Generally, there At each reflection, the wave is partially transmitted through the reflective facets. Manufacturers of diode lasers may look at And a voltage regulator IC is used to provide a fix output voltage and we can adjust the output voltage by changing the value of resistor. The basic operating mechanisms of laser diodes are similarly based on the electrical and optical properties of p-n junctions and semiconductor materials. Achat en ligne Red Laser Diode Voltage les moins chers sur Aliexpress France ! material is n-type. It is extremely damaging to apply a large reverse bias to a diode laser. V/I data are most commonly used in derivative characterization techniques. than in the direct band gap material. After the threshold value the output of laser diode increase with slightly increase in forward voltage. Tstg -40 to 85 °C . Forward Voltage: 6.0 V; Slope Efficiency: 0.9 W/A; Product Overview: 488nm Sky Blue Laser Diode, Nichia pn NDS4216 These 488nm laser diodes from Nichia offer single-mode optical output power of up to 200mW. When a certain voltage is applied at the p-n junction, the electrons absorb energy and they transition to a higher energy level. Laser Diode Threshold The above figure shows a laser diode’s output optical power versus injected electrical current – P/I Curve. Operating Voltage Range: In some laser diode drivers, two input voltages can be used – one to power the control electronics (VDD) and one to provide higher compliance voltage to the laser diode (VS). Laser Diode driver circuit helps in providing a correct value of current to operate the laser diode. For this plot, which follows the typical shape for any diode laser, it is clear to see that the relationship between a diode's current and voltage is extremely non-linear. So, in today’s tutorial, we are going to go over a step by step process on how to design a powerful 1000mW Laser Diode Module Driver circuit Using LM317 Voltage Regulator IC and a Laser diode. 9V power Lasers. When we calculate various optical properties, such as the rate of absorption or emission and how electrons and holes distribute themselves within a solid, we need to know the state density. Tstg -40 to 85 °C . Low power Consumption device. Afin d'obtenir différentes longueurs d'onde, l'énergie du photon émis doit être différente. It is extremely damaging to apply a large reverse bias to a diode laser. The simplest connection of the laser diode. These Fermi levels can only be separated by pumping energy in the form of electrical current into the semiconductor laser. 5 results found . The Model 2520 integrates synchronization, source, and i measure capabilities in a single half-rack instrument (with remote test head) to provide maximum flexibility and test throughput. The search filters to the left can allow you to better sort through the full range of 9V lasers offered at RPMC to find the one which is best suited for your application, or you can talk to one of our laser experts today by calling 1-636-272-7227. (a) Representative laser diode V–l curve showing laser voltage V L and laser current I L. (b) Representative high-power laser diode power–current curve for a 2-W laser diode. ITEMS SYMBOLS Radiation Angle Deviation in Horizontal Plane Δɸ ║ The deviation of the optical axis of thelaser beam from the mechanical axis of the … near the top of the valence band requires the exchange of energy and momentum. When the stimulated emission is dominant, the light is amplified, and laser occurs. (a) is at 0K, and the charges first fill the lowest energy state. LM317 is a three-terminal voltage regulator IC, with a high output current value of 1.5A. If we want to operate a Laser diode then we must have laser diode driver circuit. bonding combinations of states become the valence bands (VB) of the crystal, and As mentioned before, in a laser diode, population inversion is achieved when EFN − EFP > Eg, where Eg is the bandgap energy and EFc and EFv are the Fermi levels of the conduction band and valence band, respectively. In Figure 2, the carrier concentration-x is shown in two dimensional coordinate in the space charge layer (SCL). Calculation of the series resistance of the laser diode (supply voltage U must be at least 1V higher than the laser diode voltage drop Ud). Laser diode curves for Example 15.4. In homojunction LD, there is no optical confinement in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis, so the elelctromagetic waves in any direction not parallel to the optical axis of the resonator will pass through the sides of the resonator. If you have any questions concerning the laser connection, be sure to write to us about this and we will find a solution. They are housed in a TO-Can type 5.6mm package with a zener diode for electrostatic protection, and a monitor diode for APC mode control. The transistor can been seen as a variable resistor controlled by the opamp.When the laser voltage increases, the opamp tries to reduce the transistor resistance RT to maintain a constant current.At some point… Laser Diode Chip or Bar Voltage Measure Model 2520 Remote Test Head fgure 2. Laser diode is driven by the open collector output of NPN transistor inside ELM185xB; therefore, drive current (Max.18V) higher than power voltage of IC can be added as drive voltage of laser diode. Laser Diode Driver Based on LT1121 Voltage Regulator – schematic and PCB (13) DIY CNC Laser Cutting: what *doesn’t* work (9) Posted in Laser Cutting, Lasers | Tags: laser diode, red laser diode. gap means that in the E-k diagram, electrons at the minimum of the conduction band The typical voltage drop across a diode laser at operating power is 1.5 volts. LM317 IC. However, the most common laser diodes can be found in CD-ROM and CD players. HIGH POWER LASER DIODE BASICS ... (~ 4.8 amps each) of current and 2 volts of compliance voltage. For a particular current level, there is an associated voltage level that is needed. This laser diode drive circuit uses a photodiode feedback loop that monitors the output and provides a signal for controlling the laser diode. AlxGa1-xAs, through changing the x, the ratio of the aluminium to gallium can be adjusted to vary the band gap and thereby control the wavelength. V/I data are most commonly used in derivative characterization techniques. Contact; About Us - powered by LASER LAB SOURCE; search. electrons in the semiconductor, it is the energy level to which electrons occupy. Contact us for a quote. In some cases, special coatings are used to enhance either the reflectivity r, or transmissivity t, of the facet. 