electronics Engineering as a research fellow scientist with focus activity on development of highly stable perovskite solar modules and novel 2D perovskite structures. In addition, he is CEO of Kimia Solar as a knowledge based company active in manufacturing of advanced optic and photonic devices and materials.


Our replacement laser optics are including zinc selenide (ZnSe), as well as copper (Cu), gallium arsenide (GaAs), germanium (Ge), molybdenum (Mo), and silicon (Si). For additional information, contact cheeron laser (wechat:nacy2010-cloud, whatsapp:+86 13771335699). In addition to optics and optical components, we also offer a comprehensive line of over 750 replacement laser nozzles and accessories, all in stock and built to major OEM specifications. For more information on our replacement nozzles ， see our Nozzles & Accessories list.
Laser cutting nozzles
sealing washer to protect the mirror
other spare parts
More information can directly contact below
Whatsapp: +86 13771335699


You might remember last year I posted about my Canon L prime lenses and my Canon L zooms. This is the third post talking about the tools I typically use at a wedding and many of my film projects. You might remember how much I loved my Canon L primes lenses from my previous post, here are my specialty lenses pictured below.
I refer to these lenses as my specialty lenses since they have limited uses and give specific looks. Both lenses offer some great advantages compared to everything else in my bag, that is the reason I use them at every wedding for specific shots. Keep reading below for a few notes about each lens and a few favorite images I took with it.
Canon EF 15mm 2.8 FisheyeIf you are looking for a fun lens, a fisheye is one of the best! Due to the shape of the glass in this lens you get a huge amount of distortion which can be fun, but it isn’t flattering if used improperly. My Canon 15mm Fisheye gives me a 180 degree field of view and allows me to focus as close as 8 inches. With this huge field of view you really need watch your edges to make sure your foot or other body part is entering the frame. I mostly use my fisheye lenses for overviews of a wedding ceremony and for capturing fun images during the reception. Every once in a while it comes in handy when shooting a fun group shot. Check out the images below for a few examples.
Canon EF 100mm 2.8 Macro I mainly use my macro lens at every wedding for ring shots and occasionally getting ready shots. This lens allows me to focus as close as 12 inches (film plane to subject) so I can capture the smallest details on a wedding day. When shooting details at the minimum focus distance, the depth of field is very shallow a 2.8 so I often bump it up to 5.6 or 8 which requires more light. Because if this, I always try to get details done early in the day using natural window light, if that isn’t possible bouncing a flash works well. Here are a few examples of images shot with my Canon 100mm macro.


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The Bronica ETRS is a medium format, Single-Lens-Reflex lens shutter camera which uses a 6 x 4.5cm (2-1/4 x 1-5/8") negative size. This frame size is approximately 2.7x larger than the 35mm format and means that finer details in enlargements will appear "snappier". This compact and lightweight camera is based on Bronica's lens shutter system allowing flash synchronization up to 1/500sec.
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Fiber Optic Production Machines: A Guide To SZ Stranding Line, Fiber Coloring Machine, Fiber Draw Tower, And A Lot More
Fiber optic cabling have revolutionized the telecommunications business, supplying higher-pace data transmitting with minimum transmission damage. The production method for fiber optic cabling entails several phases, which includes fiber drawing, coloring, stranding, and second covering. To guarantee the manufacture of higher-top quality fiber optic cabling, producers count on specialised components such as SZ stranding facial lines, fiber coloring equipment, fiber attract towers, and fiber second covering facial lines. In the following paragraphs, we will offer a review of all these varieties of components as well as their value in the fiber optic cable creation method.
The SZ stranding line is a crucial bit of components in the fiber optic cable production method. It is actually employed to strand person fiber optic cabling in to a larger bundle or cable. The SZ stranding method entails twisting and interlocking the fibers to produce a powerful, tough cable that can endure the pressures of handling and Installation. The SZ stranding line is normally made up of a spend-away from system, a stranding equipment, as well as a consider-up system. The spend-away from system materials the individual fibers, which are then fed to the stranding equipment, exactly where they may be twisted and interlocked. Finally, the consider-up system reels in the done cable.
Fiber Coloring Machine
The fiber coloring machine is utilized to add a coloration covering to person fiber optic cabling. The coloring method is vital for determining and organizing fibers in the cable, permitting experts to simply separate different fibers during Installation and servicing. The fiber coloring machine generally is made up of spend-away from system, a coloring unit, as well as a consider-up system. The spend-away from system materials the fibers, which are then fed to the coloring unit, exactly where they may be coated with a colored polymer. Finally, the consider-up system reels in the done, colored fibers.
Fiber Draw Tower
The fiber draw tower is utilized to draw the individual fiber optic cabling from the preform. The preform is actually a specifically created rod of window or plastic material which has the essential components for producing the fiber optic cable. The fiber draw tower generally is made up of preform reloading system, a drawing furnace, as well as a winding system. The preform reloading system rss feeds the preform to the drawing furnace, exactly where it is actually heated up towards the proper heat. The fiber optic cable will be driven from your preform and injury onto a spool through the winding system.
The fiber second covering line is employed to apply a protective covering towards the fiber optic cable. The covering gives additional protection against physical harm and environment elements, such as moisture and heat modifications. The fiber second covering line generally is made up of spend-away from system, a second covering equipment, as well as a consider-up system. The spend-away from system materials the fiber optic cable, which can be then fed to the second covering equipment, exactly where it is actually coated with a protective polymer. Finally, the consider-up system reels in the done, coated fiber optic cable.
FTTH Cable Production Collection
The FTTH cable creation line is employed to generate fiber optic cabling which can be used in fiber-to-the-residence (FTTH) applications. FTTH cabling are utilized to hook up houses and businesses to higher-pace internet networks. The FTTH cable creation line generally is made up of fiber spend-away from system, a sheathing line, a fiber coloring machine, a SZ stranding line, as well as a fiber second covering line. The fiber spend-away from system materials the individual fibers, which are then sheathed to safeguard them during the creation method. The fibers are
then directed with the fiber coloring machine, which brings coloration towards the fibers to tell apart them from each other. This is important for determining and problem solving any problems that may come up in the future.
Right after coloring, the fibers are directed with the SZ stranding line, exactly where they may be twisted with each other in to a bundle. The SZ stranding strategy is frequently used in FTTH cable creation, as it enables higher loading denseness and greater tensile durability in the final product. The SZ stranding line comes with a fiber stress control system to make certain consistent stress through the entire stranding method.
Finally, the fiber bundle is directed with the fiber second covering line, exactly where it is actually coated with a protective layer to help boost its durability and longevity. This covering also will serve to safeguard the fiber bundle from moisture, heat modifications, and other environment elements that may potentially harm the fibers.
All round, the FTTH cable creation line is a crucial part of the fiber optic cable production method. It enables the effective and consistent manufacture of higher-top quality fiber optic cabling which can be required for supplying higher-pace internet use of houses and businesses. Without it specialised creation line, the bulk manufacture of fiber optic cabling for FTTH applications would not be achievable.
Another significant part in fiber optic cable creation is the compact fiber unit (CFU). The CFU is actually a modular unit that combines several processes in one equipment, making it a cost-successful and area-conserving answer for fiber optic cable producers. The CFU generally includes a fiber spend-away from system, a fiber coloring machine, a fiber draw tower, as well as a fiber second covering line.
The fiber spend-away from system materials the individual fibers towards the equipment, which are then colored and drawn to the required size using the fiber draw tower. The fiber second covering line then jackets the fibers with a protective layer to improve their durability and longevity.
One of the crucial features of the CFU is its compact dimension. Conventional fiber optic cable creation facial lines may take up a lot of space, causing them to be unsuitable for smaller sized production facilities. The CFU, alternatively, can easily be integrated into smaller sized creation areas, making it a versatile answer for businesses of all sizes.
In addition to its area-conserving features, the CFU also provides greater control and modification options for fiber optic cable producers. The modular design in the CFU enables simple modification and adaptation to fulfill the precise needs of the specific creation operate. This will allow for producers to generate a wide range of fiber optic cabling with varying specs and requirements.
In summary, the SZ stranding line, fiber coloring machine, fiber draw tower, fiber second covering line, FTTH cable creation line, and compact fiber unit are all vital elements in the creation of higher-top quality fiber optic cabling. These specialised equipment and systems enable the effective and price-successful manufacture of fiber optic cabling for a wide range of etclbs applications, which includes telecommunications, data transmitting, and more. With out these specialised creation processes, the widespread adoption of fiber optic technologies would not be achievable.


