Just in the last few years, advances in machine vision have helped many robots and autonomous vehicles achieve almost human-like levels of perception. Using a myriad of optic sensors, like high-resolution cameras, these robots and cars, in their own way, are finally able to see.
What Is Machine Vision?
What Is Machine Vision?
Machine vision is the technology that enables robots and other machines like autonomous vehicles to see and recognize objects in their surrounding environment. By pairing optic sensors with artificial intelligence and machine learning tools that can analyze and process image data, robots and autonomous vehicles equipped with machine vision systems are able to perform more complex tasks, like pulling orders in a warehouse or navigating downtown traffic.
As prices of cameras have fallen, compute power has increased and algorithms have matured, machine vision has helped robotics emerge from what Tom Hummel, vice president of technology at Rapid Robotics, described as a statically programmed state. Thanks to recent advances in deep learning, which allows robots to actually analyze what they’re seeing, robots are able to complete tasks that once seemed impossible or too cost prohibitive, like picking specific items out of a bin, Hummel said.
How Does Machine Vision Work?
Most machine vision systems require a light source, either mounted directly on the robot or set up within the facility where it operates, so the camera (or cameras), used can clearly capture objects, humans, potential hazards and other features within its surroundings.
Once the robot captures images, that visual data is sent to a processor or onboard computer that analyzes the images using artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms, often along with data collected from other sensing modalities like LiDAR, radar and microphones, too.
After the images and other data are processed, that information is communicated back to the robot or other machines working alongside it. From there, the machines can make appropriate decisions, whether that’s stopping at a crosswalk or picking the right item for an order, which improves efficiency and safety.
Types of Machine Vision
There are three main types of machine vision:
One-dimensional vision: 1D vision doesn’t analyze the image of an entire object at once, but reads it one line at a time, often using a line-scan camera. This type of machine vision is typically used in inspection processes to spot defects in products moving on a conveyor.
Two-dimensional vision: 2D vision uses a digital camera to collect image data, which is then processed by comparing contrast variations from one image to another. This type of machine vision is often used to track objects, as well as verification and inspection.
Three-dimensional vision: 3D vision uses multiple digital cameras and other sensors in various locations to capture a digital model of an object, which provides an accurate assessment of its location, size and features. This type of machine vision is typically used to help robots navigate their surroundings as well perform tasks related to order fulfillment like picking products from bins and containers.
Machine Vision Applications
As most humans rely heavily on their sense of sight to work and interact with the world, robots, too, are doing much the same thanks to machine vision. Robot arms use it to inspect parts and products coming off assembly lines, determining which ones meet quality standards. And self-driving taxis use vision systems to help read subtle cues from pedestrians right before they cross a street, which is something human drivers appear to be getting much worse at. In warehouses, autonomous mobile robots use machine vision to help fulfill orders.
Machine Vision Applications
- Used in assembly lines to inspect parts to improve quality control.
- Helps robots working in warehouses locate products and navigate their surroundings.
- Allows self-driving cars to perceive the world around them and identify potential hazards.
The Manufacturing Industry Uses Machine Vision for Quality Control
When humans inspect parts coming off an assembly line, they don’t typically scrutinize each one looking for defects. It would take too much time, too much money and require a level of focus humans just don’t have, Hummel told Built In.
But a robot arm equipped with a machine vision system, like Rapid Robotics’ Rapid Machine Operator, can inspect each one. “The camera doesn’t sleep. The camera doesn’t care. And the camera’s fast,” Hummel said. “So you can check every part that comes out of that injection molder, or comes out of any process, and decide to discard it.”
As a result, factories are less likely to ship out bad parts and operators have a better understanding of the quality of the products they’re producing, according to Hummel.
Machine Vision Helps Self-Driving Taxis Understand Their Surroundings
Just before a pedestrian crosses a street, they often hint at what they’re going to do right before their foot even steps into the crosswalk. They may look up from their phone or look to their left or raise their hands ever so slightly. Though subtle, those signals can be observed or perceived by autonomous vehicles.
“Those cues are pretty critical when you think about the interactions between the pedestrian and the driver and the vehicle,” RJ He, director of perception at Zoox, a robotaxi company owned by Amazon, told Built In.
Recognizing those cues is one of the strengths of machine vision and where the technology shines, according to He.
“The magic happens when you are very thoughtful about how you use the individual sensing modalities and how they complement each other.”
Using artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms alongside cameras and other sensing modalities like LiDAR, radar and thermal cameras that measure and collect location, speed and other important roadway data, Zoox’s electric self-driving cars are able to see and interact with the world around them. The cars, which are being tested in the San Francisco Bay Area, Las Vegas and Seattle, can even predict what nearby cars, trucks, cyclists and pedestrians may or may not do, like a person stepping into a roadway.
“The magic happens when you are very thoughtful about how you use the individual sensing modalities and how they complement each other,” He told Built In. “Both in terms of things like field of view and coverage, but more importantly, the algorithmic aspect of things.”
By leveraging individual strengths of machine vision and all these different sensor modalities and algorithms, Zoox is able to create an accurate representation of the world their cars can respond to in real time, without harming or inconveniencing their passengers or the other people and living things around them.
In a country like the United States, where roadways have become even more dangerous in recent years, that’s become incredibly important, and one of the motivations behind what Zoox is doing.
“With human drivers — with distractions and all that — we need to ensure that we can react to all of these bad behaviors,” He said.
Machine Vision Helps Robots Fulfill Orders
While many robotics companies working in the logistics industry rely on LiDAR to help their robots navigate warehouses and fulfill orders, inVia Robotics, a robotics company specializing in warehouse automation, instead relies on machine vision.
According to inVia’s CEO and co-founder, Lior Elazary, the company’s robots use machine vision to operate inside warehouses, pulling products for e-commerce orders by scanning AprilTags, which Elazary describes as QR codes affixed to containers. A robot analyzes the code it captures, which allows it to understand what it’s looking at.
The machine vision systems are also trained inside the warehouse where it collects and captures surrounding features that are analyzed using algorithms to essentially form what Elazary referred to as the “hypothesis” of where the robot is located within the warehouse as well as the container or bin it needs to pull from. It uses visual servoing, which controls the robots motion and allows it to grab an object much like a human would.
“Ultimately, we go and grab things with our eyes — you see where it is, and you hone in,” Elazary said. “And that’s what our robots do.”
Essentially, machine vision lets robots adapt and not let little things like a bowed shelf or misplaced box trip it up — minor hiccups for humans that typically cause problems for robots that rely on LiDAR and can lead to greater expenses, like replacing the shelves in a warehouse.
“It’s much harder to do,” Elazary said, referring to machine vision systems, “but it’s a lot more cost effective.”
Machine Vision vs. Computer Vision
While the terms machine vision and computer vision are often used interchangeably, the main differences are:
- Machine vision systems require cameras to capture and provide image data, whereas computer vision systems can be fed images from other sources — say the internet.
- Computer vision systems are where the AI and machine learning algorithms live that process that visual data.
Essentially, machine vision is the eye, while computer vision is the brain.
Machine Vision Companies
While enabling autonomous vehicles and other robots to see, machine vision systems are most often used in applications like inspection and quality assurance. Here are a few companies developing machine vision technology for use in manufacturing, logistics and more.
3D Infotech is an industrial automation company specializing in universal metrology, essentially a precision measurement application, for the aerospace, automotive and electronics industries. The company’s In-Sight machine vision software system, which uses cameras from Cognex, employs deep learning algorithms for industrial applications in factories like inspection and assembly verification of parts and kits.
Cognex develops machine vision sensors and 2D and 3D machine vision systems that are used to inspect and identify parts in industrial settings. The company’s In-Sight 3D-L4000 machine vision system pairs 3D laser displacement technology with a smart camera to capture better images for inspection applications.
The U.K.-based company, Industrial Vision, develops machine vision sensors and systems for use in the pharmaceutical and automotive industries, among others. In the aerospace industry, the company’s machine vision cameras inspect heads-up displays, a transparent screen in fighter jets that shows important data, ensuring screws and bolts are in place, as well as performing pass and fail inspections.
Stemmer Imaging’s machine vision systems are used in applications ranging from logistics to agriculture. The company is providing components to develop a machine vision system to help protect endangered birds from wind turbines — essentially turning the turbine off when one approaches. Stemmer is also enabling cobots to work in the automotive industry with 3D machine vision systems, which help them pick and place parts and materials onto conveyor belts and pallets.
VAIA Technologies recently developed a robotic knife sharpening system for a knife manufacturer that utilizes 3D machine vision for inspection, enabling the system to sharpen knives in less than 30 seconds and at a rate of 3,000 per day. The company’s other machine vision inspection systems are used for label verification and ensuring tamper-evident caps are properly applied in packaging applications.


