The shorter the wavelength of the light, the more it is refracted. As a result, red light is refracted the least and violet light is refracted the most – causing the coloured light to spread out to form a spectrum.
Which Colour has more refractive index red or violet?
So, red has the lowest refractive index among the colors in “VIBGYOR”. But v=λ. The colour of light or the wave having a higher wavelength will get refracted less. So, red with a higher wavelength gets refracted lesser than violet which has a comparatively higher wavelength.
Does red or violet diffract more?
In the visible wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, red, with the longest wavelength, is diffracted most; and violet, with the shortest wavelength, is diffracted least. Because each color is diffracted a different amount, each color bends at a different angle.
Which colour has highest frequency?
Violet waves have the highest frequencies.
Which color light travels faster in vacuum?
Violet travels the slowest so it is on the bottom and red travels the fastest so is on the top. This is because what is called the index of refraction, (the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a material), is increased for the slower moving waves (i.e. violet).
Why red is the least bent and violet the most bent?
Each beam of light, with its own particular wavelength (or color), is slowed differently by the glass. Since violet light has a shorter wavelength, it is slowed more than the longer wavelengths of red light. Consequently, violet light is bent the most while red light is bent the least.
Why does red color deviates the most in case of grating?
Q. Why does red color deviate the most in case of grating? A. This is so because in case of grating sin θ=n λ/(e+d) i.e angle of diffraction is proportional to the wavelength and the wavelength of red is maximum.
Why does violet deviate the most?
Violet is bent the most and red the least because violet light has a shorter wavelength, and short wavelengths travel more slowly through a medium than longer ones do. Because white light is made up of ALL visible wavelengths, its colors can be separated (dispersed) by this difference in behavior.
What is the strongest color?
Red is the most powerful color amongst all. It has a tendency to stimulate mind and attract attention.
What color Is Fastest?
Norwegian scientists claim color blue is the fastest color.
Which color has highest and lowest frequencies?
When it comes to visible light, the highest frequency color, which is violet, also has the most energy. The lowest frequency of visible light, which is red, has the least energy.
Does red light travel faster than blue?
In air, glass, water and many other transparent materials, red light travels faster than blue light.
Which colour has highest velocity in vacuum?
The colour violet has the highest velocity in vacuumNov 2, 2018.
Which color travels slowest in glass prism?
Red colour travels fastest and Blue colour travels slowest in glass.
Is red the least scattered?
Light is dispersed by tiny air particles as it enters the atmosphere. Light scattering is proportional to the wavelength’s fourth power. Because red light has the longest wavelength of all visible light colors, it is the least dispersed.
Which Colour is refracted the least?
The shorter the wavelength of the light, the more it is refracted. As a result, red light is refracted the least and violet light is refracted the most – causing the coloured light to spread out to form a spectrum. This is called dispersion .
Why does red light travel faster in glass?
Therefore, by the refractive index formula, the wavelength of light is directly proportional the speed of light in the medium. Therefore, the speed of red light will be greater than the violet. Therefore, in glass the red light will travel faster than the violet light.
Why does red light diffract more?
In short, the angle of diffraction is directly proportional to the size of the wavelength. Hence red light (long wavelength) diffracts more than blue light (short wavelength). And radio waves (really long wavelength) diffract more than X-rays (really short wavelengths).
Why is red color always seen on top while blue is at the bottom of a rainbow?
When we see a rainbow, sunlight is being refracted by tiny raindrops in the sky. The colors we see always go from red, which is least refracted, through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet — Roy G Biv. The blue, indigo and violet wavelengths are refracted the most as sunlight passes through raindrops.
Does green light diffract more than red light?
The amount of diffraction depends on the wavelength of light, with shorter wavelengths being diffracted at a greater angle than longer ones (in effect, blue and violet light are diffracted at a higher angle than is red light).
Which colour deviates most in dispersion?
The color red therefore deviates the least since it has maximum wavelength and color violet deviates the most since it has the least wavelength.
Why does violet light deviates more than red light?
Violet colour deviate most and red deviate the less because the wavelength of a red light is almost double the wavelength of violet light. But since the violet light has a shorter wavelength, it would refract more than the longer wavelength red light.
Why does red light deviate the least?
Red has the highest wavelength and violet the lowest. Wavelength is inversely proportional to the deviation in the path of the light. The color red therefore deviates the least since it has maximum wavelength and color violet deviates the most since it has the least wavelength.
What is the ugliest color in the world?
According to Wikipedia, Pantone 448 C has been dubbed “The ugliest colour in the world.” Described as a “drab dark brown,” it was selected in 2016 as the colour for plain tobacco and cigarette packaging in Australia, after market researchers determined that it was the least attractive colour.
What color attracts the human eye most?
The green color was created by analyzing the way the rods and cones in our eyes are stimulated by different wavelengths of light. The company found that the human eye is most sensitive to light at a wavelength of 555 nanometers—a bright green.
What color is most weakest?
White is the weakest color. This is due almost entirely to the rise in prominence of fast combo.


Inverse problems are a ubiquitous feature of interdisciplinary mathematics, arising in many physical, biomedical, geological and astrophysical problems. I am particularly interested in inverse problems associated with optics, both classical and quantum, in random media. This involves formulating accurate mathematical models of imaging modalities, developing methods for image reconstruction, and creating computationally efficient algorithms for imaging.
Discrete diffuse optical tomography
I considered a discrete analog of diffuse optical tomography, studying the time-independent diffusion equation on a graph with boundary in the presence of a non-uniform vertex potential. In two papers I analyzed both the forward problem (solving the equation given the potential) and the inverse problem (recovering the potential given boundary data). For the forward problem I developed and analyzed a perturbative approach based on a discrete version of the Born series, formulating necessary conditions for the convergence of my method and using techniques from representation theory, physics and combinatorics to apply it to many families of graphs. For the inverse problem, I inverted the series used to solve the forward problem, obtaining a reconstruction algorithm based on a discrete version of inverse Born series. Using methods from several complex variables and degree theory I obtained sufficient conditions under which the inverse Born series converges to the true vertex potential.
Acousto-optics in random media
The acousto-optic effect refers to the scattering of light from a medium whose optical properties are modulated by an acoustic wave. Previously, I worked on developing a first-principles theory of the acousto-optic effect in random media. I am currently working on solving the corresponding hybrid inverse problem both for radiative transport and the diffusion.
Fast solvers for radiative transfer equations
The propagation of electromagnetic waves in random media over long distances is frequently modelled by radiative transfer equations (RTEs). I developed an algorithm for solving RTEs in piecewise homogeneous media via volume integral equations (VIEs). By discretizing the VIEs pertaining to RTEs using truncated harmonic angular expansions and spatial pulse functions defined on a Cartesian spatial grid, I was able to use the free-space vacuum RTE Green function in conjunction with this basis to obtain Toeplitz operators that can be efficiently generated, stored, and applied. Currently I am developing a surface integral solver for the RTE in piecewise constant media.
Quantum optics in chiral and bi-directional waveguides
We are looking at the problem of single-photon propagation in many-atom waveguide QED systems with disorder. I am interested both in numerical simulations of photons in quantum qubit chains as well as waveguide QED systems in the continuum limit, increasing the density of atoms while simultaneously decreasing their coupling to the electro-magnetic field.


Superior Process And Materials
0.2AR Anti-Reflective Screen Protector is made with advanced manufacturing techniques, including multiple polishing and grinding procedures. Its light transmittance reaches as high as 96.5%±1, which is 3.3%±1 higher than other high-definition tempered glass screen protectors on the market.
AR core technology enables the anti-reflectivity to be less than 0.6.
We is striving to make resources 100% recyclable, so as to contribute to protect our Planet.
Super Crystal Ceramic Hardening Technology
The surface of 0.2AR Anti-Reflective Screen Protector is treated with a special super crystal ceramic technique, which creates a uniform micro-texture. This enhances its ability to resist scratches, wear and tear, water, oil, fingerprints and other issues.
Anti-Blue Light，More Comfortable
0.2AR Anti-Reflective Screen Protector features blue light blocking function, which effectively filters out harmful blue light and reduces eye irritation. This feature protects your eyes and allows you to use your electronic devices comfortably and safely.