Professional Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine
Performance And Technical Parameter:
|Cutting Area of Pipe||￠20~￠250mm*6000mm, 20~180mm*6000mm|
|Max Moving Speed||40m/min|
|Transmison||Precision Double Drive Rack|
|Supported Graphic Formats||PLT,DXF,IGS,AI|
|Power of the Machine||<20KW|
|Work Environment||5-45℃ Humidity≤80%, No Condesnation|
The machine can cut round pipe ￠30-￠250mm, square pipe 20-180mm, and rectangle pipe length 20-180mm
carbon steel, stainless steel, galvanized sheet, electrolytic plate, silicon steel, manganese steel, aluminum alloy, brass, copper etc many kinds of metal.
Kitchen appliances, sheet metal chassis, cabinets, mechanical equipment, electrical equipment, lighting hardware, advertising signs, auto parts, display equipment; many kinds of metal product, metal sheet cutting etc.
Advantage of the Fiber Laser Cutting Machine:
–The machine has lowest cost and lowest cost of power. The machine can cut all kinds of metal pipe/tube with air.
–The machine has quick cutting speed.
–Because of the good light beam, the product has the small deformation; the appearance of the product is flat and nice.
–With the imported servo motor and guiding transmission mechanism, the cutting accuracy is good
—Adopt the professional software, the machine can design all kinds of the graph or the written words at will, and process immediately. The operation is flexible, easy and convenient.
–Adopt the imported laser source, the performance is stable, key unit can work 100 thousand hours. No need to maintain the laser source.
–Lowest cost Maintenance, No need the working gas for laser source; No need reflector for the optical fiber transmission; it can save much maintenance cost.
–It is easy to operate the machine. No need to adjust the light path with the optical fiber transmission.


Condition Monitoring, Predictive Maintenance
Musical Instruments, Loudspeakers
Electric Vehicles, Valve Motion
Component Analysis, MEMS/MOEMS
Heart-Rate Monitoring, Cardiovascular
and CULTURAL HERITAGE
Non-Destructive Testing, Conservation-Restoration
Our scientists and engineers have brought to the market innovative and unique Laser Vibrometers and Laser Triangulation Sensors for the measurement without contact of physical quantities such as: vibration, distance, velocity. Julight represents the “Italian Excellence for Vibrations” !
The Laser Vibrometers product line is based on the smart Self-Mixing Interferometry (SMI) technology. Small-sized and lightweight optical head, and reduced manufacturing costs are obtained thanks to the simplified optical configuration of SMI. Ease of use and high value for money are unique characteristics of Julight’s products.
Julight sensors and instruments can be proficiently applied to industrial sectors (automotive, aerospace, electronics, precision mechanics), scientific research (university laboratories and research centers), building and architectural environments (structural monitoring, restoration), biomedical and biological fields.
Compact and versatile Laser Vibrometers based on the innovative SMI technology, for non-contact vibration measurements with high sensitivity and flexible working distance.
More than 10 versions/models.
Acoustic and ultrasound measurement bandwidths.
Laser Triangulation Sensors
Easy-to-use and reliable laser sensors for non-contact absolute distance and vibration measurements.
More than 10 versions/models.
Working distance from 40mm to 1000mm, measuring range from 10mm to 300mm.
Bandwidth from 20kHz to 800kHz.
Laser Valve Motion System
Unique, integrated solution for combustion engine valve motion measurement.
Zero-delay laser triangulation sensors supply real-time displacement of the valve with high resolution, and displacement + velocity + acceleration signal outputs.
Optional Laser Vibrometer allows subtraction of unwanted engine head vibrations
The Self-Mixing Interferometry (SMI) technology has been pioneered by Julight co-founders, and Julight owns the world’s most advanced knowledge and expertise in this field.
In SMI, the traditional concept of laser vibrometry and laser interferometry is revolutionized, in favor of an ultra- simplified optical configuration where the beamsplitter and reference arm of the interferometer are removed, leaving one single measurement path that goes straight from the laser source to the target.
Light back-reflected or back-diffused by the target re-enters into the laser cavity, where interferometric mixing occurs, and the laser simultaneously operates as light source and ultra-sensitive detector.
The use of semiconductor laser sources with small dimensions ensures high-efficiency and compact size of the measuring head. Julight explores and develops ultra-miniaturized sensors with SMI and other technologies, for consumer electronics and biomedical applications.
Julight collaborates with world-leading Companies, international Research Centers and Universities, aiming at creating new knowledge, new applications, and valuable IP.
The Innovation process at Julight starts from new ideas, goes through the validation/feasibility stage, and it is finalized by developing and assembling working prototypes and demonstrators.
Julight has a bright track-record of successful cooperative R&D and R&I Projects, carried out with worldwide Partners, or funded by National and European Institutions.
Julight expertise allows the development of any type of sensor or measuring instrument based on laser and photonic technologies, thanks to the solid know-how in light sources, photodetectors, electronic design, software and firmware, and opto-mechanical design.
Julight manufactures and markets an innovative and unique class of non-contact vibration and distance measuring sensors and instruments (laser vibrometers and triangulation laser sensors), which are based on the smart self-mixing technology (SMI).
Julight also offers state-of-the-art customized services based on the exploitation of photonic and electronic technologies, spanning from the conception and design of new measuring solutions to the realization of prototypes and small-series production.
Measurable physical quantities and properties include: distance, displacement, speed, flow, roughness, thickness, material composition, and many other metrological quantities.
Angela Giffalini (CFO, co-founder) has a 25+ years’ background in financial planning and operation control. She manages the economic, financial, and administrative activities, and she is responsible for human resources.
Mauro Benedetti (Project Engineer, co-founder) has 20+ years’ experience in laser technologies applied to telecommunications and sensing. He supervises products development and customized projects.
CEO & CTO


