Laser Safety Goggles Q & A
Can eye and eye area damage be avoided by the use of laser safety goggles?
Yes providing the laser safety goggles or glasses that are worn are correctly selected based on the laser system in use. Laser safety goggles or glasses can be selected either by the wavelength of the system where they will be in use or through the specific type of laser used. Since goggles cover both the areas around the eyes as well as the eyes themselves they do provide maximum coverage and protection. They are more comprehensive in their protection that laser safety glasses even with side shields.
Laser safety goggles are a good option when used with Class 4 lasers or some Class 3 lasers since they provide very complete protection to all areas of the eye and around the eye. They are also a good option when there is the possibility of splashes or contamination by liquids when radiation is also in use. Goggles may be more comfortable for people that wear prescription glasses, especially if the goggles are specially designed just for this factor. Many people simply prefer goggles because they are very easy to adjust to any head size with a simple loosening or tightening of an elastic strap that goes around the back of the head.
I need to wear prescription eyeglasses or contacts, how does that work with laser safety goggles?
Laser safety goggles tend to have a much larger lens area that extends beyond where a traditional laser safety glass lens would sit on the face. This allows space for prescription eyewear under the goggles while still providing the maximum amount of protection of the eye itself as well as the delicate skin surrounding the eye. Contact wearers are more fortunate in that they can wear either goggles or laser safety glasses without any discomfort. Therefore, prescription eyeglasses can be effectively worn with laser safety goggles. Keep in mind that the lens on laser safety goggles or glasses can be customized to a prescription lens if so desired with most prescriptions and with most styles of safety eyewear.
What is Optical Density and why does it matter with laser safety goggles?
Optical density or OD is a measurement of the attenuation or reduction of the light entering your eyes from a particular wavelength. Each particular waveband or wavelength of a laser is different so the OD or reduction factor to make the light safe for your eyes will be different. In general OD is a number which indicates a factor of 10. Therefore an OD2 would indicate that the lens is safe for use with a specific laser because it reduces the wavelength hitting the eye by a factor of 100 or 10 times 10. If you do not use the laser safety goggles or glasses designed for a specific laser emission you will not provide the attenuation or reduction in the light wave to protect your eyes from damage.


In recent years, there’s been a degree of stagnation in smartphone evolution.
Screens range from OLED to AMOLED, Full HD to Ultra HD, 4K to QHD. Yet they’re all equally adept at making app content and photos appear bright and sharp on-screen.
Similarly, cameras have gradually expanded their megapixel total and aperture rating without materially improving their (already very impressive) standards of photography.
However, after years of increasingly negligible evolution, 2020 could be a year of camera revolution.
Hole-punch selfie cameras are beginning to appear, while another potential innovation involves time of flight cameras, commonly referred to as depth cameras.
Often hyphenated, and generally abbreviated to ToF, time of flight technology bounces a laser off any objects in front of it, mapping the depth of an environment before it’s captured.
This light-based sonar sibling compiles a picture of what’s being viewed through the camera lens, measuring the range of different objects with nanosecond accuracy.
In turn, that helps the camera’s software to identify specific elements which can then be blurred out for bokeh effects, or focused on for additional clarity.
Many high-end smartphones already incorporate ToF cameras, including the Samsung Galaxy S20, LG G8 ThinQ and the Huawei P30 Pro.
It’s also been widely predicted that the next iPhone will incorporate ToF technology.
But do time of flight cameras really represent a great leap forward for amateur photographers, or is this another small step in smartphone evolution?
Benefits of time of flight cameras
The more information a camera’s processor receives about the environment it’s about to photograph, the more accuracy its software can deliver in the finished picture.
This is particularly important given the modern vogue for blurred backgrounds and pin-sharp foregrounds – former staples of product photography now adopted by the selfie generation.
A ToF sensor can measure distance and volume both inside and outdoors within a fraction of a second, with sensors capable of supporting photography at 60fps.
This could simplify 3D photographs, which can already be taken on devices with video recording capabilities or dual lens cameras, via apps including Fyuse and PopPic.
Companies like ROKiT, DING and Yocophone already manufacture smartphones with 3D cameras, but these products aren’t on sale in the UK.
Another benefit of a ToF camera is its ability to focus in low light, since the infrared beams used for calculating distance to subject are just as effective in what we’d call pitch darkness.
The result is greater detail in night shots, with less grainy backgrounds or flooding from light sources.
And because those infrared beams are ideally suited to identifying and tracking (or avoiding) obstacles, ToF sensors could easily be co-opted into augmented reality services.
They could help to ensure smartphone users don’t walk into objects while studying a camera projection on their screen, for instance.
With AR expected to grow rapidly in popularity, this could underpin rising adoption of ToF technology among smartphone manufacturers and consumers alike.


Owl Autonomous Imaging has developed and patented “monocular 3D thermal imaging and ranging solutions.”
The company’s tech is applicable to automotive advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).
According to Owl, current ADAS systems generally use “mutually dependent visible-light cameras and radar” that can be negatively affected under certain conditions. Like night and/or rain.
So the Owl system is meant to overcome those limitations by using HD thermal imaging and the appropriate computer vision algorithms that are capable of creating “ultra-dense point clouds and highly refined object classification.”
In other words, objects like people and other animals generate heat and this system is able of detecting it.
Here’s the curious thing: the tech that Owl is developing for automotive use is predicated on “a thermal ranging solution developed under a challenge grant from the US Air Force to track missiles in flight traveling at over 1,000 mph.”


LASIK and PRK Methods
In the last years Excimer laser is being applied together with a cornea surgery on the high diopter myopic eye. This method is called as LASIK.The first method of excimer laser used is PRK. In the PRK method the laser is applied directly to the corneal surface.But in the LASIK method, a thin corneal flap(160 or 180 microns) with a nasal or superior hinge is separated from the surface.After the laser is applied, the flap is get closed to the cornea. With this method the result is better and the risk is minimal.In the PRK method the patient can not open his/her eyes during 2 days after the laser treatment. But in the LASIK method the eyes are not closed after the surgery. Patient can go to work the day after surgery. So, the LASIK method is preferred. The sight in the LASIK is slightly blurred on the first days as it is on the PRK method. But this blur disappears day by day.The best sight will be within 10 days.
.. Some patients may have a near-sightedness problem for a few days.
Laser PRK and LASIK methods can be applied to astigmatism and hyperopia too.
Is Laser harmful?
Everything in our life has a risk. Nevertheless, Excimer Laser has not an important risk.The most frequent complication seen is over or under correction. It is easy to correct these problems.
There is no blindness
risk or damage on the eye by the Excimer Laser.


Spread the gel with your index finger tip until the lens is completely covered.
Working it into the edges of lens and frame.
Lightly buff with a clean, dry lint free cloth (microfiber cloth) to remove the haze.
Repeat Steps 1-4 on the 2nd lens and on the outside of each lens.
Note: C-Clear will not stop fogging 100% on Rx lenses with anti-reflective "AR" coating. It will help dissipate the fogging some. C-Clear GEL also helps prevent scratches by stopping dust particles from building up on the lens surface which cause scratches when wiped "dry" without C-Clear lens cleaner.


Fstoppers posted a great question we’ve all heard many times.. If you were forced to only use one lens for the rest of your life, what would it be? Check out their full post here http://fstoppers.com/poll-the-one-lens-to-rule-them-all and let them know what you think!
Personally I chose the 50 prime. Arguably the best lens for your money on the market, no matter what brand you shoot with! Relatively cheap, plus super light weight, great F/Stop range, and amazing macro lens. But thats not the only reason I chose the 50 prime. I chose the 50 prime because of Crop Factor (Crop Factor is not specific to the 50mm, it applies to all lenses and all cameras). Personally I shoot with the D3 & hopefully some time soon the D800, both FX (full frame) cameras with an option to shoot in DX mode. DX is Nikons code for a cropped sensor. In a nutshell a cropped sensor will automatically zoom any lens you put on the camera. Bam! This lens is 50mm on my FX camera, and 75mm on my DX camera! Two lenses in one!! It does the because the sensor isn’t large enough to cover the entire area of the glass. (on a lens designed for FX bodies) DX lenses are designed for cropped sensors, but the focal length measurements remain the same. Focal length is the result of a formula comparing the distances of the front and rear glass elements of the lens to the camera’s sensor (of film). Read more on focal length on Wikipedia. So mechanically the focal length of a lens never changes when you put it on a FX or DX camera. Its specifically the size of the sensor that magnifies the image on a DX body. This is where it gets slightly confusing.. Different lenses are designed specifically for FX or DX cameras. If you are Nikon, you can use any lens with any body. Other brands do not offer this flexibility. There are however some limitations you should be aware of.
For this example I’m sticking with 50mm, to my knowledge there are no 50mm lenses designed specifically for DX (cropped sensors), but for simplicity I made one up.
Starting to make sense? Essentially the only thing a full frame sensor does is give you the true focal length for each lens you put on your camera. It makes every lens a bit wider when compared to the same lens on a DX camera. Now this does affect several other aspects of your photography! For example, depth of field on each lens will change. So be careful not to get to used to focal lengths on your DX camera if you ever plan to upgrade to a FX body, everything will change! Personally I love having one FX and one DX camera in my bag at all times. Why, because it doubles the lens options I have without paying for additional lenses! Previously I shot with the Nikon D3 and Nikon D300s, but recently sold the D300s to replace it with the D800, which is a FX body, reasons behind this can be found in the blog post Gear.. I wrote a while ago. (little insight, the D800 is a beast and produces great DX shots!) If you have no experience with either a FX or DX camera, check out BorrowLenses.com and rent one!
Rent something, play with your focal lengths & Keep Shooting!
Remember to ask any questions in the comments or on FormSpring! I don’t want you leaving confused!


