Eye Surgical treatment has actually come to be a mainstream technique of vision correction, as well as this write-up will certainly explain the benefits and also negative aspects of 3 various techniques being offered to the clinical customer.
Lasik Eye Surgical procedure
LASIK is the acronym for Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis as well as is an eye medical system which permanently deals with vision by removing a slim layer of the cornea. This treatment functions best on people with modest to high levels of nearsightedness (nearsightedness), low to moderate degrees of hyperopia (farsightedness) and also astigmatism associated with nearsightedness, and also who have thick corneas. It is the most popular surgical vision modification method.
People with typical eye view see objects clearly because pictures are brought into a right focal point by the cornea as well as lens of the eye. Ideally, the cornea's curvature is uniformly matched to its size in a regular eye. Individuals with astigmatism, nearsightedness or hyperopia have actually off-and-on formed corneas, so the items seen are not concentrated properly. LASIK changes corneal form by accurate removal of corneal cells, and also by doing so corrects the eyes' concentrating power.
There are, nonetheless, threats to LASIK eye surgical procedure.
There is a remote possibility of total loss of vision. If this occurs, it is typically since the person had a pre-existing condition which must have prevented the surgical treatment in the first place, such as pregnancy, cataracts, arthritis, diabetic issues, glaucoma, or lupus. People with large pupils are likewise inadequate candidates for LASIK. Dry eye disorder will be worsened by this treatment.
A couple of people complain that they completely see "ghost" images, have obscured vision, diminished contrast and also bad evening vision. When LASIK wased initially introduced, 5% of people had post-operative grievances; nonetheless, refinements in the procedure have triggered this price to drop to less compared to 1% if LASIK is executed by skilled experts and individuals are effectively evaluated before surgery. If issues do happen, they could often be resoved by a retreatment.
FDA has actually approved LASIK laser eye surgery since 1998. While there are a lot of pleased clients, there are however no long-term research studies about its effects. Understand the limitations as well as the threats of LASIK eye surgical treatment before you sigh up for the treatment.
Though much less well known, these tiny implants can boost vision in patients with moderate to modest myopia without the danger of irreversible eye damages intrinsic in the cells removal method of LASIK. Intacs are semi-circular disks dental implanted in the cornea which extend it to assume a flatter shape. Though slightly less precise compared to LASIK, they are removeable and also replaceable, so if the patient has an unexpected over- or under-correction, the implant can be removed and also another of a different dimension put to acquire the preferred improvement. The implants are located at the edge of the cornea, so the central visual area is completely undamaged and intact, as well as the toughness of the cornea is undiminished, making it a far better choice for pilots as well as those who engage in contact sporting activities where eye injury is an opportunity.
Intacs disagree for extreme myopia and also more than minor astigmatism (1.00 diopters), as the cornea can only be stretched so far. If the Intacs are eliminated, vision go back you could try here to its preoperative degree. Other than vision improvement, Intacs are likewise utilized to treat keratoconus.
Intacs are FDA authorized as well as 10 year researches have actually disclosed no significant troubles with Intacs as well as few patient grievances; nevertheless, since the treatment takes extra training compared to LASIK, there are less eye surgery centers supplying it. Nonetheless, the Intacs internet site gives a list of specialists in each state, also a few in Canada, Europe and Mexico.
Because many individuals do not intend to take the chance of LASIK and Intacs can not assist those with extreme vision troubles, intraocular lens implants (IOL) are a new choice accepted by the FDA in 2004 to correct moderate to severe nearsightedness. The Artisan lens, manufactured by Ophtec, is similar to the type of lens implant utilized to restore vision following cataract eye Learn More Here surgical treatment.
The new IOL, called the Artisan, is intended for only patients that have 2.5 diopters or much less of astigmatism.
The fabricated lens does not change the natural lens, but is inserted before it. The major issue found with the dental implant was the constant loss of endothelial cells in the corneas of people that got the implants. The endothelium is a layer of cells that line the undersurface of the cornea and also are important in keeping the cornea clear. A three-year research showed a regular consistent loss of endothelial cells of 1.8 percent a year. At this moment, no one can forecast whether this loss will certainly proceed at the very same price indefinitely, or perhaps its influence on corneal feature.
To reduce lasting impacts of the device on the corneal endothelium, the FDA is calling for that the new lenses be labelled to define that they should just be implanted in people whose corneal endothelial cells are thick sufficient to withstand small cell loss.
Much more significant issues were few: retinal detachment (0.6%), cataract advancement (0.6%), and also corneal swelling (0.4%). The FDA is needing Ophtec to perform a five-year follow-up survey of its implant individuals to better evaluate the post-surgical occurrence of cataract development, retinal detachment as well as various other ophthalmic illness.
The Craftsmen lens is intended to be a long-term implant.Though it could be removed surgically, vision might not constantly return to just what it was prior to getting the lens. Because it does not impact astigmatism, people with this problem might still need glasses.


The world is a colorful place, but for kids who are color blind, much less so. Eyewear company EnChroma aims to make the world that much brighter for people with color blindness with their special glasses—and that’s what makes its —glasses for kids with color blindness—so incredibly important.
Also known as color deficiency, being color blind means someone can’t decipher different colors from each other and usually it’s between reds and greens (blues can be also hard to distinguish, depending on the type of color blindness). But when given the option to wear a pair of glasses that increase vibrancy and color discrimination, all that changes.
Don’t believe us? Well grab your box of tissues and sit back to watch Cayson see the world in full color for the very first time in the video below.
A hereditary condition, roughly 1 in 12 males and 1 in 200 females are color blind. Children who manage color blindness can have difficulty in school following notes on the board made in different colors, color-coded instructions and other color-specific activities.
Currently, glasses from EnChroma are the only glasses on the market that enhance colors without disrupting color accuracy. You can see from the video above just how life changing being able to see the full color spectrum––to the point of happy tears!
EnChroma has been making glasses for color blindness for years, and the new Twain style is perfect for smaller faces. Kids are more likely to wear the better-fitting glasses because they are comfortable and more effective.
While the glasses don’t come cheap—children’s pairs start at $269each—it’s a small price to pay to bring the gift of color to life for kids who need it. You can see plenty of more amazing videos of people seeing colors for the first time on the EnChroma Facebook page.
Photos: Courtesy of EnChroma


Cameras that capture infrared radiation invisible to the human eye can be extremely useful in both scientific equipment and consumer technology. For example, they can be successfully used in smartphones, adding a thermal imager function, as well as in cars with autopilot for pedestrian recognition. Manufacturers can not introduce them into their products only because of their high cost, but a group of scientists from the University of Chicago came up with how to reduce the cost of technology and make infrared cameras a mass product.
Since the wavelength of infrared radiation is much shorter than that of visible light, a more advanced camera filling is needed to capture them. In particular, they need several layers of semiconductors, in the manufacture of which often there are errors that lead to high costs. That is why the researchers decided that they should use a different technology to capture short and medium waves of infrared light.
Researchers Xin tan and Philippe Guillot-Sionnest explained that nanoparticles called quantum dots are perfect for this purpose. They are able to adjust to capture waves of different lengths,and this range just includes infrared waves. Short waves provide information about the texture and chemical composition of the object, and the average — about the temperature. The researchers set up two sets of quantum dots on different waves and combined them together, overlaying them in layers on a silicon plate.
Collecting multiple wavelengths in the infrared gives you more spectral information-it’s like making a black and white TV color.
Xin Tang, one of the authors of the project
The researchers claim that this approach significantly reduces the cost of infrared cameras by reducing the cost of materials and saving time. In just a few minutes,you can create a device that will not be inferior to expensive cameras.


“A voyage to Europe in the summer of 1921 gave me the first opportunity of observing the wonderful blue opalescence of the Mediterranean Sea.”– Prof. C V Raman, Nobel Prize in Physics, 1930 (the first non-white, Indian or Asian to receive a Nobel Prize in any branch of Science)
This story begins with a voyage undertaken by C V Raman to the UK in the summer of 1921. Observing the Mediterranean while on board the ship, Raman wondered why the sea was so blue. The initial answer seemed to be that it was due to the scattering of light by water molecules, same as the explanation provided by Lord Rayleigh for why the sky is blue.
To test this explanation, Raman started experiments with his scientific collaborators and students at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta upon his return to India in September 1921. It soon became evident to them that the question was a fundamental scientific problem, and that the molecular scattering of light was a very general phenomenon which could be studied in gases and vapours, as also in liquids and solids.
For the next seven years, Raman and his associates continued to research this question, with many improvements to their scientific apparatus and techniques as they learnt more and more about the subject. In February 1928, Raman announced his findings to the press and sent his experimental data to Nature, where it was published in May 1928. The ‘Raman effect’ as it soon came to be called, was not only a phenomenon in itself, but one of the earliest proofs of the quantum nature of light. By 1929, the Raman effect was independently verified by other researchers, and in 1930 the Nobel followed.
What is the Raman effect?
The Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of light by matter, meaning there is an exchange of energy between a photon of light and a molecule that it strikes. The molecule either gains (usually) or loses energy, so the scattered light has an energy different (usually lower) from the incident light. This changes the frequency and therefore the colour of the scattered light. The change of colour can act as an ‘optical fingerprint’ for the molecule.
Why does all this matter?
This discovery of an optical fingerprint of a material forms the core intellectual property for the field of Raman spectroscopy, which is a non-destructive, in situ method to analyse materials and live tissue. It has many applications that directly and indirectly improve the quality of our lives, including:
Chemistry – to identify molecules and study chemical bonding and intramolecular bonds.
Solid-state physics – to characterise materials and measure temperature.
Biology and medicine – for tissue imaging, wounds characterization and many other uses.
Bio-pharmaceuticals – to identify active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their polymorphic forms, if any.
Investigation of art and heritage works.
Almost 100 years after the original research, Raman spectroscopy remains a vibrant area. Over the years, over 25 variants of Raman spectroscopy have been developed, with new applications being found all the time. The global market for Raman spectroscopy is estimated to be $1.8 billion in 2021, with numerous companies all over the world making a range of products for the above applications.
The original research and intellectual property have been continuously expanded and improved upon by generations of researchers, engineers and entrepreneurs to create an entire industry. And it all began with one man’s curiosity about why the sea is blue.
In my upcoming course, Products, IP and Entrepreneurship, we will be exploring this journey of an idea, through its many stages of nurturing and support, the many challenges it faces along the way, to its final destination as a product and maybe an industry.
Read more about the author of this post, Kiran HR, here.