Speed is a fundamental factor to consider concerning the process of data transfer and computing with a positive correlation between the shift of electrons to conduct electricity and the efficiency of the respective devices. Physicists have successfully managed to improve the speed of electrons transportation at a very high speed of less than one quadrillionth of a second (femtosecond speeds) in a practical setting.
In this experimental setup, light waves are used to manipulate electrons with light waves which are specifically designed and created by an ultrafast laser. Even though it’s too early to be excited about this concept being integrated into our devices, it is a promising endeavor that may be realized soon.
Currently, the booting process of the fastest devices in the world is at a speed of a trillionths seconds (picoseconds) which is a thousandth of a femtosecond meaning we are still 1000 times slower than the discovery. The results obtained from this approach showed that electric current was switched at around 600 attoseconds (1 femtosecond is equal to 1000 attoseconds).
Alfred Leitenstorfer, a scientist from the University of Konstanz in Germany, claims that this new venture could be the distant future of all electronic devices. This claim follows the success of the practice setting, which managed to reach the attosecond range of electron transfer with the use of single-cycle light pulses.
To generate a measurable current, the team using a laser managed to push out a hundredth million single-cycle light pulses every single second. This experimental setup used a nanoscale gold antenna in a bowtie shape to concentrate the electric field pulse in a gap of 6000 millionths of a meter in length.
Consequently, the researchers were able to switch electric currents at extremely high speed, which was less than half an oscillation period of the electric field of the light pulses following the special experimental setup. Historically, it has been a challenge to go beyond the limitations of the silicon semiconductor conventional tech but as it has turned out, it’s possible to use fast oscillations of light to improve the speed of electrons.
The integration of light and electrons can work in diverse ways, and by use of this new technology, it can have a positive impact on the next generation of computers. Using plasmonic nanoparticles and optoelectronic gadgets it’s possible to eliminate the restrictions of current computer systems since the new projected tech uses light pulses to manipulate electrons at super-small scales.


There are complex eye disorders and so the cures also. Eye surgery has gone a lot of developments with the advanced technology. Gone are the days with blades and painful procedures for eye surgeries. Laser eye surgery is the most popularly used advanced technique to treat eye disorders. Laser eye surgery is categorized into two types  LASIK (and  PRK and there are many variations in these surgeries.
LASIK: It is a popular laser eye surgery done for patients with non-extreme hypermetropia, myopia and astigmatism. It has high success rate, non reversible, safe and good replacement for contact lenses and eye glasses. Since, eye is the most sensitive and highly important organ in our body it is better to have a safe treatment from an accomplished LASIK eye surgeon.
PRK (Photo refractive Keratectomy): It is better version of LASIK to treat patients with thin corneas. In this method, the surgeon manually scraps the outermost layer of the cornea and then the underlying surface is shaped using laser to correct the vision. It is safe but more discomfort compared to LASIK and requires longer recovery duration.
Epi-LASEK: It is version of LASEK, in which the epithelium layer is preserved, and then replaced after reshaping the stroma. The recovery is faster and less uncomfortable.
LASEK (Laser Assisted Sub Epithelial Keratomileusis): It is an advanced version of PRK where alcohol is used for softening the epithelium and then removed.
CustomVue IntraLasik: It is an expensive eye surgery where cornea flap is created using laser.
Conventional IntraLasik: This is the best method to make the cornea flap and needs to be sued with Waterfront technology.
Refractive Surgery: It is a method to treat the refractive errors, replaces the use of eye glasses and contact lenses, reduce elongated corneas, myopia and hyperopia.
Laser surgery is a boon for all type of eye ailments and one should follow the instructions of the doctor for speedy recovery.


Best AR 15 Scope
Finding the right scope for an AR 15 can be a daunting task. With so many sizes, strengths, and manufacturers, it can become confusing. By keeping some basic factors in mind, the field can be narrowed considerably, and the choice will become clearer.
What the firearm is to be used for is a primary consideration. Shooting a ten-inch target at 50 or 100 yards will require the best ar15 scope much different than a two-inch target or prairie dog at 400 yards. If a lot of practice time will be spent at a range, a large magnification may be too much for the shorter yardage. In addition, if the rifle is going to be subjected to rough handling or packed through the brush, reliability and size will have to be considered.
Fixed magnification scopes are durable, compact, can be mounted low to the barrel, and have fewer parts to break. The disadvantage is that only one magnification is possible. If the rifle is to be used for a fixed purpose, fixed magnification scopes are the best bets for the money.
In the past, variable-power scopes were not as rugged as fixed magnification models. While this may still be true to an extent, technology is allowing variables to be extremely rugged in the field. Variables allow the shooter to adjust for different ranges, allowing for a more versatile experience. A larger the magnification necessitates a larger objective lens, and larger objectives also allow more light to be available to the eye. They also must be mounted higher above the barrel, and that changes the way the rifleman holds his head to be able to see through the scope. Larger objective lenses also produce a bulkier rifle in the brush.
The eye relief may be a factor if mounting a scope on the handle of an AR 15. Since the eye will be far above the gun stock when sighting, the eye relief will have to be longer to compensate.
While not technically a scope, red-dot sights and holographic sights have advantages as well. They allow the shooter to shoot with both eyes open, and since they do not magnify the target, eye relief is not much of an issue. For close in targets under 100 yards these sighting devices are an excellent choice for many hunters and target shooters.
Finally, it is usually a good policy to purchase the best ar 15 scope you can afford. Keep in mind a person almost always gets what they pay for. So make an informed, thoughtful choice before you buy your new scope.


Canon Rebel T5i Digital Camera
Canon EOS Rebel T5i EF-S 18-55 IS STM Kit
Style: with 18-55mm EF-S IS STM Lens
Renew Your Creative Soul
EOS Rebel T5i
- 18 MP APS-C CMOS sensor
- 5 FPS continuous shooting
- 9 point AF system, all cross type
- ISO 100-12800 (expandable to 25600)
- 1080 (30, 25, 24 fps) and 720 (60, 50 fps) HD video (29min limit, H.264 format)
- 3″ articulating touch panel LCD screen with 1,040,000 dots
- Movie Servo AF for continuous focus tracking of moving subjects
Photo enthusiasts rejoice! The new flagship of the spectacular Rebel Line, the EOS Rebel T5i, is here to renew your artistic side with amazing imaging features and full-featured functionality. Users will be impressed at how simple and intuitive it is to create breathtaking photos with ease. The incredible image quality and performance starts with an 18.0 Megapixel CMOS (APS-C) sensor and Canon’s superb DIGIC 5 Image Processor. Combined with an extensive ISO range of 100–12800 (expandable to 25600 in H mode), the EOS Rebel T5i boasts crisp, detailed images, even in low-light situations. A continuous shooting speed of up to 5.0 fps allows for fast action capture. 9 cross-type AF focus points help ensure crisp focus throughout the frame, and the Hybrid CMOS AF system enables speedy and accurate autofocus when shooting in Live View mode. In addition, the camera is compatible with Canon STM lenses for smooth, quiet AF performance. And the performance doesn’t stop with photos. EOS Full HD Movie mode with Movie Servo AF makes shooting high quality movies easy, and the brilliant Vari-angle Touch Screen 3.0-inch Clear View LCD monitor II makes composing fun. Seven Creative Filters, now viewable in real time, puts composition control directly in your hands and is just one of the many features of the EOS Rebel T5i that is sure to renew your creative soul.
Amazing Capture and Processing Power.
18.0 Megapixel CMOS (APS-C) sensor
The EOS Rebel T5i features Canon’s amazing 18.0 Megapixel CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) sensor. Perfect for enlargements or for cropping detailed portions of the composition, the camera’s sensor captures images with exceptional clarity and tonal range. This first-class sensor features many of the same technologies used by professional Canon cameras to maximize each pixel’s light-gathering efficiency and has center pixels that aid in the EOS Rebel T5i’s accurate AF performance. This APS-C size sensor creates an effective 1.6x field of view (compared to 35mm format).
14-bit A/D Conversion
With 14-bit analog-to-digital conversion, the EOS Rebel T5i captures and records images with remarkable gradations and detail in subtle tones and colors, resulting in more realistic and detailed images. By recording up to 16,384 colors per channel, the EOS Rebel T5i ensures that the fine detail found in subjects like foliage, sky and water are preserved and recorded with a tremendous level of accuracy, ensuring gorgeous results.
ISO 100–12800 and expandable to 25600 in H mode
Thanks to its DIGIC 5 Image Processor, the EOS Rebel T5i features an expanded ISO range of ISO 100–12800 (expandable to 25600 in H mode) that makes shooting possible in situations previously unthinkable without flash. The EOS Rebel T5i, with the DIGIC 5 Image Processor’s remarkable noise-reduction technology, performs brilliantly in low-light shooting. Used with one of Canon’s EF or EF-S lenses with Optical Image Stabilizer, the EOS Rebel T5i can record beautiful images even when light sources are scarce.
DIGIC 5 Image Processor
The EOS Rebel T5i’s DIGIC 5 Image Processor works with the camera’s CMOS sensor to deliver images with incredible detail in more situations, without the need for artificial light sources. With the power of the DIGIC 5 Image Processor, the EOS Rebel T5i can achieve higher ISO sensitivity, can shoot up to 5.0 fps continuously and can even perform advanced functions like HDR Backlight Control, art filters, lens correction and much more. The camera’s brilliant imaging core supercharges every facet of still and moving image capture.
The Speedy Rebel!
High-speed continuous shooting
The EOS Rebel T5i can shoot up to 5.0 frames per second, continuously. Thanks to the enhanced shutter mechanism, mirror drive and camera sensor, the EOS Rebel T5i is ready for action; whether capturing that perfect expression, the game’s winning goal, or the bride walking down the aisle, the EOS Rebel T5i delivers the speed and performance to guarantee results.