Astronauts observing from a space station need a telescope with a light-gathering power 15,000 times that of the dark-adapted human eye (Note: see problem 4), capable of resolving detail as small as 0.1 arc seconds at a wavelength of 550 nm, and having a magnifying power of 250. Design a telescope to meet their needs. Could you test your design by using it to observe stars from the surface of Earth?
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Astronauts observing from a space station need a telescope with a light-gathering power 15,000… 1 answer below »


There is no confocal microscope optimized for single-molecule imaging in live superresolution and cells fluorescence imaging. cAMP receptors, was cleaned with IB stream (5?mM KH2PO4, 5?mM Na2HPO4, 6 pH.4) and incubated with Halo-TMR (50?nM; G8252, Promega, Fitchburg, WI) blended in IB barrier for 30?minutes with mild banging. After the incubation, was cleaned 17321-77-6 supplier with IB barrier three situations. The period of time between cleaning techniques was 10?minutes. The cells had been harvested by mildly pipetting, relocated to a chambered coverglass (Lab Tek II, Nunc, Penfield, NY), and incubated for 10?min for the attachment of the cells to the surface. The chambered coverglass was cleaned just before starting the tests by sonicating it sequentially in deionized water, 1?M KOH, and ethanol, and finally dried by using In2 gas. For imaging of the cAMP receptor, a 532-nm green laser was used with an intensity of 20 mW. The exposure time of the CCD camera was 50?ms, the width of the confocal slit was 40 are not single-molecule images but blurs due to nonuniform illumination of the HILO microscope. In the absence of free dye, the quality of single-molecule images obtained using our HILO microscope was similar to that obtained using the line-scan confocal microscope (Fig.?S1), indicating that both microscopes were properly optimized. We also demonstrated that the line-scan confocal microscope is compatible with single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements. To do FRET experiments, the optical setup in Fig.?1 was slightly modified (Fig.?S2). We could successfully monitor the two-state dynamics of the 17321-77-6 supplier Holliday junction by monitoring fluorescence intensities of donors and acceptors labeled at the ends of the Holliday junction (Fig.?2 cells with TMR-labeled cAMP receptors (Materials and Methods). Single cAMP receptors could be clearly visualized on both the basal and apical surfaces of the cell (Fig.?3,?and?were imaged on both the basal (and and Fig.?S5). This result suggests a potential of the new microscope for single-molecule imaging at the tissue level. However, it is true that our experimental conditions are different from those in tissues, and single-molecule imaging at the tissue 17321-77-6 supplier level has yet to be demonstrated. Discussion It is well recognized that for cellular imaging, confocal microscopy has a number of advantages over HILO and SPIM. Nevertheless, credited to the poor level of sensitivity of obtainable video-rate confocal microscopes presently, this image resolution technique can be not really utilized for single-molecule research in live cells or for superresolution fluorescence image resolution. Can be this a fundamental limit of confocal microscopy? It can be known that the fast scanning service setting of single-pinhole-based confocal microscopes will not really offer plenty of photons to?differentiate sole substances from record sound. Spinning-disk or line-scan type confocal microscopes perform?not have the same problem. We asked whether these confocal microscopes could be optimized to provide single-molecule sensitivity. In the case of spinning-disk confocal microscopes, single-molecule images can barely be obtained using a highly sensitive camera as a detector (26), and it is generally agreed that single-molecule images of satisfactory quality and photostability cannot be obtained using commercial spinning-disk confocal microscopes, due to significant signal loss in the detection route (2 most Mouse monoclonal to CD4 likely,18). To address the relevant query, we used the line-scanning technique for the fresh microscope. Different variations of line-scan confocal microscopes possess been developed over recent years (27C30), and some of these have been commercialized (Meridian, InSIGHT PLUS; Bio-Rad, DVC 250; Zeiss, LSM 7 LIVE). However, none of these models provide single-molecule detection capability. We developed a line-scan confocal microscope with superior single-molecule detection sensitivity. The microscope is based on our unique double-scanning method; the illumination line on the sample plane and the fluorescence image on the CCD camera were synchronously scanned using independent galvanometric 17321-77-6 supplier scanners. Compared to HILO microscopy, the new technique has the advantage that single-molecule imaging can be done in much deeper regions and with several times better signal/sound proportion. Likened to SPIM in the first style, which needs particular optical style and test planning procedures, the brand-new microscopy is certainly suitable with regular cell-imaging methods completely, and as a result, single-molecule imaging may be very much even more completed at absolute depths up to many hundred or so microns from the quickly?glass surface area. Although Bessel-beam and iSPIM airplane lighting cannot however offer single-molecule pictures, very clear single-molecule pictures can be easily obtained using the new microscope. Conclusion Single-molecule fluorescence imaging in cells has been pivotal to our understanding of several fundamental questions of cell biology, but its application deep inside the cell has been difficult to achieve due to technical limits of the currently available microscopes. We have developed video-rate confocal microscopy with excellent single-molecule detection efficiency and optical-sectioning capability, and we have exhibited that this technology 17321-77-6 supplier makes it easy to.


Assistant Professor, Physics & Astronomy
Research webpage: https://smallwoodgroup.wordpress.com
Preferred: (408) 924-5270
- PhD, Physics, UC Berkeley, 2014
- MA, Physics, UC Berkeley, 2010
- AB, Physics, Harvard University, 2005
Christopher Smallwood's research focuses on spectroscopy studies of solid-state materials, and on the development and characterization of interferometric optical devices. He received an AB in Physics from Harvard College in 2005 conducting optical measurements of rubidium vapor, and he received a PhD in Physics from UC Berkeley in 2014 developing photoemission spectroscopy techniques to study high-temperature superconductors. From 2014-2018 he worked as a postdoctoral researcher, first at JILA (University of Colorado and the National Institute of Standards and Technology) and then at the University of Michigan, where he developed and used ultrafast spectroscopy techniques to study light-matter interactions in solids. Between college and graduate school, he also taught fifth grade from 2005–2007 with Teach For America at Leo James Leo Elementary School in Mission, TX. He is the recipient of a National Research Council postdoctoral Research Associateship award at NIST, and the 2013 Lars Commins Memorial Award in Experimental Physics at UC Berkeley.


Keeping Up With The Latest Solar Power Advances.
Students of modern solar energy technology need to be aware that the science is constantly changing ( for the better). Scientist and engineers ( great career path by the way) are constantly challenging the status quo when it comes to what is possible with solar technology.
Materials engineering advancements are making it possible to generate electricity from the sun in ways that were never possible before today. Nanotechnology is opening new doors to such materials. One of these is the concept of windows that not only pass light but also generate electricity.
Buildings of the future.
New buildings may come equipped with windows that can generate their own electricity, thanks to a finding of a team led by Jacqui Cole, a materials scientist from the University of Cambridge, UK, currently based at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory.
For the first time, Cole and colleagues determined the molecular structure of working solar cell electrodes within a fully assembled device that works like a window.
Latest Solar Power Advances.
The finding, published in Nanoscale, helps advance smart window technology that could enable cities to move closer to the goal of being energy sustainable.
“We just need a modest boost in performance to make these solar cells competitive.” – Jacqui Cole, 1851 Royal Commission 2014 Design Fellow, based at Argonne.
The experiments were performed on dye-sensitized solar cells, which are transparent and thus well-suited for use in glass. Attempts to create smart window technologies have been limited by the many unknown molecular mechanisms between the electrodes and electrolyte that combine to determine how the device operates.
“Most previous studies have modeled the molecular function of these working electrodes without considering the electrolyte ingredients,” Cole said.
Our work shows that these chemical ingredients can clearly influence the performance of solar cells, so we can now use this knowledge to tune the ions to increase solar photovoltaic efficiency.
To make the discovery, Cole (the 1851 Royal Commission 2014 Design Fellow) and her colleagues used neutron reflectometry to probe the function and interplay of the electrolyte ingredients with electrodes of the dye-sensitized solar cells. Neutron reflectometry, similar to X-ray reflectometry techniques, allows scientists to measure the structure of thin films with high resolution. But it was the fact that the tests were performed in a window-like system that made for a significant discovery.
“Prior research considered the working electrodes outside the device, so there has been no path to determine how the different device components interact,” Cole said.
Our work signifies a huge leap forward as it’s the world’s first example of applying in situ neutron reflectometry to dye-sensitized solar cells.
Previous efforts to characterize the dye/titanium dioxide interface in these solar cells have been limited to determining this interfacial structure within an environment exposed to air or in a solvent medium. Because of these constraints, these solar cell environments are essentially artificial with limited relevance for window applications.
Jacqui Cole, a materials scientist from the University of Cambridge, based at Argonne, led the research team that discovered a way to potentially enhance the efficiency of solar cells.
Solar Power Advances Continue To Drive Down The Cost Of Solar Electricity.
With this discovery, however, Cole and colleagues have moved beyond artificial constraints. In doing so, they can better understand how a thin-film electrode containing titanium dioxide, a naturally occurring compound found in paint, sunscreen and food coloring, can have a huge impact on solar cell efficiency.
Our work has shown that certain chemical ingredients, some of which have so far been overlooked, can clearly influence the photovoltaic performance of these solar cells.
More efficient solar cells like these can move smart window technology closer to the marketplace, said Cole, adding that the science is almost there.
We just need a modest boost in performance to make these solar cells competitive, since price-to-performance governs the economics of the solar cell industry. And manufacturing dye-sensitized solar cells is very cheap relative to other solar cell technologies.
Performance-wise, the cells recently broke a world record with a power conversion efficiency of 14.3 percent using a dye-sensitized electrode featuring two co-sensitized metal-free organic dyes. These dyes “promise cheaper, more environmentally friendly synthetic routes and greater molecular design flexibility than their metal-containing counterparts,” according to the paper.
The discovery was made with colleagues from the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK. Researchers are continuing to apply this materials characterization technique to dye-sensitized solar cells, which could reveal further molecular secrets and lead the way to future energy applications.
Argonne National Laboratory seeks solutions to pressing national problems in science and technology. The nation’s first national laboratory, Argonne conducts leading-edge basic and applied scientific research in virtually every scientific discipline. Argonne researchers work closely with researchers from hundreds of companies, universities, and federal, state and municipal agencies to help them solve their specific problems, advance America’s scientific leadership and prepare the nation for a better future. With employees from more than 60 nations, Argonne is managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science.
Source Argonne National Laboratory.Solar energy technology and education is most important to our readers . So we bring you this!