Low-E glass (low-emissivity glass) is a coating product which is made by coating various layers of metal or other compounds on the glass surface. It has high transmittance to visible light and high reflection to medium/long wave infrared. Compared with ordinary glass, it has excellent thermal-insulation performance and good visible-light transmittance. It is divided into single-silver, double-silver and triple-silver products based on the number of layers, and can be subdivided into various special functional products such as heat preservation, shading, anti-glare and temperable glass.
It can effectively filter out the near-infrared ray in sunlight, reduce the sunshade coefficient while maintaining the visible light transmittance, effectively reduce the heat of the solar radiation, create a comfortable living environment, reduce the cost of summer cooling, and can be used to solve the contradiction between lighting and shading.


Anyone who hunts will inevitably spend time outdoors at night. Whether it be varminting, scouting or tracking a kill, hunters inevitably need to see in the dark. Flashlights work, but they attract attention. Night vision works as well, but animals can stay concealed enough to avoid detection. The one thing they can’t hide: their heat signatures.
Thermal cameras are the high-tech and unbeatable solution for hunters out after dark. Rather than see the light that objects reflect, thermal cameras see the heat they emit. The body heat of animals glow on the screen, through cover and in the middle of the pitch-black night.
9 Great Thermal Cameras for Hunting
1. The Winner
The Reveal by Seek is an entry-level thermal camera. It has a sturdy, rubber-coated case, making it a good choice for hunters who need to find the occasional hot spot at work or in residential settings. It has a detection range of -40 to 626 degrees Fahrenheit, and it can detect targets at a range of 500 feet. Resolution is on the low side at 206x156, but distant objects (like animals) present well on the 2.4-inch color display (with 240x320 resolution).
The Reveal also has an onboard, 300-lumen LED flashlight and can operate for up to 10 hours a fully charged Lithium-ion batteries. The 36-degree field of view is wide enough at distance, but the unit struggles to display images with much clarity up close. Having a fixed, non-zooming focus doesn’t help that issue, but for hunting purposes it is not a problem. The biggest difficulty a hunter might have is with the awkward ergonomics – you look down at the screen and point the top-mounted detector downrange.
- Includes a 300-lumen flashlight
- 500-foot viewing distance is plenty for woodlands
- 10 hours of use per charge
- Broad temperature range for the class
- One of the more affordable thermal cameras
- Micro SD card can be unwieldy
- Awkward to use compared to some
2. FLIR 55903-1022 Model T600-25
Used primarily in industrial applications, the FLIR T600 is a feature-laden thermal imaging camera. It has a 5-megapixel onboard optical digital camera with an LED light for taking comparative pictures in the visible spectrum. The T600 also has 480x360 IR resolution and is capable of thermography at temperatures from -40 to 1202 degrees Fahrenheit and at a plus-or-minus 2 degrees accuracy.
Thermal images and video (30 frames per second) are in full color and stored as either JPEGs or MPEG-4 on a removable SD card. The onboard computer corrects for emissivity (effectiveness at emitting radiation), reflected and atmospheric temperature, relative humidity and object distance. Interfaces include USB-mini, USB-A, Bluetooth, digital video out, and Wi-Fi. Batteries are Lithium-ion, ad the camera can run for 2.5 hours on a single charge (2.5 hours to charge).
Possibly more sensitive than the average hunter needs, the T600 has a spectral range of 7.5 to 14 micrometers. It has an onboard laser for designating targets for measurement. Its 4.3-inch touchscreen has 800x480 resolution, and Multi-Spectral Dynamic Imaging adds visible light to the thermal images. The magnesium body has a rotating (120 degrees) optical block. It’s a lot of camera – for the serious hunter.
- IR resolution among the highest on the market
- Wide, 45-degree field of view
- Full-color images with visible light added
- Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity for FLIR Tools Mobile suite
- Accurate temperature readings for industrial uses
- Costs more than many other thermal imaging systems
- Only 2.5 hours of operation time
3. Seek Thermal Compact
Seek Compact for iOS-Apple
If you haven’t checked out thermal cameras since they cost the same as a small car, this little guy may surprise you. The Seek Compact line turns your cell phone into a thermal camera, plugging into the Lightning port and using the phone’s screen to display images. It has an IR resolution of 206x156 and 36-degree field of view, giving it a 1,000-foot detection range. The CompactXR variant trades a slimmer (20 degrees) field of view for a longer (1,800 feet) detection range.
Images in either option display in full-color, with nine different color-palette options. Image contrast may not be quite as good as some competitors, but the temperature readings are accurate, the lens focuses and the case is waterproof. The Seek Compact stores images and videos on and gets its power from an iPhone. So if your phone is charged, you’re good to go.
- Plugs into iPhone Lightning port
- 1,000-foot detection range great for hunting
- Broader temperature range than many stand-alone units
- Plenty of color-display options
- Affordable and portable thermography
- Nice that it’s waterproof, but the iPhone is not always
- Not compatible with iPhone 8 or later
4. Good Value
Seek Compact Imager for Android
Seek would have been remiss to offer the Compact for the IPhone and not for Android. Just like the other variant, this Compact has 206x156 IR resolution. It produces full-color thermal images, which are customizable in nine different color palettes. Its temperature detection ranges from -40 degrees to 626 degrees Fahrenheit, which is among the best in its class.
These thermal cameras plug directly into the charging ports for Google Nexus, Samsung Galaxy, HTC and Motorola phones. The images are distinct, though they lack the contrast and clarity of some more pricey competitors. With a 1000-foot range (1,800 on the CompactXR) and a 36-degree field of view (20 degrees on CompactXR), the Seek Compact is one of the most affordable entry points into the world of thermal imaging.
- Impressive 1000-foot detection range
- Nine color palettes for customization
- Broad temperature range
- Affordable and portable
- Requires no charging, works on phone’s power
- Not the clearest imaging on the market
- Required app takes some figuring out
5. Monocular Style
FLIR Scout TK
FLIR is a major player in the thermal imaging market, from industrial to individual applications. The Scout TK is a pocket-sized monocular with a 160x120 IR resolution. It is the smallest and lightest option in FLIR’s Scout lineup. The LCD display has a 640x480 resolution, providing good contrast to objects over its 100-yard detection range. There are nine full-color palette options, including InstAlert, which highlights moving objects in the frame.
The Scout TK is waterproof and submersible, with a drop-test rating of two meters. The 20-degree by 16-degree field of view is a bit limited, but the menu buttons are simple and intuitive. A short push of a button captures still images, while a longer push of the same button triggers video recording. Images are stored onboard (no SD card) and transferred to computer via USB. The Lithium-ion battery provides better than five hours of power on a full charge, and the unit takes less than five seconds to power on.
- Compact and portable monocular
- Simple, 4-button operation
- InstAlert notifies user of in-frame motion
- Limited range
- No removable image storage
6. FLIR Systems Thermal Imager
FLIR Scout III 240
The FLIR Scout III offers third-generation thermal optics in a simple-to-use monocular. Its VOx microbolometer has 240x180 IR resolution, and its LCD display has a resolution of 640 x 480 pixels. Submersible and waterproof, the Scout III is drop-test rated at one meter. The 30-hertz video refresh rate is fast and fluid, leading to hassle-free operation.
There are three color palettes to choose from – White Hot, Black Hot and InstAlert. Start-up time is a miniscule 1.5 seconds, and the Lithium-ion battery lasts better than five hours on a full charge. There is no removable image storage. The Scout III has a relatively thin 23-degree field of view, but it will detect a man-sized target out to 383 yards.
- 1000-plus feet detection range
- Excellent definition on LCD display
- InstAlert notifies user of movement in field of view
- Weighs less than one pound
- Next-level thermal imaging – crisp, clear and fluid
- No removable image-storage device (SD card)
- No full-color palettes
7. Extech Instruments FLIR T620 Infrared Thermal Imaging Camera
For the professional electrician or mechanical technician and hunter, FLIR’s T620 is a full-color thermographic camera. Its 640x480 IR resolution is state-of-the-art, and its 4.3-inch LCD display has 800x480 resolution. The 30-hertz refresh rate provides fluid video, which is recorded as MPEG-4 files on a removable mini-SD card. Still images are stored as JPEGs. With all of its onboard features (laser pointer/locator, built-in LED illuminator, voice/text annotation, etc.), it’s no surprise that the Lithium-ion battery lasts only 2.5 hours per charge.
The T620 offers picture-in-picture display and draw-on thermal and digital photos. Users can switch to the visible light spectrum and shoot photos with a 5 megapixel resolution. This thermal camera also offers video streaming via Wi-Fi and has Bluetooth connectivity. Other outputs include digital video out, HDMI and USB 2.0. The field of view is only 15 degrees, but the T620 also has 1x to 4x continuous digital zoom. Operation temperatures range from 5 to 122 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Multiple functions not found on other thermal cameras
- Offers visible-light digital photography
- 4x digital zoom
- Full-color, high-definition imagery
- Fluid, uninterrupted video
- Costs more than most other options
- Short battery life (2.5 hours)
8. Thermal Imaging Camera-Handheld Infrared Camera
Hti-Xintai Handheld Infrared Camera
Chinese maker Hti-Xintai may not be a household name in the U.S., but this thermal camera may change that. With a detection range of -4 to 572 degrees Fahrenheit and an IR resolution of 220 x 160, thermal camera hunting with this unit will be simple and effective. It has five color palettes, including the popular White Heat and Black Heat, as well as full-color options.