Underwater Vision: Why Eyesight Goes Blurry
As any scuba diver or snorkeler will surely tell you, underwater vision can be a fascinating and rewarding experience. The reason why your unaided vision goes blurry underwater requires a basic discussion of the behaviour of light rays and the human eye.
Bend It Like the Ocean
Light rays bend when they travel from one medium to another, with the amount of bending determined by the refractive indices of the two media. Since water as a medium has approximately the same refractive index as a human cornea—one of the eye’s integral components that focuses images on the retina—it effectually eliminates the eye’s ability to focus during underwater vision. This is because underwater images are focused far behind the retina, resulting in a condition referred to as hyperopia, where incoming rays of light reach the retina before they converge into a focused image.
How Do Sea Creatures See?
Water absorbs light much faster than air and also scatters it into three dimensions. Thus, the eyes of most sea creatures evolved in a rather darkened realm where air pressure changes significantly as the creatures move up and down in the water.
Unlike humans, fish eyes are quite basic in that they have a fixed iris. As such, fish adjust to variations in light levels differently than us. However, along their flanks fish also have lateral lines, which are very sensitive to sound and movement and augment awareness, perhaps evolutionarily necessitated due to their relatively basic mode of vision.
The Diver’s Eye
As many divers know, by wearing a flat diving mask or goggles, humans can see very clearly underwater. The reason for this is that such a mask creates a layer of air separating one’s eyes from the surrounding water. This allows for minimal blurriness and bending of light rays, allowing you to see as much as you do above water.
In fact, most divers wearing a nice pair of goggles will even remark about how their vision under a clear body of water actually improves or magnifies. The reason for this is wearing a flat scuba mask or goggles will cause objects underwater to generally appear up to 33 percent larger and 25 percent closer than they actually are. So no, that pufferfish is probably not as large (or as terrifying) as it appears in the goggles’ magnification.
Vision Above Water
Of course, if you are among those unfortunate sufferers of hyperopia outside of the water, contact the experts at LASIK MD for a consultation to see if you are a candidate for laser vision correction.


Today, with "Divalenza", we are talking about colored gemstones. The importance of an understanding, an appreciation and a keen perception of color to a gemologist should be obvious. Experience has proved that there are important dividends to the jeweler who makes a study of gemstone colors. In the western world, women tend to be much more conscious of color than men, with the result that they usually develop a much keener color perception.
Briefly, color is a sensation resulting from a stimulation of the eye by certain wavelengths of visible light. To better understand this phenomenon, the eye can be visualized as consisting of three types of receptors, each sensitive to approximately one-third of the visible spectrum, and a fourth type that registers brightness. If the three color receptors are stimulated equally, a balanced sensation is created that the brain interprets as white or colorless.
If they are stimulated unequally, the perception of color results. For example, when the eye is exposed to a beam of light consisting predominantly of the longer (red) wavelengths of the visible spectrum, the sensation is red; if the radiation contains equal intensities of both red and yellow, a color that is intermediate between the two (orange) is perceived.
Divalenza would explain to you that an object by itself has no color; instead, its color, as perceived by our eye, is the result of the specific wavelengths of light that the object can mirror or transmit. Those wavelengths not transmitted by the object, are absorbed by it. This partial absorption of certain wavelengths of light by an object that produces its color is referred to as selective absorption and it accounts for the color of all objects other than luminous bodies.
Divalenza teaches that to point out the typical color of a gemstone, it is necessary to light it up by a source holding approximately an equal amounts of all the wavelengths of visible light. Daylight or its equivalent is used as the standard for color observation. Special artificial light sources that put out only a small range of wavelengths (e.g., the sodium-vapor lamps used in some cities for street illumination) produce only a portion of the wavelengths settled in sunlight; therefore, objects that normally appear as red or green in daylight for example, do not appear in their true color under these special lamps.
According to Divalenza direction, it's not so difficult to understand the color of gemstones. The key for getting this lies in the fact that most substances transmit and reflect by the visible wavelengths of light, some are more readily than others. The predominant wavelengths stimulate the corresponding receptors in the eye to a greater extent, and thus we perceive the object as being of that color.
The term colorless is applied to transparent (or, for all practical purposes, nearly transparent) substances that transmit equally well a balanced spectrum of visible light; for example, a diamond without body color and a pane of glass.
In the sun's spectrum, which can be observed by passing a beam of sunlight through a glass prism to separate the various wavelengths, the average person can identify approximately 128 different hues, ranging from violet through red. Several combinations of red and violet that are not found in the sun's spectrum but that are observed elsewhere in nature and in man-made products account for approximately 22 additional hues. In other words, the average person can tell 150 real hues.
The 150 pure hues Divalenza is talking about, should not be confused with the total number of colors human eye can observe, since any given pure hue can vary from light to dark and from dull to intense. The total number of variations, or coloro, that are noticeable by an average person, is estimated at approximately 1,000,000. Fortunately, for practical purposes, we do not have to be concerned with such fine distinctions as would be involved in separating one million colors. Instead, we are only concerned with general classifications, each of which encompasses a large number of these colors.