Item Code :
The Testo 882-Thermal Imagers in ergonomic pistol design, with 320 x 240 pixels. With 76,800 temperature measuring points in every Image, it sees every detail on the measured object. This makes it easier to detect anomalies and weaknesses from greater distances.
Salient Features of the Thermal Imager 882 are as under
- Affordable Thermal Imager
- Detector size 320 x 240 pixels: With 76.800 temperature measurement points, the measurement objects are detected in excellent image quality, very clearly and precisely.
- Super Resolution technology to 320 x 240 pixels: Super Resolution technology improves the image quality by one class, i.e. the resolution of the thermal images is four times higher.
- Temperature range of -20° to 350° C
- Thermal sensitivity < 60 mK: Thanks to an excellent temperature resolution of < 60 mK, even the smallest temperature differences are visible.
- High quality standard lens 32° x 23°
- Automatic Hot/Cold Spot Recognition
- Large field of view thanks to 32° lens: With the lightweight 32° wide-angle lens, large image sections are immediately recognized, and the temperature distribution of the measurement object recorded at a glance.
- Solar mode: For each measurement, the sun irradiation value can be entered into the camera. This value is stored for each thermal image
- Special measurement mode for detecting areas with danger of mould: Using the externally measured ambient temperature and air humidity, as well as the surface temperature, the humidity value of each measurement point is calculated and shown in the display as a real humidity image.
- High temperature up to 550°C: With the high temperature option, the measuring range can be flexibly extended up to 550°C.
- Integrated digital camera: Power LED's
- Voice recording using headset
- Motor Focus for one hand operation
- Isotherm display in instrument
- Min/Max on Area calculation
Typical applications include