The 2.4-inch display screen is also full-color, and there is a removable SD card for image transfer. The 35-degree field of view is wider than most, and the comfortable pistol grip and heads-up display offer convenient and ergonomic use. Battery life is good on the five AA batteries, though Lithium or rechargeable batteries will improve the cost of operation. A handy tripod is also included.
- Good detection range for the cost
- Full color display
- Ergonomic pistol-grip style
- Reads temperature of targets
- Offers visible-light imagery
- From a lesser-known brand
- Relatively low IR resolution
9. Infrared Camera, 70 mK, Fixed
Seek Reveal Pro
Seek’s Reveal Pro is the company’s premier thermal camera. It has 320x240 IR resolution and is adjustable for thermal level, thermal span and emissivity. The rubberized case includes a 300-lumen LED flashlight. There are nine color palettes and a 2.4-inch color display, which is coated in Corning’s Gorilla Glass. Temperatures can be displayed in Fahrenheit, Celsius or Kelvin.
With its variable 4X digital zoom, the Reveal Pro can detect infrared radiation at ranges from 12 inches to 1,800 feet. Its 32-degree field of view is as wide for the category as its temperature range is broad (-40 to 626 degrees Fahrenheit). Like the base-model Reveal, the Pro version has awkward ergonomics. Its operation is a bit like looking down at the remote control as you change TV channels. There is also only 4GB of internal storage available, but it is rechargeable and lasts about four hours per charge – plenty to find a deer in the brush after the sun sets.
- High IR resolution for the category
- Displays in three temperature scales
- Detection range from 12 inches to 1,800 feet
- Tough, non-slip rubber case
- Adjustable thermal-image controls bring out details
- Only 4GB internal storage
- Awkward to operate, especially pointing down
Thermal Camera for Hunting Comparison Chart
|Thermal Camera||Display Screen||Resolution||Weight||Rating|
|FLIR 55903-1022||4.3"||480x360||14.55 pounds||N/A|
|Seek Thermal Reveal||2.4"||240×320||0.16 ounces||8|
|Seek Thermal Compact||N/A||206×156||3.68 ounces||7|
|Seek Compact Imager||N/A||206×156 IR||3.68 ounces||7|
|FLIR Scout TK||N/A||160×120 IR||6.1 ounces||8|
|FLIR Systems||N/A||240×180 IR||1.6 pounds||8|
|Extech Instruments FLIR||4.3"||800×480||N/A||8|
|Hti-Xintai||N/A||220 x 160||14.6 ounces||8|
|Seek Thermal 70 mK||2.4"||320 x 256||12.8 ounces||9|
Thermal Camera Buying Guide
It’s no wonder that hunters would use thermal cameras, but are they really necessary? What is thermal imaging anyway?
Trail cameras use infrared light, which onboard LEDs produce, to illuminate the camera’s field of view. The light the LEDs emit is typically at the low end of the near-infrared spectrum (850 nanometers – 1.4 micrometers). Visible red light is just below the bottom of that threshold, which is why a glowing red light can sometimes be seen around the emitters.
Passive Infrared Sensors
Trail cameras use passive infrared (PIR) sensors as part of their triggering circuitry. They detect the differences in the temperature of the surrounding area and the body heat of an animal passing through the detection zone. The sensor’s face is covered in a pyroelectric material that generates electricity when it is exposed to heat. But their cameras operate just like any other DSLR. Trail cameras see the near-infrared light the emitters cast, and they translate that light into the visible spectrum. Infrared thermography works differently.
Thermal imaging devices and PIR sensors work the same way. They detect long-wave infrared radiation, which has wavelengths between 9 and 14 micrometers – far above that of near-infrared radiation. This area of the spectrum corresponds to the temperatures we experience in everyday life. People, animals, plant life, buildings, etc., all emit long-wave radiation. It is not incorrect to say thermal cameras see heat, but they only see heat that occurs in the long-wave infrared bandwidth.
Unlike night-vision cameras, thermal cameras do not detect light reflected off objects. Night-vision cameras amplify whatever small amounts of light are available, even if it is just starlight, but thermal cameras can work in absolute darkness or broad daylight. Their images are actually displays of the temperature differences in their field of view.
How it Works
Thermal cameras detect the infrared radiation that objects emit, but they also detectthe radiation that they reflect or transfer to objects. The camera’s display is not of the actual temperature of the objects in view. Rather, the camera uses algorithms to approximate all three values (reflected, transmitted and emitted radiation). The image it displays is built from those values. The infrared sensor on a thermal camera works similarly to the PIR sensors on trail cameras and motion detectors.
A bolometer is a sensor that detects electromagnetic radiation. It was invented by the astronomer Samuel Langley in 1878. In its simplest form, a bolometer consists of a thin absorptive element that is attached to a reservoir, which has a constant temperature. When the (typically) metal absorptive layer experiences a rise in temperature, the temperature of the reservoir rises in turn, which is detected with an electric current. The first bolometer could detect the heat of a cow from a distance of a quarter mile.
A microbolometer is a special type of bolometer that thermal cameras use to detect infrared radiation. Microbolometers consist of an array of pixels, each composed of several layers. The outer layer is an infrared absorbing material. A space for cooling is followed by a substrate layer and a readout integrated circuit. An electrode connects the layers for transmitting detected radiation via electric signals. The whole array of pixels is then normally encased in a vacuum.
There are a wealth of materials that manufacturers of microbolometers use for the layers. Some are more sensitive than others, and of course some are more costly than others. Another factor affecting image quality is responsivity, which is a measure of the ability of the detector to convert radiation into an electrical signal. But nothing effects image quality like resolution.
The array of pixels is added up to calculate resolution. Anyone familiar with this concept will naturally assume that higher resolutions equal better images. Consumer-market thermal cameras can have as low as a 160x120 resolution or as high as a 320x240 resolution, and even higher resolutions are available if money is no object.
Having higher resolution does not necessarily equate to producing a better image, though. As microbolometer pixel arrays get more complex, their individual pixels are getting smaller and smaller. Smaller pixels are necessarily less sensitive, though, meaning the images they produce can have more visual noise.
Depending on the sensitivity of the materials in the microbolometer, some thermal cameras can see farther than others. Lower cost is a good indicator of shorter detection ranges, but it is not a guarantee. Ranges can extend from tens of yards for some thermal cameras to more than a thousand yards for others. Hunters should consider their terrain before investing in the ability to thermally image game from half-mile distances. You simply never have line of sight that far in the woods.
Like trail cameras, thermal cameras use many different solutions for their power needs. Some have enclosed Lithium-ion batteries and recharge like your cordless drill. Others use replaceable or disposable batteries. The choice of battery will obviously affect battery life, but no one should expect to get the months-long use from thermal cameras that trail cameras offer. The life spans of thermal cameras are estimated in hours, and are based on constant use.
Thermal cameras may not be the least expensive hunting tools, but there are times when they are indispensable. They make spotting game simple at any time of day or night. They can peer through brush and canopies to see what’s hiding, and they help track and locate animals that might otherwise have been lost. They also have many uses around the house (insulating, leak locating, etc.) that help them pay for themselves over time. Once you spend a little time with a thermal camera, you’ll wonder how you ever lived without it.


Never before Seen Strange Quantum Distortion Observed In Empty Space
A very weird and never before seen phenomenon is known as a vacuum birefringence was observed only on an atomic scale. It’s known to appear around neutron stars with extremely powerful magnetic fields that give rise to a region of empty space to generate matter and then make it disappear.
This polarisation of light in a vacuum related to strong magnetic fields was thought possible as early as the 1930’s by two physicists – Werner Heisenberg and Hans Heinrich Euler. They saw it as a possible product of the quantum electrodynamics (QED) theory. This theory talks about how light and matter interact with each other.
And interestingly enough, this strange quantum distortion has been observed by a team of scientists from Italy and Poland. By making use of the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT), the team was able to observe a neutron star, roughly 400 light-years away. Neutron stars, in general, have very powerful magnetic fields of their own.
According to Einstein and Newton, vacuums are empty space where light passes through without anything to hinder it or affect it in the slightest. But according to quantum electrodynamics, this is not the case. “Empty space” is actually full of virtual particles that continuously pop in and out of existence. And strong magnetic fields can and will modify these vacuums.
“The high linear [polarization] that we measured with the VLT can’t be easily explained by our models unless the vacuum birefringence effects predicted by QED are included,” said Mignani.
But the technology used is not as powerful as it should, so as to see exactly what’s happening. With better telescopes, much more can be discovered or understood about the phenomenon.
“[Polarization] measurements with the next generation of telescopes, such as ESO’s European Extremely Large Telescope (EELT), could play a crucial role in testing QED predictions of vacuum birefringence effects around many more neutron stars,” he said.
“This measurement, made for the first time now in visible light, also paves the way to similar measurements to be carried out at X-ray wavelengths,” researcher Kinwah Wu said.