IRYStec, a Canadian company headquartered in Montreal and founded in February 2015, is a leading innovator of perceptual display processing technology. Providing Perceptual Display Platform (PDP) embedded software solutions, IRYStec enables consumer device and automotive OEMs to optimize their display device viewing experience and performance.
Based on the science of the human eye, proprietary image processing algorithms and physiological models, IRYStec replicates and emulates how the human eye sees. Adapting to viewer attributes (age, gender, ethnicity, colour and contrast perception) dramatically improves readability across all ambient light conditions, while reducing eyestrain and reducing power consumption.
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The idea of a reflex sight or reflector scope initiated in 1900 with Irish optical designer and telescope maker Howard Grubb in patent No.12108.
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These were some basic concerns of Grubb when thinking about creating the best Reflex sight in that era.
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Red Dot VS Reflex sights
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In reviews, it is said that Sigma 10-20 F4.0-5.6 (UWA - Ultra Wide Angle lens) has a low chromatic aberration (CA) (which is a good thing for people like me as I mainly do landscape photography), but I noticed that the aberration varies by quite a margin with different F (DoF - Depth of Field) values.
First some background info:
Chromatic aberration is a kind of distortion where the lens fails to focus all component waves of the white light to a single focal point. The white light consists of component waves of color red, green, yellow, blue and violate (in their increasing order of frequencies). The refractive index of lens glass varies with the wavelength; shorter waves bends more than the longer ones. See the following diagram:
When this happens, the sensor averages them and the edges in the image becomes distorted. See the Wikipedia page for an example. I was told that this happens mainly from the light entering closer to the edge. So, in theory, if you have a smaller aperture (i.e. later DoF value), aberration should be small. A simple technique to correct this distortion is to have a concave lens right next to the convex lens so that the effect of irregular bending of wavelength is corrected by dispersing them. But with mm focal lengths, it seems that such a simple technique does not work - it's much more difficult to correct this effect with UWA lens as they support very small focal length.
I used a Canon EOS T1i body and took multiple pictures at the same focal length (10 mm) but varying the depth of field (F values at 4/4.5/5, 5.6, 8, 11, 22, 29) at the same light condition. Here are some sample photos.
Unprocessed JPEG image for focal length = 10 mm, F = 4.0:
Unprocessed JPEG image for focal length = 10 mm, F = 11.0:
Unprocessed JPEG image for focal length = 10 mm, F = 22.0:
Note that due to the crop factor (1.6 in EOS T1i), the actual focal length is close to 16 mm.
I was expecting the CA to monotonically decrease with increasing DoF value (think in the line that with larger F values, we have smaller aperture and light will pass through mostly middle of the lens). However it was not the case. Maybe the complex inter-leaved lenses have other effects. The CA visible to the naked eye decreased 4 (highest CA), 5.6 8, 11 (lowest CA) and 11 and 16 had similar quality. At 22, CA was quite high and image quality was less than that for at 4. I am not in a position to explain this bell-curve shape like behavior. Would be very much interested to know the technical details behind the scene.
I repeated the above experiment for focal lengths 12, 14 and 16 mm. I found a similar pattern. The visible CA decreased as the F value is increased closer to the current or little above the current focal length but beyond that visible CA increased with increased F values.
So, with Sigma 10-20mm F4.0-5.6 on a Canon EOS T1i camera, if you want to take landscape photos with minimal CA, set the F value closer to the current focal length.


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2 Components Individuals Do Not Really Realize With Respect To LASIK Eye Medical ProceduresThe eye can be examined with relative ease as to both its function and its structure. A practical evaluation includes the capability to relocate the orbit and the response of the pupil to light and accommodation.
The function of the eye may be tested in a number of ways. The patient may be asked to identify illuminated letter or items of varying sizes on what is referred to as the Snellen chart.
Conversely, the evaluation of the structural part of the eye might be made in numerous ways. Tension within the eyeball is determined by a "tonometer." In specific illness, especially in glaucoma, the tension in the eyeball is increased significantly.
Nevertheless, it needs to be well kept in mind that a patient with an eye problem may have other issues too. Frequently other physical conditions are main and impact the eye as a repercussion. The appearance of the eye can notify the doctor and the client to troubles in some disruptions of other parts of the body even prior to other symptoms provide themselves.
One's reliance on sight is highlighted when one faces a possible or short-term long-term loss of this essential sense. When restorative measures are looked for, specific types of vision correction such as contact lenses or eyeglasses are recommended.
On the other hand, some people are troubled with the fact that they have some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.
For this reason, advanced surgeries were established to motivate decreased utilization of contact lenses or glasses. Among which is the now popular LASIK eye surgical treatment.
Generally, LASIK eye surgery is the short term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its concrete counterpart, LASIK eye surgery is another kind of vision correction. The only difference is that with this type of surgical treatment, one's vision is fixed completely.
With LASIK eye surgical treatment, the refractive errors in the cornea are completely transformed. This can be done utilizing an "excimer laser."
The main purpose of this surgical treatment is to create a threadlike, rounded "flap" in the cornea using a blade known as "microkeratome." In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is lastly reformed, enabling much better the eye to direct more light into the retina.
Appeal vs. Disadvantages
In the middle of the growing popularity of LASIK eye surgery, there are still disadvantages that individuals must know. Most likely, the main reason why this type of eye surgical treatment has actually become well accepted is because most of its cases had actually succeeded.
In spite of its success, there are still some disadvantages. Here is the list:
1. It is an operation used to the most delicate part of the eye
Since LASIK eye surgical treatment involves the operation of the retina, which is among the most delicate parts of the eye, the majority of people say that the operation can be very risky.
Simply puts, a basic mistake might nearly trigger an person's lifetime blindness. It is important to think about many factors before deciding whether LASIK eye surgical treatment is the ideal restorative measure one has to go through.
2. It is not a perfect treatment
LASIK look at here now eye surgical treatment may correct your vision however it does not necessarily suggest that it can give you a best vision. Even if analytical reports show that 70% of the clients might have 20/20 vision, this does not necessarily suggest they have ideal vision also.
Offered all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the popularity of the operation, LASIK might not always be the ideal eye surgical treatment the way most individuals see it
On the other hand, the evaluation of the structural part of the eye might be made in a number of methods. It ought to be well kept in mind that a client with an eye problem web might have other problems. Frequently other physical conditions are primary and affect the eye as a effect. The look of the eye can signal the physician and the patient to difficulties in some disruptions of other parts of the body even before other signs present themselves.
Like its concrete equivalent, LASIK eye surgery is another kind of vision correction.


Domaines de compétences
BiographyToralf Scharf received a MS degree from the University of Duisburg on surface physics in 1993 and a PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Halle, Germany when he work at the Max Plack Research group "Liquid crystalline systems" with A. Saupe. Since 1997 he has been a senior scientist at the Institute of Microtechnology in Neuchâtel. His scientific interests include electro-optic effects of micro-structured liquid crystals devices and combinations of micro - nanostructures in polymers to realize advanced optical systems. He has recently authored a book entitled Polarized light in Polymers and Liquid crystals published with Wiley.
He was nominated as InnoLecture Guest-Docent at the Ernst Abbe School of Photonics in Jena for the academic year 2011/2012 by the Carl Zeiss Foundation.
Toralf Scharf has received the Credit Suisse Award for Best Teaching, which goes to the best EPFL teacher in 2016.
NOLOSSToralf SCHARF is coordinator of the Europeen project NOLOSS.
The target of this project is to prepare and train future engineers for the design challenges and opportunities provided by modern optics technology. Such challenges include lossless photon management, modelling at the system, components and feature level, and the link between design and technology. Today all optical designs are often perceived following different approaches, namely geometrical optics, physical optics and nano-photonics. Traditionally these approaches are linked to the different lengths-scale that are important to the system.
Starting from the entire system that is macroscopic and uses geometrical optics, over the miniaturized unit that is based on micro-optics and needs physical optics design, down to the active nano-photonics entity that allows steering light truly at the nano-scale but which requires to be designed with rigorous methods that provide full wave solutions to the governing Maxwell’s equations.
A design for manufacture of next generation optical applications necessarily requires to bridge the gap between the different length scales and to consider the design at a holistic level. At the core are optical simulation models developed and used in the academic research and the one used for optical designs in industry.
Up to now, only the academic partners apply an integral approach to include micro- and nano-photonics in their simulations. Together with the industrial partners projects will be launched to promote the academic developments in optical design and simulation over different length scales towards the industry. The industry will use the know-how to consolidate their expertise, expand their businesses, and occupy new fields of activities. For each research subject, may it be nano-photonics, micro-optics or system engineering, a channel can be provided to access particular knowledge and/or stimulate collaborations.
NANOGOLDToralf SCHARF was coordinator of the Europeen project NANOGOLD.
The NANOGOLD project aimed at the fabrication and application of bulk electro-magnetic metamaterials. We will apply self-organization of organic-inorganic composite materials containing resonant entities. To tune and optimize electromagnetic properties, resonance and interference at different length scales will be implemented. In such a way we will obtain bulk optical metamaterials with unprecedented properties operating in spectral domains appropriate for photonics that can be used in applications. Proof of principle devices will be the outcome of the project.
Books and Book chaptersT. Scharf, Self-Organized Plasmonic Nanomaterials Based on Liquid Crystals and Metal Nanoparticles, in “Active Plasmonic Nanomaterials”, Edited by Liciano de Sio, Pan Stanford, 2015, ISBN 9814613002, 9789814613002, DOI: 10.1201/b18647-9
C. Rockstuhl and T. Scharf (ed.) "Amorphous Nanophotonics", Springer series Nano-optics and Nanophotonics 2013, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-32474-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-32475-8
Myun-Sik Kim, Toralf Scharf, Carsten Rockstuhl and Hans Peter Herzig, Phase anomalies in micro-optics, Progress in Optics, Volume 58, 2013, Pages 115-197
T. Scharf, "Polarized light in liquid crystals and polymers", Wiley Interscience 2006, ISBN 0-4717-4064-0
T. Scharf and G. Boer, "Interferometric Applications Using Liquid Crystalline
Networks", in Cross linked liquid crystalline Systems, D. Broer, G.P. Crawford, S. Zumer, ed. (CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, 2011), pp. 119 -149, ISBN 978-1-4200-4630-4
R. Dändliker, H. P. Herzig, O. Manzardo, T. Scharf, G. Boer, "Micro-Optics for Spectroscopy", in International Trends in Optics and Photonics ICO V, A. H. Guenther, ed. (SPIE Press, Bellingham, 2006), pp. 219-242, ISBN: 0-8194-4510-X.
Sélection de publications
Wiley Interscience, New York 2006
|Polarized Light in Liquid Crystals and Polymers|
Enseignement & Phd