Whether you work in the photography industry or not, knowing the English terms used in this field can be of great benefit to you. For example, there are many mobile apps which centre around photography such as Instagram and various special effects apps. Understanding the different parts and types of cameras can be a daunting task, especially for beginners. However, having a basic understanding of camera vocabulary is essential to taking great photos.
Types of Camera
- SLR camera
- Digital camera
- APS camera
- Instant camera
Different Parts of a Camera
- Lens cap
- Zoom lens
- Flash unit
Learn different parts of a camera and different types of camera to improve your English.
Types of Camera
An SLR camera (Single Lens Reflex) is a type of camera that uses a mirror and prism system to allow the photographer to see through the lens and accurately frame the shot.
- Example: The photographer used his SLR camera to capture stunning landscape photos during his trip.
A digital camera is a camera that captures and stores images electronically, rather than on film. It uses a digital sensor to convert light into pixels, which are then processed and stored on a memory card.
- Example: The tourist used her digital camera to take photos of the beautiful scenery during her vacation.
An APS camera (Advanced Photo System) is a type of film camera that uses a specific type of film cartridge and offers various features such as different print formats, date/time stamping, and automatic film rewinding.
- Example: The photography enthusiast preferred using an APS camera for its versatility and ease of use.
An instant camera is a camera that produces a physical print of the photo immediately after it is taken. It uses a self-developing film that produces a visible image within a few minutes of exposure.
- Example: The party guests had fun taking photos with the instant camera and sharing the prints with each other.
Different Parts of a Camera
A lens is a piece of curved glass or plastic that is used in cameras, telescopes, and other optical devices to focus light and form an image.
- Example: The photographer changed the lens on his camera to capture a wider angle of the landscape.
A lens cap is a protective cover that is used to protect the lens of a camera or other optical device from dust, scratches, and other damage.
- Example: The photographer always makes sure to put the lens cap back on after using the camera to protect the lens from damage.
A tripod is a three-legged stand that is used to support a camera or other equipment to keep it steady and reduce camera shake.
- Example: The photographer set up the tripod to keep the camera steady while taking a long exposure shot of the night sky.
A zoom lens is a type of camera lens that has a variable focal length, allowing the photographer to adjust the magnification and field of view of the image.
- Example: The wildlife photographer used a zoom lens to capture a close-up shot of the eagle perched on a tree branch.
A flash unit is a device that produces a burst of bright light to illuminate a subject or scene when taking a photo or recording a video in low light conditions. It can be built into a camera or attached externally.
- Example: The photographer attached a flash unit to his camera to capture well-lit photos of the wedding reception.
Tools and Equipment Vocabulary
List of tools & equipment classified by different categories.
Household items list:
- List of kitchen utensils and kitchen tools with pictures.
- Household tools, devices and equipment in English.
- Household appliances vocabulary words list.
- Household cleaning supplies in English.
Other tools, devices, appliances and equipment:
- List of tech gadgets in English.
- Laboratory equipment with pictures.
- List of musical instruments in English.
- Photography vocabulary words list.
- List of stationery items and office supplies in English.
- List of tools with pictures.
- Gardening tools vocabulary words list.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the main components of a camera?
A camera consists of several main components, including the lens, sensor, shutter, viewfinder, and image processor. The lens captures light and focuses it onto the sensor, which records the image. The shutter controls the amount of time the sensor is exposed to light, and the viewfinder allows you to see what you are photographing. The image processor then converts the data from the sensor into a digital image.
What are some common camera parts and their functions?
Some common camera parts include the aperture, ISO, and white balance. The aperture controls the amount of light that enters the camera, while the ISO determines the camera’s sensitivity to light. White balance adjusts the color temperature to ensure accurate color representation.
What are the different types of cameras and their features?
There are several types of cameras, including point-and-shoot, mirrorless, DSLR, and action cameras. Point-and-shoot cameras are compact and easy to use, while mirrorless cameras offer interchangeable lenses and high-quality image capture. DSLR cameras provide advanced features and manual controls, while action cameras are designed for capturing footage in extreme conditions.
What are some important camera vocabulary words to know?
Some important camera vocabulary words to know include aperture, ISO, shutter speed, focal length, and exposure. Aperture refers to the size of the opening in the lens that lets light in, while ISO measures the camera’s sensitivity to light. Shutter speed controls the amount of time the shutter is open, while focal length determines the distance between the lens and the sensor. Exposure is the amount of light that reaches the sensor.
What are some key differences between DSLR and SLR cameras?
DSLR cameras and SLR cameras are similar in many ways, but there are some key differences. DSLR cameras are digital and offer advanced features such as autofocus and image stabilization. SLR cameras use film and require manual focus and exposure adjustments.
What are some tips for identifying and troubleshooting camera issues?
If you are experiencing issues with your camera, start by checking the battery and memory card. Ensure that the lens is properly attached and that the camera settings are correct. If the issue persists, consult the camera manual or seek assistance from a professional.
Last Updated on November 10, 2023
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Recently, InnoLight Technology, a company that
provides solutions for high-speed optical interconnections, released the ultra
low-power 100G QSFP-DD first in China and 400G QSFP-DD ZR/OpenZR+ coherent
optical modules with the smallest package size in the industry.
The 400G ZR and OpenZR+ QSFP-DD coherent optical modules utilize advanced technologies, such as low-power digital signal processing (DSP), narrow-linewidth tunable ITLA, and silicon photonics integration. These products have the advantages of small size, low power consumption and high performance. The maximum power consumption is less than 18W, and the character of interconnection between modules of the same type is supported, which means the 400G ZR modules can be interconnected in CFEC mode, it is same to 400G OpenZR+ modules in oFEC mode. They are mainly used in Data Center interconnections (DCI) and metro area(MR). As for the 400G OpenZR+ modules, the transmission distance can reach up to 500 kilometers. According to data of Cignal AI (a market research company), the shipment volume of the 400G ZR and OpenZR+ coherent optical modules will increase with the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of greater than 100% by 2025.
400G QSFP-DD ZR/ZR+
The 100G QSFP-DD coherent optical module with ultra-low power consumption character supports the SCFEC/GEC/OFEC forward error correction(FEC) technologies and has good interconnection performance. Its optical components utilize advanced silicon photonics integration, feature in low insertion loss, high bandwidth, and low costs, and can meet different market requirements. Its excellent dispersion compensation capability makes it suitable for 80 km to 200 km 5G backhaul and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) of edge aggregation networks and DCI.
100G QSFP-DD ZR+
The high-performance 400G CFP2 DCO coherent optical module utilizes high-performance 7 nm DSP and has powerful Probabilistic Constellation Shaping (PCS) capabilities, which greatly improves the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) sensitivity and error code correction capabilities. It utilizes high-bandwidth silicon photonic components that use BGA packaging to provide the performance same as that of InP components. Lab results have proven that the 400G CFP2 DCO coherent optical module supports transmission distance of 1000 km or longer.The module has excellent performance and can be widely used in metro, optical transport network and DCI.
High-performance 400G CFP2 DCO
InnoLight is engaged in R&D, design, packaging, testing, and sales of high-end optical communication transceiver modules, provides 100G, 200G, 400G, and 800G high-speed optical modules to cloud data center customers, and provides telecommunication customers with 5G optical modules and high-speed optical interconnection solutions applied in the transmission field. Headquartered in Suzhou, China, InnoLight has R&D bases, production bases and sales centers in Tongling, Anhui, Chengdu, Sichuan, Silicon Valley, USA, Singapore, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. For more information, please visit www.innolight.com.
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It’s hard to imagine a sea-faring captain standing at the helm of his tall ship and barking orders to his swabs, without seeing a collapsable brass telescope, or spyglass, in his hand.
We sail small ships these days, and we usually have fewer swabs to order around. But we do keep a brass telescope close at hand. Well, not really. There have been a few technological advances in the last 300 years. Today, the modern equivalent is the ever-trusty and reliable marine binoculars.
Table of Contents
- Why are Binoculars for Boaters Important?
- Understanding Binocular Specs
- Features to Zoom-In On – Best Binoculars for Boating
- How to Choose Marine Binoculars
- Best Boat Binoculars Brands
- A Few Marine Binoculars Reviews
- The Marine Binocular – A Important Part of Your Skipper’s Toolkit
- Binoculars for Boating FAQs
Why are Binoculars for Boaters Important?
So, what are we always so busy looking at? In general, everything! From the deck of a moving boat, small details easily blur together, and it becomes difficult to focus on distant objects. Binoculars help us spot tiny distant objects with ease.
General Boat Binoculars
All boaters use binoculars to some extent. There are three primary purposes that this captain can think of, but your mileage may vary.
1. Collision Avoidance
The rules of the road clearly state that every vessel must maintain a proper look-out, by sight and sound, to ensure that they do pose a collision hazard to other vessels. To this end, binoculars are of huge help.
While on watch, you’ll often see some clue of another vessel on the horizon. Perhaps it is a bit of smoke trailing behind a container ship or the sails of a sailboat of different types. Your binoculars will likely resolve the object for a positive identification, and you can usually get an idea if it’s headed in your direction much sooner.
This is doubly true at night. Ships and boats carry navigation lights for the same purpose–to make them visible and to help you identify if they pose a collision hazard or not. But at night, it can be impossible to tell the difference between a huge ship 20 miles away and a small boat 2 miles away. The only way to solve this is with binoculars.
Furthermore, many vessels have other lights on their decks and shining out their windows. Binoculars will help you determine where the vessel’s navigation lights are and which colors you see. Then, you can determine if you need to take evasive action or not.
2. Landmarks and Navigation
Just like boats, landmarks can be difficult to see. Sea buoys and markers on pilings are probably the most often searched for items with a pair of ocean binoculars. You’ll be making way towards some point marked by one of these things, and you’ll want to see it visually to confirm what the charts and GPS are telling you. Also, you might need to turn off your sailboat autopilot to get there faster.
In the case of a large sea buoy, you can usually see them with the naked eye from about a mile away. On days with rough seas, it might be very hard to see it, however. Binoculars can extend that range to three miles or more and help you spot it on the waves.
Daymarkers on inshore waterways are also hard to spot. They easily blend in with the land in the background, making it very hard to spot until you’re right on top of it. Since these daymarkers are your primary navigation method that also helps to avoid boat accidents, it’s vital that you see them as soon as possible and don’t get confused between different markers.
Beyond just spotting the marker, knowing precisely which marker you’re looking at is important. You see a green buoy, but is that Green 3 or Green 1? The difference might mean being safely in the channel and being aground for a few hours. There’s no way you’ll be able to tell the difference between “3” and “1” without an excellent pair of boating binoculars.
3. Looking at Cool Stuff
This one might not sound too “captainy,” but it’s the truth. Binoculars are fun to have aboard so you can look at cool stuff. Dolphins playing in the distance, rare birds wading in the shallows, or bonefish finning off the beach are some natural examples. Or maybe you’re sharing the harbor with a beautiful yacht or a sailboat, and you are trying to make out its name to look it up online later and see who owns it. Or maybe you’re cruising offshore and a nearby fisherman hooks into a sailfish, and you want a front-row seat to the action. Maybe it’s after dark you want to enjoy that full moon a little closer.
The options are nearly limitless, and they’re all up to the skipper and crew. Our binoculars stay at the helm 24/7, always within reach for whatever it is we want them for.
Sailors need a good pair of binoculars and a good pair of sunglasses for boating to help them perform the same tasks. In general, a pocket cruiser sailboat may spend more time offshore, so they may be more interested in looking at landmarks to make the right landfall.
Far offshore, landmasses provide great information to support your other navigation techniques. For example, you may have dead reckoned your way across Chesapeake Bay, but you won’t have a positive idea of where you are until you can identify something on land and match it with something on the chart. For this reason, charts include all sorts of details about the highest points, topography, towers, and tall buildings. If you see something and positively identify it, you can take a bearing and plot your position. All without GPS–how cool is that?
Offshore fishing boats rely on their binoculars to home in on the fish. Finding fish is often a difficult search that involves looking for tiny clues as to their location–flocks of birds fishing, baitfish disrupting the surface, or weed lines and other floating structures. Binocs help the fishing skipper find those things from a distance.
Understanding Binocular Specs
Binoculars have been around as long as telescopes have been. The first examples are known as Galilean binoculars because they mimic the operation of early telescopes developed by Galileo. This design is still used in opera glasses and inexpensive field glasses.
The primary problem with a binocular is that it must resolve the image right side up. Most cameras and telescopes leave the image inverted since there is no need to flip it around. Most binoculars today invert the image using an optical prism.
The basic design of binoculars includes a large objective lens on the outside. The light then enters and passes through the prism, where it is inverted and directed at a group of lens elements known as the eyepiece.
Getting the Right Magnification
Binoculars come in various configurations, each suited to a particular use. Understanding the differences will help you find the best binoculars for boating or the best binoculars for sailing. In addition, binoculars differ in their magnification and the amount of light they let in.
Binoculars are described by two numbers, i.e., 7×50 or 10×30. And just like sail numbers, they have a meaning.
The first digit is the magnification offered by the optics. For example, a 7x pair of binocs provides seven times magnification. Magnification factors usually range from 5 to 20, or sometimes even more.
More is better, right? Unfortunately, in the case of binoculars, things can get out of hand pretty fast. Think about the various uses for binoculars–birding, astronomy, hunting, or sightseeing. In most instances, the binocs could be mounted on a tripod for stability. Without something to stabilize them, the image will become shakier and shakier as the magnification increases.
It’s vital to understand this aspect of telescopes and binoculars–and how it will affect someone on a moving boat. Yes, you want to have high power to magnify things in the distance. But if you choose a pair with too much magnification, you won’t be able to see anything because the image will be bouncing all around.
A few binoculars on the market allow you to adjust the amount of magnification. These might be described as 10-30×50 or 8-24×25.
The second number (located after the “x”) is the diameter of the biggest lens element in millimeters. This is important because a bigger lens will let in more light. More light will help you resolve images in darker situations.
A 10×30 pair of binoculars has a magnification factor of 10, and the outer lenses have a diameter of 30mm. They have high magnification but are only suitable in bright daylight situations. These would make excellent birding or hunting binoculars on solid ground.
Here’s another example–let’s look at a pair labeled “25×100.” These are extremely high-powered and let in an enormous amount of light. But they’re also physically enormous–they’d need to be mounted on a tripod to be used. They’re the sort of optics you’d use for astronomy or perhaps for permanently-mounted long-distance observing stations you see at parks and scenic overlooks.
Standard Marine Binoculars 7×50
So, what are the best binoculars for boating? The industry standard is 7×50. These have enough magnification to help you resolve distant boats, landmarks, and ATONs. But they don’t have so much power that you can’t easily see through them while hand-holding them on the deck of a moving boat with a perfect wind speed.
The 50 mm objective lenses let in a fair amount of light, while still being small and light enough to use on the fly. They’re good in dim situations and even after dark for identifying lighted navaids and ship navigation lights on the horizon.
This isn’t a hard rule–think of it as an extremely well-tested rule of thumb. You might want more magnification, especially if you invest the money in a pair with fancy image stabilization technology. You might also want to let in more light if, for example, you’d like to use your binocs more after dark.
Field of View
Another specification you may see listed for binoculars is the field of view. This is the amount of the horizon, measured in degrees that you can see in your binoculars.
The field of view decreases proportionally as magnification increases. In other words, the higher the magnification, the less of the horizon you can see.
In boating, having a small field of view is a negative, just like having a high magnification is. The reason is that the smaller field of view moves around too much as you move on the boat, making it impossible to lock in on the object you want to see.
Field of view is usually expressed in terms of how many feet across the image is at 1,000 yards. For example, a 7×50 pair of binoculars may present an image of 372 feet at 1,000 yards. It may also be stated angularly, in which case it would say it shows a three-degree field of view.
Here’s one more interesting thing about the specifications of binoculars. From the magnification and the size of the objective element, it is possible to interpret a measure called relative brightness. It is beneficial to have the brightest image possible while on the water–especially after dark.
To calculate the relative brightness, take the square of the objective lens diameter over the magnification power. So, for example, 7×50 binoculars have a relative brightness of 50, while 8×23’s relative brightness would only be 8.2.
Features to Zoom-In On – Best Binoculars for Boating
Binoculars are not particularly complicated items. But like cameras and telescopes, if you are not familiar with the language of lenses and elements, optical coatings, and focal lengths, then the options available for a pair of boat binoculars can be daunting.
Types of Binocular
By definition, a pair of binoculars are two telescopes mounted side-by-side to provide three-dimensional vision through both eyes. But there are actually many different styles of binoculars, some with special, specific purposes. For example, opera glasses are a specialized style of binoculars. Those pedestal-mounted distant-viewing stations at national parks are another example.
The optical groups of binoculars include prisms. These bend the light and correct the final image to be right-side-up in the eyepieces. The two most common types of prism are Porro and roof prism.
The Porro prism system is the most common setup in the best boating binoculars. These can be identified by a shorter and wider design that is easy to hand-hold. In Porro prism binocs, the objective lens elements are offset outwardly from the central eyepieces. The light follows a Z-shaped path from the objective lens to the eyepiece inside the prisms.
Roof prism binoculars are longer overall as their prisms refract the image in a straight line. Therefore, they are narrower, slightly lighter, and more compact than a Porro prism. Unfortunately, they also must be made to tighter tolerances, so roof prisms are usually the most expensive.
For the end-user, it’s unlikely that you’d notice the difference between the two types beyond their physical appearance. When integrated into a quality pair of binocs, both produce outstanding images. But both require being built and adjusted to tight tolerances.
You’ll also find prisms made of two grades of glass–BK-7 and BAK-4. The BK-7 uses boro-silicate glass. The higher-end BAK-4 uses barium crown glass with less light scattering properties and produces sharper images.
Build Quality and Waterproof Designs
One of the most obvious things that differentiate ocean binoculars from those built for other purposes is the way they are constructed. For example, many marine binoculars are made to be completely waterproof. Some are even designed to float if dropped in water.
This might not sound that important–we are careful with our binocs, and we don’t swim with them. But consider the life of anything on a boat – surrounded by water and possibly used during rain. And there’s the constant threat of an errant wave sending a deluge of water into the cockpit. Stuff happens.
Since they’re a big investment, look for the best-built and best-protected binoculars you can find. Shockproof metal designs with rubberized coatings are best. Floating binoculars are probably a gimmick, though, so focus on waterproof and rugged models that look like they’ll stand some regular use and occasional abuse.
Like camera lenses, the glass used in the inner workings of your binoculars has major implications on the quality of the image you see. Cheap glass will transmit less than 50 percent of the light it receives onto your eyes–making it impossible to see objects in dim or severe storm conditions on the boat.
The amount of light the lens elements let through is called light transmission efficiency. The best optics, like those used by Steiner or Fuji, allow 93 percent or more of the light through.
However, cheaper optics do more than just reduce the amount of light transmission. They also add astigmatic images with fuzzy edges, or add aberrations to the image. On the other hand, quality binoculars produce crisp images from edge to edge and will not strain nor fatigue your eyes.
The best marine binoculars also feature fully multi coated optics. The manufacturers of these binoculars use all sorts of special coatings to control the light transmission through the binoculars. These coatings are used to reduce the reflection of light and to maximize the light transmission efficiency of the package as a whole. Remember, some binoculars have as many as 16 air-to-glass surfaces making up their inner workings, each one bending the lightwaves.
As is often the case with optics, the best are the best, and the rest aren’t. There are many bargains to be had in binoculars–approach unknown brands with caution. The user experience you’ll get from spending a little more for a name brand like Fujinon, Steiner, or Nikon would be well worth the price.
The air spaces inside binoculars are sensitive to temperature changes. So when a maker says that their binoculars are “nitrogen filled,” a technique first engineered by Steiner in 1973, they mean that they are a sealed design. This eliminates the problem of inside fogging after temperature changes. Today, this feature is found on most high-end, sealed (waterproof) binoculars. It is sometimes called “nitrogen purged.”
Like high-end camera lenses, binoculars can be equipped with gyroscopic stabilization systems. These detect and compensate for movement in the binoculars, allowing you to use a high magnification while hand-holding the lenses. For example, a good stabilization system on a moving boat means you might be able to use something with a magnification factor as high as 18x.
Be aware, however, that stabilizers are just like optics. They are very finely-tuned instruments that must be engineered to exacting standards. The best marine binoculars with image stabilization will cost you a pretty penny, but they’re worth the price if you need to zoom in farther than 7x power.
Integrated Compass and Rangefinder
Two very helpful features in marine binoculars are the built in compass and rangefinder. Both are not found on a majority of entry-level models–so these are things you’ll want to look for on marine pairs.
The bearing compass may be mechanical or digital. It simply tells you the magnetic bearing in the direction you are looking. If you combine a known landmark on a chart and plot your magnetic bearing to that landmark, you can draw your line of position from the object. You can also take bearings on moving vessels to calculate if they are a collision risk.
The rangefinder is a simple cross-hair style marking on the lens of the binocs. Since the field of view of your binoculars is known, you can apply some simple math to calculate the distance to an object, so long as you know how tall that object is. Most marine navigation aids, like lighthouses and daymarks, have their heights published on the charts and in the Coast Guard Light List.
Hunting or golfing binoculars are often outfitted with laser rangefinders. These help since the height of objects may not be known. However, their range is insufficient to use at sea.
Finally, if you’ll be using your bearing compass at night, you’ll want to consider a model that has an illuminated compass. These will require a battery, and you’ll switch on the light only when needed.
Binoculars have three main types of focus systems. They may be center focus, individual eyepiece focus, or fixed focus.
Center focus models have a central dial that the user turns to adjust the focus. This adjusts each side of the binoculars simultaneously, allowing the user to fine-tune the image every time they look at something new.
In addition to the main focus knob, one eyepiece will have an adjustment in case the user has slightly different requirements for each eye.
Individual focus pairs have a focus adjustment on each eyepiece. This is probably the least convenient method and is best suited for binoculars used on land when you have lots of time to fine-tune your image. You’ll find individual focus on most bargain-priced pairs of binocs.
Fixed focus binoculars are an attraction option for boaters. These have a very deep depth of field, meaning that they are designed to keep pretty much everything beyond a certain distance in focus. Steiner makes fixed focus that is branded “Sports Autofocus.” It isn’t truly an autofocus system, but the functionality is the same. You can fine-tune each eyepiece for your vision, and once set, the binoculars will need no adjusting. That means you pick them up and your targets will always be crisply in focus every time.
The eyepieces of your binoculars will have a few traits that will make them either easy to use or difficult, depending on your eyesight and the shape of your face.
For one thing, nearly all binoculars pivot to adjust the pupil-to-pupil distance for different users. Therefore, when you pick up a pair of binocs, you should first ensure that you can see completely through each side without any dark edges.
One or both eyepieces will include a diopter adjustment, as well. This serves to fine-tune the optics for the user’s vision since most people have one eye that is slightly stronger than the other.
Then there are some design features that you cannot control after purchasing your binoculars. The eye relief is how far you must hold the rear eyepiece away from your eyes. If you wear glasses for astigmatism, you may need a pair of binoculars with a longer eye relief to include your glasses while wearing. Many pairs include eyecups that you can fold down to help with this.
Finally, the eyepiece will concentrate the image into an exit pupil. Ideally, this will be the diameter of the user’s pupil, which is about 3 mm during the day and 7 mm at night. If the exit pupil of your binoculars is larger than your eye, light is wasted. But since your eye will open wider at night, this allows you to use the full exit pupil in dim light.
How to Choose Marine Binoculars
Best Boat Binoculars Brands
Most binoculars come from world-famous optics producers. Most people will recognize brands like Nikon, Canon, Fuji, or Zeiss from the cameras and lenses they make. Others might recognize Bushnell, Celestron, or Meade for their astronomical telescopes.
Either way, the best optics are produced by optics companies. They source the best glass in the world and machine it to the highest standards.
Steiner Marine Binoculars
Steiner is a German maker of binoculars, rifle scopes, and battle sights. They are known for their military-grade equipment, built with some of the best optics out there. The company was founded in 1964 by Karl Steiner. Their optics are still made in Germany.
Their marine binocular lines come in the Navigator and Commander lineups. All at 7×50 Porro prism binoculars with varying combinations of reticles and compasses. Their Sports Autofocus fixed focus system means you’ll never have to tinker with focus settings. They are all waterproof and corrosion-proof, built with rugged rubberized cases.
West Marine Binoculars
West Marine is far from an optics company, but they brand and sell their own line of boater binoculars for all purposes.
Their entry-level line, the Shoreline, are great budget options or for backup use. The Coastal series is a mid-range Porro prism binocular with light transmission efficiencies of over 70 percent. There are four Coastal models, ranging in price from $120 to $400. Each better model has improved optics and a better warranty to match the price point.
Bushnell is a US company that primarily makes binoculars. Their offerings are budget-priced and built for adventures–be it boating, nature, hunting, or birding.
For boaters, Bushnell makes the H2O and Marine lines of waterproof binoculars. You can get a pair on 7x50s for well under $100, but their optics are nothing compared to Steiner or other optics maker’s offerings.
Nikon Ocean and Marine Binoculars
There are few names in optics bigger than Japanese giant Nikon. They are an iconic brand name in cameras, but they also make an excellent line of binoculars. Aimed at boaters, their waterproof offerings include the Monarch HG and OceanPro brands. In addition, you can choose between compact roof prism and larger Porro prism models. These binoculars could turn into one great gift for boaters.
Fujinon is the optics company behind Fujifilm brand cameras. Their best-known marine option is their “Techno-Stabi” line of stabilized binocs. These powerful scopes have impressive specs, including one of the best gyro-stabilization systems on the market.
Fujinon also makes a few basic Porro prism binoculars for marine use called the Mariner Series, which feature excellent options at an attractive price.
A Few Marine Binoculars Reviews
Here’s a look at some top picks for ocean binoculars. There’s some variation here, although most have a similar magnification and size. Choose the features and price point that are most important to you.
Best Marine Binocular – Steiner Marine Binoculars Commander 7×50 with Compass
Steiner makes superb high end marine binoculars with the most robust design and hardiest rubberized coatings. The Commander Series’s top-of-the-line offerings are available with or without a compass. There is also a Global Compass option, which will work anywhere in the world.
The best feature of the Steiner line of binoculars is their Sports Autofocus. The only adjustment is made with each eyepiece. Once set for the user’s vision, these fixed-focus lenses never need adjusting. Simply pick them up and go–everything between 20 yards to infinity will be perfectly focused.
Steiners are built to military specs with outstanding optics. According to the company, their rubber armor will protect them during drops of up to 11 Gs. Adding the optional floating neckstrap will add an even greater level of protection.
The Commander Series binoculars come with a heritage lifetime warranty.
Best Marine Binoculars with Image Stabilization – Fujinon 14×40 TS-X 1440 Techno-Stabi
There aren’t many options for stabilized waterproof binoculars. Generally, stabilization means exchanging a robust and bulletproof set of binocs for something more delicate, filled with electronics and much less supporting of being tossed around.
There are a few models in the Techno-Stabi lineup, but only the 14×40 pair has the right combination of light-gathering abilities and waterproof design features. These binocs are o-ring sealed against water and fog, and they are nitrogen purged.
The Fujinon 14x40s are extremely popular with offshore fishermen since the extra magnification allowed by the stabilization system allows them to zoom in on the smallest details. And unlike cheaper systems, the Fuji stabilization works flawlessly on the rocking deck of a boat at sea.
Best Binoculars for Sailing – Steiner Navigator Pro Binoculars 7×50 with Compass
For less than half the price of the Commander Series, you can get Steiner’s stellar optics and robust design in the Navigator Pro. These binoculars are very similar in size and design and still feature the Sports Autofocus. So what don’t you get? Unfortunately, the Navigator Pro is not available with the Global Compass and rangefinding reticle.
The Navigator Pros are submersible to 16 feet and built to withstand shock forces up to 11 Gs.
Best Sailing Binoculars (Compact Binoculars) – Nikon Monarch M5 8×42 Roof Prism
Nikon makes stellar optics, and they’ve got a lot more options than other companies regarding waterproof binoculars. In general, you can’t go wrong with the image quality in a pair of Nikons.
One nice thing they offer is their compact roof prism binocular designs. These are smaller and lighter than the bulky Porro prisms offered by other companies. In some ways, that’s good and bad since the bigger and wider Porro designs are easier to hold. But there’s always a place for a good pair of roof prism binocs in your bag, and with a little extra power to boot, you might find that you take these ashore for a little birding or wildlife spotting.
The new Monarch M5s are waterproof, nitrogen purged, and fog-free. They have a central focus knob and extendable eyecups to suit all types of uses. However, keep in mind that these are not strictly marine designed, so they have no rangefinder or compass.
Basic and Best Boating Binoculars – Fujinon Mariner 7×50 WPC-XL with Compass
The optics in these waterproof Fujinons will surely impress–as will their price point. These are not small nor lightweight binoculars, but they suit the budget-minded sailor just right. They have individual focus on each eyepiece and a built-in world compass. They also have a reticle display in the left eyepiece.
These binoculars come with a floating neckstrap and are 100 percent waterproof. However, they do not come with a case, and they are not nearly as robust as the Steiner or other options on our list.
Budget Binoculars for Sailing – Bushnell Marine 7×50 Waterproof Binocs
Another option available for under $200 is the Bushnell Marine line of binoculars. These barebones basic units get the job done–no bells and whistles necessary. They’re labeled “hermetically sealed” and IBX7-rated waterproof and have a beefy rubberized coating to keep them safe.
Like the Fujinons above, these are individual focus models. That’s a bit clunky for marine use, but they are perfectly acceptable for the occasional use that most day sailors will have. This pair of Bushnells does not have a compass or rangefinder.
The Marine Binocular – A Important Part of Your Skipper’s Toolkit
A solid pair of binoculars that you love is one of those items that will stick with you longer than most boats will. You’ll find you use them on land and sea, on your boat, and on others’.
Binoculars for Boating FAQs
What binoculars do ship captains use?
The marine standard for binoculars is 7×50. These provide sufficient magnification to resolve distant ships and markers while allowing enough light in to work effectively at night. They also are compact and light enough to use while handholding them on the deck of a moving ship.
Do sailors use binoculars?
Yes! Binoculars are important tools for boaters to help them see distant boats, markers, buoys, or landmarks.