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Night Owl Optics NOXM50 Night Vision Monocular $75. However, if you were a hunter, you would know that these would scare away prey as well as alert predators of your presence. document.write( '<\/a>' ); With a simple button mapping, this riflescope can be operated easily.
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Precision measurement is more important today than ever before. The manufacturing shop floor demands easy-to-use laser measurement solutions to ensure accuracy, control quality and improve production time. This HH Barnum / Banner Engineering Webinar will cover five incredible laser measurement sensor solutions, helping you choose the sensor that best fits your application – every time.
Please join us for this quick webinar to learn more about the awesome sensors advantages available to you from the Barnum/Banner Team!
On-demand Webinar Request Form
Below are some helpful links related to this webinar. Watch the full webinar for a more in-depth look!


Malware can appear in many forms and use various techniques, but the xLED malware is very unusual and novel. This malware has the capability to infect a router or a switch in order to steal information by flashing LEDs.
According to the researchers at Bleeping computer, the xLED was established and engineered by an Israeli-based team at the Cyber Security Research Center at the Ben-Gurion University. The team has experience using LED on a drive and a drone to record the information. However, routers and switchers enable attackers to perform larger volume data capture due to more LEDs.
The video illustrates the xLED working principle in order to covert data exfiltration using router LEDs: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSNt4h7EDKo
Once the target router or switch is infected with malware, the data theft proceeds by converting information into numerous formations of ones and zeros. Then, every single LED on the device refers a binary digit. If the LED is on, it stands for one, and when it is off, it marks a zero.
A camera is also required to monitor the information. So, in this case, a drone can be used to look through a window, corrupt a security guard to set up a camera or hack a security camera. The monitoring technique depends on the situation.
In addition to that, applying optical sensors provides the best recording results. Optical sensors are able to record the LED flashings at a larger sampling rate. The combination of optical sensors and multiple LEDs, which monitor an individual router or switch, helped researchers reach a data stealing rate of 1,000 bits per second per LED.
However, there are some difficulties with this malware procedure, including installing it and infecting the router or switch. In addition, xLED is only an aim of the research and not an actual attack vector, but manufacturers should keep this in mind as a potential weakness in the network.


A metamaterial that can detect a huge array of gene fragments within 5 minutes could lead to devices for medical diagnostics or environmental monitoring
23 August 2022
A test that can detect hundreds of thousands of different fragments of DNA sequences, proteins or antibodies could be built onto a tiny silicon chip. Researchers say the technology could lead to devices for medical diagnostics or environmental monitoring.
Jack Hu at Stanford University in California and his colleagues created a metamaterial from silicon that can identify gene fragments just 22 nucleotides long within 5 minutes. When a sample is placed on the chip and near-infrared light is shone on one side of the …


LED because of its green, environmental protection and many other advantages, is considered to replace incandescent, fluorescent and other power consumption, pollution of the traditional lighting source of the revolutionary solid light source. Conventional LED is generally bracket, the use of epoxy resin package, the power is small, the overall luminous flux is not large, high brightness can only be used as some special lighting. With the LED chip technology and the development of packaging technology, comply with the field of high luminous flux LED lighting products, power LED gradually into the market. This power-type LED is generally the light-emitting chip on the heat sink, the above assembly of optical lenses to achieve a certain optical spatial distribution, the lens filled with low-stress flexible silicone.
Power LED to really enter the field of lighting, to achieve the daily lighting of the family, its problems to be solved there are many, one of the most important is the luminous efficiency. Currently on the market power LED reported the highest lumen efficiency of 50lm / W or so, far less than the daily requirements of the family lighting. In order to improve the power LED luminous efficiency, on the one hand the efficiency of its light chip to be improved; the other hand, power LED packaging technology also need to further improve, from the structural design, material technology and process technology and other aspects to improve the product Encapsulation efficiency.
2. Encapsulation elements that affect the efficiency of light extraction
1. Cooling technology
For light-emitting diodes consisting of PN junctions, when the forward current flows from the PN junction, the PN junction has heat loss, which is radiated into the air via adhesive, potting material, heat sink, etc., during this process. Part of the material has a thermal resistance to prevent heat flow, that is, thermal resistance, thermal resistance by the device size, structure and material determined by the fixed value. The thermal resistance of the LED is Rth (℃ / W) and the heat dissipation power is PD (W). At this time, the temperature of the PN junction is increased due to the heat loss of the current:
△ T (° C) = Rth × PD.
PN junction temperature is:
TJ = TA + Rth × PD
Where TA is the ambient temperature. Due to the rise in junction temperature will make the probability of PN junction recombination decreased, the brightness of the light-emitting diodes will decline. At the same time, due to heat loss caused by the increase in temperature, light-emitting diode brightness will no longer continue to increase with the proportion of the current, that shows the hot saturation phenomenon. In addition, as the junction temperature rises, the peak wavelength of the light emission will drift to the long wavelength, about 0.2-0.3 nm / ° C. For the white LED obtained by mixing the YAG phosphor coated with the blue chip, Drift, will cause a mismatch with the phosphor excitation wavelength, thereby reducing the overall luminous efficiency of the white LED, and lead to white color temperature changes.
For power light-emitting diodes, the drive current is generally more than a few hundred milliamperes, PN junction current density is very large, so PN junction temperature is very obvious. For the packaging and application, how to reduce the thermal resistance of the product, so that the heat generated by the PN junction can be released as soon as possible, not only can improve the product saturation current, improve product luminous efficiency, but also improve product reliability and life The In order to reduce the thermal resistance of the product, the first choice of packaging materials is particularly important, including heat sink, adhesive, etc., the thermal resistance of each material is low, that requires good thermal conductivity. Second, the structural design should be reasonable, the thermal conductivity of the material between the continuous match, the material between the thermal connection is good, to avoid the heat generated in the heat pipe bottleneck to ensure that heat from the inner to the outer layer of distribution. At the same time, from the process to ensure that the heat in accordance with the pre-designed cooling channel in a timely manner out.


The Fastcam MC2 is a high speed video system for production line troubleshooting or research. The small camera heads fit easily around the production line and can record video up to 2,000 fps at full resolution or up to 10,000fps at reduced resolution. The system has trigger and switch functions for precise video capture and fault finding. The Photron PFV software is intuitive and operators are quickly up to speed with its features. Continue reading
This 24W LED light source has variable light intensity and gives a stable white illumination. The light intensity compares well with 150 watt halogen units and with a life of 20,00 hours its running costs are much lower. There is no fan so the unit is quiet and has a small (145 x 90mm) footprint. Pictured here with twin swanneck light guides and focusing lenses the unit is ideal for stereo microscopy where the subject needs cool white light.
See our product video here
The VM10x video microscope has been manufactured by Close-Ups for several years and is established in numerous companies and amongst several different industries as an easy to use inspection system. There is a large zoom range enabling the inspection of larger components or the fine detail on small components. Continue reading