Polarized sunglasses are a type of eyewear that have lenses that are treated with a special chemical film that helps reduce glare. Glare is caused by light that is reflected off of surfaces such as water, snow, and the hood of a car.
When light is reflected off of these surfaces, it becomes polarized, meaning that the light waves are aligned in a particular direction.
Polarized sunglasses lenses are able to filter out this polarized light, which can reduce glare and improve visibility. They are often used for outdoor activities such as driving, fishing, and skiing, as well as for everyday wear.
Polarized sunglasses are good for a variety of activities, particularly those that take place outdoors. Some of the benefits of polarized sunglasses include:
Reduced glare: As mentioned, polarized lenses are able to filter out polarized light, which can reduce glare and improve visibility. This can be particularly useful for activities such as driving, fishing, and skiing, where glare can be a distraction or even a hazard.
Improved contrast: Polarized lenses can also enhance contrast, which can make it easier to see details and colors more vividly. This can be helpful for activities such as golf, where being able to see the contours of the green can be important.
UV protection: Most polarized lenses also offer protection from UV rays, which can damage the eyes and skin over time. Wearing polarized sunglasses can help protect your eyes from the harmful effects of UV radiation.
Comfort: Polarized lenses can also help reduce eye fatigue, as they can make it easier to see in bright, glare-prone environments. This can be especially beneficial for those who spend long periods of time outdoors.
Learn more about polarized lenses.


Casair has the staff, equipment, and experience for any size fiber optic deployment and has been providing this as a core service since 1988.
Casair has a full staff of certified and professionally trained fiber optic and cable installers capable and experienced in installation and cabling.
The Inside and Outside Plant Managers at Casair maintain a 35' bucket truck and 61' hydraulic lift as part of its fleet and carries a mass fusion splicer, boring equipment, re-generation equipment, lasers, hand holes, splice cases, fiber switches, OTDR locators and all the equipment for your deployment needs in stock in its warehouse.
Casair provides turn key solutions for network fiber optics and is fully versed in the deployment of T1's, DS3's, Demarc extensions, POTS lines and has worked with single mode and multi-mode optics along with all types of CAT5 and CAT6 cabling. Casair has experience with aerial, underground, fiber to towers and is skilled in all things fiber optics.


I have already introduced you to retinal scanning in my previous post The King of Biometrics. However retinal scanning has a younger more lighthearted brother: the iris scan.
To most people scanning of the eye is all the same and people constantly mix up the terms iris and retina scans (even the U.S. Army did it see Biometric Army), my hope is that after reading this post you will never make the same mistake.
So let’s start by defining what an iris is as compared to the retina. I found a picture that is a good representation of this. If you look at someone’s eye, the colored section you see is the iris. That is what is scanned using an iris scanner. Behind someone’s eye is the retina, and this cannot be seen with the naked eye. That is why retinal scanners use IR rays in order to generate an image of the retina.
Now you know the major difference between the two technologies. However I am not going to stop there. I will tell you how you can easily distinguish between the two technologies if you saw someone using them.
A retinal scanner is considered more intrusive and is also slower. For a retinal scan the subject’s eye generally has to be within 3 inches of the scanner and the subject has to focus on a point of green light that he/she would see in the scanner. The retinal scanner scans about 400 reference points that it uses for identification processes and it takes about twenty seconds.
As compared to the retinal scanner an iris scanner is a lot faster taking only about two seconds. The iris scanner can be used from a much farther distance of up to two feet and uses about 240 reference point.
So basically if the scan is taken at a very short distance and if the scan takes a little while then it is a retinal scan, and if it is done at a longer distance and is instantaneous then it is an iris scan. Now hopefully you will never make the mistake of misidentifying the two technologies.
Iris scan sounds better doesn’t it? It is faster and cheaper but also less accurate. As I described in King of Biometrics retinal scanners are basically foolproof, which leads to an interesting post that is coming up (stay tuned).


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- This event has passed.
Cat A6 – Walk Your Pet
October 14, 2016 @ 8:00 am
Walk Your Pet
“Walk Your Pet” is a Robotic Pet that follows the direction of the light. The eyes of the Robotic Pet are fitted with light sensors (LDR) that sense the absence and presence of light.
In this challenge, student will calibrate and optimise speed of the Robotic Pet over a series of line profiles that ranges from straight line to curved line or zig-zagged line. The direction of the Robotic Pet is guided by shining the light over the light sensor. The Robotic Pet will run along path guided by the light and the fastest Pet to complete the path will be crowned the overall winner.
This event requires pre-registration, please contact [email protected] for more info.


Fresnel’s biprism in this experiment forms two virtual images of the point source; A1 and A2, both in the plane of the focus of the lens. These two. Fresnel biprism is used to divide the wavefront of a monochromatic, coherent beam of What is meant by the virtual source in Fresnels Biprism experiment? 2. The Fresnel biprism experiment was one of the early experiments which demonstrated the phenomenon of interference between two coherent light beams.
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Mount with scale on slide mount.
The lens is moved along the length of bench to a position where epxeriment images of slits are seen in the plane of cross wires of eye piece. Measure the distance between the virtual light sources and, using this and the interference pattern, determine the wavelength of red light.
NPTEL :: Basic courses(Sem 1 and 2) – Engineering Physics I (Experiment)
Colour filter set, additive red, blue, green. Fresnel’s biprism experiment Item no.: Now the lens is moved such that for frssnel position of lens, again two images of slit are seen on eye piece. Engineering Physics by Dr.
Device Name Item no. Determination of wave length of light.
Principle Along with the Fresnel double mirror experiment, this experiment with a Fresnel biprism is another one of historical significance which was performed in the 18th and 19th centuries to demonstrate the wave theory of light.
Register now and keep. By doing it the one wave traverse an extra optical path and the path difference between the two waves is not same and entire fringe pattern shifts. The biprism and the screen in this case an eye piece are also mounted vertically. Light from monochromatic source is made to fall on a thin slit mounted vertically on a rigid optical bench fitted with a scale. This distance between source and eyepiece is directly measured on the optical bench scale.
Your advantages 1 year warranty curricula compliant quality – made in Germany individual service available experiment guides online more than 5. MST-I Nov The students can use the other colour filters e. B Determination of thickness of a thin film: Downloads Catalogue and Software Download. The interference is observed by the division of wave front. To determine the thickness of transparent thin sheet micathe monochromatic source is replaced by white light source.
Slit, width adjustable up to 1 mm. The distance between these two images of slit is measured by setting the vertical cross wire successively on experimenf of images and recording the two positions of cross wire using micrometer.
Read superposition theory in Young double slit experiment, Condition of Maxima and Minima and calculation of Fringe width. Applications of Fresnel’s Biprism. The vertical wire of the eyepiece is made to coincide with one of the fringes and screw of micrometer is moved sideways and number of fringes is counted. The central white fringe is now shifted to another position of cross wire.
Amita Maurya, Peoples University, Bhopal.
Fresnel’s biprism experiment
The eye piece can be moved in the plane perpendicular to the axis of bench using a micrometer based translation stage. A Fresnel Biprism is a thin double prism placed base to base and have very small refracting angle 0. In the second experiment, the wavelength of red light is to be determined.
Can be used for geometric optics on the table, colour mixing and on an optical bench Extension with others sets at anytime, no additional light sources needed, recognition value for students Tasks How can refraction bring about interference of light?
Plate mount biprizm three objects. Bottom with stem for light box.
Description Scope of Supply Downloads and Documents Principle Along with the Fresnel double mirror experiment, this experiment with frdsnel Fresnel biprism is another one of historical significance which was performed in the 18th and 19th centuries to demonstrate the wave theory of light.
Screen, white, x mm. P Required Accessories print. The position of this central white fringe is recorded by focusing the cross wire of eye piece on it and taking this reading of micrometer scale. Newsletter Register now and keep up-to-date with our latest developments.