3 A note of caution. The cables running to your diode should be isolated from other cables, as this can help reduce pick up from other instruments. Across the laser diode, as the voltage increases, the amount of current produced increases. When applied voltage is greater than built-in voltage , the space charge layer is no longer depleted. The laser diode requires stabilized current and very accurate voltage settings. Les diodes lasers à émission continue – cw sont disponibles dans un large éventail de longueurs d'onde, de l'infrarouge au rouge, vert, ou bleu. A laser diode can only work properly with the help of this circuit, if we directly connect it to the supply, because of having more current it will damage and if the value of current is low then the laser diode will not operate. The built-in voltage prevents electrons in conduction band on n-side from diffusing into conduction band on p-side, it is similar for holes in valence band, so the majority carriers can not flow into the space charge layer. (The critical voltage is roughly proportional to the bandgap energy of the material and also depends somewhat on the device temperature.) From Fermi-Drac statistic law, under this condition, the probability of finding an electron in the conduction band has to be greater than the probability of finding an electron in the valence band, so there must be a population inversion. 370nm to 532nm. A high quality laser diode operating at 20°C could have a lifetime in excess of 100,000 hours. Each quantum state of the individual atom gives rise to a certain energy band. Laser diodes, which are capable of converting electrical current into light, are available from Thorlabs with center wavelengths in the 375 - 2000 nm range and output powers from 1.5 mW up to 3 W. We also offer Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs) with center wavelengths ranging from 4.05 to 11.00 µm. The module is a great tool to drive low-cost laser diodes with superb accuracy. 5. A built-in voltage V0 appears because of the charge transfer and recombination. Extends the lifetime of laser diodes. The laser diode is electrically equivalent to a PIN diode. Laser Diode Threshold The above figure shows a laser diode’s output optical power versus injected electrical current – P/I Curve. This graph is between Optical output power v/s forward current. Nous proposons des milliers de produits dans toutes les catégories de vente, afin de satisfaire toutes vos envies. LASER DIODE OUTPUT BEAM DIVERGENCY / FAR FIELD PATTERN LASER DIODE OPTICAL POWER OUTPUT vs. The injection current required to achieve lasing is known as the threshold current, details will be given in section 2.2. This is valid for either continuous or pulse modes of operation. conductive band. As the electromagetic wave travels through the semiconductor material, it is amplified by stimulated emission. Shop Laser Diode Drivers and Control Products, Shop Fiber Lasers, Ultrafast Lasers & DPSS Lasers, Shop Spectrometers, Light Sources & Probes. The horizontal axis (I L) is laser diode current. ELM recommends inserting resistance between laser diode module (LDM) and KLD if the drive voltage is high so as to disperse power loss. In its most basic form, a laser driver is a current source built with a current-sense resistor and an operational amplifier. So in conductive band and valence band, the state density of energy is: According to Fermi-Dirac statistic law, electrons in the band obey the following equations: so in conductive band and valence band, the electrons and holes distributions are: The above equations are mainly cited from website . Space between the mirrors is partially occupied by the amplifying material. deduction details can be read in website . (FREE) Post a PDF data sheet to our Open-Index product research engine. Laser diode drivers basics. The variance of current in the diode with the voltage can be understood with the help of below diagram. of components like resistor, capacitor and a voltage regulator IC. An LED is a junction diode made from semiconductor compound gallium arsenide phosphide. 100 Amps 30 Volts High Power Benchtop Bar and Stack Driver - Up to 1.7 kW Output Power - CW and Integrated QCW Pulse Generator - Bench-Top or Rack-Mount Ready OsTech $5595.00. Both LED and Laser are used as optical transmitters for various applications. Due to the applied voltage, the recombination process takes place and the diode current establishes. The laser diode consists of a p-n junction where holes and electrons exist. The variance of current in the diode with the voltage can be understood with the help of below diagram. As it helps in limiting current then supply it to laser diode. In the stimulated emission, a photon is strongly coupled with the electron, the photon can cause the electron to decay to a lower energy level, releasing a photon of the same energy. The component of the spontaneously emitted photons, which travels parallel to the optical axis, will be repeatedly reflected by the mirror facets. They recombine with each other, leaving the p-side with negative charge and n-side with positive charge, this region is called space charge layer (SCL). The laser controller board has a TTL (PWM) wire and a DC/DC converter that allows a laser unit to operate in the range of 9-16V. A pulsed laser diode driver is a voltage controlled constant current source which is designed to deliver a repeatable set of current pulses at a set output level over user defined time intervals. An applied voltage V can separate EFP and EFN by eV, and the Fermi level is not continuous across the diode. The density of state is described in the number of available states per unit volume per unit energy. It’s clear from the graph that laser output will only be visible if obtained above the threshold value of the laser diode. Start by calculating the electrical input power using the equation P = IV, where P is power (in watts), I is current (in amps), and V is voltage (in volts); for example, if the laser operates at 8 A and 2 V, the electrical power will be 16 W. Thermal load is then simply the supplied electrical power minus the optical output power, as specified by the laser manufacturer.