- Is the sun a light bulb?
- What color is natural sunlight?
- Are white LED lights good for plants?
- Can plants get too much artificial light?
- What bulb is closest to natural light?
- Can I use an LED light for plants?
- Which Colour lighting is the best for mimicking natural light?
- What is a 100 watt LED equivalent to?
- What kind of light source is the sun?
- What are 5 sources of light?
- How do you fake natural light?
- Is Moon a natural source of light?
- What is light energy for kids?
- How many lumens is a 100 W light bulb?
- Is a light bulb hotter than the sun?
- What color LED light is best for plants?
- What color is the hottest star?
- Can LED lights mimic sunlight?
- What is the only source of light in the universe?
- What are 4 types of radiation from the sun?
- What is a natural light source?
- What are the two types of light?
- Which color will give you the greatest contrast?
- Which color temperature is best for eyes?
Is the sun a light bulb?
The sun, a torch, and a light bulb all emit energy in the form of particles called photons.
The photons from the sun are a product of thermonuclear fusion.
A torch uses a chemical reaction to burn.
A light bulb converts electricity to photons..
What color is natural sunlight?
whiteThe color of the sun is white. The sun emits all colors of the rainbow more or less evenly and in physics, we call this combination “white”. That is why we can see so many different colors in the natural world under the illumination of sunlight.
Are white LED lights good for plants?
White LED grow lights are good if you’re looking to illuminate your home or office as this efficiency loss is easily justified by being able to see comfortably, but for growing plants they are wasteful. Plants preferentially absorb red and blue light.
Can plants get too much artificial light?
Most houseplants do well with 12-16 hours of artificial fluorescent light each day. Too little light will result in elongated, spindly growth and too much light will cause a plant to wilt, color to fade, soil to become excessively dry and foliage to burn. Plants also require a rest period each day.
What bulb is closest to natural light?
Halogen light bulbsHalogen light bulbs give the closest approximation of natural daylight, also known as “white light”.
Can I use an LED light for plants?
Generally, yes. But because LED technology is so customizable, every bulb is different and you want bulbs that produce the exact mix of red, blue and other wavelengths preferred by your plants. White light contains a great mix for plants, so white LED bulbs will work to grow.
Which Colour lighting is the best for mimicking natural light?
Cool white LEDs and most fluorescents are designed to mimic daylight (blue-rich light). Light from most LED products (light bulbs AND devices/screens) is intrinsically blue-rich since they are powered by blue LEDs.
What is a 100 watt LED equivalent to?
LED equivalents to traditional incandescent light bulbsIncandescent Light Bulb WattageLED Equivalent Wattage100 Watt10 Watt75 Watt7.5 Watt60 Watt6 Watt50 Watt5 Watt1 more row•Mar 9, 2018
What kind of light source is the sun?
Incandescent lightIncandescent light is the most common type of light it includes the sun, fires and light bulbs. Fires involve chemical reactions which release heat and gases, causing materials to reach high temperatures and eventually causes the gases and materials to incandescence.
What are 5 sources of light?
Light sources include the sun, light bulbs and stars. Reflectors (such as the moon, cat’s eyes, and mirrors) do not actually produce the light that comes from them….List of light sources1.1 Combustion. 1.1.1 Lamps.1.2 Other.1.3 Nuclear and high-energy particle.1.4 Celestial and atmospheric.
How do you fake natural light?
Add a fresh coat of glossy white to your walls, ceiling, trim, and floors (if possible) to help bounce the light you do have around the room, and invest in decor items with glossy or metallic finishes to give the impression you have more light in your home than you really do.
Is Moon a natural source of light?
These different “faces” are called phases and they are the result of the way the Sun lights the Moon’s surface as the Moon orbits Earth. The Moon can only be seen as a result of the Sun’s light reflecting off it. It does not produce any light of its own.
What is light energy for kids?
Light energy is a kind of kinetic energy with the ability to make types of light visible to human eyes. Light is defined as a form of electromagnetic radiation emitted by hot objects like lasers, bulbs, and the sun. Light contains photons which are minute packets of energy.
How many lumens is a 100 W light bulb?
1600 lumensTo replace a 100 watt (W) incandescent bulb, look for a bulb that gives you about 1600 lumens. If you want something dimmer, go for less lumens; if you prefer brighter light, look for more lumens. Replace a 75W bulb with an energy-saving bulb that gives you about 1100 lumens.
Is a light bulb hotter than the sun?
Yep, the answer is a bolt of lightning, which can reach temperatures of roughly 30,000 kelvins (53,540 degrees Fahrenheit). The sun, on the other hand, is eclipsed in this case – its surface temperature is just 6,000 kelvins (10,340 degrees Fahrenheit).
What color LED light is best for plants?
Plants do best with a light that has a lot of red and blue and smaller amounts of green and yellow. White light is not important for plants – having the right amount of each wavelength is important.
What color is the hottest star?
Blue starsWhite stars are hotter than red and yellow. Blue stars are the hottest stars of all.
Can LED lights mimic sunlight?
Believe it or not, LED lights have a lot in common with sunlight. LEDs can mimic the hue and intensity of natural sunlight and help to maintain the human body’s natural circadian rhythm. This is because LED components allow for finer adjustments of color, brightness and intensity.
What is the only source of light in the universe?
Hot objects like stars emit a lot of visible light. Our local star, the Sun, emits most of its light in the visible part of the spectrum. Reflections of visible light waves are the source of the color we can see. Ultraviolet light is generated by very hot objects like stars.
What are 4 types of radiation from the sun?
Solar radiation includes visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared, radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays.
What is a natural light source?
Natural light sources include the Sun and stars. Artificial light sources include lamp posts and televisions. Without light sources we could not see the world around us, however not every object we can see is a light source. Many objects simply reflect light from a light source.
What are the two types of light?
Types of LightingFluorescent.Incandescent.Outdoor solar.Light-emitting diode (LED)
Which color will give you the greatest contrast?
Black and white create the highest contrast possible. Please visit our Color Contrast Analyzer page to see if the colors you want to use have enough contrast. Colors can contrast in hue, value and saturation, but there are many different types of contrasts that have been defined by color theorists throughout the years.
Which color temperature is best for eyes?
During the daylight hours, it’s best to keep your monitor relatively cool with a default color temperature of 6,500K. At night, the color temperature should be warmer, and around 3,400K.


Non-Invasive Light Therapy
Ideal Light is the latest advancement in light emitting microchip technology and is exceptionally effective on all body areas due to its unique pad design. The large, soft and flexible pads will contour to the shape of the human body, providing a direct contact of the light source to the skin; the optimum way to deliver photonic energy. The wavelengths of red and near-infrared are emitted by the pads of the Ideal Light system, combining the beneficial aspects of both frequencies to attain optimal results. No other system delivers and retains this energy better.


Laser Micromachining Ltd
Laser Micromachining Ltd profile
Laser Micromachining Ltd. (LML) supplies precision laser manufacturing services combining fast turnaround with high quality results in all materials. This offering allows complex product designs to be evaluated in a simple and efficient manner, enabling shorter development times and a cost-effective route to market. LML has extensive experience in micro-fabrication processes and has the widest range of precision laser micromachining tools in the UK within it’s state-of-the-art facilities. LML’s services range from providing one-off proof-of-concept parts through to small batch runs and high-volume manufacturing.


A novel three-dimensional solar cell design developed at the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) will soon receive its first space testing aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
An experimental module containing 18 test cells was launched to the ISS in July and installed on the exterior of the station. In addition to testing the three-dimensional format, the module will also study a low-cost copper-zinc-tin-sulfide (CZTS) solar cell formulation.
Built by coating miniature carbon nanotube “towers” with a photo-absorber that captures sunlight from all angles, the 3-D cells could boost the amount of power obtained from the small surface areas many spacecraft have.
“We want to see both the light-trapping performance of our 3-D solar cells and how they are going to respond to the harshness of space,” said Jud Ready, a GTRI principal research engineer and an adjunct professor in Georgia Tech’s School of Materials Science and Engineering. — Rick Robinson
GTRI researcher Stephan Turano shows an optical microscope image of one of the carbon nanotube array patterns on a solar cell that will be tested on the International Space Station. The actual cell is visible on microscope stage under the objective. Photo: Gary Meek


The FocusS Series consists of three laser scanners with different ranges: Focus S 350 for long-range measurements up to 350m, FocusS 150 for mid-range measurements up to 150m and the newest member FocusS 70, perfectly suitable for short-term measurements up to 70m.
With their sealed design, all S Laser Scanner models are certified via the industry standard Ingress Protection (IP) Rating, and classified in Class 54 for environmental protection. The devices are built to safeguard against intrusions such as dirt, dust, fog and rain as well as other outdoor elements which typically occur in challenging scanning conditions. An extended temperature range allows scanning in extreme environments, like desserts. An addition the laser scanners offer a future-proof interface to connect additional accessories to the scanner and provide a specific on-site compensation routine.
For scan data processing users have unrestricted freedom of choice to leverage the software tools most beneficial to their own workflow. The point cloud data captured with FARO Laser Scanners can be used with various software packages including FARO SCENE or 3rd party software such as Autodesk ReCap.
All scanner types offer the possibility to perform scanning even in bright sunlight. Remote scanning as well as almost limitless scan data sharing via SCENE Webshare Cloud make the laser scanning solution truly mobile.
Each of the following headings/industries address:
With SCENE software you can scan three dimensional, complex forms by creating point cloud data. SCENE integrates seamlessly with FARO® Laser Scanner Focus and FARO® Scanner Freestyle product lines. SCENE works best when you use the latest software version. Upgrade releases offer new ease-of-use features that help you get your job done quicker and easier, as well as bug fixes. With each new version, you increase your work efficiency and get more done with less effort. This article shows you how to download and install the software.
Important FARO links
FARO FocusS 350
The FARO FocusS 350 is specially designed for outdoor applications due to its small size, extra light weight and extended scanning range. The FocusS 350 provides scanning results even in challenging environments, narrow job-sites, dusty or humid areas, in rain or direct sunlight applications. An on-site compensation tool allows data quality optimization on-site. Integrated GPS & GLONASS receiver enable easy positioning. HDR imaging and HD photo resolution ensure true-to-detail scan results with high data quality.
FARO FocusM 70
The ultra-portable FocusM 70 enables fast, straight-forward and accurate measurements of construction sites, small-scale facades, complex structures, production and supply facilities and crash and crime scenes. The 3D scan data can easily be imported into all commonly used software solutions for architecture and construction, forensics and accident reconstruction or industrial manufacturing
The laser scanner transmits a laser beam, which is reflected by an object back to the scanner. The distance is measured with millimetre precision by means of the phase difference between the transmitted and received beams.
The mirror directs the laser beam through the space in a vertical direction. The angle is recorded at the same time as the distance measurement.
The laser scanner turns horizontally through 360° while scanning. The horizontal angle is recorded at the same time as the distance measurement.
Defining the 3D coordinates
Distance, vertical angle and horizontal angle result in polar coordinate (d, α, β), which are converted into cartesian coordinates (x, y, z).