Switch 6 Kit iPhone X Case
The Switch 6 Kit is a 6-in-1 lens kit for the iPhone X. The dual-optics design of the lenses allow you to use it with the two cameras on the dual camera system on the iPhone X. Winner of the CES 2018 Innovation Award, the 6-in-1 lens design gives an extremely compact size that is full of functionality.
6-IN-1 LENS DESIGN
The Switch 6 Kit’s 6-in-1 lens design lets you quickly switch between the fisheye, wide angle, telephoto, and macro lenses. With the dual optics design, you have 3 sets of lenses that will work perfectly with the dual camera system on the iPhone X.
QUICK TO INSTALL
Installation of the case and lens is easy! Just snap the case onto your phone and install the lens into the case. To change the lenses, just slide the lens up and you can be sure it’s always ready to capture the perfect shot.
180˚ FISHEYE / 2X TELEPHOTO
The Fisheye and Telephoto lens allows you to greatly extend your optical zoom range to capture a variety of shots.
10X MACRO / 20X SUPER MACRO
Use the Macro Lens to get extreme close-up detail. It is fully compatible with the dual camera system on the iPhone X. *With a focusing distance of 18mm, get incredibly close to your subject until it comes into focus.
120˚ WIDE ANGLE / 2X TELEPHOTO
Capture more and extend the range of your iPhone’s camera with the Wide Angle and Telephoto lens. Choose the lens that suits your needs.
ALL AROUND PROTECTION
The Switch 6 Kit offers an all-around protection for bumps and scratches and the raised lip protects your screen when setting the phone face down. The cutouts allow for full functionality of all the ports and buttons.