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Features: 1. suitable for enjoying beautiful nature, watching birds, watching sports etc. night view of the day. It will help you to see things in low light, it does not help you to see things in the dark. It cannot be used at night. Powerful, ultra-compact and ultra-light to carry. You are worth it. Magnification of 2.10x and an objective diameter of 28mm. 3. The fully coated optical system guarantees superior light transmission and brightness. 4. One-way operation, compact and lightweight, with wrist strap that is easy to carry. 5. low night vision. in case of low light. It will help you see things in low light 6. Fit for sporting events, concerts, bird watching, camping, fishing, golf and traveling.
Please allow 3-4 weeks for the products to arrive due to high demands. ( or slightly longer if there are unseen delays like a pandemic)
At Survival Gears Depot, we have a 100% satisfaction guarantee. Kindly follow the instructions in our Shipping FAQ page and we will issue a refund if there is any delivery problems, no questions asked.


Contact us for an appointment
Right frame, right lenses, right price!
We are passionate about eyewear and as an independent optician we’re able to hand select our favourite pieces from the latest ranges. Our friendly team has extensive product knowledge and is trained to select the best fitting frames to compliment your face shape, image and lifestyle.
Being an independent practice we are able to provide you with the best lens for your prescription and requirements. Although we are able to source frames and lenses from anywhere we predominately us the premium lens manufacturer Nikon, Essilor and Zeiss. They are able to offer a wide range of lens options that deliver superior optical performance, better aesthetics and comfort. Along with their service and quality control, this ensures that we are able to provide an outstanding product.
We are able to offer a wide range of varifocal lenses from an introductory lens design to the bespoke, such as the Nikon See Max Master. These lenses are designed to reduce distortion in the peripheral portions of the lens, and are digitally enhanced for stress free vision. They require us to take extensive measurements of the frames and face using the latest iPad and camera technology to provide a truly bespoke lens.
Our iPad and camera units allows us to take measurements for all types of lenses as well as allowing us to show you what your new frames will look like.
We have a large range of frames available - depending on the individual's requirements. From budget to designer and everything in between. The most important thing to us is that you have the right frame with the right lenses, at the right price!


KG HP, an advanced solar control and thermal insulation glass, is manufactured by depositing specialized metallic nitrides by magnetically enhanced nanotechnology based cathodic sputtering under vacuum conditions onto clear or body-tinted glass. It provides excellent solar and thermal insulation in a single glazing application.
- Low internal reflection
- Higher light transmission
- Low solar factor and an excellent U-Value.
- Windows and skylights
- Glazing for greenhouses
- Patio doors and building facades
- Maximum glass size: 2440 mm x 4200 mm
- Minimum glass size: 300 mm x 100 mm
- Glass thickness: 2.5 mm – 12 mm


The First and Only Everyday Photochromic Lenses with Variable Polarization!
There are clear lenses that darken. There are sunglasses that are polarized. But never before have everyday eyeglass lenses been able to both darken and polarize in bright, outdoor light. Until now.
Transitions® Vantage™ introduces a new set of lenses, the photochromic lenses you know and love plus the added benefits of variable polarization — polarization that increases as the lenses get darker in outdoor light. That means, as Transitions® Vantage™ lenses get darker, vision gets crisper, sharper and more vivid. While glare is reduced in even the brightest outdoor conditions.


In the future it may be possible to check the quality of the air and water samples with your smartphone. The Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems ENAS developed a mini spectrometer that weighs only 1 gram and can be built into smartphones.
Spectrometer for less than 1 euro
At the moment infrared spectrometers are still relatively large and expensive. They usually weigh several kilograms and the production costs run into the thousands of euros. The inventors expect the newly developed mini spectrometer to be made for less than 1 euro. And the applications already mentioned – checking air and water quality – are just two of the many possible applications.
According to the inventors, the mini spectrometer can soon also be used to recognize counterfeit medicines. A phenomenon that has increasingly cropped up in recent years with the advent of online pharmacies, where you can order medication.
Light beams within infrared range
Like conventional infrared spectrometers, the mini spectrometer uses light beams within the infrared range. The light of different wavelengths is then fragmented using an adjustable filter and guided to a detector by means of integrated waveguides. The light that is reflected is then bundled and analyzed to determine which components were found in the monitored sample.
Simple and intuitive controls
In order to be able to integrate the mini spectrometer in smartphones, only the size and weight must be important. The operation of the spectrometer should be simple and intuitive. An initial concept based on self-learning algorithms has already been developed for this purpose.
Ultimately, the spectrometer must be started up via a special app and then held over the sample to be tested. The app indicates step by step which actions must be performed during the measurement process. After the test, the result is simply shown in the app. In the case of checking a possible counterfeit medication, for example, ‘original medication’ or ‘counterfeit medication’ will be displayed.
The researchers have already produced the first mini spectrometer chips and delivered them as proof of concept. In the coming period, these will be tested in depth to answer questions such as: Do the individual components move as we want? Is the light coupled in the waveguide passing through as it should? Depending on the results of these studies, the mini spectrometer could be launched on the market within approximately two years.