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How corrects minor myopia, lens of model cornea is unusual recruit, the effect is good
Nowadays, in addition to the child’s study, let parents worry about the problem of myopia.According to the latest statistics from the Health Commission, the myopia rate is 40 percent among primary school students, 55 percent among middle school students and 77 percent among college students.It is worth noting that in addition to bringing inconvenience to daily life, myopia may also cause a decline in sensitivity, learning, confidence, and social skills.High myopia can cause cornea, lens, vitreous problems, glaucoma, and even blindness.In order to protect the eyesight of children and adolescents, in addition to government support, media publicity and doctors’ diagnosis and treatment, enterprises are also required to provide better myopia prevention and control products based on clinical needs.Since its entry into China, Euclid has always been concerned about changes in clinical needs, committed to technological innovation and support for academic promotion, occupied the commanding heights of the industry, and helped people with myopia better manage myopia.As an advocate of active myopia management, Euclid has been committed to the innovative development of myopia management. Euclid’s lenses have provided visual services for millions of people around the world.Euclid’s Emerald orthokeratology mirror is also gaining popularity in China.The lens design of Euclid orthokeratology mirror is fine, and a series of technologies such as free-form surface design, dual positioning system and streamline surface technology are integrated. Users have received favorable feedback in terms of matching degree, stability and comfort.Euclid Euclidean Emerald shaping cornea corneal shape mirror mirror 5 years follow-up axial growth 30% more slowly than frame glasses of parents, think to the child after child myopia wear glasses is sufficient, actually otherwise, children in development period, myopic degree increase quickly, if not effective control,More likely to develop high myopia.In 2012, IOVS, the most authoritative journal of ophthalmology, published a 5-year follow-up study of plastic lens in Japan. Compared with patients using Euclid Emerald lens, the axial growth of myopia patients was 0.99±0.47mm and 1.41±0.68mm, respectively.The difference was statistically significant (P=0.0236).Shaped glasses are 30% more effective than framed glasses.This is the first study in the world with a follow-up period of 5 years of orthoscopy, which has important reference significance.In 2014, Shanghai Ophthalmology Center for Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology published a 2-year data analysis of myopia control effect using Euclid Emerald lens compared with frame glasses.At the 12th and 24th months of follow-up, the axial growth was (0.39 ± 0.21 mm Vs 0.16 ± 0.17 mm, p <0.001) and (0.70 ± 0.35 mm vs 0.34 ± 0.29 mm, P <0.001).The myopic control effect of the Emerald lens was 59% and 51% at 1 and 2 years.As active myopia management leader, Euclid is committed to continuously optimize the product design, Euclid love eyes Advance originality high set series is aimed at the modern and new requirements, the treatment of myopia with the eye for patients with eye custom, precise matching, clearly aimed at helping myopia patients regain “visual”, make the future more likely.


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CES 2020 Las Vegas
Jan 7-Jan 10, 2020


Google, Sony, Samsung to develop smart contact lenses
Three giant tech companies have unveiled their breathtaking plans to engineer their own smart contact lens for unique purposes.
Google invented a lens that can allow the user to monitor the glucose intent and hydration levels, thus saving the lives of millions of people diagnosed with diabetes.
On the other hand, Samsung publicly disclosed in a patent application that they would create a contact lens that enshrines a mini camera inside the lens, according to Sammobile.com. When this dreamy invention becomes a reality, users of the contact lens can snap photos in the blink of an eye and save it on the smartphone.
The smart contact lens consists of a camera, an antenna, and sensors that can detect the users’ movements and connect with the external device to process data to a gadget, according to The Guardian.
Sony, on the other hand, is beefing up plans to invent a futuristic type of contact lens – the contact lens user can shoot videos and play them. The lens will be built with an organic electroluminescence display screen that is capable of recording videos straight from the contact lenses.
The lens use piezoelectric sensors to gather information on the eyelids’ closure time or when it winks. A gyro sensor is used to measure the eyelids’ tilt and it uses electromagnetic induction to receive power.
All of these majestic plans to rejuvenate eyewear technology were envisioned as early as 2013 and 2014. Gianna Francesca Catolico
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PLEXONICS PL-7273RVPL Outdoor Vandal Proof Bullet Network Camera delivers real-time megapixel Quad HD video quality streaming and recording with low lux day and night capability. The camera equipped with Infra-red LED’s, which can deliver effective night vision up to Maximum 50 meters. The frames per second and bit rate can be configured to suit network bandwidth availability and application requirement. The PL-7273RVPL Bullet Network camera designed with IP67 weatherproof enclosure.
- 2.1 million effective pixels support up to 1920×1080 resolution.
- Support smart motion detection and privacy mask window blanking.
- Real-time High Definition Video streaming over network.
- IEEE802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard support.
- Built-In IR illuminators supports night vision range up to 50 meters.
- ONVIF and RTSP protocols support.
- Triple Streaming with support of H.264, H.265/S+265, H.265+ & MJPEG.
- Pre-post alarm buffering.
- 3D digital noise reduction (DNR).
- IP67 weather and Ingress protection.
- Smart analytics Functions Support.
- Supports mobile streaming on Android, windows and iPhone.
- True wide dynamic damage.
Outdoor 2 Megapixel Full HD Network Bullet Camera with Motorized varifocal Lens POE and 50 meter IR
2.8~12mm Motorized Lens Module
2.7~13.5mm Motorized Lens Module with 60 Meter IR Support
5~50 mm Motorized Lens Module with 100 Meter IR Support


The laboratory temperature is at 5℃. Does the temperature have a great influence on the analysis results by optical emission spectrometer?
Views : 174
Author : Jerry He
Update time : 2020-09-15 09:26:03
CMOS spark photoelectric optical emission spectrometer is a precision analysis instrument. The most important thing is the optical system. Changes in temperature will cause the optical chamber to expand and contract which resulting in inaccurate analysis results. Therefore, the optical emission spectrometer will be equipped with a constant temperature control system for the optical system when it is designed and manufactured. Even with a constant temperature control system, changes in the ambient temperature will still affect the optical system. Therefore, in order to ensure the accuracy and stability of the analytical data results, we should install small air conditioners in the laboratory to minimize the fluctuation of the ambient temperature during the use of the instrument.
At present, domestic and foreign OES manufacturers will require users to install small air conditioners in the places where the direct-reading spectrometer is used. So that the ambient temperature is controlled between 10 and 30 ℃. First of all, because the temperature of the instrument is about 20°C when it is calibrated by the original factory, and the instrument is used at 10~30°C to fully ensure the accuracy of the analysis results. Secondly, the optical system has higher stability in the range of 10~30℃, and the temperature is too high or too low to ensure the stability of the instrument, and the serious influence may even cause the instrument to malfunction.
Therefore, in order to ensure the stability of the direct reading spectrometer and the accuracy of the analysis results, we should try our best to ensure that the temperature in the laboratory meets the requirements of the instrument, and try to keep the temperature as stable as possible.
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Wuxi Jiebo Instrumentl Technology Co.,Ltd. is located in the city of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China. For many years, we engaged in the production, sales and customer service of chemical analysis instruments and related products. We not only have the advantages of scale of products and personalized service but also have the advantages in the process of technological innovation. The market share has been ranked counterparts and equipment exported to the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, West Asia, Eastern Europe, South America and other countries.


Intel, coming from CES 2015 in Las Vegas, Nevada, has been updating everyone on RealSense Technology, a revolutionary technology that gives users a Natural User Interface (NUI) with their devices, and also could pave the way for making drones react to their surroundings by sensing and avoiding them as humans do.
•Intel RealSense technology inside Robotics and Multi-copter drone: Intel demonstrated an iRobot® AVA® 500 video collaboration robot equipped with Intel RealSense cameras to support the platform’s autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance technologies. In addition, Intel highlighted the growing possibilities for multi-copter drones, including the inspection of fields and power lines, delivering goods, and even monitoring endangered species. As these drones become smarter, they can see, react, and even move safely through the environment. During the CES keynote, Intel created a make-shift obstacle course inside the CES keynote ballroom and demonstrated a number of AscTec* Firefly multi-copter drones equipped with Intel RealSense cameras that provide 360-degree sensing and enabled with unique collision avoidance capabilities. Intel’s RealSense camera module, which weighs as little as 8 grams and is less than 4mm thick, brings depth perception to drones both indoors and outdoors with minimal impact to payload and flight times.
CES 2015 continues to be a possible pioneer moment in the field of Drone technology, with the whole world now bearing witness to hundreds of start-up techs that could soon be items you can’t live without.