BL series lamps are high lumen output, long life,reliable lamps for indoor lighting applications. Due to their advanced and unique over temperature protection, BLp series lamps can withstand extreme conditions.
Using high frequency switching LED driver technology with no electrolytic capacitors, Zimpertec lamps provide excellent performance in light efficiency, lifetime and reliability.
12VDC: Power range: 1W, 2W, 3W, 5W, 7W
24VDC: Power range: 5W, 7W
· LED Lifetime: >36,000h
· High efficiency LED Lamp
· 12VDC/24VDC LED driver
· Over temperature
· Reversepolarity protection


Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic and surgical procedure performed for joint problems. Shoulder arthroscopy is performed using a pencil-sized instrument called an arthroscope. The arthroscope consists of a light system and camera that projects images of the surgical site onto a computer screen for your surgeon to clearly view.
An arthroscope is a small, fiber-optic instrument consisting of a lens, light source, and video camera. The camera projects images of the inside of the joint onto a large monitor, allowing your surgeon to look for any damage, assess the type of injury and repair the problem.


The plusoptix is a binocular hand-held photorefractor specially designed for infants & children
The Plusoptix device measures both eyes simultaneously and provides reliable measurement values of refraction, pupil diameter, interpupillary distance and symmetry of corneal reflexes. With the binocular measurement anisometropia and anisocoria can be detected immediately. Used in undilated pupils, measurements of hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism and anisometropia provide valuable data for a quick vision examination. Results can additionally be used as a starting point for retinoscopy or to confirm retinoscopic results.
If retinoscopy under cycloplegia is required, the process is faster because of the pre-existing measurement values, especially cylinder and axis. Furthermore you have a baseline to compare with.


Orthokeratology (or Ortho-K) is a process of gently reshaping the cornea by wearing a specially shaped contact lens while asleep to be able to see without correction (glasses or contact lenses) while awake. Imagine the joy of waking up, seeing well without any corrective lenses and not having to wear a correction the rest of the day!
An FDA approved procedure, Ortho-K has been in clinical use for over 40 years and has been shown to be a safe alternative to refractive surgery for most patients. A keen proponent of holistic approach to eye care and eye health, Dr. Kotecha actively seeks ways to reduce or minimize progression of myopia at any age but especially in children and young adults.
Dr Kotecha is a member of the American Academy of Orthokeratology & Myopia Control.


If you’re interested in working with cutting-edge technology, then a career in fiber optics engineering may be for you. Fiber optics engineering is all about designing and developing systems that use light to transmit data. It’s a rapidly growing field with lots of opportunity for advancement. Here’s what you need to know about fiber optics engineering, including how to build your career in this exciting field.
Fiber optics engineering is the study and application of optical fiber in various settings. It is a field that is constantly evolving, as new technologies and applications for fiber optics are developed.
Those who enter the field of fiber optics engineering can expect to be involved in the design, installation, and maintenance of fiber optic systems. They may also be involved in research and development, as well as teaching others about the technology.
With the ever-growing demand for faster and higher-capacity communications, those with a background in fiber optics engineering will be in high demand. There are many different career paths that can be followed in this field, so those with the relevant skills and knowledge can build a successful career in fiber optics engineering.
How do I start a career in fiber optics?
If you’re interested in pursuing a career in fiber optics, you might consider a fiber optics certification. Certification through education is a great way to get started in this field, and it can help you stand out from the competition. There are a few things you’ll need to do to get started:
Find an FOA-approved school: The Fiber Optics Association (FOA) is the leading global organization for fiber optics education. They maintain a list of approved schools that offer fiber optics certification programs.
Prepare for training: Once you’ve found an approved school, you’ll need to complete the necessary training. This typically includes both classroom and hands-on instruction.
Get certified: After you’ve completed your training, you’ll need to pass an exam to earn your certification. The FOA offers a variety of certification options, so you can choose the one that best fits your needs.
Consider earning a certificate: In addition to certification, you might also consider earning a certificate in fiber optics. This can be a great way to show potential employers that you have the skills and knowledge to be successful in this field.
The pay for fiber optics technicians is great, according to Payscale. They make an average of $61,000 annually. Keep in mind that means you can earn significantly more than that if you stay in the field.
What is fiber optics career
A fiber optics installer is responsible for installing, preparing, and troubleshooting fiber optic cables and systems. The professional designs optical paths and passive optical networks. They have a good understanding of the types of cables, cable color codes, and other cabling techniques.
A fiber optic engineer is responsible for the installation of broadband telecommunication cables, which include fiber optic cables. These cables transmit information by converting messages into light pulses which travel through these cables rapidly over long distances. As a result, fiber optic engineers must have a strong understanding of both the installation process and the underlying technology in order to be successful.
How long does it take to learn fiber optics?
Certification programs typically consist of around 25 credit hours, which is less than half of the credit hours required for an associates degree. Certification programs may offer more specialized training than an associates degree program, and may be a good option for students who are interested in a particular field or career.
Fiber optic cables are made up of very thin strands of glass or plastic that are about the width of a human hair. These strands are arranged in bundles, and each bundle contains thousands of individual fibers. The glass or plastic that makes up the fiber is incredibly pure, and it is this purity that allows light to travel through the fiber with very little loss.
Is there a future in fiber optics?
Fiber optic technology is constantly evolving to meet the ever-growing demand for speed and efficiency. This technology uses light to transmit data, making it much faster than other methods. As the world becomes increasingly reliant on technology, the need for faster and more efficient communication will only continue to grow. Fiber optic technology is the perfect solution for meeting this demand.
The average salary for a certified fiber optic technician (CFOT) is $125,328. This position requires basic knowledge of fiber optics and telecommunication systems. A successful candidate for this position will have excellent customer service skills and the ability to work independently.
How much does fiber optics make
Fiber Optic Technicians are responsible for the installation, maintenance, and repair of fiber optic cables and systems. They typically work in telecommunications and IT departments, and their salaries can vary depending on experience, employer, and location. In the US, salaries for Fiber Optic Technicians range from $25,101 to $81,090, with a median salary of $52,920.
Optometrists are primary eye care providers who examine, diagnose, treat, and manage diseases, injuries, and disorders of the visual system, the eye, and associated structures as well as identify related systemic conditions affecting the eye.
Dispensing opticians are eye care professionals who are trained to dispense, fit, and adjust eyeglasses and other ophthalmic devices according to an eyewear prescription or the specifications of an ophthalmologist or optometrist.
Why fiber optic technology is important?
Fiber optics is capable of transmitting more data at faster speeds over longer distances than other technologies. This is because it uses light to transmit data, which means that it is not limited by the speed of electrical signals. As a result, it has become the foundation of modern data transmission and is increasingly used in telecom, internet service provider and enterprise data center networks.
As an optical engineer, it is essential to have strong understanding of physics and be proficient in mathematics in order to be able to solve problems. Additionally, manual dexterity is important in order to be able to use scientific equipment such as spectrometers and wattmeters. It is also crucial to be able to collaborate and communicate effectively with others, as well as be familiar with optical tools such as Trace Pro and Zemax.
Where do optical engineers work
Designing and developing optical imaging devices and systems is the main focus of an optical imaging engineer. This can encompass a wide range of industries and applications, from agriculture and aerospace to lighting and textiles. In some cases, they may also work with observatories, maintaining and repairing telescopes and other astronomical instruments.
Becoming adaptable, working as part of a team and taking orders easily are key skills for any successful employee. You may also have experience working with different types of equipment, which is another valuable asset in the workplace. Good communication skills are also essential in order to keep your colleagues and supervisors up-to-date on your progress and achievements.
Is fiber optic certification worth it?
Certification by the Electronics Technicians Association (ETA) is a substantial advantage for those pursuing careers in fiber optics. The benefits of attaining certification are nearly as varied as the potential career paths in the field, and include: Being recognized as the best. Increased job security.
Higher earnings potential.
Improved job satisfaction.
Recognition by peers.
Fiber optics is a great way to transmit data, voice, and images because the light can travel great distances without losing any quality. Additionally, fiber optic cables are much thinner and more flexible than metal cables, so they can be easily routed through tight spaces.
What is fiber optic training
CommScope’s Fiber Optic Training Courses are a great way to learn about fiber optics and how to work with them. The courses cover everything from transmission and construction to planning and installation, and they’re perfect for anyone who wants to learn more about this growing field.
Fiber optic engineering is a demanding field that requires physical fitness, strength, and resilience. Candidates for this field need to be able to handle manual work and be able to work in a highly technical environment.
Fiber optics engineering is the process of designing and creating fiber optic cables and related equipment. Fiber optic cables are made of extremely thin strands of glass or other transparent materials that are used to transmit light signals over long distances. Fiber optic engineers design and create the cables and equipment necessary to make this happen.
There are many different ways to become a fiber optics engineer. One way is to earn a degree in electrical or computer engineering from an accredited college or university. There are also many specialized fiber optics programs available that can provide the necessary training. Many fiber optics engineers also have experience in other related fields such as telecommunications or networking.
The best way to learn about fiber optics engineering and build a career in this field is to get practical experience. Many fiber optics companies offer internships or cooperative education programs that allow students to gain hands-on experience. There are also many professional organizations that offer networking and job placement opportunities for fiber optics engineers.
A career in fiber optics engineering can be very rewarding. You can work in a variety of industries and help to build and maintain the critical infrastructure that powers our modern world. If you are interested in a career in fiber optics engineering, there are a few things you should know. First, you will need to obtain a bachelor’s degree in engineering from an accredited university. Next, you will need to obtain a fiber optics engineer certification from an organization such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Finally, you will need to stay up to date on the latest fiber optic technologies and trends. With hard work and dedication, you can build a successful career in fiber optics engineering.