- Climate, Environment & Health
COUNTERACTING CLIMATE CHANGE WITH TANDEM SOLAR CELLS
At first glance, a tandem may seem bulky and unwieldy. At second glance, it offers a decisive advantage over an ordinary bicycle: it runs better together! Due to the double occupation, more power is available to significantly increase the drive of the bike and to cover further distances.
KIT researchers are taking advantage of the fundamental "tandem concept" to develop next-generation solar cells. Established silicon solar cells have undergone decades of progress in their technological development and are now reaching their limits in terms of conversion efficiency from light to electrical energy. "The optimization potential will be exhausted in the near future. Every additional percent of efficiency means an enormous development effort," explains Junior Prof. Ulrich W. Paetzold, tenure-track professor and head of the Next Generation Photovoltaics working group at KIT. To escape this impasse, new and more efficient concepts are needed. Solar cells based on perovskite semiconductors are of particular interest to the scientific community, as they have shown an incredibly rapid increase in efficiency over the past ten years.
Perovskite solar cells are particularly promising in combination with another solar cell material, such as crystalline silicon or established thin-film semiconductors like CIGS (copper, indium, gallium, selenide) in form of a tandem solar cell. This is due to the fact that perovskites use the blue-purple high-energy light in the solar spectrum more efficiently than other solar cells, which primarily convert red and infrared light efficiently into electrical energy. Thus, the use of multiple solar cells with different efficient absorption ranges provides the higher efficiencies than for individual solar cells.
Simply put, the tandem solar cell can be thought of as a silicon+ solar cell (or CIGS+ solar cell). The use of silicon or CIGS in the tandem solar cell is attractive because the wheel does not have to be reinvented and an established production technology can be used as the basis for the tandem solar cell. Enthusiasm for this concept has already spread from the scientific community to the German Photovoltaic Industry. Even though there are still some challenges to overcome, such as the insufficient long-term stability, numerous companies (machine builders, module manufacturers, material suppliers) are already looking forward tpo the technology, for example the company Oxford Photovoltaik, which is currently setting up an initial pilot line in Brandenburg.
The bottleneck in the development of the tandem solar cell currently relates primarily to the perovskite solar cell on the front side. "We have developed a tandem prototype that we are currently using to improve the efficiency of the silicon solar cell from just over 20 percent to 27.8 percent. This also provides us with evidence that the technology can already outperform the best silicon solar cell ever measured. The tandem technology works," says Junior Prof. Paetzold, describing the current status. His team is working at all levels to further advance the tandem technology and optimize the yield under real light conditions. An important research aspect is the upscaling of the perovskite solar cell from the small laboratory scale to application-relevant areas for solar modules. A particular challenge for the upscaling is the uniform coating of all solar cell layers on the substrate. "Homogeneous deposition of solar cell layers by rotational coating works perfect in the lab on small areas. Industrially, it is not applicable because the method leads to strong inhomogeneity in the deposition already on areas of a few square centimeters," explains Ph. D. Tobias Abzieher, a scientist in the field of vacuum deposition of perovskite solar cells and member of the research team. His approach to solving the problem: vapor deposition of the individual solar cell layers in a vacuum. "Vapor deposition is a standard approach in the industry because of its outstanding homogeneity and it also allows very good control over layer thickness and material composition of the layers involved. The fact that we have developed a fully evaporated perovskite solar module is unique worldwide and sets our work apart from other research," Ph. D. Abzieher proudly reports.
The development of cost-effective and scalable manufacturing processes, such as vacuum deposition, but also the development of innovative deposition processes from the liquid phase is fundamental to the Karlsruhe research. To enable tandem technology for commercial application, the team collaborates with a variety of national, european and international companies. The various facets of the research are strongly supported by the Helmholtz Association, the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the European Research Framework Program.
The tremendous progress of perovskite research is already catapulting the semiconductor material to the forefront of hopes for high-performance, low-cost solar cells of tomorrow. It is not without reason that perovskite photovoltaics is one of the most rapidly developing research fields worldwide. The researchers of KIT expect the tandem technology to be available on the market already by the middle of the current decade.
"I expect perovskite silicon tandem solar cells to be used in large-scale photovoltaic power plants in the future. In the laboratory, the technology's efficiency is expected to reach 33 percent in the next few years, far surpassing the silicon photovoltaics established on the market right now."
Pictures: Markus Breig / KIT


Product and Specifications
With built-in wi-fi, images and HD videos can be shared instantly on social media. Using the Canon Camera Window app, users can directly connect the camera to iOS and Andriod devices so images can be shared virtually anywhere and even send for wireless printing with any compatible printers.
F2.0 lens for dramatic depth-of-field images
Newly engineered specifically for the camera, the 24mm Wide-Angle 5x Optical Zoom lens with a focal length of 5.2 - 26.0mm achieves f/2.0 - f/5.9, giving the user exceptional versatility and allowing you to create captivating portraits with beautiful, soft background blur, even in low light.
Full range of shooting and recording modes, includes Live View Control
Capture the images as how you envision it using the full Manual mode or Live Control. The camera gives you outstanding flexibility and complete creative control.
Canon Powershot S200
- Product Code: CANONS200
- Availability: In Stock
- MYR 895.28
- Ex Tax: MYR 377.35


On September 26, my wife and I joined a group from the local astronomical society on a field trip to Mount Wilson, just east of Pasadena, California, where we spent the entire night observing objects in the sky. My wife and I didn’t end up spending the entire night in the observatory because I got too cold, and I had to retreat to our vehicle where I was slightly less cold. But, the others – intrepid astronomers all – spent the night there, and looked periodically at stars and binary stars and planetary clusters, and nebulae, and even a galaxy or two. It was very exciting stuff.
This is the 100-inch Hooker telescope on Mount Wilson. Between the years 1917 and 1947, this telescope was the largest in the world. It was superseded by the Mt. Palomar telescope in San Diego County, California. The giant mirror in the telescope is just above the cluster of people standing under the instrument.
I took lots of camera equipment because I am always interested in taking star photos, and photos of people watching stars. I like the telescopes and the observatory as much as I like looking at distant stellar objects. I had planned to do a time-lapse movie of the observatory (didn’t work), and many interior photos of the telescope with one or more of my very wide angle lenses. The most recent acquisition on that front is a Canon 8-15mm fisheye zoom lens that I bought just a few days before the observatory visit. With this lens you can point the camera at the horizon and get your own toes in the photo (I admit this isn’t something one normally wants in his photos). But it did allow me to take some grand images of the telescope we were using.
This is the interior of the 60-inch telescope dome with the telescope pointed out into space. The 60-inch instrument is used exclusively for public all-night astronomical sessions by trained docents who operate the device and explain the sights to visitors.
The telescope in question is the medium size 60-inch reflector that was built at the beginning of the 20th century by Mr. George Ellery Hale (the Hale-Bopp Comet is named after him). The funds came from Andrew Carnegie who entrusted a considerable sum to the young astronomer who wanted to study the sun and the stars. Hale did not disappoint. With the funds he built the largest solar telescope in history at the top of Mount Wilson, and then the 60-inch reflector telescope on the same peak. For years it was the largest optical telescope in the world. Several years later John D. Hooker endowed the construction of Mount Wilson’s 100-inch telescope, which took the honor of being the largest until it, too, was supplanted by a Hale-built telescope in San Diego County, California, atop Mount Palomar. That telescope, a 200-inch design, was unchallenged for many years until the bigger telescopes on Mauna Kea were built.
This is the 180-degree view of the Hooker 100-inch telescope. The dome was closed when the group toured the facility.
We started the evening with a tour of the facility, walking up to the base of the 150-foot solar telescope, around the 60-inch telescope, then we got an interior tour of the 100-inch optical telescope on Mount Wilson. Also on the mountain is a modern optical telescope array called CHARA, which is owned and operated by the Georgia State University. CHARA is made up of six separate 40-inch reflector telescopes that each feed their optical product down light tubes that converge in an amazing building that adjusts the timing of those optical images by bouncing them around on long tables with stationary mirrors, then focusing the converged result onto a digital sensor in a digital astronomical device. The effect of these six telescopes looking at an object in the universe is the equivalent of having a single mirror that is over 1000 feet in diameter.
In the foreground is one of the six CHARA telescopes owned and operated by Georgia State University. These 40-inch optical telescopes are used as an array to do deep-space astronomy. Immediately behind the CHARA unit is the 60-inch telescope enclosure, and behind that is the vertical solar telescope. To the left of the 60-inch building is another of the six CHARA telescopes.
Here is what the Mount Wilson web site says about CHARA:
The Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) of Georgia State University has built the highest resolution interferometric telescope array in the world for the study of objects in visible and infrared wavelengths. With six 40-inch telescopes at distances of up to 330-meters apart (almost 1/4 mile), the CHARA Array can detect much finer detail on distant objects than ever before. Fully operational since 2005, the CHARA array is being used to measure sizes, shapes, temperatures, distances, masses and luminosities of stars. In 2007, it produced the first image ever made of the surface of a sun-like star. More recently, CHARA successfully imaged the once-every-27-years eclipse of the previously mysterious binary star system Epsilon Aurigae as well as the famous eclipsing binary star Algol (beta Persei).
While were were on the mountain, and our astronomer guide was pointing our celestial objects, we were treated to the same views that Albert Einstein once made in the same structures. His image is found in photos around the observatory and adjacent buildings. On the first floor of the 60-inch telescope building is a locker with Edwin Hubble’s name on it. The locker stands next to others with the names of George E. Hale and other storied astronomers who worked on the telescopes at Mount Wilson.
This is the 150-foot solar telescope on Mount Wilson. It was used until recently to measure sunspots on our sun. It is still operated by volunteers, but has lost its funding from its owners, the University of California, Los Angeles.
The 60-inch telescope is now used exclusively for public tours and all-night astronomical sessions. Groups like ours can reserve the instrument, and gather for the night with the assistance of a professional astronomer who will operate the huge telescope, and allow each person to climb the stairs and look through the eyepiece at distant celestial objects. It is apparently the only telescope of its size in the world devoted exclusively to public use. The 100-inch Hooker telescope is still used for science, and can be reserved for experimentation by anyone in the scientific community for astronomical studies.
Even though I got too cold and chickened-out in the middle of the night, I still enjoyed the experience, and treasure the images that I took of the telescope being used to see distant galaxies and stars. Next time I will take warmer clothes and be better prepared for the temperature extremes.
Thanks, Brian for allowing me to share your look into the heavens. Life is good, huh? Dick Gwyn


The quality of light plays a critical role in the appearance of colours, and making colour choices under the wrong lighting may lead to costly and time consuming mistakes. Pantone Lightning Indicator provides you with indications on whether your light conditions are optimized for precise visual reading.
Two light sensitive patches react to your lighting and the nuances will change depending on the light temperature. In decent lighting the patches will appear to match. Depending on how close your lighting is to optimal, the contrast between the two patches will indicate an increase or decrease in contrast.
Pantone Lighting Indicator Stickers have a peel-off adhesive back that lets them attach to and travel with your color proofs, ensuring that everyone in your production chain will make accurate color decisions.