After years of engineering and advances in LED technology we at Baja Designs can proudly say that LED lights are officially the future of off road racing. The new OnX LED Light Bar is the only light bar on the market that has the distance of an 8” HID with the smooth spread of an LED. The OnX is available in 8” increments ranging from 8” all the way to 51”. Each 8” increment offers a concentrated beam of 3600 lumens. Countless hours of testing and preparation have ensured that the OnX will be perfect for racers and enthusiasts that need a vast amount of light at high speeds. The OnX will utilize a Cree XML T6 Bin LED at 5000k, which will be complimented by our one of a kind user changeable optics that have been specifically designed for the OnX’s HID like distance projection. If you’re looking for the guaranteed farthest projecting LED light on the market, look no further.
Patterns available: Long Range Spot, Standard Spot, Driving Combo and Wide-Driving Combo.
•Both Spot and Horizontal Spread Optics can be combined in one lamp •Optics are user changeable •Optics are user changeable •Tri-Level Heat Management system •Weight: 2.5 lbs •IP68 (Submersible to 9ft) •Hardcoated User Changeable Polycarbonate Lens •Lifetime Warranty
•Dimming: Accessible Medium (Dust) and Strobe Modes •Total Lumens: 7200 •Housing: Extruded Aluminum, Anodized, Laser Etched •Power Consumption: 84 watts •Emitter: CREE XM-L LED, 5000 Kelvin •15.0” Long, 2.25” High, 4.25” Inches Deep •25,000 hour LED life expectancy Exceeds MIL-STD810G requirements
•Low Temperature Test •High Temperature Test •Temperature & Humidity Test •Thermal Shock Cycling Test •Dust Test •Random Vibration Test •Mechanical Shock Test •Low Pressure Test •Drip Box Water Test
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Infrared Imaging, also known as thermal Imaging, uses infrared technology to detect differences in temperature. An Infrared inspection combines a traditional (visual) home inspection, with a thermal imaging scan.
During this process, we investigate “suspicious” areas for warning signs detected in the infrared scan. These potential problems include missing insulation, water leaks, roof leaks, electrical issues, and rodent infestation.
Keep in mind that Infrared technology is not a “magic bullet”, and the changes in temperature can be subtle or dramatic. But when used in conjunction with a traditional home inspection, this technology can help to identify issues and concerns during the inspection process that would not be able to be seen with the naked eye.


To protect and insulate printed circuit boards (PCBs) and electronic components from the threats of harsh and challenging environments, including; moisture, vibration, thermal or physical shock and general contamination.
Silicone LED encapsulants can provide a higher transmittance, thermal stability, and refractive index compared to epoxy-based LED encapsulants that were used in the past.
A light emitting diode (LED) is a solid-state electroluminescence device that is popularly used for lighting or display devices due to its high efficiency, environmental friendliness, and long lifetime. The encapsulant also affects the long-term reliability of LED performance by protecting the LED chip from external stress or moisture. Because the LED encapsulant is located directly in the path of the emitted light from the LED chip, high transparency and achromaticity of the LED encapsulant are also essential factors. In addition, high thermal stability of the LED encapsulant is another major issue; the high transparency and achromaticity must be maintained at high temperature because the operation of an LED generates heat at around 120℃.


05.03.2015 - GAST: CLAIRE DOUAT
Post-doc Dr. Claire Douat (Eindhoven University of Technology) besucht vom 5.-31. März 2015 Postdoktorand Simon Hübner (Experimentalphysik II).
Her RAPID project ER2 is the "Design of dedicated equipment for time and spatially resolved measurements in atmospheric-pressure plasma". The scientific goal of this European project is the development of non-equilibrium (ie, the electron temperature is higher than the temperature of heavy species) reactive plasma sources that operate at atmospheric pressure. Operate at atmospheric pressure has the advantage to not require a vacuum system. In addition, more applications become possible such as plasma medicine, since the plasma can directly interact with a biological target.
For the development of this project it is necessary to diagnose the plasma in order to understand the physical and chemical phenomena taking place in the plasma and to control them for future applications.
RAPID ER 2
The project of the ER-2 position is to build a portable diagnostic, based on infrared absorption spectroscopy, to diagnose in terms of density of species, the different plasmas being used by the partners in the Network. A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is used as light source for this diagnostic.
Non-equilibrium plasma creates a multitude of species: positive and negative ions, electrons, and reactive atomic and molecular species, to just name a few. Some of the molecular species, such as CO, CO2, CH4 or NO, are able to absorb infrared light due to their molecular nature. It is similar to an optical filter: particular colors are not able to go through the plasma due to the presence of some molecules. As showed in Figure 1, the intensity of the light before absorption, I0, is higher than I. The Beer Lambert law formulates that by comparing these intensities, the density of the absorbing species can be known.
A quantum cascade laser is a laser able to emit a light in the mid-infrared. By changing the temperature of this laser, the main color of the laser can be tuned. However, this tuning has a limit range and to emit a laser with a wavelength outside this range, a different QCL must be used. In this project, the portable setup is composed of three different QCLs, which allows to measure the absolute density of several species, such as NO, CO and N2O.