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The technology behind headlights has continued to advance since the introduction of the first automobile in the 1880s. From kerosene lamps to dynamo power headlights, the technology has continued to advance due to the introduction of more sophisticated systems. Today, modern carmakers are manufacturing their vehicles with various types of headlight bulbs in a bid to improve efficiency.
But, to those that are totally uninitiated, the world of headlight bulbs can be a bit of a minefield, especially, when words such as Xenon, Halogen, and LED float around. Now, with so many lighting options available, car headlights can sometimes seem like an optional extra or an aesthetic addition.
But, when it comes to driving at night, headlights are an absolute necessity as they illuminate the road ahead of you and keep you safe when driving on busy roads. So, what are the different types of headlight bulbs? Well, that’s exactly what we’ll be discussing in this guide.
Types of Headlight Housings
Just before we get to our main topic, we would like to discuss just a little bit about the different types of headlight housings. When you think of the headlight, what comes to mind is the actual bulb. But, rather than the bulbs, the housing on which the bulbs reside has a huge influence on your overall lighting experience.
While the bulbs produce the actual light, the housing is responsible for dispersing the light to meet your lighting demands. Now, there are two main types of headlight housings available. These are the reflector and the projector headlights. Let’s examine each type in detail.
The reflector housing is the standard and most commonly used type of headlight housing by most vehicles. This headlight technology has stood since the invention of the electric headlight. This headlight housing consists of a steel bowl with mirrors placed all-around to help reflect light. At the center of the bowl is a holder that’s designed to hold the bulb.
The final piece of this headlight is a clear lens that rests outside to protect the bulb against damage. The older reflector housing had a sealed-beam design that made it entirely impossible to replace the bulb. So, in case the bulb was faulty, the only alternative was to replace the entire headlight.
However, in the 1980s, the sealed-beam headlight technology was improved with much simpler yet efficient technology. The modification involved placing mirrors inside the headlight itself instead of sealing the bulbs inside mirrored individual bowls.
Since the bulbs were placed directly on the headlight housing, it made it much easier to replace burnt-out bulbs. Some of the pros and cons of reflector housings include;
- They’re cheap to manufacture
- They’re smaller in size hence they take less space
- The beam of light produced is weak
- Light output is less intense
The projector headlight housing was first used in the 1980s where it was installed on luxurious vehicles. This technology is very similar to reflector housing in myriad ways. Just like the reflector housing, the projector housing uses a mirrored steel bowl that has a bulb mounted in the middle.
The assembly is pretty much the same as that of the reflector headlight as it reflects light to the outside. The only difference with the projector assembly is that it has a magnifying lens at the front of the headlight to increase the brightness of the beam.
Besides the lens, projector housings have an inbuilt cutoff shield that angles the light beam produced downwards towards the road. By angling the light beam downwards, projector headlights are considered safer to use during the night, as they don’t blind oncoming motorists. Some of the pros and cons of these types of headlights include;
- They’re brighter than reflector housings
- Less likely to blind oncoming motorists
- The beam of light projected is strong without any weak spots
- Offer you the option to use HID bulbs
- Feel quite odd in case you were used to reflector headlights
What are the Different Types of Headlight Bulbs?
The reason why we discussed the different types of headlight housings is that the housing is the one responsible for disbursing the beam of light produced by the bulbs. Now that you’re well-aware of both the reflector and projector housings, we’ll now discuss the different types of headlight bulbs which are the Halogen, HID, and LED bulbs.
But, before we get to that, it’s good to note that bulbs are measured in three major ways. The first one is Lumens, which is used to measure the brightness/output of your bulbs. The second one is Kelvin, which measures the color temperature of a bulb while the third one is Hours, which is used to measure the lifespan. So, with that said, let’s now discuss the three main types of headlight bulbs.
Halogen Headlight Bulb
The halogen bulb is the oldest headlight technology that came as an improvement of the old sealed-beam headlight. Although this technology is old, most modern vehicles have comfortably continued to use it due to its efficiency, low cost of production, and ease of replacing the bulbs.
Now, similar to a normal household bulb, a halogen bulb consists of a tungsten filament that’s enclosed inside an air-tight tube pressurized with an inert gas. Just like its name, the tube is filled with halogen gas, which is a mixture of iodine and bromine.
For the halogen bulb to illuminate, an electric current is passed through the filament to heat the tungsten until it glows. Once it does, the halogen gas inside takes over to support the heating process to make it last longer. Besides, the halogen gas prevents the tungsten filament from burning up entirely and also blackening the tube.
Halogen bulbs are mostly the cheapest option available. They’re cheap to manufacture and very easy to replace. They come in different variations that include the H4, H17, H18, H8, H9, and H11. The H4 bulbs have double-filaments while the H17 and H18 are smaller and brighter. H8, H9, and H11 are self-sealing halogen bulbs that are mostly used as foglights.
But, despite their massive contribution to the headlights department, halogen bulbs have a number of flaws. One, they have the lowest amount of lumens that is around 1000 lumens. They also have the lowest color temperature that ranges from 2,500K to 5,000K.
- These bulbs are the cheapest to manufacture and the easiest to replace
- The beam of light produced is brighter
- Their small size allows them to take less space on the headlight unit
- They have a slight yellowish hue that has a color temperature of around 3,500K. This prevents these bulbs from casting light further ahead
- These bulbs produce a lot of heat when glowing. This makes them less energy efficient
- These bulbs have a shorter lifespan as compared to Xenon and LED bulbs
Xenon/HID Headlight Bulbs
HID bulbs use a completely different technology as compared to halogen bulbs. While halogen bulbs rely on a burning tungsten filament to glow, HID bulbs rely on an arc glowing between two electrodes. Halogen bulbs on their side contain a tube pressurized with a mixture of iodine and bromine gases.
When it comes to HID bulbs, the tubes are pressurized with a mixture of xenon gas, argon gas, and vaporized metals. Now, how do HID bulbs work? When current is passed through the arc between the two electrodes, the heat melts the gases and the vaporized metals (mercury and metal halides) to form plasma. The resulting plasma glows in a shade of white-blue hue to produce bright light.
This bluish-white light is what HID bulbs are famous for and are hence called plasma headlights. Other names you’re likely to hear with these car headlight bulbs include Xenon headlights (due to the use of xenon gas) and High-Intensity Discharge (HID) headlights.
When it comes to performance, HID bulbs are hailed for their typically higher lumen rating that ranges between 3000 to 5000 lumens. They also come in a wide range of color temperature that ranges from 3,500K to 8,000K.
Although HID bulbs are less efficient when compared to LEDs, they’re a much better pick when compared to Halogen bulbs. What makes them even better is the availability of aftermarket HID conversion kits in case you need your former halogen headlights to accommodate HID bulbs.
However, finding a road-legal conversion kit is very tricky. When buying a conversion kit, you must ensure it’s correctly E-marked. It must also be ECE R99 certified.
- These bulbs were invented by Philips Company thus making them authentic
- They use the plug-and-play technique making installation easy
- They’re energy-efficient
- They have a long life expectancy of around 10,000 hours
- They’re 350-450% brighter than halogen bulbs
- Their bluish-white hue (3,500K-8,000K) offers a greater range of illumination
- Sometimes you’ll need an aftermarket conversion kit which is quite hard to procure
- The strikingly bright hue produced can irritate oncoming traffic
- They’re slower in reaching full brightness
LED Headlight Bulbs
The last headlight technology we’ll be discussing in this guide is the LED technology. Since their discovery, LED bulbs have managed to overtake halogen and xenon bulbs but to some extent. The reason why I’ve said “to some extent” is that not all cars can manage to employ this technology.
You see, LED bulbs rely on completely different technology as compared to halogen and xenon bulbs. While halogen and xenon rely on heated filament and arc, LED bulbs rely on a very sophisticated technology known as electroluminescence.
In this technology, electricity is passed through a semiconductor to generate energy in form of photons. This energy appears in the form of tiny particles of light. To provide continuous illumination, this process is repeated many thousand times per sound to make the light stronger.
Although this technology is expensive and very sophisticated, the benefits are incredibly high. First, less heat is generated in the process making LED bulbs energy efficient. Secondly, less heat means that more energy is converted into light thus making these bulbs extremely bright than both halogen and xenon bulbs.
Another massive benefit with LED bulbs is the high lumen they offer (of around 4,000 Lumens) and the high color temperature of around 6,000K. Since they’re mostly used with projector headlight housings, these bulbs have a higher light intensity as well as a high degree of contrast that mimics daylight.
The only downside with this technology is that it’s still new. Since most aftermarket LED headlight upgrades are not road legal, these bulbs are offered other duties inside the headlights such as working as signal lights and DRLs (Daytime Running Lights).
- LEDs have the longest life expectancy of around 30,000 hours
- They’re energy-efficient hence they don’t strain your battery
- They can be customized to meet various aesthetic needs
- Small and compact hence take less space within the headlight unit
- They don’t irritate oncoming traffic
- The light generated mimics daylight
- Very expensive to produce
- Very expensive to replace. Remember you have to replace the entire light unit
- The majority of the aftermarket LED upgrades are not E marked hence not road legal
As you can see, the headlight technology has continued to flourish from the old oil-filled lamps to the newest LED bulbs. In fact, further technological advances are being evidenced with the likes of matrix and laser headlight technologies. The only problem with these newer technologies is that they’re still in their infancy meaning more tests will need to be conducted to guarantee driver safety.
Now, regardless of the headlight technology, you employ, the most important thing is driver safety. Thankfully, this guide has discussed three headlight light bulbs that are the most common in most vehicles on our roads.
Since each technology has its own share of positives and negatives, it’s highly recommended that you inspect each category keenly before making your final decision.