- 10A twilight switch (photocell), built-in adjustable timer and lux for lighting control, IP55.
- Rated voltage: 220V~240V AC, 50Hz
- 10A for incandescent light
- 5A for fluorescent light
- Lux: Adjustable from about 5 Lux ~300 Lux
- Light on delay: About 60 sec.
- (1) Adjustable from about 1 hr to 8 hrs
- (2) Dusk to Dawn
- Operating temperature: -30°C to 50°C
- Environmental protection: IP55 RATED


Meet the headlight that can do it all. It's superbright, lightweight, , dimmable and delivers multiple modes for effective illumination while hiking, climbing, skiing or embarking on your next adventure.
Offering convenient power options, this sleek, low-profile lamp lights your path with up to 100 lumens.
- Equipped with 1 high-power LED and 2 red LEDs for amazing brightness and total lighting versatility
- High-quality lens tunes the light output and shape of the beam to make the Spot ideal for running, skiing, climbing, hiking, paddling and route finding in the dark
- Use the high-power LED for maximum light output of 100 lumens; the white and red LEDs use less battery power and are ideal for use around camp
- Innovative dimmer switch lets you choose the light output needed with a simple tap of the finger on the touch-sensitive housing; output adjusts from low lumens up to 100 lumens
- Red LEDs help preserve your night vision
- Strobe settings can be used to signal in the mountains or increase your chance of being seen while walking or biking around town
- 3 AAA batteries provide up to 50 hrs. of use with the high-output LED on high and 200 hrs. with it on low
- Streamlined design sets the beam at an efficient illumination angle; ratcheting swivel head aims light where you need it
- IPX4 water-resistance protects against splashing or sprayed water from any angle
- Fits securely around your head with an adjustable elastic band that won't pull hair


- rotation through 270° / 360° - continuous regulation of rotation speed - return to default position - indicator of viewed direction in the pipe - connector for connecting to crawlers - head pressurized by the crawler - LED lights for pipes of up to diameter DN800
- for measuring the diameter and ovality of DN125-DN280 pipes - ready to use with lasers for DN220-DN800 pipes
- 33Khz transmitter for locating function
- Extender for laser-based measurement - Laser for measuring DN220 – DN480 pipes - Laser for measuring DN450 – DN800 pipes - 33Khz transmitter for locating function - laser for measuring the widths of cracks
A HEAD APPLICABLE FOR:
- push cameras for DN70 – DN400 pipes - all crawlers (some require adapters) - a satellite camera (no adapter required) Easy to swap out, due to use of waterproof nuts on the head.
- diameter 62mm - automatic self-levelling - 8 SuperHiPower LED lights - automatic return to the default position


STASUN LED Flood Light, 150W 13500lm Security Lights with 330°Wide Lighting Area, OSRAM LED Chips, 6000K, Adjustable Heads, IP66 Waterproof Outdoor Floodlight for Yard, Court, Street, Parking Lot
Possess the Power of Three Security Lights in One
STASUN 150W LED Security Light features two adjustable heads for customizable coverage. Get more light in more areas instantly.
- Each head provides 4500 lumens of light for a combined 13500 lumen high output.
- Adjustable heads allow for customizable and wider light coverage.
- Extra bright OSRAM LED chips produce even and well-balance lighting without glare, ghosting and uneven spots.
-IP66 Weatherproof for Outdoor Applications such as Backyards, Gardens, Warehouses, Factories, Commercial and Industrial Areas.
Voltage: AC100-120V; 50/60Hz
Certifications: FCC & CE & ROHS Qualified
Power Source: 11 inch long Corded-electric (NO plug PROVIDED)
Material: Die-cast Aluminum + Optics PC Lens + OSRAM LED Chips
Color Temperature: 6000K
Working Temperature: -30℃ to 50℃ (-22℉ to 122℉)
Product Weight: 8.09 lb
1 x 150W LED Flood Light
1 x Accessories (4pcs screws, 2pcs expansion screws,1pcs Allen wrench)
1 x User Manual
- 📢【OSRAM LED Chips】With 180 OSRAM LEDs, this 150w triple head LED Flood Light produces up to 13500lm high brightness(900W Incandescent Equivalent) and saves 88% on your electricity bill of lighting. It provides not only shadow-free and anti-glare lighting but extra safety to your home.
- 📢【Vertical and Horizontal Light Adjustment Design】Customize your bright coverage area with STASUN outdoor security lights, which can pivot 330 degrees side to side and U shape bracket pivot 180 degrees up and down, This security light can be installed flexibly to light up a large and dark areas without disturbing your neighbors.
- 📢【Save on Maintenance】Robust die-cast aluminum housing and shock-resistant PC lens ensure excellent heat dissipation and long-lasting performance. And the floodlight is designed with a thickened fin-type heat sink, which means it acts like a radiator to dissipate heat.
- 📢【Release your worries】The lifespan(50,000 hours) of this floodlight is ten times that of the traditional incandescent light. IP66 protection rating means our floodlight is perfect for outdoor locations, like walkways, yards, patios, parking areas, stadiums, driveways, etc.
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Customer Reviews4.0 out of 5 stars
By 176 Customers
Product Information- Price: (Check on Amazon)
- Manufacturer: STASUN
- Brand: STASUN
- Size: 150W
- Color: 6000k
- Sales Rank: #63349
- Product Group: Lighting
- Total New: 1
- Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours
- Availability Type: now
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- - LED Flood Light, STASUN 150W Super Bright LED Security Lights Outdoor with Wider Lighting Area, 13500lm, 6000K Daylight, Built with Cree LED Chips, Waterproof, Great for Yard Garage Parking Lot
- - LED Flood Light, STASUN 150W 13500lm Dusk to Dawn Outdoor Lighting with Wide Lighting Area (Photocell Included), 6000K, OSRAM LED Chips, IP66 Waterproof Security Lights for Yard, Street, Parking Lot
- - LED Flood Light Outdoor, STASUN 150W 13500lm LED Security Lights with Wider Lighting Area, 3000K Warm White, Built with CREE LED Chips, Waterproof, Great for Yard Street Parking Lot
- - 11000mAh Solar Lights Outdoor Wireless Motion Sensor Remote Control Led Security Flood Light with Larger Solar Panel 110pcs LEDs Big Battery & 3 Modes for Yard Garage Garden Park Farm
- - Solar Lights,URPOWER 20 LED Outdoor Solar Motion Sensor Lights ,Solar Powered Wireless Waterproof Exterior Security Wall Light for Patio,Deck,Yard,Garden,Path,Home,Driveway,Stairs,NO DIM MODE(4Pack)
- - LOHAS LED Bulb 100-150W Equivalent(UL Listed), LED Light Bulbs Daylight 5000k, White A19 Bulb 17W, E26 Edison Base LED Lights, LED Home Lighting Lamps, Non-Dimmable(4 Pack)
- - 100W Outdoor Led Solar Flood Light, 180 LEDs 5100 LM High Bright with Remote Control, IP67 Waterproof Security Lighting for Yard, Garden, Gutter, Swimming Pool, Pathway, Basketball Court, Arena
- - Solar Flood Lights Led Lights Remote Solar Lights Dusk to Dawn Solar Security Light with 6W 800 LM Dual 42 LEDs IP65 Waterproof Outdoor Solar Lights for Fence,Garden,Pool,Barn,Lawn,Flag Pole
- - YQL 100W Outdoor LED Solar Street Security Flood Light IP67 Waterproof White 6500K 208 LEDs Auto On/Off Dusk to Dawn with Remote and Multi-Functional Bracket for Exterior Roads Yard Garden Pathway
- - 300W Solar Street Lights Outdoor Lamp, 480 LEDs 12000 Lumens with Remote Control，Light Control, Dusk to Dawn Security Led Flood Light for Yard, Garden, Street, Basketball Court
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The Carson Trek 8x21mm Mini-Compact Binoculars TK-821 are value-packed binoculars with fully multi-coated lenses that reduce internal glare, reflection, and assure crisp, bright images. These Carson binoculars have a center focus knob with an imageindependent right diopter adjustment for maximum focusing flexibility. The lens barrels on these binoculars by Carson also fold in to create an extremely compact design.
Objective Lens: 21mm
Prism Type: BK-7
Lens Coating: Fully Coated
Field of View: 365 ft. @1000 yards
Eye Relief: 10.5mm
Minimum Focus: 15ft.
Dimensions: 3 3/4 x 5 1/2 x 1 1/2 inches
Features of Carson Trek 8x21 Compact Binoculars:
Mini and compact
Fully multi-coated lenses
Center focus knob with an independent right diopter adjustment
Lens barrels fold in
Carson Trek 8x21mm Mini-Compact Binoculars TK-821


The Beat Effect, 2013
The project explores a hidden side of light created by fluorescent light, which is not normally perceivable for the naked eye.
The human eye and its brain interface, the human visual system, can process 10 to 12 separate images per second. The visual information that exceeds this helps to smooth out and join images, color and movements. This is known from the 24 fps (frames per second) in modern movie standards. One of the most common light sources in today’s world comes from fluorescent light tubes which operates under a high and non visible frequency. It means that what we see as a constant light actually consists of a continuous flicker including shift in the color temperature of light.
Using fast exposure, a series of photographs have been produces, reveling these patterns and shift in color. The photographs have been remounted back on to the light tubes from which they originated.