A protractor may be constructed to measure these angles
directly. It consists of a transparent plate on which lines are
drawn parallel to the principal line containing points of the
same azimuth and curves containing points of the same altitude.
The azimuthal lines are found by plotting the angles in S
and drawing parallels to the principal line SS' through the points
of intersection with the horizon line.
If we take the horizon and principal lines as axes of coor-
dinates and denote the altitude of a point pictured as a by h>
the equation of the curve of altitude h may be written
This also is the equation of a hyperbola of which the prin-
cipal and horizon lines are the transverse and conjugate axes
and of which the principal point is the center.
One of the hyperbola's branches represents the points above
the horizon 'and the other branch those of equal altitude below
156 PHOTOTOPOGRAPHIC METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS.
The asymptotes are lines intersecting each other at the prin-
cipal point and making angles equal to h with the horizon line.
This hyperbola is the intersection by the picture plane of the
cone of visual rays forming the angle h with the horizon.
These hyperbolic curves of equal altitude may be obtained by
computation, using the preceding formula and substituting
different values for h, or they may be obtained graphically by
plotting a series of points for each curve, reversing the construc-
tion given above for finding the altitude of the pictured point a,
Fig. 73, Plate XL. The angular distance between the lines
representing points of equal azimuths or those of the same
altitude depends on the degree of precision aimed at.
The complete protractor is shown in Fig. 74, Plate XL. It
may be made in the same manner as mentioned for the per-
spectometer by drawing it on paper on a large scale, reducing
it by photography, and finally making a transparency by bleach-
ing the negative in bichloride of mercury.
D. Method of V. Legros for Locating the Horizon Line of a
Vertically Exposed Plate.
Commandant Legros recommends the use of these hyper-
bolic curves for the location of the horizon line of a vertically
When the camera with the photographic plate adjusted in
vertical plane is rotated horizontally, the plate remaining ver-
tical, any point a, Fig. 74, Plate XL, will describe a hyperbola
aa' in the picture plane (on the ground -glass plate). The
nearer a approaches the horizon line the smaller the curvature
of its hyperbolic trace on the ground-glass plate will become,
and that point, a, which traverses the ground-glass plate in
a straight line, HH', will have the same elevation as the second
nodal point of the camera-lens its angle of elevation will be= -fO,
or HH' will be the horizon line of the plate.
To locate the horizon line experimentally in this way the
GRAPHICAL ICONOMETRICAL PLOTTING METHODS. 157
ground glass is best provided with a series of equidistant hori-
zontal and vertical lines, after the manner of Dr. Le Bon's ground-
E. Pro). S. Finsterwalder 's Method jor the Iconometric Plotting
oj Horizontal Contours.
Prof. Finsterwalder's method for plotting horizontal contours
is well adapted for the development of the terrene forms of a
moderately rolling country and it is based upon the following
The pictured outline of a terrene form may be regarded as
the trace of the terrene surface in a plane (picture plane) ver-
tical to the plotting or ground plane.
The camera stations should be specially selected with refer-
ence to the use of this method with a view toward obtaining
pictures with a sufficient number of such outlines, or silhouettes,
of the terrene forms to enable the iconometric draughtsman to
give a good definition of the relief of the terrene to be plotted.
These terrene-form silhouettes may be regarded as falling
within vertical planes and the rays drawn from the point of
view to the pictured points of the silhouette will form a cone,
with apex in the second nodal point of the lens (or point of view),
its base being formed by the pictured outline (silhouette) of the
terrene. A horizontal plane containing a contour A will inter-
sect such a cone of rays in a curve B, the latter touching A in
If we designate by h the difference in elevation between
the station (whence the picture was obtained) and the hori-
zontal contour A, by ft the vertical angle of each radial or visual
ray drawn to each point of the silhouette, then the curve B may
be plotted on the working-sheet by laying off, upon a few rays,
from the plotted station to points of the pictured outline the
h cot 0,
158 PHOTOTOPOGRAPHIC METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS.
and the points thus located on the radials drawn from the sta-
tion point, if connected by a continuous line, will represent the
curve B, plotted in horizontal plan.
The direction of the silhouetted outline is now plotted on
the plan, and where it bisects this curve B will be a point of
the contour A. As we, naturally, would draw not only one
curve B but a series of them corresponding to several horizontal
planes, passing through a series of contours A of various ele-
vations, the construction may be simplified, inasmuch as the
curves B being the lines of intersection of the same cone of
rays with a series of parallel planes containing the horizontal
contours will all be similar in shape, their corresponding points
having the same relative positions with reference to the plotted
station, and the value h cot ft need only be determined for one
point of the remaining curves B if one curve B had been drawn ;
the others will be parallel to it.
THE general theory and laws of optics as applied to lenses
are the same whether the latter are to be mounted in telescopes
or in photographic cameras. The camera may even be regarded
as an incomplete telescope, lacking only a suitable eyepiece to
convert it into a telescope.
Still, photographic lenses are to fulfill requirements differing
widely from those of telescopes, the main difference being in
the field commanded by either. As only the central part of a
telescopic lens is utilized for observing, comprising a field of
but a few degrees, spherical and chromatic aberration do not
affect the latter. Phototopographic lenses, however, should
command as wide an angle as possible (over 60) and still pro-
duce geometrically true perspectives without distortion, with a
sharp definition, a uniformly bright illumination for the entire
plane surface of the sensitive plate, and with a great depth of
Rapidity in the action of the camera-lens being desirable,
but not of essential importance for surveying purposes, the
quality of the lens will in a great measure determine the value
of the photogrammeter or photographic surveying camera.
A. The Refractive Index.
With reference to Fig. 75, Plate XLI, we designate by AB
the refractive surface, by 57 the incident ray, by IP the refracted
ray, by CC\ the perpendicular to the refractive surface in the
point where the incident ray SI enters the second medium, by a
l6o PHOTOTOPOGRAPHIC METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS.
the angle included between the perpendicular CC\ and the inci-
dent ray SI, and by /? the angle of refraction.
75 being equal to IP = r, the ratio of the sines of the angles a
and /? may be expressed by the ratio of the lines DS and EP,
or, in other words,
For all angles a, larger and smaller than the one indicated
in Fig. 75, Plate XLI, the ratio between DS and EP will be
the same for the same two substances.
This constant ratio is termed the " refractive index " of the
two substances that are separated by the refractive surface AB.
The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the emergent ray (coming
from the same source) are all in one plane.
When speaking of the refractive index of any one medium
in optics, it is always to be understood that the incident ray
has passed through air (or space). Thus we have, approxi-
mately, if the refractive index for air or space be assumed as
unity, the refractive index for
Water, about 1.3
For crown glass, about 1.5
For flint glass. 1.6 to 1.9
For diamond, about 2.4, etc.
This means, for instance, that for any angle a (for any
incident ray SI) the vertical DS is 1.5 times as long as PE if
the ray passes through air and is refracted by crown glass.
B. Refraction of Light-rays.
The preceding consideration enables us to find the means
for changing the course of light-rays by refracting them to any
With reference to Fig. 76, Plate XLI, we have AB and
A \Bi = refracting surfaces of a piece of plate glass.
The incident ray 57 arrives at the surface AB under an angle
a with the perpendicular 1C (perpendicular to AB in 7). Glass
being denser than air the ray will be refracted toward the per-
THE OPTICAL LENS. l6l
pendicular 1C, continuing in a straight line IE as long as it passes
through this second medium (glass) ; arriving at E it passes from
the denser medium into air and at E it will be refracted away
from the perpendicular EC\ (under an angle a) and continue
in the direction EP, parallel to the incident ray SI.
By changing the direction or position of one or of both sur-
faces of the denser medium (glass) the final direction of EP
may be given any course, since the equation
- ~ = w = refractive index
must always be fulfilled.
It becomes plain that the change in the direction of EP from Sf
will increase directly with the angle included between the two
refractive surfaces AB and AiBi.
In Fig. 77, Plate XLI, this change in direction is shown for
three different glass prisms shaped in such a way that their
refractive angles not only decrease from A toward B, but have
been given such values that the three rays emanating from a
certain luminous point 5, after refraction, converge to one
A point P, where several converging rays (originally ema-
nating from a point 5 in space) intersect one another, is termed
an " image point."
C. The Optical Lens.
If the directions not only of three, Fig. 77, Plate XLI, but
of an infinite number of light-rays emanating from a luminous
point S are to be so changed that all will converge into a point P,
we will have to superimpose an infinite number of prisms one
upon the other. The heights of these prisms will have to be
made infinitesimally small and the refractive angles of two neigh-
boring ones will differ by an infinitesimal small amount.
This means that the broken lines AB and ABi, Fig. 77,
162 PHOTOTOPOGRAPHIC METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS.
Plate XLI, will become curves, and a piece of glass with its
two faces shaped in such a manner that all light pencils ema-
nating from the same point S will converge to meet in its image
point P is termed an optical lens.
Evidently such a lens is a body formed by rotating the fig-
ure ABB i, composed of an infinite number of prism sections,
about the line BB i as axis. This axis of rotation is termed
the optical axis of the lens, and the latter may be considered
as composed of concentric zones or rings with spherically shaped
outer surfaces. The question now arises what form should
be given the figure ABBi to obtain a lens that will produce optical
images of luminous points.
Opticians can produce in the manufacture of lenses only
spherical surfaces with any degree of precision; therefore all
optical lenses are inclosed by spherical surfaces. Still, spherical
lenses produce well-defined and sharp images of luminous points
only within certain limits, limits between which the spherical
surface approaches very closely that ideal shape which is best
adapted for the purpose in view, but which cannot be manu-
factured owing to mechanical difficulties encountered in the
grinding or cutting process of the lens. In our superficial treat-
ment of the laws of optics considered inasmuch as they apply
to phototopography only we shall assume that the spherical
lenses are optically perfect and of a small thickness.
The deduction of the optical laws governing the action of
lenses of various shapes would require complicated computa-
tions; still, at least a general consideration of certain optical