LLA's new high performance DL9 driving lights deliver some amazing long distance light output and have been designed utilizing the very latest in dual stage projection optics technology.
Colossal light projection is achieved by combining 74 x high performance OSRAM LED’s with 15deg, precision pitched deep displacement parabolic reflectors for unmatched distance & peripheral light projection.
LLA have incorporated the latest pitched reflector design which concentrates the light pattern for longer distances without a hotspot of light on the road.
Combined with our industry leading Vanquish headlight conversion kit and a dual row light bar you will indeed be turning night into day.
- 74 x OSRAM ‘OSLON’ LED’s
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- EMC Function to help prevent interference with other electronic devices
- PCB features the latest Surface Mounting Technology
- Thermal paste used on the internals providing the best heat sinking possible
- Gortex Military-grade pressure equalising vent to prevent moisture build-up inside the light
- IP68 rating (waterproof up to 3 metres).
- Die-cast aluminium housing with large external fins for optimum cooling which in
- turn maximises light output & longevity
- 306 stainless steel mounting brackets, powder-coated for added protection.
- High grade 3mm GE Polycarbonate lens
- Deutsch DT waterproof connector
- Multi-voltage from 12v – 24v
- Reverse Polarity Protection
- 2 Year Replacement Warranty
- Build quality is at the forefront with everything we do, and our new DL9 LED spot lights are no exception.
- From the high grade die-cast aluminium used in the body construction to Gortex Military grade pressure equalizing vent, and IP68 resistance rating, we make no compromises.
- Each lamp features 37 x genuine OSRAM ‘Oslon’ LED’s housed in 12 Spot + 6 Flood reflectors, the combination delivers big time on long range light distribution.
- ADR approved lights
- LED MANUFACTURER | Osram
- NUMBER OF LED’S | 2 X 37 ‘Oslon’ LED’s
- VOLTAGE | DC 12V - 24V
- LUMENS OUTPUT | 2 X 14,500LM
- LIGHTING DISTANCE | 1 X LUX @ 1020M
- COLOUR TEMPERATURE | 6000K
- AMP DRAW @ 13V | 13.2A
- LIGHT BAR MATERIAL | Die-Cast Aluminium
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- EXTERNAL BREATHER | Military spec breather
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- DIMENSIONS | See images
- NET WEIGHT | 4KG ea
- WARRANTY | 2 years
Outstanding long range light that is close to daylight colour with a temperature of 6,000K. Incorporated is the latest pitched reflector design which concentrates the light pattern for mid - long range. Remember, the lower the wattage and higher the lumens / lux levels, the more efficient the product. The result will be more light output and less current draw on your vehicles electrical system.
What's In The Box:
- 2x 9” DL9-222 LED DRIVING LIGHTS
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- Includes all wiring required for installation, plus adaptors for high beams plug & play!


Factor to Consider a Choosing Fiber Optic Service Provider
Many people are considering to use fiber optic cable solutions for their data transmission needs. The use of internet among businesses operating in the market has increased the demand for efficient data transmission. Fiber optic cables are considered vital when it comes to the ability to transmit data in a convenient manner. It is possible to select the kind of fiber optic solution which is going to fit well with your business needs. There are many companies today providing fiber optic solutions across the market. It is crucial to ensure that you get the right internet service provider to enhance efficiency in your business. Many people are finding it difficult to determine the right kind of fiber optic service provider to engage. You need adequate information to help you make the right choice when engaging a fiber optic provider. Every business in different hence the need to ensure that you choose the one which fits your business needs. From the article below provides an outline of the key elements put into account when choosing a fiber optic firm.
In order to enhance your experience you should consider dealing with an optic fiber company which provides services within your area. The coverage area of the fiber optic cable is a crucial element to consider when choosing the firm to deal with. Fiber optic connection is done through cables hence the need to ensure that you consider a firm which fiber cable lines in your area. You are going to enhance your data access experience when you select a firm which is available in your area.
It is important to consider getting a fiber optic solution provider who is able to provide adequate data services at a considerable price. A budget is vital when choosing a fiber optic solution provider for your business. You should aim at getting good value for money when choosing fiber optic solution company. Having an idea of the elements used for costing by available fiber optic solution company is crucial to enable you make the right decision. Appropriate information is crucial when hiring a fiber optic solution company for your business.
You need to have an idea about the particular fiber optic solution company you are going to select. Having an idea of the kind of service a particular fiber optic solution company provides is vital in the selection process. Ensure that you deal with a fiber optic solution company with a good record in providing data services. Dealing with a reputable fiber optic solution company ensure a great level of confidence in their services. Reputable fiber optic service provider has proper customer services which are crucial for efficiency purpose. Dealing with a fiber optic solution company which has good record enhance confidence with their services.


LED Banner Repeater Signal
Following on from the approval of main line LED colour light signals, Signal House Ltd has now gained approval for the LED Banner Repeater Signal. Like the LED main line colour light signals, LED Banner Repeater Signals will be supplied under the terms and conditions of the Network Rail Synergy Contract SYN02 for UK use.
The LED Banner Repeater Signal has been issued catalogue number 086/001287 and a copy of the Network Rail issued Approval Certificate can be found here.
The LED Banner Repeater Signal utilises the revolutionary technology of the LED illuminator - an LED replacement for standard quartz halogen lamps. The LED illuminator gives the maintainer significant long life benefits when compared with standard illumination and is expected to also be available as a retro fit unit to most existing signals.


Before Nintendo releases the 3D touchscreen and with many rumours being spread on the same about Nintendo,Sharp has unveiled the 3D Touchscreen with the ability to switch between 2D and 3D modes.This new 3D LCD with new technology and feature will set a path way for new generations LCD TVs and also play a major role in gaming industry.Main advantage for the viewers when compared to other LCD is that is it gives the ability to view the 3D images even without special Glasses.
3D Images are going to be very sharp in the new Touchscreen LCD as they have implemented a new methodology called “parallax barrier system”.It has the power to control the path of light reaching the left and right eye as there will be a series of vertical slits over the screen.
Other specifications of 3D LCD
Screen Size – 3.4 inches
Screen Resolution – 480 x 854 pixels
Contrast Ratio – 1000 : 1
Brightness – 500 cd/m2
This new LCD technology with good touchscreen and with parallax barriers is an apt one for today’s latest devices like digital cameras, mobile phones, and smartphones.