Modelling and removal of distortions in images
Mallon, John (2005) Modelling and removal of distortions in images. PhD thesis, Dublin City University.
Full text available as:
This thesis investigates the compensation and minimisation of distortions in images. Various forms of non-linear lens distortions are modelled and removed. Projective linear distortions are further minimised to give the closest ideal projection from erroneous cameras. Traditional camera calibration treats lens distortion simultaneously with camera pose and lens scaling factors. This often leads to complex algorithms with multi-image requirements, while alternative so called non-metric methods such as straight line techniques, lack ready usability and insufficient precision. Considering the calibration and compensation of non-idealitys separately, allows greater access to error free projections while considerably simplifying subsequent calibrations. The major contributions of this thesis are the precise calibration and removal of lens distortions and the minimisation of perspective distortions. A simple to use technique is proposed for the closed-form calibration of lens distortion based on a single view of a planar calibration chart. Detailed examinations show its accuracy and suitability for all levels of lens distortion. A related method is proposed for the removal of lateral chromatic aberrations in images. Distortion models and approximate inverses are derived to give precise accuracy over all distortion levels including fish-eye lenses. An analysis of calibration patterns is conducted to determine if the choice of pattern can influence the accuracy of the calibration. It is revealed that only specific patterns offer truly bias free control points. Distortion free images are optimally regenerated to minimise pixel scale distortions. This technique is further developed to uniquely minimise perspective distortions, with application to stereo rectification.
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|Depth of Field|
This is about photo cameras, but not digital ones. It may work the same in digital cameras (especially the ones with exchangable lenses), but I'm not sure about that.
First let's talk about aperture. The aperture of a
lens is the diameter of the lens opening. Sort of. Aperture is
indicated by a number. The lower the number, the more light can
enter the lens, so the shorter the exposure time can be. Typical
numbers for apertures are: 1, 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22,
and higher. Mathematically inclined types (geeks) might see a
square root of 2 pattern here, and that is no coincidence.
Aperture 5.6 lets twice the amount of light through the lense
compared to aperture 8. Something to do with diameter and area, I
Anyhow, you would think that the more light the better (the perpetual problem with photography is that there is never enough light), so why have all these different apertures? Well, as always, there's a trade off. A bigger aperture (lower number) lets more light through, but limits the depth of field. This means that the distance over which objects will be in focus, will be limited. A small aperture (high number) will result in objects close to the lens being in focus, as well as object farther away from the lens. Often you want this. A big aperture (low number) will result in the object that you are focusing on being in focus, and then some objects close to that as well. Sometimes you want this. For example, when taking portrait pictures, you want the face of the person to be in focus, but not the wallpaper on the wall behind her. So far so good.
In the old days, when taking
pictures (with Single Lens Reflex cameras, that is), you would
look through the viewfinder (an thus through the lens), and you
would see the depth of field, since you had manually selected the
aperture. In other words, when you were composing the picture,
you had the same aperture as when you would press the shutter
Not so in modern, electronic cameras. So, sometimes these modern cameras include a depth of filed preview button. Pressing this button closes the aperture to the value that you or the camera have selected, so that you can see what the depth of field will be. But why? Why not have the same aperture during composition as during exposure?
Well, it isn't just you looking through the lens. It's also the camera itself. Modern auto-focusing cameras have all kinds of sensors that also peer through the lens. This in order to be able to do the autofocusing. Since most autofocusing SLRs use passive autofocusing (can't focus in the dark), the sensors need as much light as they can get. Most cameras have autofocus assist lights as well, in case it is too dark for them to focus. Anyway, bottom line is that the sensors need all that light, so therefore the lens is wide open until you press the button. Kind of obvious, once you realize it, but try to find that explained in a book on photography. I never realized it until I read The Camera by Ansel Adams. Oh well.
Please send comments to email@example.com.


|Status : Published||Published On : Jan, 2021||Report Code : VRICT5003||Industry : ICT & Media||Available Format :||Page : 137|
The global image sensors market generated USD 17.6 billion revenue in 2020 and is projected to advance at a CAGR of 10.5% during the forecast period, mainly on the account of excessive adoption of image sensors technology among the automotive industry. Image sensor is used for converting an optical image into an electronic one and it is extensively being used in imaging devices and digital cameras that helps in converting imaging devices into a digital image.
Insight by Technology
Based on technology, the global image sensors market is categorized into charge-coupled device, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, and others, wherein complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor category accounted for largest share in 2020. The category is expected to lead throughout the forecast period due to its beneficial features such as lower power consumption and decreased the size of the system.
Insight by Processing Type
On the basis of processing type, the global image sensors market is divided into 2D and 3D image sensors. Among the two categories, the 3D image sensors are expected to witness the faster growth during the forecast period owing to its extensive application in machine vision, ADAS and computer vision. Moreover, the utilization of artificial intelligence in smartphones is expected to further drive the growth of the 3D image sensors market. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of this segment is exaggerating the growth of the image sensors market across the globe.
Moreover, the utilization of artificial intelligence in smartphones is expected to further drive the growth of the 3D image sensors market. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of this segment is exaggerating the growth of the global image sensors market.
Insight by Spectrum
Based on spectrum, the global image sensors market is categorized into visible and non-visible spectrum. Of both categories, the non-visible spectrum category is expected to witness faster growth during the forecast period since the cameras that are capable of functioning in the invisible spectrum find increased applicability in security and surveillance. Additionally, this segment is observing rampant investments from the key players such as Panasonic Corporation to enhance their product portfolio.
Further, the non-visible spectrum market is sub-categorized into x-ray light and infrared non-visible spectrum.
Insight by Array Type
Based on array type, the global image sensors market is divided into area and linear image sensor. Of both categories, the linear array category is expected to witness faster growth during the forecast period.
Insight by Vertical
On the basis of vertical, the global image sensors market can be segmented into automotive, commercial, healthcare and life sciences, consumer electronics, aerospace, defense and homeland security, and industrial. Of all, the consumer electronics sector is expected to continue holding the largest share during the forecast period owing to the increasing upgradation in the CMOS technique that has significantly impacted the dissemination of image sensors into smart devices. Moreover, extensive demand for dual and secondary camera in smartphones is further strengthening the growth of the global image sensors market.
Further, the global image sensors market for automotive application is sub-categorized into forward-looking ADAS, camera mirror system, rear- and side-view, and in-cabin ADAS.
Further, the global image sensors market for healthcare and life sciences application is sub-categorized into endoscopy, x-ray imaging and others.
Further, the global image sensors market for consumer electronics application is sub-categorized into desktops and laptops, commercial drone, photography and videography, wearables, smartphones and tablets, service robots, commercial copier and scanner and residential surveillance.
Further, the global image sensors market for industrial application is sub-categorized into industrial surveillance and monitoring, machine vision and robotic vision.
Constant progressions and innovations in the CMOS imaging technology, fabrication and design are the key trends observed in the image sensors market. Current improvements in the CMOS technology have considerably upgraded signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) intensities in machine visualization presentations at higher speed, and providing cost-effectiveness, improved performance and functionality to the CCD technology.
Global image sensors market has been driven by several key factors, predominantly increasing demand for dual camera in smartphone and tablets along with miniaturization. It has been observed that CMOS based technology is extensively being utilized in dual-camera smartphones that leads to increasing popularity of these phones among various gen-next photographers. Moreover, excessive demand for improved medical imaging systems is other factor pertaining towards the growth of the image sensors market. These factors are thereby bolstering the growth of the image sensors market across the globe at a rapid pace.
Globally industry players are leveraging market growth through new product development, mergers & acquisitions, partnerships, increased investments and technological upgradation that is supporting the image sensors market growth across the globe.
GLOBAL IMAGE SENSORS MARKET, BY REGION (2020)
Asia-Pacific has been one of the largest consumers of image sensors during the forecast period. The growth of image sensors market in this region is due to increasing industrialization and research and development activities. Additionally, increasing requirement of safety-related directives in the automotive domain is increasing due to large number of accidents cases.
Extensive accident cases are thereby instilling the requirement for ADAS (advanced driver assistance system) in the automobile domain with the assimilation of progressive image sensing proficiencies acting as a major market driver, and further accentuating the growth of image sensors market in this region.
Some of the key players operating in the global image sensors market are Sony Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., OmniVision Technologies Inc., Panasonic Corporation, Canon Inc., Toshiba Corporation, SK Hynix Inc., STMicroelectronics N.V., ON Semiconductor Corporation and Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
Source: VynZ Research