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39"/99cm Full HD LCD TV
• Slim Deisgn • Full HD -1920×1080P
LT39A3100, features Full HD 1920x1080P resolution, bringing you amazing picture quality! This model also has USB PVR recording function, which allows you to record live television onto a USB thumb drive or an external hard drive via the USB port. Standby power consumption is less than 0.5W, which helps energy efficiency. Warranty 24 months plus+labor.
|Diagonal Screen Size||39"|
|Panel Resolution||1920 x 1080|
|Peak Brightness (cd/m2)||430|
|Dynamic Contrast Ratio||10,000:1|
|Viewing Angle||178°(H)/ 178°(V)|
|Response Time (ms)||8|
|Digital Audio Output(Coaxial)||1|
|VGA(D-sub 15 pin)||1|
|Video System||PAL, DVB-T|
|Video In||PAL, NTSC|
|DTV USB Recording||Yes|
|Picture Status Memory||Yes|
|Colour Temp Adjustment||Yes|
2 Years (Parts & Labor)
B/G, D/K, I
Max Audio Output
2 x 8W
|Energy Star Rating||5|
|Power Requirement||AC 110~240V, 50/60|
|DIMENSION & WEIGHT|
|Set With Stand(WxHxD)mm||922x639x273|
|Set Without Stand(WxHxD)mm||922x575x127|
|Wall Mount Support||200x200mm Vesa Standard|
Note: Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
HDTV (High-Definition Television)
Liquid Crystal Display technology is one of the methods used to create flat-panel TVs, and is also used in some projectors. Light isn‘t created by the liquid crystals; a "backlight" behind the panel shines light through the display. The display consists of two polarizing transparent panels and a liquid crystal solution sandwiched in between. An electric current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to align so that light cannot pass through them. Each crystal acts like a shutter, either allowing light to pass through or blocking the light. The pattern of transparent and dark crystals forms the image.
Plasma technology is one of the methods used to create flat-panel TVs. The display consists of two transparent glass panels with a thin layer of pixels sandwiched in between (somewhere between 800,000 and two million). Each pixel is composed of three gas-filled cells or sub-pixels (one each for the red, green and blue primary colors). A grid of tiny electrodes applies an electric current to the individual cells, causing the gas to ionize. This ionized gas (plasma) emits high-frequency UV rays which stimulate the cells‘ phosphors, causing them to glow, which creates the TV image.
An LED is a semiconductor diode that typically emits a single wavelength of light when an electric current passes through it. Different colors can be generated based on the material used; common colors include red, green, blue, and white.
By adding a sense of picture depth and dimensionality, 3D TVs create a more engaging viewing experience that‘s similar to watching a 3D movie in a theater. Like 3D movies, 3D TV requires that each viewer wear special glasses to see the 3D effects.
1080p is a high-definition video format with resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels. The "p" stands for progressive scan, which means that each video frame is transmitted as a whole in a single sweep. The main advantage of 1080p TVs is that they can display all high-definition video formats without downconverting, which sacrifices some picture detail.
Some LCD and LED-LCD HDTVs have 100Hz refresh rates; these TVs employ sophisticated video processing to double the standard rate to 100 frames per second by inserting either additional video frames or black frames. Because each video frame appears for only half the normal amount of time, on-screen motion looks smoother and more fluid, with less smearing. It‘s especially noticeable viewing fast-action sports and video games.
HDMI has become the high-def connection of choice. It can carry full 1080p video and multichannel surround sound, and is your only connection option for 3D video.
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Changhong Customer Assistance Hotline: 1300 796 688 Tel: (03) 8545 7388


Lasers applied to atomic and molecular systems
Fundamental diagnostics of various spectral sources, including plasmas and pulsed glow discharges, are a main theme of our research. Here, lasers can be used merely as sampling devices to introduce the material into the discharge (e.g., laser ablation) or as additional excitation-ionization sources of the species already present in the discharge. A variety of spectroscopic and mathematic techniques are employed in our research. Plasma emission, laser induced fluorescence (both molecular and atomic), diode laser absorption, and Raman scatter experiments are conducted in the laboratory.
Strong links exist between our research interests and those of Dr. Smith in Chemistry, Dr. Hahn in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Prof. Panne and Prof. Niemax at BAM in Berlin, Germany, and the researchers at IPCF, CNR in Pisa, Italy. These links result in close, international collaborations.
Lasers applied to atomic and molecular systems
In Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), the plasma formed evolves in space and time and its spectrum provides useful analytical information. For this purpose, the most interesting plasma diagnostics indicators are the electron temperature (Te) and the electron number density (ne), since one can relate these two parameters to the possible existence of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions in the plasma. Most studies in this field have been performed under the assumption of the existence of such LTE conditions. Few studies, however, have been devoted to the experimental evaluation of such assumption. One of the approaches that can be used for the evaluation of LTE condition is the Line-to-continuum intensity ratio method. Experimentally, the plasma excitation temperature, Texc, is obtained from a conventional Boltzmann plot, and the ratio between the spectrally integrated line intensity and the continuum intensity is measured. By inserting these two experimental values into the theoretical expression, one can check whether the electron temperature derived in this way is equal or different from the excitation temperature provided by the Boltzmann plot. Any deviation from LTE conditions can then be assessed.
LIBS emission measurements are often affected by the phenomenon of self-absorption, i.e., the plama conditions are optically thick. It is important to take this effect into account for more accurate plasma characterization. The aim of the present work is to propose the application of a well know method, which is simple and quick to implement. It uses an external mirror to double the optical path length of the plasma emission in direction of the monochromator. The calculation of the so-called duplication factor as well as the comparison of the line profiles obtained with and without the mirror allow not only to prove the existence of the effect but also to apply a correction factor and to retrieve the original profile. It is shown in this work that the most direct application of the mirror approach is to improve the linearity of the calibration curves and the accuracy of the temperature evaluation though the Boltzmann or Saha-Boltzmann plots.
Applications of High Repetition Rate, Solid State Lasers
This project focuses on time-resolved applications of microchip and powerchip lasers, a new class of Nd:YAG laser. These lasers produce ~500 ps pulses at repetition rates between one Hertz and several tens of thousands of Hertz. Previous work in our lab has used these lasers for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, where they yield good signal to background ratios in elemental analysis. We are studying the time evolution of the transient plasma at the center of this technique. We have recently collaborated with the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing to study the plasmas produced by an even newer class of laser. We have also used powerchip Nd:YAG lasers for microanalysis, with an eye for using them for microscopic elemental mapping thanks to their high repetition rate. Because powerchip laser pulses are shorter than (or on the same order as) the fluorescence lifetime of many materials, we have used them to measure the fluorescence lifetime of different materials. Eventually, we hope to measure the fluorescence lifetime of micron-regime aerosol particles. The fast pulse and high repetition rate may also be useful for discriminating against fluorescence in Raman measurements.
Laser Induced Plasma Mapping
A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that give rise to the formation and evolution of a laser-induced plasma encompasses considerable past and continued research. This project hopes to add to this knowledge by combining experimental observations with computer models of the evolution of a plasma plume. Space-resolved and time-resolved atomic and ionic populations will be experimentally evaluated, and these population densities will be used to refine the computer model of a plume expansion. Specifically, the evolution of the plasma volume is investigated using a combination of emission and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements.
To accomplish this goal, a LIBS-LIF set-up has been assembled consisting of an excimer laser pumping two dye lasers. The simultaneous availability of two excitation wavelengths allows reaching highly excited levels of the atomic (ionic) species selected and monitoring the resulting fluorescence emission originating either directly from the excited level or indirectly by nearby levels populated by energy transfer due to collisions in the plasma. Since it has been shown that time-resolved fluorescence measurements are essential for an accurate evaluation of the atomic populations, the fluorescence is measured by both an ICCD camera on a spectrograph and a Microchannel Plate Photomultiplier (MCP-PMT) on a monochromator. The ICCD gives spatial resolution within the plasma, and temporal resolution is achieved with a variable delay. Resolution within the excitation pulse itself is possible with the MCP-PMT.
The development of an electrodynamic balance used for Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) studies and the operational characteristics of the set-up were refined in our lab in order to both recreate and expand upon experiments by Hahn in which a laser plasma is formed and particles are introduced into the plasma. Our experiment allows the particles to be spatially confined for long periods allowing for studies with laser energies producing fields below the air breakdown threshold. Initial results of experiments were promising and pointed us to further study the differences in laser-particle and plasma particle interactions, as the understanding of the overall processes governing plasma-particle interaction is considered to be essential for an improvement in the quantitative analysis of materials by the techniques of LIBS. These initial results came from data obtained using LIBS on particles containing Ca, Mg and Na and time integrated measurements. Work is now moving into temporally resolved studies to evaluate simultaneously the evolution of emissive species within the plasma volume.
Diode Laser Absorption
The vast majority of spectroscopic analytes exist in the ground state. Accordingly, absorption techniques allow a researcher to probe the bulk of the analyte. However, the selectivity of the technique comes from the light source used to interrogate the analyte reservoir (in this case a plasma). Therefore, a tunable source is a must, leaving diode lasers and dye lasers. Dye lasers offer a much wider range of wavelengths, but increase the complexity and cost of a system. Additionally, the lasers used to pump the dye lasers, often gas lasers, have horrible noise in their pulse energies. Absorption measurements suffer greatly from noise in the reference light source. Diode lasers are much cheaper, simpler and more stable. This project focuses on the use of these diode lasers to probe atomic and ionic species within LIBS plasmas.