William P. Latham Jr. (’70, ’71 M.S., ’76 Ph.D.), Dallas :: He was an Air Force civilian research scientist at the Kirkland Air Force Base Research Lab in Albuquerque, N.M., and worked as the project lead and supervisor for the Strategic Defense Initiative. He also conducted laser optics research. He was a fellow of the Directed Energy Professional Society and of the International Society for Optical Engineering and Laser Institute of America. He played soccer at North Texas and was an Emeritus Referee for the National Soccer League. Donations can be made to UNT soccer team.


|For technical details refer||www.nationstar.com|
|Application||LED Bulb categories, Luminaires, Fixtures, TV backlit|
Established in the year 1969 FOSHAN NATIONSTAR OPTOELECTRONICS CO. LTD., is one of the largest quality LED Chip manufacturer of China. Product line includes Chip LED, RGB, COB's. 100% packaging is being done in house.
NationStar has advance phosphor mixing and coating equipments, leading technology on thermal dissipation LED packages like Flip-Chips, Chip-On-Board and CSP insuring high lumen efficiency and good Lumen maintenance.
Major Customers are leading China and India Ligthing Companies.
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The Rex Specs range of eyewear are guaranteed tough. They have been designed to provide eye protection for active dogs and thoroughly tested in all conditions on the mountains of Wyoming USA.
Version 2 (V2) is the latest updated version of Rex Specs, incorporating years of experience and customer feedback. A sleeker, slimmer, better fitting product.
The optomised fit encorporates a change to the frame shape, allowing them to sit on your dogs face better and creating more room between the frame and your dogs eyes.
The logo has been removed from the lens and added to the frame, giving your dog more clarity.
The goggle is narrower and sticks of the forehead less, malking it less builky.
The curvature of the lens is greater. This, with the changed shape of the outer frame, allows better vision both horizontally and vertically.
Each pair of Rex Specs come with two lenses. One clear and one smoke. Other colours are available as replacement lenses. Lenses are NOT scratch resistant, so try taking the first lens out and letting your dog get used to wearing the frame without the lens.
- Rated UV400 to provide protection from UVA/UVB rays.
- Lenses are rated ANSI Z87.1-2010 for impact resistance.
- Polycarbonate lenses are interchangable
- Dynamic strap system enables full jaw movement.
- Made in the USA.
Rex Specs are now available in six sizes, six frame colours and nine (yes, nine) lens colour options. If we don't stock every option, we are happy to order them in for you.
Check out our size guide for the best fit. While the weight category is a general guide, we recommend you measure your dog around the muzzle (between the eyes and the mouth) and the head (between the eyes and the ears).
The First Time
We supply two lenses with each pair of goggles, one clear, one smoke. We do this for a couple of reasons but the main one is the clear lense is great for training.
We actually recommend starting to train your dog to wear Rex Specs with no lenses in the goggles, as the lenses are NOT scratch resistant. This allows your dog to get used to the frames first. Then, we recommend moving onto the clear lens, and finally to the tinted lenses.
The clear lens is great because it offers the same UV and impact protection as the other lenses without changing your dogs’ perspective on the world. We’ve learned that introducing too much at one time (the goggle frames and tinted lenses) can be a lot of change all at once for your dog. Also, as your dog is becoming comfortable with Rex Specs, there is a good chance they will paw at, or scratch the lens – so using the clear lens during this learning process keeps your second lens in perfect condition.
Whilst this product is extremely durable, they are not indestructible. Replacement lenses are available to keep your Rex Specs in perfect condition all year round.
Price includes GST.
Do the clear lenses give the same UV protection as the tinted lenses ?
Yes they do. A way to describe our lenses is by their Visible Light Transmission (VLT). This is a measurement of how much light the lens allows to pass through to the eye. A low VLT allows very little light through, and a high VLT allows a lot of light to pass. This has been broken into 5 categories – they are listed below.
Category 0 - 80-100% VLT (lots of light passes through)
Category 1 - 46-79% VLT
Category 2 - 18-45% VLT
Category 3 - 8-17% VLT
Category 4 - 3-8% VLT (not much light passes through)
Clear lenses allow 92% of light through. Category 0
Yellow lenses allow 87% of light through. Category 0
Pink mirror lenses allow 37% of light through. Category 2
Purple mirror lenses allow 27% of light through. Category 2
Smoke lenses allow 24% of light through. Category 2
Red mirror lenses allow 23% of light through. Category 2
Green mirror lenses allow 16% of light through. Category 3
Blue mirror lenses allow 14% of light through. Category 3
Silver mirrorlenses allow 13% of light through - the most protection. Category 3
How do I tell the difference fom V1 and V2 Rex Specs?
V1 Rex Specs has their logo on the lens while V2 has the logo on the frame, just above the right eye.
Do dogs really need UV protection ?
Yes. There are a number of eye conditions caused or compounded by exposure to UV rays.
Ultra violet light is known to cause various types of damage to the eye such as chronic sunburn to the eyelid and surrounding area due to lack of pigment, Chronic Superficial Keratitis (pannus), Cataracts and sun spots.
I have a 2 year old blind dog. Will she benefit from wearing Rex Specs ?
Dogs with poor or no sight are often bumping into things around the house. Rex Specs provide full protection to the eyes and surrounding face area. The polycarbonate material also protects against sticks, branches, debris and dust.
Will they move about on her face as she runs ?
Adjusted properly, the Rex Specs are stable without restricting the dogs breathing or ability to pick up toys
Rex Specs Extra Small Goggles fit most dogs between 1.8kg - 6.8kg, Muzzle Less than 15cm, Head Less than 26cm
Rex Specs Small Goggles fit most dogs between 4.5kg - 11kg, Muzzle 15 - 20cm, Head 26 - 30cm
Rex Specs Small Wide Goggles fit most dogs between 6.8kg - 11kg, Muzzle 15 - 22cm, Head 30 - 38cm
Rex Specs Medium Goggles fit most dogs between 9kg - 18kg, Muzzle 20 - 22cm, Head 30 - 35cm
Rex Specs Large Goggles fit most dogs between 18kg - 38kg, Muzzle 22 - 29cm, Head 35 - 44cm
Rex Specs Extra Large Goggles fit most dogs over 38kg, Muzzle greater than 29cm, Head greater than 44cm
We dispatch most orders on the same day you place your order. We'll even provide you with a tracking number so you can stalk your postie online. We have several delivery partners and we decide who will be entrusted with your parcel based on weight, size and delivery speed.
Brisbane customers can save money by arranging to pick up their purchase from one of the local markets we attend. Just select "Collect from ....." at the checkout and we will do the rest.
Outside Australia: Please contact us for the shipping rates to your area. See the contact details in the footer of this page.