laws and facts should not be omitted in this treatise on photo-
topography, in order to better elucidate the formation of the
optical images and to determine such elements of the photo-
graphic lens as will be needed in iconometric plotting.
Generally speaking, we meet with so-called simple lenses
and with combinations or sets of lenses in photography. The
symmetrical combinations are preferable for topographic sur-
veying purposes, as they command a wider field or larger view
OPTICAL DISTORTION. 163
angle and as they are less affected with distortion and aberration
than is generally the case with the simple or single lenses.
D. Optical Distortion.
So-called " spherical aberration " is more commonly pro-
duced by those light rays which pass through the marginal zone
of the lens, as this part of the lens is less perfect than the cen-
tral part. Spherical aberration may be reduced by decreasing the
effective diameter of the lens which is generally done by insert-
ing a so-called " diaphragm " between the lenses forming the
combination, or by a reduction of the curvature of the faces of
Lenses corrected for spherical aberration are known as
In so-called " chromatic aberration " the different color
rays which compose the white light are unevenly refracted, and
colored, ill-defined images are the result.
Lenses corrected for chromatic aberration are termed achro-
Probably the greatest source of error introduced into photog-
raphy is due to distortion of the image when using an inferior
lens. It is caused primarily by the greater refraction in the
direction toward the optical axis of those light-rays which pass
through the marginal or border zones of the lens. When the
image on the ground glass of a test-screen of the form shown
in Fig. 78, Plate XLII, assumes the form indicated in Fig. yg r
Plate XLII, so-called " pin-cushion distortion " has taken place,
whereas an image of the form shown in Fig. 80, Plate XLII,
is produced by " barrel-shape distortion." A lens affected by
either is unfit for phototopographic purposes.
Commandant Moessard has invented an ingenious little con-
trivance the tourniquet by means of which the field or
angle that is affected by distortion of the image may readily
be determined experimentally.
164 PHOTOTOPOGRAPHIC METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS.
Astigmatic distortion in an image is produced when well-
defined images of the lateral points of an image may be obtained
for two different positions of the ground -glass plate, and yet
neither of these two images of the same .points will represent
the true shape of the original. Using a test-screen of the shape
shown in Fig. 81, Plate XLII, radial distortion will be shown,
Fig. 82, Plate XLII, for one position of the f ocusing-glass ;
the distortion will be in directions radiating from the center
of the ground-glass plate. In the other position of the focusing-
glass tangential distortion will be observed, Fig. 83, Plate
XLII; the distortions will appear in directions at right angles
to the directions radiating from the center of the ground-glass
plate. Both radial and tangential distortions increase from the
center toward the extraaxial zones of the lens.
Lenses corrected for astigmatic distortion are termed anastig-
The distortion shown in Fig. 84, Plate XLIII, of the image
of the test-screen, Fig. 81, Plate XLII, is due to imperfect regis-
tering of two lenses composing a double lens; the component
lenses are not " centered."
The Zeiss anastigmatic lens has a perfectly flat field. That
is to say, if the ground glass has been focused for the sharp
definition of a central point, extraaxial points will also be well
defined on the focusing-plate.
Nearly all the older lens types were characterized by more
or less curvature of the field, which means the focal length when
focusing for a central point would be longer than when focusing
for sharp definitions of a marginal point shown on the image
NODAL POINTS AND NODAL PLANES OF A LENS. 165
E. Nodal Points and Nodal Planes of a Lens.
Formerly the thickness of a lens was disregarded when inves-
tigating its action upon light- rays passing through it and it was
generally assumed that the central rays those passing through
the so-called " optical center " of a lens suffered no change
Lenses are generally regarded as being bounded by two
spherical surfaces. If both sides are convex (the lens is thicker
in the center than at the edge) it is termed a biconvex or
positive lens, Fig. 85, Plate XLIII.
If the spherical surfaces are concave on both sides of the
lens (its center is thinner than its edge) it will be a biconcave
or a negative lens, Fig. 89, Plate XLV.
Fig. 86, Plate XLIII, represents the cross-section of a con-
cave-convex or a periscopic convex lens, the convex surface
having a shorter radius than the concave surface, the lens
being thicker at its center than at its margin. When the con-
cave surface has the shorter radius the lens would be called
convex-concave. The principal 'elements of a lens (Figs. 85 and
86, Plate XLIII) are:
First. The geometrical centers; they are the centers C
and Ci of the spherical surfaces forming the faces of the
The line passing through C and Ci is termed the principal
axis of the lens.
Second. The vertices A and B of the lens are the inter-
sections of the principal axis with the two spherical lens
Third. The thickness AB of the lens is the distance between
the vertices of the lens.
A lens is centered " when the plane PP, passing through the
circumference of the lens passing through the circular line of
1 66 PHOTOTOPOGRAPHIC METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS.
intersection of the two lens surfaces is intersected by the prin-
cipal axis at right angles.
A lens-combination is centered when the planes PP\ of the
individual lenses are parallel and if they are intersected by the
principal axis at right angles.
The foci of the separate lenses should also fall upon the
principal axis or the images of the discs shown on the test-screen,
Fig.. 81, Plate XLII, will show so-called " flare spots," some-
what like those represented in Fig. 84, Plate XLIII.
A large flare spot, or halo, in the center of an image or
picture may be produced by halation, caused by light- rays that
have passed through the diaphragm aperture being reflected from
the lens surfaces.
There exist certain relationships between the curvature of a
lens, the distance of a luminous point from the lens, and the
distance of its image from the lens which we will now briefly
An incident ray SI, Fig. 85, Plate XLIII, will be refracted
at / toward the radius R ( = Co/), glass being a denser medium
than air; it will continue through the lens in the direction /,
and the emergent ray EP will be parallel to the incident ray SI.
The radii CI and C\E are also parallel. The point C , where
the refracted part IE of the light-ray intersects the optical axis
of the lens, is known as the optical center of the lens and
the following relation exists between its distances from the geo-
metrical centers and the radii of the two lens surfaces :
The triangles ICoC and EC$C\ are similar.
Every lens has two nodal points N and NI, Figs. 85 and
86, Plate XLIII, on the optical axis of the lens. The rays reach-
ing the first nodal point N from luminous points S in space
are parallel with the rays connecting the second nodal point NI
with the corresponding images P of the luminous points.
NODAL POINTS AND JSTODAL PLANES OF A LENS. 167
Hence a negative produced by an optical-lens system may
be regarded as a central projection or as a perspective image
(the center of which coincides with the second nodal point NI),
Fig. 88, Plate XLIV.
The positions of the nodal points will be constant for all
rays that make a small angle with the optical axis of the lens
(for all rays passing through the small aperture of a diaphragm).
The distances of the nodal points from the corresponding ver-
tices of the lens are constants and their values are given by the
equations (Fig. 85, Plate XLIII)
where n is the refractive index from air into glass, or w=f.
As the distances of the nodal points from the optical center
and CoNi) will be small they may sometimes become
inappreciable or=o we may omit the factors and * *
from the equations (when CoN=o and CVVi=o the factors
7^77- and * ~ l will become =i), hence
A close approximation to the distance between the nodal
points will be
1 68 PHOTOTOPOGRAPHIC METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS.
The planes and the points of a lens system are numbered
in the sense of the direction of the incident rays. With refer-
ence to Fig. 87, Plate XLIV, the light is supposed to be coming
from the left, hence
N = first nodal point;
F= first principal focus;
FG= first focal plane;
H U NK= first nodal plane, whereas
NI = second nodal point; ,
FI = second principal focus, etc.
Lengths are considered plus, or positive, if they extend in
the sense of the direction of the incident rays, and minus, or
negative, if they extend in the opposite direction. With refer-
ence to Fig. 87, Plate XLIV, where the light comes from the
left, we have
FN=-f and F^i^+fr.
The nodal planes (passing through the nodal points and
intersecting the principal axis at right angles) coincide with the
principal planes if the extreme or outer medium of the optical
lens system is the same, which is the case in photography where
air surrounds the lens.
F. Principal Foci and Focal Planes of a Lens.
The principal foci F and FI of a biconvex or positive
lens, Fig. 87, Plate XLIV, are two points on the optical axis
one on either side of the lens where those incident rays con-
verge which arrive at the refractive lens surface in a course
parallel to the optical axis.
In Fig. 87, Plate XLIV, the ray S'I IV , coming from a lumin-
ous point S' at infinite distance from the lens, traverses a path
parallel in its course to the optical axis FF\ of the lens, and
THE FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS. 169
after refraction converges to the point FI', while a similar ray
PE", coming from the opposite direction in a course parallel
with the optical axis, converges to F.
The planes FG and FiGi, passing through the foci F and FI
and intersecting the optical axis FFi at right angles, are termed
G. The Focal Length of a Lens.
FN and FiNi, Fig. 87, Plate XLIV, are termed focal
lengths and they are generally designated by the letter /. The
value of the focal length is expressed by the equation
When this value for /i becomes positive it is an indication
that the incident rays, when coming from infinite distance (parallel
with the optical axis), are refracted to converge to the principal
focus of the lens.
A negative value for /i would indicate that the rays entering
the lens in a course parallel to its optical axis diverge from the
For thin lenses (the distance between A and B, Fig. 85,
Plate XLIII, is very small in comparison with the lengths of
the radii R and RI and it may be assumed =o) the formula
for the focal length would read
170 PHOTOTOPOGRAPHIC METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS.
After substitution of f for w, the approximate value for the
refractive index of glass, the approximate value of the focal
length for thin lenses would be
H. The Biconvex or Positive Lens.
The image of a point at infinite distance from the biconvex
lens is on the opposite side of the lens and falls together with
its principal focus.
When the distant luminous point approaches the lens the
image will recede, at first slowly, but more rapidly the nearer
the luminous point advances toward the lens, and by the time
the original point will have reached a distance from the lens
equal to its double focal length, its image will have moved to a
point beyond the lens, also at a distance of the double focal length.
When the luminous point continues to approach the lens within
the double focal distance range, its image moves faster and
faster beyond the double focal distance on the opposite side of
the lens, and when the luminous point finally falls together
with the first focus (F) the image will disappear at infinite dis-