Ultra-miniature pressure sensors
Provision of multiple point pressure measurements within a compliant material layer less than 2mm in thickness interposed between two rigid bodies under test. Modification of the structure was to be kept to a minimum with the deployment access to the sensing point locations being restricted to within the 2mm layer over a distance of several metres. Pressure sensing range: 0 to 2MPa. Minimum acceptable resolution: 2kPa.
Construction of a pressure sensor on the tip of a standard telecoms 125µm diameter silica optical fibre. The optical fibre having an overall diameter of 250µm, including primary buffer protective coating, was capable of being flexibly routed between the two rigid components without any modification of the system under test. An interferometric Fabry-Perot cavity was formed on the end of the optical fibre through using a hollow glass microspheres to form the cavity. Changes in pressure cause changes in the diameter of the microsphere which in turn result in pressure related changes in the optical path length of the Fabry-Perot cavity. These changes are then measured by monitoring the corresponding changes in the optical interference pattern produced by the optical cavity. The optical performance of the cavity was optimised by adjusting the optical reflectivity of the microsphere through the use of a gold coating.
The first image shows a sensor encapsulated in a thin (2mm) silicone layer, the second indicates the improvement in Fabry-Perot response that can be obtained by coating the transducer and the third is an image of the bare sensing element.
This fibre-based pressure sensing configuration has a number of advantages over conventional technologies:
- The sensing element is extremely small. In some cases the limiting dimension being the optical fibre itself
- The pressure range and resolution can be tuned by selecting suitable microsphere properties, sphere diameter and wall thickness.
- Due to its extremely small thermal mass, transient pressure and temperature sensing are possible.
- Can be easily designed to measure strain and temperature.
If you wish to find out more about this application of optical fibre sensing please contact Dr. Tim Litt.


Provides additional strong illumination for the SAMi-3 camera improving image and motion detection performance in complete darkness.
This is not required as the SAMi-3 camera includes built in illuminators. However the addition of the infrared light allows you to turn off the SAMi-3 camera red lights (which are very dim but can bother some people) and eliminates extra recordings and alarms that can be caused by light reflections from dust in the air near the camera lens. Light sensor automatically turns the illuminator off during the day.
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Prof. Hon Ki TSANG and Prof. Jian-Bin XU and their research team of the Department of Electronic Engineering at The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) have successfully constructed a new device for detecting light in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral region. This groundbreaking work is expected to enable a new generation of high efficiency, low cost, and highly integrated mid-IR detectors which proceeds to the applications of mid-IR spectroscopy in environmental and biomedical engineering. The chemical spectroscopy can detect trace concentrations (parts per billion) of gases for enormous applications, such as air pollution monitoring and analysis of human breath for disease markers. The research results have been published today (16 September) in the latest issue of Nature Photonics. Meanwhile, the news column of Nature – Nature News and Nature Photonics published their technical commentaries by the top experts.


We highly recommend installing these lenses in our Cuddeback cameras. In fact we install these lenses in every Cuddeback camera we sell before shipping them out to you!
The reason for switching is these lenses increase the detection range and sensitivity resulting in more pictures.
- Cuddeback's Centered Subject Technology quickly centers your game within the frame
- Commonly used in Cuddeback cameras that do not offer Zone Control technology
- Fits J, G, and K Cuddeback Models


Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T* DT 16-80mm f/3.5-4.5 Zoom Lens
The SAL-1680Z is ultimate all-in-one zoom lens designed specifically for DSLR imaging. It’s the first professional-grade 5X zoom lens specifically designed for APS-size CCD image sensors?providing incredible precision in a single compact, easy-to-carry lens that carries you from 24mm wide-angle to 120mm telephoto (35mm equivalent). Advanced Carl Zeiss?optical design and anti-flare T* Coating make this one of the most valued lenses in the world of digital photography.
5X Zoom Range
Smaller and lighter, it’s the only 5X zoom lens designed specifically for the APS-size CCD imager used in the Sony? ± (alpha) DSLR-A100 camera.
Glass-Molded Aspherical Lens Elements
Two glass-molded aspherical lens elements correct visual aberrations and improve picture quality across the entire zoom range.
Because aperture blades form a near circle at the wide openings used for low-light shots, spot-light sources have a pleasing circular defocused effect.
In auto-focus mode, the manual focus ring does not rotate — and in manual focusing, a wider focus ring provides a solid, hands-on feel.
- Focal Length : APS: 24 – 120mm (35mm Equivalent: 16
- Filter Diameter : 62mm
- Minimum Focus Distance : 1′ 2.4” (62mm)
- Magnification : x 0.24
- Lens Groups-Elements : 10 groups, 14 elements
- Distance Scale : Yes
- Distance Encoder : Yes
- Non-rotating Focusing Ring : Yes
- Aperture (Max.) : f/3.5 – 4.5
- Aperture (Min.) : f/22 – 29
- Blades : 7 aperture blades
- Aspheric Elements : 2 aspheric
- Lens Type : Standard Zoom
Weights and Measurements
- Weight (Approx.) : 16oz (445g)
- Dimensions (Approx.) : 2 7/8 x 3 3/8” (72 x 83mm)
- Front and rear lens cap
- SH0005 petal lens hood
- Lens carrying case


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- Advanced technology
- Eye Health
- Contact us
At Vue Vision Centre, we take pride in fitting complex corneas. Our highest rate of success for fitting Keratoconus and other irregular cornea patients has come with scleral lenses. These lenses give vision and comfort not possible with a conventional rigid lens or piggyback designs. We take topographical maps of the exact irregularities and then custom design a lens that provides the ideal correction. Because of the way these lenses are fit, they can optically correct the distortion from diseased corneas, providing stable vision in the majority of cases!
Scleral lenses are large diameter rigid lenses that sit on the white part of the eye and vault over the irregularities in the cornea. This enables them to provide good vision and excellent comfort. We are always on the leading edge of technological advancements and fit many different types of scleral lenses including multifocals. Scleral lenses can be customized for any type of prescription. Many patients who have never been able to see well with glasses get stable vision with sclerals. We also fit specialty gas permeable lenses such as Rose-K, piggyback and other post-surgical designs for mild to moderate cases.Scleral lenses are much larger than Conventional RGP Lenses which aids in stability on the eye and improved vision with irregular corneas. They also provide initial comfort on instillation similar to soft lenses.
There are three categories of scleral lenses, based on size and where the lenses have their primary contact with the front surface of the eye.
Much larger than typical GP lenses and rest right by the junction between the cornea and the sclera.
Vault over the whole corneal surface and rest on the anterior sclera.
The biggest in size and offer the most clearance between the back of the lens and the cornea.
Generally, anyone interested in achieving the best vision possible with contact lenses can be a candidate for scleral lenses. But scleral GP lenses are particularly helpful for the following:
Vision problems caused by an irregularly shaped cornea: whether naturally occurring, due to an eye condition such as keratoconus, or resulting from eye surgery: typically, cannot be fully corrected with glasses or soft contact lenses. Scleral lenses typically will provide sharper vision for these eyes.
If your eyes cannot be comfortably fitted with conventional GP lenses or the shape of your eye causes the lenses to dislodge too easily from your eyes (during sports, for example), scleral lenses can provide a more comfortable and secure fit.
If your eyes are too dry for conventional contact lenses, scleral lenses can help. In particular, the space created between the back surface of full scleral lenses and the cornea acts as a tear reservoir to keep the front of your eye moister and more comfortable.
Scleral lenses are custom-made to the exact specifications prescribed by our eye doctors to provide the best possible vision, eye health and comfort. Also, special automated measuring tools and imaging devices are used to fit scleral lenses, and these instruments typically are not required for fitting soft lenses. For these reasons, professional fees associated with fitting scleral lenses and lens replacement costs are much higher for scleral lenses than other contact lenses. Our doctors will discuss with you the specific costs for your individual needs. In some cases, vision insurance may cover a portion of the costs associated with scleral lenses.
If you have been fit with these lenses or would like to know more about whether you are a candidate for scleral lenses please contact us at 519-497-0309 and book a fitting consultation. It would be our privilege to improve your sight and quality of life with custom fitted scleral contact lenses.