Jym-3000 UV cleaning equipment
Light cleaning equipment
Material surface cleaning
Material surface modification
UV oxidation reaction
Product Description: using short wavelength UV surface cleaning and surface modification technology, using clean high-energy UV light source, the material can be treated to obtain extremely clean surface and strong surface adhesion. The basic reaction of modification is the oxidation reaction caused by UV. After UV irradiation on the solid surface, the pollutants on the surface are oxidized, then decomposed into volatile substances such as CO2 and H2O, and finally evaporated. Moreover, hydrophilic atomic groups such as Oh, COO, Co, COOH and so on are formed on the surface, and the surface adhesion of the modified surface is improved by leaps and bounds.
Some materials used in general industries or high-tech fields have very high performance and are very friendly to the environment, but the continuity and printability of these materials are generally very poor. The short wavelength ultraviolet (UV) surface cleaning and surface modification technology provided by the company can obtain extremely clean surface and strong surface adhesion after the above materials are treated with clean high-energy UV light source.
The basic reaction of modification is the oxidation reaction caused by UV. After UV irradiation on the solid surface, the pollutants on the surface are oxidized, then decomposed into volatile substances such as CO2 and H2O, and finally evaporated. Moreover, hydrophilic atomic groups such as Oh, COO, Co, COOH and so on are formed on the surface, and the surface adhesion of the modified surface is improved by leaps and bounds.
The progress of UV light source technology ensures that UV / O3 surface modification technology gives full play to its outstanding advantages. UV / O3 surface modification technology has been widely used in solid surface treatment because of its high cleanliness and surface adhesion.
Features of UV cleaning:
The treatment in the atmosphere is simple, convenient, environmental friendly, without secondary pollution, without heating, liquid medicine and other treatment.
The cleanliness is very high, below the single molecular layer, which can obtain unimaginable continuity of previous treatment methods.
The unique ultra-high output and short wavelength ultraviolet light source in China can give full play to the powerful processing capacity and significantly improve the production efficiency with only a short time (second unit) of irradiation.
It is effective for most plastic products and has wide applicability.
Large consumption of liquid medicine and heat energy can be avoided, and the operation cost is low.
Application scope of UV cleaning technology:
The optical cleaning method is most suitable for the production of liquid crystal display devices, semiconductor silicon chips, integrated circuits, high-precision printed circuit boards, optical devices, quartz crystals, sealing technology, metal materials with oxide film, etc.
Main materials: ITO glass, optical glass, chrome plate, mask plate, polished quartz crystal, silicon wafer and metal with oxide film, etc.
Can remove dirt: organic dirt, human body sebum, cosmetics grease, resin additives and polyimide, paraffin, rosin, lubricating oil, residual photoresist, etc.
This UV light source has the characteristics of UV modification (UV surface quality change) in LCD technology. At present, it is mainly used in film processing technology in the production process of LCD STN, which is very effective for improving the tight connection between film and film, such as ITO film and photoreceptor film, top coating and PI coating, etc. In addition, in the research department, it can also be used for UV modified plastic material products and nanotechnology research. The chemical reaction of the products after UV irradiation changes the surface properties of the products.


Monday, February 8, 2010
The Daily Image today over at ASTRON is this wonderful high resolution radio image of the extragalactic source 3C61.1.
The image compares the LOFAR result at 173 MHz (1.7m), with images from other recent radio surveys. Most directly comparable are the results at low frequencies from the VLSS survey (which used the Very Large Array in New Mexico) and the WENSS survey (which used the Westerbork Synthesis Telecope in the Netherlands).
The VLA image at 1.5 GHz (20cm) comes from radio waves 10 times higher in frequency (or 10 times shorter in wavelength) than the LOFAR image, so the comparable resolution of these two images is a really impressive feat. The resolution (or sharpness) of an image is set by both to the size of the telescope (or in this case array of telescopes) and the wavelength of the light (or radio waves). The bigger the difference in size between your telescope and the wavelength you are detecting, then better the resolution you can get. This is why in radio astronomy, where we have very long wavelengths to deal with we must build very massive arrays to get anything like the resolution a "classic" telescope can achieve for optical light. So the fact that the resolution of the LOFAR image and the VLA image look similar says immediately that the LOFAR array must be spread 10 times wider than the VLA. Pretty impressive!
This result which used 20 LOFAR HBA (high band antenna) stations (16 in the core, and 4 remote stations) for a 60 hour observation is a wonderful teaser of the amazing images we can expect when the full LOFAR array is functioning.
And remember, the LOFAR-UK station at Chilbolton will add a lot to the resolution which can be achieved by LOFAR, being one of the most distant stations from the Dutch core.


How to make Dioptric Correction in camera
Dioptric correction on a camera is the correction of the viewfinder focusing. In simpler words, it is matching the power of your glasses (if you have one) with the viewfinder. Once you do the correct adjustment, you will be able to see things clearly through the viewfinder without using your spectacles. Sounds nice ? Well, it is equally easy as well !! It is just that many are not aware of this simple but very useful utility in almost all DSLR camera.
The procedure :
1. Set your camera on a flat surface, easy enough for you to see through the viewfinder.
2. Place an object at short focusing distance in front of the camera.
(It is good idea to use something that has fine text that you CAN NOT read without your spectacles.)
3. Use the camera AUTO FOCUS function to set exact focus on the subject.
4. Remove your glasses and see through the viewfinder.
You will see the subject unfocussed and blurry. (Depending on the power of your glasses.)
5. Now turn the DIOPTRIC correction wheel (small wheel located next to the viewfinder with and – signs on it.) till you get clear vision of the subject.
Well, that is it…. you have adjusted the camera viewfinder as if to replace your glasses while shooting !!!
Enjoy the thrill of shooting without glasses.


Eye Surgical treatment has actually ended up being a mainstream approach of vision modification, and also this write-up will discuss the benefits and also disadvantages of three various methods being offered to the clinical customer.
Lasik Eye Surgery
LASIK is the phrase for Laser-Assisted Sitting Keratomileusis and also is an eye medical system which permanently remedies vision by removing a thin layer of the cornea. This treatment works best on people with moderate to high levels of myopia (nearsightedness), low to moderate degrees of hyperopia (farsightedness) and also astigmatism connected with myopia, and also that have thick corneas. It is the most widely known medical vision modification approach.
People with typical eye sight see things plainly due to the fact that pictures are brought right into a right centerpiece by the cornea as well as lens of the eye. Ideally, the cornea's curvature is equally matched to its length in a typical eye. Individuals with astigmatism, nearsightedness or hyperopia have actually off-and-on shaped corneas, so the items seen are not concentrated effectively. LASIK changes corneal form by precise removal of corneal cells, and by doing so remedies the eyes' focusing power.
There are, nonetheless, dangers to LASIK eye surgical procedure.
There is a remote possibility of complete loss of vision. If this occurs, it is typically due to the fact that the patient had a pre-existing problem which must have precluded the surgical treatment to begin with, such as pregnancy, cataracts, joint inflammation, diabetes, glaucoma, or lupus. People with huge pupils are also inadequate prospects for LASIK. Dry eye syndrome will certainly be exacerbated by this procedure.
A couple of patients whine that they completely see "ghost" pictures, have actually blurred vision, lessened comparison as well as negative night vision. When LASIK wased initially introduced, 5% of patients had post-operative grievances; however, refinements in the procedure have actually triggered this price to drop to much less than 1% if LASIK is executed by skilled experts and people are correctly evaluated before surgery. If problems do happen, they can usually be resoved by a retreatment.
FDA has actually approved LASIK laser eye surgical treatment given that 1998. While there are a great deal of completely satisfied people, there are however no long-term researches about its impacts. Recognize the constraints and the dangers of LASIK eye surgical procedure before you sigh for the treatment.
Though less popular, these tiny implants could boost vision in patients with mild to modest nearsightedness without the threat of irreversible eye damages integral in the cells removal strategy of LASIK. Intacs are semi-circular disks dental implanted in the cornea which extend it to think a flatter form. Though a little much less specific than LASIK, they are removeable and also replaceable, so if the individual has an unforeseen over- or under-correction, the implant could be eliminated as well as another of a different size inserted to get the desired improvement. The implants are located at the edge of the cornea, so the central visual area is entirely intact as well as intact, as well as the stamina of the cornea is undiminished, making it a far better option for pilots and those who engage in contact sports where eye injury here is a possibility.
Intacs disagree for severe myopia as well as greater than small astigmatism (1.00 diopters), as the cornea could just be stretched thus far. If the Intacs are eliminated, vision returns to its preoperative degree. Apart from vision adjustment, Intacs are also used to treat keratoconus.
Intacs are FDA approved and also One Decade research studies have actually disclosed no major issues with Intacs and also few individual grievances; however, because the treatment takes a lot more training than LASIK, there are fewer eye surgical procedure centers offering it. Nonetheless, the Intacs website provides a listing of specialists in each state, as well a couple of in Canada, Europe and Mexico.
Due to the fact that many individuals do not intend to take the chance additional reading of LASIK as well as Intacs can not help those with extreme vision issues, intraocular lens implants (IOL) are a new alternative authorized by the FDA in 2004 to fix moderate to severe nearsightedness. The Craftsmen lens, made by Ophtec, is similar to the sort of lens dental implant used to restore vision adhering to cataract eye surgical treatment.
The brand-new IOL, called the Artisan, is planned for only people who have 2.5 diopters or much less of astigmatism.
The artificial lens does not change the natural lens, yet is put before it. The primary problem located with the implant was the steady loss of endothelial cells in the corneas of patients that obtained the implants. The endothelium is a layer of cells that line the undersurface of the cornea and also are necessary in maintaining the cornea clear. A three-year study revealed a consistent constant loss of endothelial cells of 1.8 percent a year. At this moment, no one can forecast whether this loss will proceed at the exact same price indefinitely, and even its influence on corneal function.
To lessen long-term effects of the gadget on the corneal endothelium, the FDA is calling for that the brand-new lenses be classified to specify that they ought to just be dental implanted in patients whose corneal endothelial cells are thick enough to endure small cell loss.
Extra serious problems were couple of: retinal detachment (0.6%), cataract growth (0.6%), and also corneal swelling (0.4%). The FDA is requiring Ophtec to conduct a five-year follow-up survey of its implant individuals to much better analyze the post-surgical occurrence of cataract growth, retinal detachment and other ophthalmic diseases.
The Artisan lens is intended to be a long-term implant.Though it can be eliminated surgically, vision might not always return to exactly what it was prior to getting the lens. Because it does not affect astigmatism, clients with this issue may still need glasses.