Phaser EPL is the result of more than 20 years experience in the medical laser industry and a fresh innovation from Chromogenex Technologies Ltd.
Phaser EPL is an Intense Pulsed Light system utilising its own Smartlite Dual Phase Technology. It sets a new standard in IPL technology developed exclusively for the Phaser range of products.
Smartlite produces high levels of light energy that can be used effectively for the treatment of pigmentation and thread veins.
This unique technology uses a combination of enclosed waveguide and a special reflecting cavity at the rear of the flash lamp source which increases transmission of light energy into tissue significantly compared to a standard IPL.


You don’t need to make an appointment with an ophthalmologist when you can easily correct your vision with these adjustable glasses.
Whether you’re short-sighted or hypermetropic, you simply need to adjust the dials to have a clear view of distance or reading.
These glasses are an affordable replacement pair for lost contact lenses and broken eyeglasses.
Each lens can be adjusted individually to enjoy clear vision.
Adjustable focus: -6.00 to ‘3.00
Color: black and light
Goal height: 35mm
Lens width: 51mm
Bridge: 16mm / 0.63in
Leg height: 126mm
Quantity: 1 Pc


AnasBrass honeycomb vent Looks Very Nice
SatheeshMRI/RF doors are shining with handles, Thank you My friend.
HVAC Systems 100dB SS304 Emi Honeycomb Vents Ventilation EMI Filter MRI Room
Contact me for free samples and coupons.
Wechat: 0086 18588475571
If you have any concern, we provide 24-hour online help.x
|Material||304,316 Stainless Steel,Brass,Steel||Application||MRI EMC RF Room,Electrical|
|Shielding Effectiveness||14KHz-40GHz Meet 100dB||Type||Ventilation,HVAC Systems,Air Conditioning,MRI Room Shielding Installation|
|Size||Customized Inter Diameter 63mm||Keyword||Processing Performance|
100dB emi honeycomb vents,
ss304 emi honeycomb vents,
HVAC Systems honeycomb emi filter
Honeycomb Waveguide Air Vents Waveguide Filter Cable Shielding Infrared Transmitters
It is mainly used to transmit ultra-high frequency electromagnetic waves,
according to which the pulse signal can be transmitted to the destination with a small loss.
The network cable of the electromagnetic shielding machine room is generally converted into
an optical signal from the fiber waveguide,
so the fiber waveguide plays a very key role in the weak current wiring of the shielding machine room.
The waveguide is a hollow metal catheter with a very smooth inner wall or a tube coated with metal.
The waveguide is used to transmit ultra-high frequency electromagnetic waves.
The common shape of the cross-section is rectangular and round.
The inner diameter of the waveguide varies with the wavelength of the signal being transmitted.
|Shielded brass waveguide filter standard size|
|Size||Inside size 63mm outside size 74.5mm length 300mm/other size can be provided too such as optic fiber waveguide|
The honeycomb filter and Waveguide product can be well used in MRI RF Room, EMC EMI Room installation.
1. Can we get a product sample?
Yes, we can offer a sample to you.
2. What is the delivery time?
Within 5-8 working days after payment.
3. What is packing?
It is packed with a wooden case.


* LED + Laser Pointer + UV LED Flashlight Keychain.
* 1 White LED, 1 Laser Beam, 1 Ultra Violet UV LED.
* Cash-Check Function.
* 2 buttons to control the Laser Beam and LEDs.
* LED life-time: 10000 hours.
* Mini and light weight, great for emergency.
* Aluminum body and durable.
* With clip. You can use it as keychain or clip it at your backpack.
Output Power: Max 5mw
Output Wavelength: 650nm
Powered supply: 3 x LR44 Cell Button Battery
*CAUTION: Laser light, Avoid direct eye exposure. Keep out of reach of small children


Discover the versatility of the 28CM Ø 35W 4-Wire RGB LED Spotlight, a superior choice for both indoor and outdoor environments:
- Advanced RGB lighting, with 4 wires for a full range of dynamic colours.
- Exceptional durability with high quality stainless steel, ideal for harsh outdoor conditions.
- Powerful and efficient lighting, highlighting spaces with 35 watts of power.
- Full control with an external controller (not included), allowing complete customisation.
- Easy installation with accessories included, adaptable to different surfaces.
- Energy efficient for sustained electricity savings.
The 28CM Ø 35W RGB 4-Wire LED Floodlight combines functionality with aesthetics, offering a slim and very powerful model, perfect for those looking for quality and performance in pool lighting.


Synthesis, Structural and Optical Study of ZNO Thin Films Prepared by Photo-Assisted Sol-Gel Method
ZnO thin films were prepared by UV photo-assisted sol-gel method using zinc acetate (Zn(CH 3 COO) 2 .2H 2 O) as
starting material , 2-methoxyethanol as solvent and monoethanolamine (MEA) as stabilizer. Thin films are deposited onto
glass substrates using dip-coating technique. After deposition and drying at 100°C, the ZnO thin films have been grown
using UV irradiation. The structural characterization of films has been performed using X-ray diffraction which shows the
formation and the progressive growth along direction  of ZnO crystallites with hexagonal structure. The FTIR spectrum
reveals the presence of a peak situated at 418 cm -1 corresponding to the Zn-O stretching which confirms the ZnO formation.
The optical absorption of the ZnO thin films shows a shift of the gap to higher energies. The shoulder observed on the
optical absorption spectrum indicates a large size dispersion of ZnO crystallites. The photoluminescence spectrum at room
temperature reveals an intense and a wide band in the visible region from 400 to 800nm. The photoluminescence emission is
formed of six bands which can be associated with various defects in ZnO crystallites.
Keywords : ZnO, Photo-assisted sol-gel method, XRD, IR spectroscopy, UV-Visible absorption, Photoluminescence.


DEWALT DW088K Self-Leveling Cross Line Laser Review
The DEWALT DW088K Self-Leveling Cross Line Laser is a very reliable and productive laser suitable for commercial or professional applications as well residential tasks for example fixing wall tiles and floor tiles. It is also performs perfectly as it uses two bright precise crossing horizontal and vertical beams to accurately work on all those layout and leveling jobs. The DW088K laser is infused with a magnetic pivot base which allows it to mount well onto metallic surfaces while the IP54 debris water resistant and over molded housing design makes it amazingly durable. This laser also features a side control panel with individual buttons for quick and easy operation of all the three beams. While you work inside the house this tool delivers the required brightness for clear visibility even over wider range due to 1/8inch range precision. And without forgetting, this laser is also made with the full-time pulse mode which preserves brightness of the beams and lets you work with a detector. Because of the DW088K laser’s accuracy, it is ideal for both indoor and outdoor use.
What we like:
- 165 foot range with detector; the DEWALT DW088K allows you to work with a detector as a result of the full time pulse mode that is designed with. This way you can increase the range to which the laser’s beam can reach all the way to 165 feet. It is compatible with the DW089 from Dewalt line laser detector which is sold separately.
- 1/8 inch range precision; this cross lines laser at a 30 ft range will project its bright lines within 1/8 inches of an inch thus delivering really accurate results. Each project with this laser will turn out excellent.
- Self leveling cross lines; the DEWALT DW088K is an effortless performing laser and this is due to the fact that it uses self leveling vertical and horizontal lines so as to offer you excellent layout and leveling results. Leveling and layout applications require a lot of precision which is exactly what this laser provides.
- In built magnetic pivot base; it is constructed with a magnetic spinning base with 1/4inch thread that allows mounting on metallic surfaces extremely easy.
- Full time pulse mode; with this full time pulse mode, the laser has ability to sustain brightness of the beams over an extended range and it is because of this mode that it is possible to use the Dewalt’s DW088K laser with a detector.
- Durable design; from this laser expect nothing but long lasting performance reason being it features an amazingly sturdy design which is IP4 water/debris resistant and over-molded frame. With this design the laser can handle tough tasks and still remain in excellent working condition over a long period of time.
- Convenient carrying case; for professionals who are always on the move and added storage convenience the laser comes with a very durable hard-sided kit box.
- Ideal for both outdoor and indoor use; the DEWALT DW088K is not only made for indoors use but also for outdoors coverage. This laser doesn’t limit you to using it while you are indoors you can also use it for your outdoors needs if you wish to since it has the ability to extend working range all the way to 165 feet. Its indoor visibility range is 100ft and outdoor visibility range is 50ft. Many of the users actually love this laser due to its unlimited range of operation.
- Perfect for both commercial and residential application; because of the accuracy and incredible visibility of the DEWALT DW088K laser it has been greatly appreciated by both home users who only use it for residential tasks as well as the professionals that use it for commercials jobs. Whether you want to install floor tiles or wall tiles, this machine will definitely be very good at its job. It is however better recommended for smaller professional jobs and not the large scale ones.
- Three year limited warranty; the Dewalt DW088K comes with a full year of free service along with three year warranty and this is proof enough that this machine is designed with incredible quality since it gives you provision for returning the laser if you are not pleased with it. Any good quality machine should offer such good warranty because it gives buyers peace of mind that they are actually investing their money on a product that is worth it.
What we don’t like:
- Not ideal for large projects; when it comes to visibility quality over small sized areas there is no question about the Dewalt DW088K’s performance, however when it comes to larger projects this is just not the laser you will need because it will not offer the kind of accuracy and brightness over a larger scale. It is only recommended for smaller projects since that is when it offers outstanding results.
- Lack of a locking pendulum; since the Dewalt DW088K has no lock on the pendulum you will definitely need to take better care of your laser reason being it could easily get damaged. A locking pendulum is meant to protect the machine’s inner components from any sort of damage and this laser lacks one.
For precision and outstanding accuracy on small scale professional tasks there is absolutely no better choice other than the DEWALT DW088K Self-Leveling Cross Line Laser. This laser features two bright crossing beams that are projected to deliver incredible layout and leveling application results. It is also designed with a full time pulse mode which is responsible for sustaining brightness via extended range and allowing the laser to work with a detector. It can offer visibility range of 100ft and even though this laser wasn’t really designed for outdoor use it can at least provide visibility range up to about 50ft. it is very easy to mount the machine on metallic surfaces as result of the magnetic pivoting base while its extremely tough design ensures maximum durability and long lasting performance. Overall one wouldn’t really be wrong to say that the DEWALT DW088K Self-Leveling Cross Line Laser