Myopia Management MiSight
Pro Vision Eye Care Center is proud to be one of the few offices accredited to be a part of CooperVision’s Myopia Management initiative. With the release of MiSight 1day lenses, eye care professionals and parents can feel empowered to take on pediatric myopia’s growing prevalence and severity with a proven approach scientifically designed for the challenge.
The cornerstone of a comprehensive myopia management approach, MiSight® 1 day is a daily wear, single-use contact lens that has been clinically proven and FDAapproved to slow the progression of myopia (nearsightedness) when initially prescribed for children 8-12 years old.
AT A GLANCE
- Suitable for children as young as 8**
- Easy for children to wear and handle
- Corrects your child’s distance vision
- Helps slow the progression of myopia (gradual prescription changes)*
What is Myopia? How can it be treated?
- Myopia is the inability to see things clearly unless they’re relatively close to your eyes.
- Also called nearsightedness or shortsightedness.
- Myopia causes light rays to focus at a point in front of the retina rather than directly on the surface, owing to the elongation of the eye.
Myopic progression is when prescriptions increase over time, and higher prescriptions have been linked to sight-threatening conditions later in life such as, retinal detachment, glaucoma and myopic maculopathy.
Even children with fairly low prescriptions have a higher risk of glaucoma and retinal detachment compared to non-myopic children, and that risk multiplies as their prescriptions get stronger. Until now, traditional eyeglasses and contact lenses available in the U.S. have only been developed to correct blurred vision, which is a symptom of myopia, while not approved to slow its progression.


L.E.D. Illuminated Road Marker Systems
We are very proud to be the leading manufacturer of solar powered L.E.D. illuminated road marker systems: the next generation of pavement marker systems.
Reliable and durable quality has been proved for over 24 years. We provide the newest technology for extraordinary LED markers. Our products have a longer lifespan than any others. TÜV ASTM D 4280 – 04 & FITI Test approved.
Employing the latest in solar cell technology.


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In addition, cheap Ray Ban sunglasses have excellent functionality. They use advanced lens technology that can filter out more than 99% of harmful UV rays and protect the eyes from UV rays. Sunglasses also have good anti-glare performance, which can effectively reduce the glare of sunlight and reflected light, and provide a clear and comfortable vision.
In short, Ray-Ban sunglasses have earned a reputation for their high quality, exquisite craftsmanship, and classic design. They are not only a symbol of fashion accessories, but also provide superior visual protection and comfortable wearing experience. Whether in outdoor activities, driving or daily life, when you choose Ray-Ban sunglasses, you can enjoy the perfect combination of excellent quality and fashionable style.
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Ray-Ban sunglasses are famous all over the world for their exquisite craftsmanship. As one of the world’s top eyewear brands, Ray-Ban commits to creating the fine details of each pair of glasses in order to bring consumers an unparalleled quality experience.
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Camera that scans / documents the condition of the cylinder liner interface, exhaust valve, piston rings and piston crown.
The photos are used when evaluating cylinder condition parameters such as cleanliness of ring land, size of cylinder wear edge, cylinder honing mark and wave-cut groove extension, black lacquering from corrosive wear and bore polish.
The Chris-Marine Liner Condition Camera (LCC) is used for photography of the cylinder liner walls and piston ring pack in 2-stroke engines. The images captured by the camera are used when evaluating cylinder condition parameters such as:
|Weight|| 550 g (camera unit) |
9 kg (complete equipment in storage box)
|Dimensions (L x W x H)|| 176 x 78 x 33 mm (camera unit) |
510 x 310 x 130 mm (storage box)
|Camera resolution||1280 x 1024 pixels per camera (4 cameras included in the camera unit)|
|Power supply|| Battery operated |
Charging equipment included
|Batteries|| Camera unit: 6 Ni MH batteries with a total capacity of 3.6 Wh |
Operator's unit: 1 Li Ion battery with a capacity of 29.6 Wh
|Mains supply (chargers)|| Camera unit: 100-240 V, 50/60 Hz, 0.35 A |
Operator's unit: 100-240 V, 50/60 Hz, 0.5 A
|Ambient air temperature (camera unit)||0-85°C|
|Cylinder diameter range||480 to 980 mm|


IPID – Infrared Perimeter Intrusion Detection Systems
The Architectural IPID system provides dependable security barriers of pulsed infrared beams to create multiple detection zones with a range of up to 1000 feet. Our solid state electronics are not affected by environmental conditions such as birds, small animals, snow, puddles, leaves, grass or mechanical vibrations. The system will alarm only if an object breaks the 3.54” diameter beam m ore than 98.5%.
Series 4000 Architectural Column
Series 4000 Architectural Bollard
FOIDS – Fiber Optic Intelligence and Detection System
Purely optic. Electronics are not used in the field. Works on fences, walls, and even in the ground. It has a staggering range of over 60km. using single mode fiber optic cable. Advanced algorithm processing at central control permits remote audible alarm assessment and reduces false alarms to the lowest levels in the industry.
FOIDS Series 6000