If you're looking for a standard lens, the Leica 25mm DG Summilux is a very good choice, giving you the quickest maximum aperture you can find on a lens designed for the Micro Four Thirds systems. The quality of the build is very good, as you can expect from that kind of price, and the fact that you can use filters on the lens is definitely a nice bonus. The focusing is also very fast and quiet, so you it can be used for videos and stills without a problem.
- Lens Construction: 10 elements in 9 group ( 1 aspherical lens )
- Mount: Four Thirds mount
- Focal Length: f=25mm (35mm camera equivalent 50mm)
- Aperture: F1.4
- Closest Focusing Distance: 0.38m`"Ã¯Â¾â€šÃ¯Â½Â¡


The PL-12DC Laser Penetrometer is automated device employing up-to-date laser penetration measurement technique. It enables precise measurement according to any given standard test method, and the user-defined method as well.
It is possible to transfer the test results to computer and to record them as files readable through spreadsheets. Operation of the unit takes place using touch screen with legible characters.
The penetrometer is designed for testing consistence of petrochemical products (e.g. lubricating greases, asphalts, parrafins), foodstuff (e.g. margarine), cosmetics (e.g. creams) as well as masonry mortars and plastic explosives.
PN-C-04133:1988, PN-C-04161:1982, PN-EN 1426:2009, PN-EN 1015-4:2000, PN-V-04011-18:1999, ASTM D5, ASTM D217, ASTM D937, ASTM D1403, ASTM D1321.
Automated laser penetration measurement.
Precision: 0,1 penetration unit
- Supply: 100-240 VAC, 50/60 Hz
- Dimensions (H × W × D): 685 × 340 × 390 mm
- Weight: 25 kg (with equipment)
- Measurement range: 0 - 620 penetration units
- Communication with computer: RS 232


The linear magnification or magnification of a spherical mirror may be defined as the ratio of the size (height) of the image to the size (height) of the object. The magnification of a mirror is represented by the letter m.
In a concave mirror, the magnification is the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object. The magnification is also equal to the negative of the ratio of the distance of the image from the mirror to the distance of the object from the mirror .
According to the Cartesian sign convention, distances from the mirror towards the object are considered as negative and the distances from the mirror to the opposite side are considered as positive. Distances above the principal axis are considered as positive and distances below the principal axis are considered as negative.
Hence, if the image is real, the magnification is negative and if the image is virtual, the magnification is positive.
Teacher • India
because image formed in concave mirror is real also.
Grade 12 • India
Distances measured on the other side are negative. f, the focal length, is positive for a concave mirror, andnegative for a convex mirror. When the image distance is positive, the image is on the same side of the mirror as the object, and it is real and inverted. ...
Grade 10 • India
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Questions and Answers from students around the world


2 Concerns Individuals Do Certainly Not Understand Referring To LASIK Eye SurgeryThe eye can be examined with relative ease as to both its function and its structure. A functional examination consists of the capability to move in the orbit and the response of the student to light and accommodation.
The function of the eye might be tested in several methods. The patient might be asked to identify illuminated letter or items of differing sizes on what is called the Snellen chart.
Alternatively, the evaluation of the structural part of the eye may be made in several methods. Tension within the eyeball is determined by a "tonometer." In particular diseases, especially in glaucoma, the stress in the eyeball is increased noticeably.
It should be well kept in mind that a patient with an eye issue might have other issues. Frequently other physical conditions are main and affect the eye as a consequence. The look of the eye can signal the client and the doctor to difficulties in some disruptions of other parts of the body even prior to other symptoms present themselves.
One's dependence on sight is stressed when one deals with a short-lived or possible irreversible loss of this crucial sense. Hence, when restorative steps are sought, certain kinds of vision correction such as contact lenses or spectacles are prescribed.
On the other hand, some people are troubled with the fact that they have some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.
For this factor, advanced surgical operations were developed to motivate reduced usage of contact lenses or glasses. Among which is the now popular LASIK eye surgical treatment.
Generally, LASIK eye surgery is the brief term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its concrete counterpart, LASIK eye surgery is another type of vision correction. The only distinction is that with this kind of surgery, one's vision is fixed permanently.
With LASIK eye surgical treatment, the refractive mistakes in the cornea are completely transformed. This can be done using an "excimer laser."
The main purpose why not check here of this surgical treatment is to create a threadlike, rounded "flap" in the cornea utilizing a blade understood as "microkeratome." In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is lastly reformed, allowing much better the eye to direct more light into the retina.
Popularity vs. Disadvantages
Amidst the growing popularity of LASIK eye surgical treatment, there are still disadvantages that people must know. Most likely, the primary reason that this type of eye surgery has actually ended up being well accepted is since the majority of its cases had actually succeeded.
Nevertheless, in spite of its success, there are still some downsides. Here is the list:
1. It is an operation applied to the most sensitive part of the eye
Due to the fact that LASIK eye surgical treatment includes the operation of the retina, which is one of the most sensitive portions of the eye, many people state that the operation can be very dangerous.
To puts it simply, a simple error could nearly cause an individual's lifetime loss of sight. It is important to think about look at here now numerous elements before deciding whether LASIK eye surgery is the right restorative procedure one has to undergo.
2. It is not a best treatment
LASIK eye surgery might fix your vision but it does not necessarily mean that it can offer you a ideal vision. Even if analytical reports show that 70% of the clients may have 20/20 vision, this does not necessarily mean they have perfect vision too.
Provided all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the popularity of the operation, LASIK might not constantly be the ideal eye surgical treatment the way the majority of people view it
Conversely, the assessment of the structural part of the eye may be made in a number of ways. It should be well remembered that a client with click for source an eye problem may have other problems. Typically other physical conditions are primary and impact the eye as a consequence. The look of the eye can notify the doctor and the patient to problems in some disturbances of other parts of the body even prior to other symptoms provide themselves.
Like its tangible counterpart, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another form of vision correction.


The BOSA is a stimulated Brillouin scattering based optical spectrum analyzer.
BOSA 100 + T100S-HP
has partnered with Aragon Photonics Labs to offer its customers an excellent Hi-Res OSA that perfectly combines with its T100S-HP
lasers, both having the highest dynamic range available on the market. In the set-up, the BOSA 100 operates with Yenista’s tunable laser through GPIB and a Trigger.
Analysis of Modulation Formats and Laser Lines
The Hi-Res OSA is well suited for analysis of complex modulation formats such as PAM4 for datacenters and PolMux QAM and PSK for Metro & Long-Haul Coherent Systems. Extension options are available for polarization analysis and phase measurements. The Hi-Res OSA is also well adapted to the characterization of laser devices such as accurate distance between side modes, SMSR and chirp.
O- and CL-band models
Wavelength resolution: 10 MHz
Wavelength accuracy: 2 pm
Dynamic range: 80 dB spurious-free
Other BOSA models
The BOSA 400 is equivalent to the BOSA 100 with respect to specifications, but it is fully standalone. The tunable laser is integrated in the BOSA benchtop which limits the number of options that can be integrated.
- BOSA 400 Brochure
BOSA Lite and BOSA Lite+ are cost effective Hi-Res OSAs. The specifications are slightly reduced compared to BOSA100 and BOSA400
- BOSA Lite & Lite+ Brochure
BOSA 100 mainspecifications
C band 1525 ?1565 nm
L band 1565 ?1607 nm
O band 1265 ?1355 nm
Optical Resolution : 10 MHz
Yenistalasers : C, L Band : T100S-HP/CL/M, T100S-HP/SCL/M, T100S-HP/CLU/M
O Band : T100S-HP/O/M, T100S-HP/O+/M
Wavelength Accuracy : Typ±2 pm withYenistaT100S-HP
Spurious free Dynamic Range2 : >80 dB
Calibrated Input Power Range : +13 to -70 dBm
Close-in Dynamic range : >40 dB @ ±0.3pm >60 dB @ ±0.6pm
Max. SafeInput Power : +20dBm
Sensitivity : -70dBm/0.1pm
Poweraccuracy : ±0.5dB
Polarization Measurement : Two orthogonal polarization channels., Full state-of-polarizationwith polarimetry extension
Measurement time : 1 sec. for 20 nm(C, L) , 1 sec. for 10 nm (O)


The ZyXEL transceiver family follows industry standards to assure compatibility with switches from other manufacturers without barrier set by proprietary technologies. With ZyXEL’s comprehensive Fast, Gigabit and 10 Gigabit transceiver product range, users can just plug the proper model onto the network to extend the physical coverage. Independent transceiver design provides the highest network maintenance flexibility. Transceivers can be freely added when required, and infrastructure upgrades or transceiver repairs can be done easily by just replacing the transceiver instead of the whole device. Traditional fiber optic networking requires two strands of fiber to accomplish communications, in which one strand is reserved for sending signals, while the other is for receiving. On the other hand, bi-directional, dual-wavelength transceivers can establish communications over just one strand of fiber by using two separate optical wavelengths: one receives and the other transmits signals. Transmission capacity can be expanded immediately without additional cost laying new fiber.