The LTD Mirrycle Mirror quickly attaches to Bontrager Isozone handlebars using the supplied wrench. It has a convex mirror for a wide field of view to help you clearly see approaching traffic. And the mirror easily adjusts to your optimum viewing angle.
The Mirrycle mounts in minutes with the wrench that is included. The mirror is a 3" round, convex glass mirror with a wide field of view. The mirror is adjustable to any viewing angle. - Fits inside handlebars with 13.75mm – 22.5mm (.54" to .875") inside diameter
Sunlite's HD II Mirror offers a nice, wide and clear view of what's behind so that you can ride more safely. It quickly and easily attaches to virtually any handlebar configuration. It's light and fully adjustable.
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Designing 3D images takes some time but the end results will be breathtaking. The key to 3D laser engraving is to understand the software you are working with. You need to be able to shade your drawing in gray to give the depth desired in your image. The grayscaled drawing to the right previews what a laser ready 3D image should look like. Kern's KCAM laser software is one of the very few on the market which will accept true 8-bit or 256 different colors of gray for resolution. That means there are 256 different power levels from black to white, which correlates to the 256 different levels of gray between black and white.
The process can be as simple as taking your artwork, and printing it to the laser using our custom printer driver. 2-D laser engraving can be effectively achieved at full speed on our laser systems. The resolution used to laser engrave will determine the quality of the finished artwork. Typically the Kern Laser Engravers use 300 - 600 DPI (dots per inch) while engraving.
Marking: leaves a contrasting color on metals by application of a water-based chemical.
Etching: removes the surface of the material, no depth of cut.
Engraving: removes material giving depth of cut.
Resolutions from 50dpi - 1200dpi are also commonly used. Laser engraving speeds are determined by the material being engraved, the size of the part being engraved, the depth desired and the size of the laser that is used. Our laser engraving machines can be customized to fit your application needs. co2 large format laser engraving equipmentLaser etching photographs into mirror, wood, marble, glass and other materials can be done effortlessly. Special software is available that will automatically convert gray scale image into a .tif file with the best resolution for the material being used. Photographs with good contrast between the image and the background work the best to engrave. Metal can be marked and etched with a CO2 laser. Water-based chemicals are available to coat the metal and will leave a semi-permanent mark where the laser beam has touched the surface of the metal. Some metals that can be marked are aluminum, carbon steel, stainless steel, chrome, brass, copper, nickel and tin. Anodized finishes on metal can be removed easily without any extra steps. Many colors are available.
A Laser Engraving System can be used for:


The Laser Cut process strongly restricts the arc and generates a small focussed spot with a very high energy density. This energy melts the material and due to the kinetic energy of an additional cutting gas the molten metal is removed out of the groove. Laser cutting is characterised by an excellent cutting quality, an extremely high cutting speed and a very good automation capability. Depending on the requirement different laser types with different characteristics can be used.
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Ratio of a lamp’s light output on ballast compared to the lamp’s rated light output. The higher the ballast factor, the more light delivered.
CIRCLE E BALLAST
Indicates special EPACT compliant version of ballast. Check the laws and codes for specific applications.
COLOR RENDERING INDEX
CRI-indicates how true to color lighted objects appear. A higher number means truer color. The CRI creates light sources on a scale of 0 to 100. The higher the CRI the more vibrant or close to natural the colors the objects appear.
COLOR TEMPERATURE OR CHROMATICITY
The appearance of the light that comes from a light source. The color temperature is measured in Kelvin or “k”. The higher the color temperature, the visually cooler or bluer the light appears.
A ballast that utilizes electronic components to transform current at high frequency to operate fluorescent or discharge lamps.
The measurement of the amount of light reaching the surface. Footcandles are measured in lumens per square foot.
Different lamp types have different abilities to convert electrical power (watts) into visible light (lumens). The quality of light emitted is divided by the input power to determine the lamps efficacy. This is expressed as lumens per watt LPW.
How long on average a bulb is estimated to last. The number of burning hours on average after which 50% of representative groups of lamps in tests under controlled burning conditions and at a specified number of burning hours per start have failed.
Lumens per watt is a measure of energy efficiency. Fluorescent lamps are very energy efficient and emit up to 100 lumens per watt.
Bulb brightness. A higher number means brighter light. Fluorescent lamp lumens decrease over its life.
A ballast that uses core and coil assembly to transform electrical current to start and operate fluorescent lamps.
A ballast designed to operate 1” diameter, T8 fluorescent R.S. lamps. It is not compatible with T12 or preheat lamps.
The ratio of power(watts) to volt-amps of the ballast. The power factor ratio may be used to determine how efficiently total input power is being used.


Nikon D7000 DSLR (Body Only) (OLD MODEL)
(as of Jul 10,2023 21:57:47 UTC – Details)
Meet the new Nikon D7000, a camera ready to go wherever your photography or cinematography takes you. Experience stunning images with sharp resolution and smooth tonal gradation, thanks to the 16 megapixel DX-format CMOS image sensor and a powerful EXPEED 2 image processing engine. Take advantage of its wide ISO range of 100 to 6400 (expandable to 25,600) and its incredibly low levels of noise. Expect your images tack-sharp and accurately exposed, thanks to the camera’s 39-point AF and Scene Recognition System using a 2,016-pixel RGB matrix metering sensor. And with an approx. 0.052-second release time lag and approx. 6 frames-per-second shooting, you won’t miss a moment.
Body only; lenses sold separately
High Speed 6 frames per second continuous shooting up to 100 shots
Breathtaking Full 1080p HD Movies with Full Time Autofocus
Dynamic ISO range from 100 to 6400


Aberrations: a deviation in power of the optical components of the eye, (either individually or in combination), from the ideal system that would produce a perfect point image on the retina. The aberrations induced by refractive surgery are best described as irregular but some studies tend to refer to them as being most similar to spherical aberration and coma.
Accommodation: the ability of the crystalline lens to increase its power and therefore focus for near targets. Accommodation reduces with age.
Astigmatism: a difference in power between the two principle meridians of the eye, usually perpendicular to each other (regular astigmatism). The resulting retinal image is elongated. Astigmatism can be associated with myopia or hypermetropia
Contact lens associated papillary conjunctivitis: inflammation of the conjunctiva that lines the inside of the upper eyelid. Redness and significant surface roughness (papillae) prevent successful contact lens wear. Cause: mechanical factors, immune response to lens deposits and lack of oxygen to the eye.
Contrast sensitivity: the lowest contrast at which a particular spatial frequency can be resolved. The peak of the average contrast sensitivity function falls between 2 and 5 cycles per degree.
Corneal oedema: swelling of the cornea resulting in clouding of the tissue, increased light scatter and reduced contrast sensitivity. Usually caused by lack of oxygen to the cornea as a result of prolonged contact lens wear.
Extended wear contact lenses: contact lenses designed to be worn throughout the day and night, usually for a continuous period of 7-30 days before being replaced.
Hypermetropia: long sight, which may manifest itself as poor near vision. The retinal image is blurred because the eyeball is too short or the power of the refracting elements is too weak. Young hypermetropes can accommodate to increase the positive power of the eye and overcome some or all of their hypermetropia. Older hypermetropes may require a refractive correction at both distance and near.
Intraocular light scatter: the scattering of light by particles within the ocular media. Light scattered towards the retina reduces the contrast of the retinal image and hence reduces visual performance.
Keratectasia: bulging of the cornea as a result of corneal thinning. Can be associated with a condition known as keratoconus or occasionally refractive surgery (LASIK).
LASEK: an epithelial flap is created using alcohol and the underlying anterior stroma is ablated with an excimer laser before the flap is replaced.
LASIK: a thin flap of corneal tissue is cut using a microkeratome and reflected back. The underlying stroma is ablated using an excimer laser to treat refractive error and the flap is repositioned.
LogMAR: logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution
Monovision: modification of the refractive correction to focus one eye for distance and one eye for near vision. This is usually achieved with contact lenses and allows presbyopes to function without extra glasses under the majority of conditions
Myopia: or short sight. Distance vision is blurred because the retinal image is focused in front of the retina. The eyeball is too long or its refractive components are too strong.
Neovascularisation: the growth of new vessels around the edge of the cornea (limbus), usually in response to excessive soft contact lens wear. In severe cases, the vessels extend towards the centre of the cornea and are at risk of leaking and causing corneal opacification.
Presbyopia: an individual is said to be presbyopic when their accommodation is no longer sufficient to focus for objects at their habitual near working distance. This generally occurs when the accommodation is 3D or less, around the age of 45 years.
PRK: following removal of the corneal epithelium, the underlying stroma is ablated using an excimer laser to reshape the surface to treat refractive error. The epithelium regrows across the treated zone within 5-7 days.
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: detachment of the neural layers of the retina from the retinal pigment epithelium due to the entry of intraocular fluid in to the subretinal space through a break in the retina.
Unaided vision: the measurement of vision without correction of any refractive error
Visual acuity: the measurement of vision corrected with spectacles or contact lenses


Navir have been producing educational toys since 1968
Double magnifying container for bug viewing. You can study bug life with two different magnifying sizes.
With the small lens up magnify to approximate twice the size.
With the small lens down, magnify to approximate four times the size.
Can also be used to study flowers, leaves, coins, stamps.
Large lens: diameter 45 mm
Small lens : diameter 32 mm
Magnifications : 2 and 4
Dimension: 7cm x 7cm x 7.5cm
Made in Italy