These Vortex Crossfire HD 12×50 Binoculars deliver high-end optics and features all at an amazing value for your hunting and bird watching needs. Vortex designed these Binoculars with an HD optical system outfitted with fully multi-coated lenses for impressive color fidelity, maximum light transmission and anti-reflective properties. You can use these Vortex Crossfire HD 12x50mm Roof Prism Binoculars is rainy conditions with its non-slip rubber armor grip that protects the internals, and these binos deliver waterproof, fogproof and shockproof performance in any environment. Comfort is key to a long day in the backcountry, which is why these binoculars have adjustable eyecups and are compatible with tripods for hands-free viewing. Grab your pair of Vortex Crossfire HD 12×50 Waterproof Binoculars to spot prey at a distance with clarity and precision.
- HD Optical System
- Fully Multi-Coated
- Rubber Armor – Provides a secure, non-slip grip, and durable external protection
- Waterproof, shockproof and fogproof
- Adjustable Eyecups
- Center Focus Wheel – Adjusts the focus of both binocular barrels at the same time
- Diopter – Adjusts for differences in a user’s eyes
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When we reviewed the Unistellar eVscope a couple of years ago, we came away impressed. It offered a communal stargazing experience that takes our ubiquitous smartphones and turns them into a way to view the heavens. Unistellar's newest offering is the eQuinox 2, a lower-cost alternative to eVscope 2, taking all of the features from its original telescope, improving the technology, and dropping the price to $2,499.
Unistellar's smart telescopes are designed to make astronomy more accessible by automating skywatching and using digital sensors to "collect" light from faraway objects, making light pollution a small nuisance instead of a deal-breaker.
At a glance, the biggest difference between the eQuinox 2 and its predecessor is the former's lack of an eyepiece. Unistellar got rid of the eyepiece, which isn't much of a loss. Instead of taking turns peering through the eyepiece, up to 10 people can stargaze simultaneously with the Unistellar app. Connect to the telescope's built-in Wi-Fi network, launch the app, and you're ready to scan the skies. One person controls the telescope and everyone else can watch. The operator can give control of the telescope to anyone else easily.
The other changes are internal. There is a higher-resolution 6.2-megapixel sensor in the eQuinox 2, while the battery life has been increased to 11 hours. The eQuinox 2 has a 450 mm focal length and a field of view of 34 x 47 arc minutes. The mirror is still 4.5 inches (11.43 mm), and the telescope features 50x optical magnification and 400x digital magnification.
Setting up the eQuinox 2 is unchanged: unlimber the tripod, use the built-in level to make sure the tripod is level, drop the telescope's base into the mount, tighten the screws, and you're ready to go. Press the power button and the status light turns purple for a minute as the telescope starts up. Unlike almost every other electronic device you've ever used, when the light turns red, it's ready to go.
Once you've connected to the eQuinox 2's Wi-Fi network, launch the app, and you're ready to go. Start by tapping the telescope icon to get to the telescope control screen and then use the virtual joystick found via the Move button to shift the scope to a 45-degree angle. Once there, use the focus wheel on the bottom of the telescope to manually focus, then hit "eVscope Orientation" so the telescope can figure out where it is and what bits of the sky are visible.
For the actual stargazing, there are two options. Either use the manual controls to point the telescope where you want to look or browse the catalog of visible objects. The latter is populated with all manner of celestial bodies, from galaxies to nebulae to planets. The catalog is almost always the best move—even if you know with certainty what you want to observe and where it is in the night sky, the telescope can find it faster and better than you. Use the visible sky area button to filter the catalog objects.
Like the eVscope, the eQuinox 2 can "ignore" light pollution. Its Smart Light Pollution Reduction makes it possible to stargaze in cities and suburbs where most astronomical observations are simply out of the question. I set the telescope up in my suburban Chicago alley, unable to see much more than the Moon and a couple of objects. I set my sights on the Ring Nebula, as that was the most interesting object visible. The eQuinox 2 took a couple of minutes to orient itself into position. After it stopped, I hit Enhanced Vision, which essentially collects light on the sensor while removing the effects of light pollution, and waited. Over time, the image on my iPhone filled in, showing unexpected detail given the amount of light pollution in the sky.
One new feature of the eQuinox 2 is the ability to use Enhanced Vision on the planets. Previously, users had to manually adjust the gain, contrast, and brightness to view the planets as anything other than bright and fuzzy pixel blobs. Unfortunately, I could not test the new feature out due to a combination of smoke from Canadian wildfires, overcast nights, and a limited field of view in my neighborhood. On the nights when the planets were visible in the night sky, they were low enough above the horizon to be blocked from view by houses and trees.
The improvements to the Unistellar app seemed mostly cosmetic. That said, it remains easy to use, and each object in Unistellar's 5,000-object celestial database is accompanied by an image and descriptions. I found myself reading up on various nebulae and galaxies in the app as I waited for the telescope to orient itself for observations.
What was true of the eVoscope in 2020 remains true today: This is a pricy bit of equipment. The good news is that it costs $500 less than its predecessor. And the ability to have multiple people look at the skies with their smartphones makes stargazing a shared experience. If you've got $2,499 to spare and desire to learn more about astronomy, look no further than the eQuinox 2.
Listing image by Unistellar


The reticle of a rifle scope is usually located in the First Focal Plane or Second Focal Plane. The major difference between both planes is the behaviour of the reticle when adjusting the magnification of the rifle scope. So, they both have various applications they can be used for. In this rifle scope FFP vs SFP comparison article, we will explain both planes and the applications they are best suited for. Let’s get into it.
First Focal Plane
First Focal Plane is also known as Front Focal Plane. It is used to indicate the reticle’s position. FFP reticle lies at the magnifying lens’ front inside the scope erector line. Long-range shooters generally prefer first focal plane scopes. The reticle a shooter’s eyes see when adjusting an FFP scope’s magnification changes in size. As the magnification level increases, the reticle becomes larger and vice-versa. This simply implies that the value of the unit of measure of each hash mark, MOA or MIL, remains the same irrespective of the magnification’s current setting.
Today, FFP scopes are becoming increasingly popular among shooters, especially hunters, who shoot at targets at long distances. It’s a huge advantage regarding speed to know the value of the hash marks remains the same in all situations. However, this speed also has a disadvantage: the changes in the size of the reticle may become too large at some distances associated with magnification. This can, in turn, make the shot placement complex. Nonetheless, scenarios like these can be solved using an illuminated reticle.
Pros And Cons of First Focal Plane
First focal planes have their advantages and disadvantages. We will highlight them in this section.
- An FFP scope has a constant and steady subtension.
- Increased accuracy possibility.
- It can conveniently hold over at any power.
- An FFP scope is suitable for long range shooting.
- Its reticle is visible at high power.
- Reticle becomes difficult to see at low power.
- More expensive than second focal planes.
Second Focal Plane
The Second Focal Plane is also known as the Rear Focal Plane. It is also known as the reticle’s position. Unlike the FFP reticle, SFP is located behind the magnifying lens. However, it’s in front of the rifle scope’s eyepiece. SFP scope is the most common reticle position preferred by numerous hunters. This is because the SFP reticle is how numerous shooters expect a scope’s reticle should be. The SFP reticle remains at the same size through all magnification levels, making it incredibly easier to see at every range. However, this comes at a price. Since the reticle doesn’t change in size, its hash marks are unstable in what they denote.
The hash marks depict various values associated with the magnification when the scope is not at full magnification. For example, if the full magnification of a rifle scope is 1 MOA, then hash marks depict twice the default value, 2 MOA, at half of the original magnification. This becomes an added issue for the shooter. This is because they would have to do some mental math when using the hash marks.
Pros And Cons
The Second Focal Plane Scope also has its advantages and disadvantages. We will explain some of them in this section.
- The reticle is easily visible at all powers.
- Crosshair visibility in low powers.
- Second Focal Planes are more affordable than First Focal Planes.
- Crosshair visibility in low light.
- Subtension changes constantly throughout the power range.
- Not suited for long range shooting.
First Focal Plane VS Second Focal Plane: Which Should You Use?
It takes more than preferences before you choose between an FFP and SFP reticle. You must also consider some crucial factors such as how you intend to use the scope and magnification requirements. In this section, we will discuss various ways both can be used and the one that takes the win for each one.
There are two crucial factors you must consider when choosing between the FFP and SFP reticle; terrain and magnification. First Focal Plane scopes are suitable for high power and mountainous, open country areas. On the other hand, Second Focal Plane scopes are low magnification and brush, timber, or Midwest animal hunting.
Normally, 4-16x and 3-9x are excellent configurations for numerous hunting conditions. This is because they can cover a lot of ground. The reticle’s visibility that remains the same in lowlight conditions at low powers gives the Second Focal Plane scope an edge over the First Focal Plane. The SFP’s normal reticle visibility is also used by shooters in thick timber and heavy brush environments. The crosshairs on the FFP optic can get too small and become difficult to see, especially in terrains.
It’s, however, notable to mention that the FFP scope is also good for hunting. It ensures precise holdovers at any magnification level. If you constantly hunt with more than 12x magnification, you can maximize this feature to its full possibilities. This is perfect for open country, long-range, and unpredictable terrains. It is less than ideal to dial in magnification to achieve the calibration power to use at the adequate holdover point.
Finally, the last legal light’s last thirty minutes is usually the perfect time to fill a tag. Resolution, clarity, and brightness are best attained on low powers. This makes the SFP scope a better option for hunting since the FFP plane has issues with reticle visibility in low power and low light.
All high-powered scopes used for tactical, combat, or home defense circumstances will have their reticles located in the first or second focal planes. CQB performance is crucial for numerous professional situations. The SFP optic is easily visible, constant, and suitable for CQB combat.
There is usually no need to hold even when magnification is changed within 250 yards, at least on a one-man target size. Numerous LE (Law Enforcement) combats are incredibly close. So, LE sniper situations are usually closer than people think. You can use both FFP and SFP scopes for tactical and combat use. However, SFP will function well for close to mid ranges with a 50 to 100-yard zero.
FFP optics also have their advantages when it comes to combat and tactical use. They are significantly useful on magnified reticles for fast corrections or when holding over and follow-up shots over a distance. However, it all comes down to the type of speed or distance requirements and combat.
Do snipers use First Focal Planes or Second Focal Planes? It’s general knowledge that veteran snipers prefer to use the fixed 10x power scope. However, it also depends on the law enforcement agency; local or military police. The budget and preference are also huge determining factors when it comes to choosing a reticle focal plane. So, both focal planes can be used for combat.
Long range shooting usually implies a huge dependence on the reticle and high magnification. It doesn’t matter if it’s competitive shooting or hunting, the FFP scope is the best option for long-range performance.
Undoubtedly, FFP optics offer numerous benefits since they are the best scopes for long-range shooting. One of the benefits you get is that you can optimally use a complex reticle. With numerous windage and elevation holdovers that will constantly be precise irrespective of magnification, the FFP optic ensures straightforward and fast decisions. This also boosts the shooter’s confidence in decreasing POI shifts when adjusting the power.
Another benefit of the FFP scope for long-range shooting is that the reticle becomes bigger as you increase its power. This makes it incredibly easier to see the hash marks, crosshairs or/and dots. However, the only disadvantage is that the subtension of the FFP reticle can block significant areas when hunting small targets, making it harder to make shots.
SFP scopes will perform excellently well for bench shooters who are not on the clock and are content with shooting from maximum power. You will also need quality turrets and glass. This will ensure the magnification is easily visible irrespective of the magnification. However, the FFP scope is the best solution for long-range shooting.
Low Power Variable Optic (LPVO)
LPVO scopes are an ideal option for tactical carbines and are close to mid-range optics. The red dot ability and 1x magnification are some of its must-have features. However, its low variable magnification makes it a flexible optic. In most cases, the SFP is recommended but the FFP can also offer advantages regarding distance.
FFP reticles on LPVO scopes are better suited for shooters who engage targets at varied and multiple distances. It’s suitable for military personnel on the front line and competition shooters. Using the FFP on an LPVO also ensures fast and precise shots using holdovers. It’s notable to mention that FFP optics with high-grade LPVO scopes would be fast to use and visible in low powers. FFP reticles are commonly found in 1-10x or 1-8x LPVO scopes.
However, in numerous instances, LPVO scope users are usually more attracted to SFP optics. They are also the optics that are commonly found on 1-6x and 1-4x scopes. Even when shooting out of specific circumstances like over 250 yards, there’s still enough time to max out or dial in the power for precise holdovers. This makes the SFP reticle a better option for LPVO scopes.
When it comes to choosing between the FFP and SFP scope, the intended application should be a priority over preference. You should consider the SFP scope alone if you are on a budget since it is more affordable than the FFP scope. However, beyond the budget, ensure the scope you choose is right for the intended purpose. This rifle scope FFP Vs SFP comparison has been able to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of both optics. We also explained some of the applications each scope is best suited for. With this rifle scope FFP Vs SFP comparison, choosing the right scope for you has been made easier.
Bonus: Inforgraphic For FFP and SFP Comparision ( Source : Accurate Ordnance)