TecTecTec ProWild Hunting Rangefinder - 6x24 Laser Range Finder for Hunting with Speed, Scan and Normal Measurements (Camo)
HUNTING LASER RANGEFINDER: SUPER ACCURATE RANGE MEASUREMENT FOR PERFECT HUNTING!
Do you love hunting, and would like a premium rangefinder?
If so, TecTecTec's PROWILD Laser Rangefinder is the perfect, ultra accurate rangefinder for you! Providing super accurate laser range measurement within /- 1 yard, up to 500 meters with 6x magnification and ultra clear, industry leading optical performance, our Laser Rangefinder combines reliable, fingertip operation with a lightweight, compact design, measuring 104 x 72 x 41 mm and weighing just 185g, perfect for carrying without weight or bulk!
Our PROWILD Rangefinder is a premium product, with a number of key features:
- Ultra fast, accurate measurement to 500 meters/540 yards with /-1 yard accuracy.
- Lightweight, compact and ergonomic with water and dust resistant body.
- Continuous measurement mode and speed measurement technology.
- Ultra clear optics with easy read, through the lens display.
- Includes Rangefinder, pouch, Free Battery, cleaning cloth and carry strap. 1 Year Manufacturer Warranty
TecTecTec! stands behind all of its products and we want you to be happy! If for any reason you are not completely satisfied, take advantage of our 100 money-back guarantee.
Click "Add to Cart" now!
- HUNTING LASER RANGEFINDER; tired of cheap rangefinders with short ranges of measurement? Our PROWILD Laser Rangefinder is a premium product, measuring up to 540 yards with continuous scan mode, advanced speed technology, and a durable, water resistant body!
- SPEED, SCAN and HUNT TECHNOLOGY: provides fast measurement with /- 1 yard accuracy
- THROUGH THE LENS DISPLAY; premium, ultra clear, multilayered optics with easy read, through the lens display with distance and battery meter, and continuous measurement mode for fast, convenient measurements!
- INCLUDES CASE AND LANYARD; complete rangefinder package for quick setup, including carrying pouch, Free CR2 battery, strap, microfiber cleaning cloth and quick start guide! 1 Year Warranty & TecTecTec Happy Customer Guarantee!
- LIGHTWEIGHT AND PORTABLE; (Eye-safe rangefinder Class 1 laser with <0.5mW average power output) measures just 104 x 72 x 41 mm and weighing just 185g, with a water and dust resistant, durable body, perfect for carrying while hunting, or for measuring and surveying without extra weight or bulk!
Vortex Optics Ranger 1800 Laser Rangefinder
Don't let the size of the Vortex Ranger 1800 Laser Rangefinder fool you. Vortex presents a new line of rangefinders that can range targets up to 1800 yards. The Vortex Ranger 1800 Laser Rangefinder has a range up to 1,800 yards and is perfect for hunters and shooters to complete accurate shots. Its many features paired with its affordability puts this range finder in a class of its own. Vortex Ranger 1800 Laser Rangefinder features an easy to read display, fully multi-coated lenses, and provides high level performance. For a great way to get the most beneficial range device that is perfectly suited for your needs, select the Vortex Ranger 1800 Laser Rangefinder
- The Ranger 1800 rangefinder is easy to use and features a clean, illuminated display and highly intuitive menu. The Ranger 1800 is capable of ranging up to 1,800 yards.
- The primary HCD mode displays an angle compensated distance that is ideal for the majority of hunters and shooters. An advanced LOS mode provides you the option to calculate long distance, high angle shots with increased precision.
- A scan feature gives continuous range readings as you pan across a landscape or track a moving target. Three brightness settings allow the display to stay visible in various light conditions.
- Fully multi-coated lenses deliver optimal light transmission. Textured rubber armor provides a secure, non-slip grip. Water and fogproof performance keep the system operating in the harshest conditions.
- The included neck lanyard and removable utility clip make the Ranger easy to pack and keep handy.
Nikon 8397 ACULON AL11 Laser Rangefinder
Nikons ACULON Rangefinder
Nikon is the world leader in optics and is on the cutting edge of laser rangefinder technology. The new ACULON Rangefinder delivers world-class performance in an extremely compact body. Nowhere else will you find the speed, the precision and the optical quality of the palm-sized ACULON.
If smaller means better, then the ACULON Rangefinder is at the top of its class. With its ultra-compact size (3.6x2.9x1.5), this new rangefinder redefines portability and is small enough to rival most smartphones. Its palm-sized dimensions make it comfortable to wear around your neck or fit in your pocket. And because it weighs just 4.4 ounces (without batteries), the ACULON Rangefinder is so light youll hardly even notice its there.
Operating the ACULON Rangefinder is intuitive and requires just the simple push of a button to get an instant distance reading. When the button is held down, the rangefinder gives a continuous measurement for up to 20 seconds as you scroll across the visible area. The display is uncluttered and free of any unnecessary obstructions so you can concentrate on the object youre ranging. The ACULON Rangefinder automatically powers down after eight seconds of inactivity.
Distant Target Priority Mode
The ACULON Rangefinder is programmed in Distant Target Priority Mode meaning that it will display the range of the furthest target amongst a group of targets measured. This is particularly useful if the object being measured is partially obscured by grass or brush.
Nikons Quality Optics
The ACULON Rangefinder has 6x magnification and a 20mm objective lens. It features long eye relief (16.7 mm) and is engineered using Nikons multilayer coated optics, which provide an even higher light transmittance across the entire visible light spectrum. This minimizes the loss of light due to reflection, thereby ensuring a more natural, clearer view.
Speed is a virtue in which the ACULON Rangefinder excels. As soon as you push the button, it delivers an accurate reading from six yards all the way out to 550 yards. Measurements are easy to read and are displayed in 1 yard/meter increments. When seconds count, youll have an instant reading with a precision that you can rely on.
ACULON Rangefinder Features
- Displays in 1-yard Increments
- Multilayer Coated Optics
- True 550-yard Ranging Capability
- Easy-to-View Uncluttered LCD Display
- Long Eye Relief
- Distant Target Priority Mode
- Single Button Operation
- Ultra-Compact Size
- Water Resistant/Rainproof
- At 3.6"x2.9"x1.5" in size, the ACULON Rangefinder is Nikon's most compact laser rangefinder, making it easy to take along wherever you go
- An uncluttered, easy-to-read screen displays ranges in 1-meter/yard intervals;Eye Relief :18 mm
- Class 1 laser product, power output not exceeding .0975 milliwats
- Measurement Range 6-550 yds.Use:Gun hunting,bow hunting,target shooting
Bushnell 202208 Bone Collector Edition 4x Laser Rangefinder, Realtree Xtra Camo, 20mm
The bone collector laser rangefinder includes an in-view LCD display that provides the exact distance to your target from 10 to 600 yards with the tap of a single button. The 4x magnification and bright, crystal-clear optics bring you nose to nose with your next trophy. Its efficient, compact, vertical design and weather-resistant housing provide an make it durable and easy to carry. Accuracy is /- 1 yard.
- Accuracy: /- one yard
- Simple one-button operation
- Magnification x objective: 4x 21mm
- Weather resistant housing
- Case is included
- Class 1 laser with <1mW average power output
LaserWorks Long Distance 1200 Yards Hunting Rangefinder - Horizontal Distance, Speed, Scan Laser Range Finder
7Mode:"ranging", "flagpole lock","Golf distance correction", "fog""Horizontal distance measurement","Vertical height measurement" and "speed" modes,
21mm Objective Lens
6x Magnification Power
18mm Pupil Distance
Precision To /-1 M
Min range: 5M
3V Battery (CR2)
3V CR2 Batteries x1
Storage Bag x1
User manual x1
- Built specifically for hunters, the S7 Laser Rangefinder 1200 Yards is reliable for tough hunting environments with water resistant durable non-slip grip rubber housing.
- S7 hunting rangefinder response quick and accurate from 5 to 1200 yards, accuracy /- 1 yard, capable of angle compensated horizontal distance mode, line of sight mode & continuous scan quick readings on different objects or tracking a moving target.
- S7 also offers golf pinseeking scan mode and slope compensation. With S7, owners can use it for hunting and golf, no need to buy extra.
- Power/measure button and Mode button located differently, no mistake of pressing wrong button any more. Fully multicoated optics effectively reduces reflected light and increases the transmission of tight giving you a brighter clear image; diopter adjustable for precise focus on display.
- Class 1 laser 905nm, 12 months LaserWorks quality warranty
Leupold RX-1300i TBR Laser Rangefinder with DNA, Black/Gray
Performance, versatility, and reliability all come together in the RX-1300i TBR range finder. Its 1/2 yard accuracy out to 1,300 yards and True Ballistic Range (TBR) out to 800 yards means you'll have the tool you need to be successful in almost any environment. This range finder delivers superior brightness and resolution and also features our unique Trophy Scale, so you can easily gauge an animal's size while you're ranging it to make sure it's a shooter. And at only 7 ounces, the benefits far outweigh the weight.
- Weight: 7 oz/198 g
- Linear FOV (ft/1000 yd): 315
- Linear FOV (m/1000 m): 105
- Twilight Factor: 12
- Length: 102 mm
- Eye Relief: 14 mm
- Angular FOV (degrees): 6
- Width: 36 mm/1.3 in
- Height: 64 mm/2.5 in
- Exit Pupil: 3.9 mm
- Min Range: 6 yd
- Measuring Accuracy at Under 100 Yards (/-YDS): .5
- Max Range - Reflective: 1300 yd
- Max Range - Trees: 1000 yd
- Max Range - Deer: 900 yd
- 6x magnification
- Fully multi-coated lens system
- High light transmission LCD
- DNA (Digitally eNhanced Accuracy)
- Armor coated and rugged
Vortex Optics Impact 850 Yard Laser Rangefinder
Simply put, with the high-performing Impact 850 and its economical price tag, you dont have an excuse to head afield without a laser rangefinder. Accurately ranges reflective targets to 850 yards, providing critical distance readings hunters and shooters can rely on. Range targets down to 10 yards when things get up close and personal. 6X magnification brings subjects in for a closer look and more accurate ranging. Fully multi-coated optics enhance light transmission for optimal performance in low-light settings. Provides angle-compensated HCD (Horizontal Component Distance) and LOS (Line of Sight) readings to match user preference. Can be set to read in yards or meters. The black LCD display boldly stands off against subjects during the moment of truth and a fast readout ensures you get the range in time to capitalize on the opportunity.
- The Impact Rangefinder features a non-illuminated display and highly intuitive menu in a compact and lightweight package. Added magnification brings targets in for a closer look and more accurate ranging.
- The primary HCD mode displays an angle compensated distance that is ideal for the majority of hunters and shooters. An advanced LOS mode provides the option to calculate long distance, high angle shots with increased precision.
- A scan feature gives continuous range readings to pan across a landscape or track a moving target. All modes can be set to read in yards or meters.
- The Impact runs on a common CR2 battery and the battery life indicator is always visible in the display.
- Fully multi-coated optics enhance light transmission in low light settings. Waterproof and shockproof performance keep you in the hunt no matter what the conditions.
Sig Sauer 4x20 KILO1200 Laser Rangefinder (Black, Class 3R)
The KILO1200 is one of the most advanced, yet simple to use rangefinder on the market and features the fastest, digital signal processing engine while streamlining the user interface for a no hassle, out of the box experience.
- SpectraCoat anti-reflection coatings for superior light transmission and optical clarity
- Revolutionary Lightwave DSP technology for the fastest and longest distance rangefinder engine
- HyperScan provides 4 range updates per second in scan mode while RangeLock reports the last range result when ranging distant targets
- Units of measure in yards or meters
- High Transmittance LCD display for superior low-light operation
- Compact, lightweight polymer housing with diopter adjustment
- Simplified user interface with RANGE and MODE buttons only
- Sleek design for one handed operation and lanyard attachment points
- Color: Black
- Height: 2.9"
- Length: 3.9"
- Width: 1.4"
- Weight: 5 oz.
- Magnification: 4
- Lens Coating: SpectraCoat
- Battery Type: CR2
- Eye Relief: 24 Millimeter
- Exit Pupil Diameter: 5 Millimeter
- Angle Compensation: Yes
- Reflective Target: 1600 Yards
- Nonreflective Target: 600 Yards
- Field of View At 100 Yards: 45.53'
- 1600-Yard Max Measurement Range
- 4x20 Monocular
- Class 3R Laser
- Inclinometer with AMR Ranging System
- SpectraCoat Fully Multi-Coated Optics - Armored Polymor Housing
Upland Optics Perception 1000 Laser Rangefinder
Built specifically for hunters, the Perception 1000 laser rangefinder is tough enough to survive even the most extreme hunting environments. It will give you accurate range readings out to 1000 yards, helping you take more accurate, ethical shots. With a 6x zoom it will allow you focus perfectly on your target, but it's small 17mm objective lens makes sure it is light enough to carry deep into the backcountry without feeling any burden.
- Water and weather resistant
- Accurate out to 1000 yards
- 6x zoom, 17mm objective lens
- Accurate to within 1 yard
- Second priority reading mode, ideal for use even in thick vegetation
Wosports Hunting Range Finder, Archery Rangefinder for Bow Hunting with Flagpole Lock - Ranging - Speed and Scan
Mode Change: Press the " " button to change measuring mode between the fellowing MODES:
Unit Change: Long press " M " button to change units between M or YD.
Field of view: 7 degree
Objective Lens: 25mm
Eyepiece lens: 16mm
Exit Pupil Diameter: 3.9mm
Laser Type: 905nm
Lens Coatings: Fully Multi-Coated (FMC)
Measuring Time: 0.5-1 sec
Pinseeker Range:5M-100M350M (Depends on Max Range)
- Multi Functions: Laser Range Finder for golf and hunting sports, with Distance Measue, Normally Scan Mode,Flag-Lock,Speed functions.
- Golf Mode: accurately ranges from 5 to 650 yards and 150 yards to a flag lock. if you used on M2 Mode, Flag pole locking up to 150 yards.
- Scan Mode: Hold down "Power/Start" button while ranging to activate the continous measurement scan mode.The data on the LCD will change as your move.
- Rain and fog weather will affect the laser raypath,which may cause measurement error.when the weather is very adverse it may cause the measurement mistakes.
- Wosports Happy Guarantee: 1-Year Warranty and Lifetime customer support.