World’s most advanced LED auxiliary light – 8-degree pencil beam, fully dimmable, and multiple mounting options.
- 36 watts with 3,000+ lumens and only 3-amp power draw at max output per light
- 3.7” diameter housing
- 3 LED optics with an 8-degree spot beam pattern focused down the road for long-distance visibility, perfect for highway driving
- Dimmable using included rheostat
- Ability to turn on/off via switch
- Variety of functions including*:
- High Beam Mode – lights go full 100% with the bike’s high beam
- Horn Activation Mode – lights go full 100% when horn is activated
- Your bike is sure to be noticed during the day and will brightly illuminate the road ahead at night
*Some bikes with LED headlights will not have the high beam feature. Horn option may need additional parts.
36 watts consumption each (on high).
3000+ lumens each.
Includes wiring harness.
Custom tooled optics.


I presented a paper on the W2-AM at SPIE’s Optics + Photonics conference in August 2016. The paper was prepared using a mock-up instrument. The spots were good looking in the paper, but there was some debris on the reticle and in the image. Since then we’ve shipped some units with a red light source and also another with a green light source.
The production instruments have been cleaned up compared to the mock-up used for the paper. This first image is the full frame image from the CC (center-of-curvature) of a silicon nitride tooling ball taken with a Olympus 10x, NA 0.25 PLAN objective. The image is clean.
This next image is a magnified view of the central part of the CC image above.
Finally, silicon nitride tooling balls are nice, but a surface image looks a little different than a CC image. The following picture is of the surface of the same silicon nitride tooling ball used to create the images above. The spots are part of the surface of the ball.
For completeness, here’s a magnified portion of the tooling ball surface image.


VicTsing Lens Pack for Smartphones! Cool!
December 2017 |
Phones and Tablets
This awesome little lens pack turns your smartphone into a macro camera and also a super wide angle beast! I honestly didn't have much hope for it as I've tried kits like these in the past and they were less than impressive. This one however was actually pretty good. The quality of the lenses are better than expected with metal bezels and real glass lenses. The quality of the images produced were excellent! Both wide and macro were crystal clear. If I haven't uploaded any wide shots I will soon!
The kit comes in a hard protective case which has a carabiner so you can attach it to your camera bag etc for easy transport. Inside there are three lenses (although two are screwed together so it looks like only two). There is also a cleaning cloth and instructions.
For wide angle shots you use the wide angle lens (Sherlock Holmes here!).
For macro you can use the 12x lens or coupled with the extra lens it will take it up to 24x magnification. This extra lens bit also has a clear light diffuser attached so that even if your in touching distance from your subject, light will still get in to make sure you can see it through the lens - brilliant!
Thumbs up from me!
Posted by Redz
Posted on 18/10/2018 at 08:51pm


The Trimble VX Spatial Station of the company Trimble Navigation Limited combines 3D laser scanning, imaging and surveying in one device and, thus, it can be used flexibly. The scanning system operates using the time-of-flight measurement method. Regarding scanning, the Trimble VX Spatial Station achieves a range of 1m (39.37 in) to 2,500m (98,425.2 in) and a measuring speed of up to 15 points/second. Due to the live video streaming, the device provides the possibility to control your tasks from the controller. The camera has a resolution of 2,048 x 1,536 pixels.


Your fixed wing aircraft gives your customers the opportunity to maintain a long standoff distance from an area or target of interest. With 30x optical zoom, your platform can achieve greater detection ranges and can identify more information on an object or scene, whilst remaining out of sight from the opposition. Enhanced zoom capability provides more safety for the operators on-board. UAV Vision gimbals can also achieve digital or optical IR zoom (depending on the system). The CM202 can give up to 13x IR optical zoom to provide you with enhanced situational awareness at night.
To help you keep within your budget, all UAV Visition gimbals are low in SWaP-C, so you can benefit from a high-performance system without breaking the bank. Our gimbals are customisable so you can choose the best sensors, hardware and software to meet the exact requirements of your mission.
Capabilities include object tracking, GEO-Lock for precise geographical information on your target, real time video stabilisation, on board video recording and navigation information.
Want to know what fixed wing aircraft UAV Vision gimbals have been integrated into? Contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org


Moiré Mirror is a minimalist design created by Netherlands-based designer Hayo Gebauer. The Moiré Mirror is both: reflector and lightsource. Hidden behind the one-way-mirror is a lamp, which becomes visible, once you grab a second disc hidden behind the glass, which can be rotated. The backside of the mirror and the second disc have a lightproof pattern added to them, which darken the mirror in a certain position. With this approach of overlaying it is not only possible to shade the light, but also to control the optical effect, which occurs once you rotate the two patterns, and the amount of light, which travels through the mirror.


An optical coating is a thin layer of a substance that generates interlinkage and reaction between a particular visual element, such as a lens, mirror, and light. Acknowledging how light undergoes transparent media is important to comprehend how optical coating functions. The layers utilized in this technology impact how the optic passes on light and reflects it. The optical coatings market size is expanding as this technology is handy for making spectacles for people whose eyes are reactive to light and for making camera lenses. The materials utilized for this kind of coating differ with their usage. Instances of materials utilized for coating involve infrequent earth materials, oxides, and metals. The thickness decides the efficacy of optics technology, the aggregate of layers utilized, and the refractive index variation.
The global optical coatings market was valued at USD 12.75 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at USD 28.40 billion with a CAGR of 8.4% during the forecast period 2032.
Where is Optical Coating Technology Used?
Mirrors and camera lenses are made up with the help of this invention. Camera lenses use a dielectric coating apparatus that provides an anti-reflection coating characteristics. The coatings utilized carry a blend of calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, and other materials of similar composition. These materials are acceptable as they permit the user to select the fitting light texture entering the camera. One crucial utilization of these glasses is that they have a dazzling feature that circumvents light reach while walking in the sun.
Types of Optic Coatings
- Anti-reflection coatings: Also known as antiglare coatings, is utilized on the facet of lenses and alternate optical elements to cut back reflection. When reflection is decreased, it enhances superior imaging, and there is minimum light deprivation due to reflection. The optical coatings market sales are soaring as equipment such as binoculars, cameras, microscopes, and telescopes can use anti-reflective coatings. This is because depletion in light reflection enhances image dissimilarity as stray light is detached.
- High reflective coatings: They are utilized to lessen light deprivation when reflecting lasers and alternate origins of light. Thus, technicians endorse that laser machines have extremely reflective coating material as the dispersal of laser beams can cause harm if the laser is tapered directly at a patient, for instance, in the case of laser eye surgery. In a nutshell, HR coatings are important for the efficacy of laser machines to sanction less laser power utilized during an application.
Optic Coatings Technologies
- Advanced plasma sputtering: The result of plasma sputtering is even, opaque, and hard coatings that offer more secure optical characteristics than ion-assisted electron-bean evaporation deposition.
- Ion-assisted electron bean evaporative deposition: A coating process known as evaporative deposition includes shelling and evaporating source substances with an electronic gun in a compact room.
The market is growing due to the escalating usage of optical coatings in semiconductors and alternate industries such as excess temperature lamp tubing, telecommunication, optics, and microelectronics. As per the Semiconductor Industry Association, the worldwide semiconductor sector sales were $40.0 billion in April 2023, a 0.3% increase over the March 2023 aggregate of $39.8 billion and a 21.6% reduction over the April 2022 aggregate of $50.9 billion. The escalating semiconductor industry has escalated the demand for optical coatings.
North America: This region held the largest share due to innovation and technological enhancement. The US government disburses tremendously on R&D programs covering a broad gamut of industries involving technology.
Asia Pacific: the rise of surfacing countries has escalated the requirement for healthcare services, which has escalated the usage of advanced optical systems.
With the progression of technology, the global demand for optical coating is predicted to grow. This is due to the continuous usage of electronics and semiconductors. Fiber optics has hitherto overhauled the global market. In the optical coatings market, it is time to welcome this contemporary technology because of its multitude of advantages.