1. A Guide to Basic Equipment
Central to any bird photographer’s kit are a camera body and lens. In this article we will talk about the DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) bodies. Mirrorless camera systems are starting to make a big impact in the market, but they are the subject of a future article. DSLR cameras use a mirror system so that what you see through the lens is what is captured on the sensor; lenses are interchangeable. The range of manufacturers and models is vast, and choices can be bewildering. To follow are some guidelines to help navigate this minefield.
a. Camera body file size
The heart of a digital camera is its sensor: a grid of dots (pixels) each of which records colours and their intensities when exposed to light. More pixels means more detail can be captured by the sensor and modern cameras boast sensors with tens of megapixels (MP), a megapixel being a million pixels. Resulting image quality is also influenced by internal camera software. Nowadays, cameras in the 20-40MP range are typical and resulting file sizes are enormous. But image size is not all-important. Take an identical image with 20MP and 40MP cameras, print both at A4 at the same resolution and you will be hard pushed to tell the difference. Images from a 36MP camera will print to more than 60cm maximum dimension, an excessively large size in most circumstances. Large file sizes do, however, allow for significant cropping to be made but otherwise, beyond 20MP, size is arguably not the most important consideration for most photographers.
b. Camera body sensors: FX vs DX
DSLR cameras sensors are either ‘full frame’ or ‘cropped’. The term ‘full frame’ harks back to the days of 35mm film and relates to a sensor whose area is roughly 24mm x 36mm, the film dimensions of old. As the name suggests, with cropped sensor cameras the sensor area is cropped, producing the illusion of magnification.
Regardless of format, almost all modern cameras produce images whose quality is astounding under the right circumstances, and any differences are subtle. To complicate matters cameras are available in a spectrum of sensor MP sizes, reflected in the pricing, so you are seldom comparing like with like. However, if you take two cameras with identical output file sizes then the full frame sensor’s pixels will be larger than their cropped sensor counterparts, and resulting images less ‘noisy’ (grainier in appearance), especially at ISO settings above 800. Crop-sensor cameras are generally smaller, lighter and cheaper than their full frame counterparts and are an option if the size of the subject in the frame is your main concern. But this magnification is illusory and the same effect can be produced by cropping an equivalent full frame image in post production. If your budget allows, then a full frame camera body is probably the best option, one whose sensor lies in the 25-40 megapixels range.
c. Camera body frame rate and autofocussing
If you like taking action shots then you will be frustrated if the camera’s frame rate is less the 6 shots per second, and around 10 per second is be ideal. Also, the camera’s ability to autofocus quickly will be significant if, for example, you want to take birds in flight; both the camera and the lens play crucial roles in this function. Take reviews you read with a pinch of salt and try the various combinations yourself before making a purchase.
In most circumstances, bird photographers require a telephoto lens of some description. Fixed focal length lens of 300mm or more are favoured and a 600mm f/4 lens is the mark of a serious individual. These monsters produce stunning results in the right circumstances but are very heavy, requiring a tripod for most situations. Shorter lenses are hand hold-able to a degree, depending on your strength. Another option is a telephoto zoom. The most appropriate models span focal lengths somewhere in the 100mm-500mm range. They are comparatively lightweight because fundamentally they contain less glass and have a resulting darker operating aperture (typically f/5.6). This has an adverse knock-on effect on the speed and ability of autofocus function.
Referred to as ‘extenders’ by some manufacturers, the magnification offered by 1.4x and 2x converters is irresistible for bird photographers seeking to increase the size of the subject in the frame. However, they do have disadvantages. They reduce the amount of light reaching the sensor by a significant amount, which affects autofocus speed and aperture unless you increase the ISO. In addition, they cause deterioration in image quality. The effect is barely noticeable with some lens/converter combinations but ruinous with others. Try out all the combinations and see what works for you.