The blue light glasses block the harmful and high-energy blue light that emits from many digital devices such as display screens of computers, laptops, flat-screen televisions, and smartphones which is the daily use of almost every person nowadays. Cover your eyes with Blue Light Blocking Glasses From SmartBuyGlasses zFORT™. The sun also produces the blue light but only a limited amount of blue light reaches our Earth that is not harmful to live organisms. Every source of visible light like the sun, light blue, or a touchscreen produced blue light.
Table of Contents
What is Blue Light?
All visible light contains the entire spectrum of the rainbow, from red to blue.
The blue light is basically a color present in the visible light spectrum and can be seen by a normal human eye. It is a wavelength, therefore it produces higher amounts of energy. Their wavelength ranges from 389nm-500nm. When it reaches 415-455nm, it becomes dangerous for the eyes and it can damage our retina.
zFORT™ and glasses are the blockers of blue light that can help harmful blue light from reaching your eyes and cause any damage. These glasses and zFORT™ are much useful for you if you spend much time on any electronic devices and you stare at your mobile phone or laptop screen all day long.
What are the cons & pros of blue light?
Blue light is beneficial for us in various ways. It is necessary for our good health as well but when it reaches a high level, it causes some damages to us. Some of them are discussed about Blue Light Blocking Glasses From SmartbuyGlasses zFORT™
- Blue light has many health and other benefits:
- It regulates circadian rhythm; the natural sleep and wake cycle of a body.
- The Blue Light boosts memory and its cognitive functions.
- It elevates the mood and increase alertness.
- The chance of myopia or nearsighted mess decreases.
much exposure to blue light can cause several problems especially related to eyes:
In the 21st Century, the screens of digital products are being used the people for about 10 hours per day; due to which our eyes are under strain and harm. light can disturb the sleep and wake cycle.
- It creates several sleeping problems and tiredness in the daytime as well.
- The sensitive and light cells of the retina can also damage while exposing more and more to blue light.
As someone said that “the lenses and glasses are designed to reduce the eye strain and the interruption of the circadian rhythm.”
Why do you need to buy zFORT™?
zFORT™ is a technology that can use to block blue light. It blocks the portion of a blue light wavelength that is between 380nm to 500nm to reach your eyes and cause detrimental damage.
It helps to scatter the wavelengths far from the eyes and acts as a protection shield. By wearing blue light glasses, we can lead to better and more restful sleep.
In today’s century, everyone is using electronic gadgets that emit blue light of different wavelengths. Therefore, you must check out our Blue Light Blocking Glasses that rely on blue light-emitting technology. It will protect your eyes from any kind of damage.


UAVs and agriculture have had a technological marriage. Ever increasing demands on producers to maximuise crop production can now be enhanced by incorporating Aerial surveys into the crop production program. Early stages of diseased crops can be identified and treated before affecting whole fields or farms. Sensor development now means many tyupes of surveys can be carried out without taking machinery through the crops. Using various sensors we can do aerial mapping and imaging, plant counting, survey and land use assessment, plant health and height measurements, water quality and temperature, and NVDI
To determine the density of green on a patch of land, researchers must observe the distinct colors (wavelengths) of visible and near-infrared sunlight reflected by the plants. As can be seen through a prism, many different wavelengths make up the spectrum of sunlight. When sunlight strikes objects, certain wavelengths of this spectrum are absorbed and other wavelengths are reflected. The pigment in plant leaves, chlorophyll, strongly absorbs visible light (from 0.4 to 0.7 µm) for use in photosynthesis. The cell structure of the leaves, on the other hand, strongly reflects near-infrared light (from 0.7 to 1.1 µm). The more leaves a plant has, the more these wavelengths of light are affected, respectively. Equipped with special cameras and utilising post processing software our drone can give a staus on the health of a crop.