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To follow up on my post just above:
Luke, I did find the video on YouTube showing how the camera comes apart. The back panel where the connectors are snaps apart from the main housing, but not easily. I was interested to note that in one of my V1 cameras I had two IR LEDs, and in another one I had four. Two different versions of the hardware I guess.
My goal in getting at the IR LEDs was to disconnect them so I could run the camera behind a glass window in night view mode (black and white with enhanced sensitivity), while mounting a high powered IR floodlight mounted outside to light up the driveway at night. I purchased an 850nm IR floodlight from Amazon (the one with 198 LEDs in a rectangular frame which takes 12 volts DC). Once I had the camera IR LEDs disconnected (by carefully cutting the circuit board path on one end of the LED), I mounted it behind the window and temporarily rigged the IR floodlight outside.
I was very disappointed in the results because it seemed like the light wasn’t powerful enough. While it seemed to work fine in testing inside the house, once I had it set up outside it seemed like it was barely on. Then it hit me-- the double pane “low e” glass in my vinyl replacement windows was blocking a lot of the IR light getting back inside to the camera. So I temporarily moved the camera to be looking out a completely open window, and voila, I had a great night time image. Far better than you could get with just the IR LEDs mounted in the front of the camera.
So the bottom line is with these cameras-- if you’re planning on installing a high intensity IR light source outside, make sure the camera is also outside with it, if you have typical double pane windows. For now, I’m looking at various outdoor mounts and a location for the camera which I had hoped to avoid by disabling the camera’s IR LEDs and mounting it inside.


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