How To Check Mirrors In A Hotel Room – A two-way mirror is a transparent mirror that can look just like a normal mirror when the back of it is opaque. Don’t worry, there’s more than one way to tell the difference!
We have a series of three tests to use to ensure that the mirror you see in front of you is not a two-way mirror.
How To Check Mirrors In A Hotel Room
Place the nail in front of a mirror. You can test to see which side the reflective layer is facing. For two-way glass mirrors, the mirror coating must face you.
Bloomingville’s Round Wall Mirror
If your nail’s reflection touches itself, that’s the painted side. If there is a gap between your finger and its reflection, go to test #2.
The two-way glass mirror is unidirectional. You can only install it when the mirror coating is facing forward, so it’s easy to detect with this test.
The two-way acrylic mirror and the smart glass mirror are not one-way. You should use the following two tests to make sure it’s not a two-way mirror in this case.
The two-way glass mirror has a reflective coating of 70%. Only 11% of the light is allowed to pass through the mirror. It is on a dark gray background, which makes it unidirectional. The two-way glass mirror cannot fool the nail tester. The reflective layer must face the room being observed. That way, people only see their own reflection. On the other side is the dark room where the viewer watches.
How To Tell If A Mirror Is Two Way Or Not: 8 Steps (with Pictures)
The light is even on either side of the mirror in this image. You can see through the semi-transparent glass at the moment.
The two-way glass mirror cannot fool the nail tester. The reflective layer must face the room being observed. That way, people only see their own reflection. On the other side is the dark room where the viewer watches.
All three types of mirrors we look at in this article have a reflectivity of 70%. Standard mirror reflectivity 94%. This means it will have a darker shade than a regular mirror.
To perform this test, you just need to take a regular mirror out of your purse or pocket. Place it next to a mirror and check if the shade is mirror-like. If it looks darker, it’s probably a two-way mirror.
The Stunning Renovation Of Paris’s Hotel De Crillon
70% reflective with 25% light transmission on a gray substrate, two-way acrylic mirror reflective on both sides of the substrate. This means it can be installed either way. If mounted backwards (the painted side on the back), it can trick the nail tester into looking like a reflection of a regular mirror! Something to keep in mind if you’re testing a questionable mirror. Acrylic tends to have a different texture than glass. Gently rubbing your fingernails over the surface can help you determine whether you have an acrylic two-way mirror or a regular glass mirror.
The two-way acrylic mirror will also better match the reflection color of a standard mirror. While the two-way glass mirror tends to have a bronze tone.
The smart mirror is similar in characteristics to the acrylic two-way mirror. It has a reflectance of 70% with a light transmittance of 25%. reflective on both sides of the substrate. The Smart Mirror can also be installed backwards (the painted side is on the back) It can fool the fingernail test looking like a reflection of a normal mirror!
If you test a questionable mirror, the smart mirror tends to be hotter on the reflective layer. Note the smart mirror on the right compared to the standard mirror reflection of the mug on the left.
Mirror Decor Ideas To Brighten Your Space
If you’re worried about the two-way mirror and the first two tests don’t work for you, try gently tapping the mirror. If it is a hollow sound rather than a more solid sound, it is possible that the area behind the mirror is open rather than attaching the mirror to the wall. This may reveal that there is a surveillance area or camera behind the mirror. Be careful out there!
Two-way mirrors depend on the lighting in the room. Both sides of the mirror cannot be lit evenly for the illusion to work. The viewer’s side of the mirror must be at least semi-dark so that the reflective layer on the other side can properly reflect the light back to those being observed.
Summary: Now that you’re armed with knowledge, never fear superficial mirrors again. Just remember to test the nails and the make-up mirror. How to Spot a Two-Way Mirror Is looking for a gap between an object and its reflection a good way to distinguish two-way mirrors from regular mirrors?
Looking for a gap between an object and its reflection is one way to distinguish two-way mirrors from ordinary mirrors.
Mirrors Hotel, İstanbul
With the latest advances in microelectronics, it’s hard for any of us to know we’re not being spied on these days; Cameras and transmitters can now be made so small and unobtrusive that most of us wouldn’t be able to find them even if we knew where to look for them. Many would-be floaters still resort to less technologically advanced methods such as eyelets and two-way mirrors, hence the warning that began circulating on the Internet in April 1999:
How to detect two-way mirrors when we visit toilets, bathrooms, hotel rooms, changing rooms, etc. How many of you know for sure that a seemingly ordinary mirror hanging on the wall is a real mirror, or actually a two-way mirror (ie they can see you but you can’t see them)? There have been many cases of people installing two-way mirrors in women’s dressing rooms. It is very difficult to positively identify a surface just by looking at it. It’s time to get paranoid. So how do we decide for sure? Again, I’m here to enlighten you. Just do this simple test: place the tip of your nail against the reflective surface and if there is a gap between your nail and the nail image, it’s a real mirror. But if your nails are directly touching your nail art, watch out, because it’s a two-way mirror! You can further confirm the nature of the suspect surface by throwing an object (like a chair!!!) onto it. The chair will pass. So remember, every time you look in a mirror, do the “nail test”. It costs you nothing. It’s easy to do, and it just might protect you from “visual rape”! Share this with your girlfriends.
First, we should clear up some confusing terms. The subject of this thesis is panels that look like mirrors on one side but act like tinted windows on the other – that is, if you are on one side of this panel, it appears to be a mirror through which you can see your image. reflexion; If you’re on the other side, it’s like a window through which you can see everything (and everyone) on the other side. These panels are confusingly called “one-way mirrors” and “two-way mirrors”, so to avoid further confusion we’ll call them “transparent mirrors” from now on.
The spike test described above is a way to determine the difference between first surface mirrors and second surface mirrors, both of which are ordinary mirrors that are glazed in different ways. With a surface first mirror, anything you place against it will touch its reflection because the reflective part of the mirror is placed directly on the surface. With a second surface mirror, the gap between the object and its reflection will be visible because a layer of clear glass has been incorporated over the reflective part of the mirror to better protect it. First-look glasses are expensive and typically only used for specialized applications such as precision optical instruments or lasers, where a protective layer of glass interferes with the light path or reduces resolution. As such, you’re unlikely to come across one used as a regular mirror in a home or dressing room; For these applications, the much cheaper other surface mirrors are almost always used.
Clever Ways To Use Mirrors To Make Your Home Feel Bigger And Brighter
So if you see what appears to be a surface-first mirror (that is, the object you place in front of it and touch its reflection) in the dressing room, it is probably a transparent mirror. However, the spike test is not necessarily a very good test, as the assessment of whether an object placed on such a mirror touches its reflection can be affected by factors such as the size of the mirror, the angle of the mirror, the amount of lighting present, the type of object used to perform the test, and the observer may make mistakes. Not easy to experience in ordinary mirror and transparent mirror in this way. (Check the “character of the suspect surface by throwing one
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T8 LED grow light ZPDT802 series
Two channels network T 8 LED grow lights--ZPDT802 series
ZPDT802 series is T8 LED grow lights with light intensity and spectrum dimmable via Modbus protocol. It is reliable for long-term running under the allowed temperature range at 45watts and the max power can be up to 60W.
ZPDT802 series has extremely high lighting power density (LPD), together with its dimmable light intensity and spectrum, it can help on the light spectrum needed by different plants from vegetation to bloom. All these make it a perfect solution for research center and indoor grow facilities which needs high intensity light in a short distance and where the plants change a lot.
Via ZSP control system, ZPDT802 series can change the light intensity and spectrum sequentially, simulate the sunrise/ sunset in different seasons. And it can run automatically according to the pre-programmed spectrum mix, so this will lower the technical requirement on workers as well as their work load, thus improving the efficiency and accuracy.
ZPDT802 series can work alone or be integrated in system managed by ZSP software or third-party one compliant with Modbus protocol.
- Programmable spectrum and light intensity control for any growth stage, saving cost in purchase, maintenance and stock
- Strong power and configurable for different plants
- Low voltage drive, keep people safe
- Standard Modbus protocol, easy for any third party integration
- Tough design for high temperature and humidity environment
- 5 Year Warranty.
- Input Voltage:45V-52V DC
- Max. Current:1.4A
- Power Consumption:0-60W
- Management:485-A based Modbus standard
- Dimming:2 Channel
- Red Wavelength:665nm
- Blue Wavelength:445nm
- Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF):95µmol/s(45W); 126 µmol/s(60W)
- Spectrum Mix:Full Red, Full Blue or any spectrum mix
- Research center in compact space
- Indoor grow facilities with different plants
Patent Owned (No.)
- 201720117846.2 Utility Model Patent
- 201710069610.0 Invention Patent
- 201720043000.9 Utility Model Patent
- ZL201620429423.X Utility Model Patent
|ZPDT802-45||45W, PPF 95;mol/s|
|ZPDT802-60||60W, PPF 126mol/ s|
PN Note: e.g. ZPDT802-45
- ZP--ZSP, short for ZSP-Tech.
- D--Dimming, light intensity and spectrum dimmable. S--Smart. DS--Dimming and Smart.
- T--Tube, like T8 etc. M--Mining Light. B--Bar, light bar without enclosure. R--Rail light. E--Elephant, lights looks like trunk.
- 80--industrial application. 60--commercial and home application.
- 2--channel, 2channels
- 45--power consumption, 45watts


- Made to be fast: The most advanced mirrored racing goggles, with the revolutionary Swipe anti-fog technology for long-term clear vision and stylish hydrodynamic design
- Swipe: the best anti-fog protection ever. It lasts ten times longer than regular anti-fog and can be reactivated with a simple swipe of your finger on the inside of the lenses.
- The hydrodynamic sleek design and frame-integrated lenses reduce drag to the extreme. Innovative extended frame for extra stability. Interchangeable nose bridge. Dual strap. UV protection.
- Designed for competitive swimmers and triathletes. FINA approved.
These goggles with dark lenses are good for swimming in brightly lit environments or for those who prefer maximum light shielding.
- 70% Polycarbonate, 20% Silicone, 10% Thermoplastic Elastomer
Arena Unisex Cobra Ultra Swipe Mirror Racing Goggles Yellow Copper-White
Look forward, look fast, look sharp: Discover the most advanced mirrored unisex racing goggles, the arena Cobra Ultra Swipe Mirror. The stylish goggles with sleek and hydrodynamic design are perfect for competitive swimmers and are FINA approved. They are equipped with arena’s revolutionary Swipe anti-fog technology that lasts ten times longer than regular anti-fog protection. For perfect clear vision. For long. To reactivate the anti-fog treatment gently swipe the inside of the lenses five times while the goggles are in the water, once you see the first signs of fog. The low-profile lenses minimize water drag to the extreme and offer excellent hydrodynamics. Delivered with five interchangeable nose bridges for perfect customization to different face and nose shapes. The dual strap is easily adjustable at the back of the head and guarantees stable fit, even during start and turns. The innovative temple design ensures a secure fit especially on dives. The lenses are equipped with UV protection and the whole product is PVC free. The goggles are available with clear lenses for low-light environments and for those who prefer maximum brightness and dark lenses for bright environments or those who prefer maximum light shielding.
Availability: In stock


Artem Kamenev, a student of TSU Faculty of Radiophysics, is working on a model of a flat focusing reflector. This device is much simpler in design than existing counterparts. Its use will reduce the cost of organizing communication in space.
For the majority of aerospace systems, a very important aspect is to obtain high-power signals as both emission and reception for communication with the Earth. To do this today parabolic reflectors are mostly used.
- Parabolic reflectors have a high gain without the use of additional equipment and they can work for narrowband and ultrawideband signals, - says Artem Kamenev. - However, for their smooth operation, it is necessary to maintain an accurate parabolic shape, which is quite difficult in space.
Unlike the parabolic, the flat reflector is not deformed in space. In addition, it is simpler in construction and to assemble and transport. Currently, the scientist has created a model of a flat reflector and investigated the effect of various parameters on its properties.
A flat focusing reflector, as a rule, works only in a narrow band of frequencies, but Artem Kamenev found a way to implement tuning the frequency. Furthermore, the flat reflector that he has made has an extremely low cost, presumably five times less than the parabolic.
- For small mirrors, this difference will be noticeable only in industrial scale. If we consider the structures that are deployed in the space, a great many of functional elements are used, and so then the difference in cost will be very noticeable - said Artem Kamenev.
The device has already been patented.