In order to promote China-Russia cooperation in the field of laser technology and industry and work with the 2007 Year of China in Russia, a delegation organized jointly by the Department of International Cooperation of MOST and Hubei Provincial S&T Department went to Russia to participate in the International Photonics in Moscow on 12-22 March 2007.
On 15 March, China and Russia jointly hosted the China-Russia Talks on Cooperation in Laser Technology and Industry. More than 60 experts attended the talks. They examined the issues of policy environment for the laser industry and prospects of China-Russia cooperation in laser industry. Representatives from laser enterprises also publicized and promoted their own technologies and products.


Optical current transformers. It refers to the use of optical devices as the current sensor to be measured, and the optical devices are composed of optical glass, all-fiber, etc. Optical fiber is used in the transmission system,
and the output voltage is proportional to the measured current. According to the physical characteristics of the light wave modulated by the measured current,
the light wave modulation can be divided into intensity modulation, wavelength modulation, phase modulation and polarization modulation.
Electronic current transformers usually have higher bandwidth and are suitable for fundamental and harmonic measurements of currents with high harmonic content. In order to measure the power accurately, a voltage and current combined electronic transformer can also be used, because the combined electronic transformer can better control the phase difference of the voltage and current signals and improve the accuracy of power measurement.
Large dynamic range, high measurement accuracy and wide frequency response range. When the power grid is in normal operation, the current flowing through the current transformer is not large, but the short-circuit current is generally large, and with the increase of the power grid capacity, the short-circuit current is getting larger and larger. Unconventional transformers have a wide dynamic range, which can meet the needs of measurement and relay protection at the same time


Imagine yourself immersed in a vibrant tapestry of fluttering wings and melodic calls. To fully embrace the enchantment of bird watching, you need the best equipment at your side.
From binoculars that bring distant beauties into sharp focus, to a spotting scope that unveils nature’s hidden details, this article explores the essential gear for your avian adventures.
With a camera and telephoto lens to capture fleeting moments, a field guide to identify every feathered friend, and other indispensable tools, prepare to embark on an intimate journey with the magnificent world of birds.
- Binoculars are essential for bird-watching, with the right magnification and lens diameter being important factors to consider.
- Spotting scopes offer enhanced magnification and precision, making them ideal for observing elusive or distant birds.
- Cameras and telephoto lenses are popular for bird photography, with options ranging from entry-level to professional-grade equipment.
- A field guide is a valuable tool for identifying birds based on their physical characteristics, range, habitat, and behavior.
If you’re serious about birdwatching, you’ll need a pair of binoculars. Choosing the right magnification, lens diameter, and weight for your binoculars is crucial for an optimal birdwatching experience.
When it comes to magnification, a range between 8x and 10x is recommended. Higher magnification can make it harder to stabilize the image, especially if you plan on using them without a tripod.
The lens diameter also plays a significant role in determining the quality of your birdwatching experience. A larger lens diameter allows more light to enter the binoculars, resulting in brighter images. For birdwatching purposes, a lens diameter ranging from 40mm to 50mm is ideal.


Founded in 1963, Raytek has grown its expertise in the manufacturing of temperature measurement instruments designed for process control, industrial and maintenance applications.
With product offering including:
- Fixed thermal imagers
- Comes in two ranges-40 to 500°C (-40 to 932ºF) and 200 to 2000°C (392 to 3632ºF).
- Fixed infrared sensors
- Sensors for applications with temperatures of -40 to 3000ºC / -40 to 5432ºF
- Infrared line scanners
- Real-time imaging of processes covering temperatures 20 to 1200°C
- Infrared process imaging systems
- Products designed for usage in glass manufacturing, rotating kiln shells, extrusion systems and thermoforming systems
- Portable infrared thermometers
- Covering temperatures between 400–3000°C
- MT Series Portable IR Thermometers
- ST Series Automotive Handheld
- 3I PLUS Series High Temperature IR Thermometers
- ST Series Industrial IR Thermometers
- CI Series Compact Infrared Sensors
- CM Series Compact Infrared Sensors
- GP Series Infrared Systems
- MI3 Series Digital Pyrometers
- Thermalert 4.0 Series Infrared Sensors
Raytek has a solution for all your temperature requirements and monitoring applications. General tech services is the authorized distributor for Raytek in UAE.