Estimated Arrival: Between May 30 and Jun 02. *ETA to UK Only
Free Shipping on All Orders over £100.00 to UK, EU, USA and Canada
Our glass GU10 LED lamp is an ideal replacement for the older style halogen lamps. The latest LED and driver technology ensures great performance for the lifetime of the lamp. Available in 3000K and 4000K.
Constructed from glass
5.5W LED GU10 Cool White (Included)
H: 52mm Dia: 50mm


Binoculars, field glasses or binocular telescopes are a pair of identical or mirror-symmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Unlike equipment that must be used when near certain objects, the Binoculars can be activated at any time using a hotkey, since it is equipment that Jones always carries. The Binoculars in IGI display a square around people making them useful to spot enemies from a distance
The Binoculars allows you to see enemy movement and plan strategies from afar.
In Project IGI, the binoculars have nightvision, and help recognize enemies as it visualizes a red square around enemies and green around alies with reference to surveying through binoculars. It also has a crosshair that can help sniping enemies easier.
In IGI 2, the binoculars do not show any highlights, and the player must recognize enemies on his own, although the Thermal Goggles can be used separately for this purpose. The crosshair is removed, but it's still possible to snipe enemies if one places them right in the middle of the screen.


When were eyeglasses invented?
Eyeglasses comprise a pair of glass or plastic lenses positioned in front of the eyes by a frame that sits on the bridge of the nose and is held in place with arms that rest on or are hooked behind the ears. Also called spectacles, eyeglasses are used to compensate for various defects in vision or to protect the eyes from damage that can be caused by sunlight (sunglasses) or flying objects (safety glasses).
When an eye problem -- such as nearsightedness (myopia), the loss of the ability to focus for near vision (presbyopia), or abnormal curvature of the cornea (astigmatism) -- is detected in an eye examination (See Eye Exam Types in Eye Health Center ), prescription eyeglasses can provide a solution in most cases. Eyeglasses now are available in a large variety of designs, shapes, and materials that can be adjusted by coatings, tints, and other treatments.
No one knows for certain when eyeglasses were invented, although documents from the 13th century prove the existence of eyeglasses at that time. Several sources quote a manuscript written in Rome in 1289 by a member of the Popozo family that says, "I am so debilitated by age that without the glasses known as spectacles, I would no longer be able to read or write." A painting done by Tommaso da Modena in 1352 includes the first known artistic representation of eyeglasses.
Historians credit the Chinese with carving the first frames more than 2,000 years ago, but apparently those frames did not contain lenses and were used to protect their eyes from "evil forces." The frames were carved from tortoiseshell, a sacred material.
The use of a magnifying glass was first recorded in about 1000 A.D. It was called a reading stone and was placed on top of reading material to magnify letters. Monks used it to copy manuscripts. Later, Venetian glassblowers constructed lenses that could be held in a frame in front of the eyes. Glasses for distance vision first appeared around the middle of the 15th century, and there are various references in literature of that time to spectacles for "distant vision."
In the 15th century, the printing press was invented, making reading materials more available to the public and increasing the need for glasses. Early eyeglasses were held by hand in front of the eyes or designed to "perch" on the nose. It wasn't until the 17th century that a London optician perfected the use of side pieces that rested on the ears.
In 1784, Benjamin Franklin invented a bifocal lens with the top half for viewing at distance and the bottom half for reading.
In the 19th century, a method was found for examining eyes and prescribing eyeglasses. Prior to that time, those who needed glasses simply tried on various pairs until they found one that worked. Dr. F. C. Donders of Holland wrote the first textbook on examining and prescribing eyeglasses. This book stimulated an interest by eye physicians in prescribing glasses, while opticians set up their shops to fill prescriptions. Some of these opticians elected to also examine eyes and dispense their own prescriptions. This group evolved into the modern profession of optometry.
The first high-quality optical glass was developed in Germany toward the end of the 19th century. Prior to that time, eyeglass lenses were made from Brazilian quartz crystal and were poor in quality. Until 19l4, most glass used in optical lenses was imported from Germany. At that time, John Bausch and Henry Lomb developed a high-quality glass in their Rochester, N.Y., factory.
Glass remained the primary material for eyewear lenses until the 1940s when the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company developed a plastic lens material named CR-39. This material remains the choice for most lenses today because it weighs about half as much as glass and is more impact-resistant. Like glass, it can also be ground, polished, and tinted.
The other plastic used in lenses is polycarbonate (poly), a lightweight, almost unbreakable material developed by NASA as part of the space program. This is the material commonly used in children's, sports, and safety glasses. A major advantage of poly is that it can be ground much thinner than either glass or CR-39. It is, however, more expensive and usually needs an anti-scratch coating because it is softer.
The focusing ability of an eyeglass lens is determined by the difference in curvature on its front and back surface, its thickness, and its index of refraction. This index varies according to the density of the material from which the lens is made. The degree to which a given lens material bends light is its index of refraction. The higher the IOR, the greater the light-bending ability -- and usually, the greater the cost of a lens.
An eyeglass lens surface is either spherical or cylindrical. A spherical surface is similar to the shape of a ball in that it has the same degree of roundness throughout its surface. It can be either convex, which means it curves outward, or concave, which means it curves inward. A concave surface is always on the back side of a lens. A cylindrical surface is not evenly curved, but more like the shape of an egg or a football. Spherical lens surfaces are sometimes called toric surfaces.
Eyeglass lenses are usually classified into one of four categories: single vision, bifocals, trifocals, or multifocals.
Single vision lenses have the same focal power throughout (top to bottom) and can be used to correct nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, or a combination of these disorders. Most people who wear glasses before the age of 40 have single vision lenses.
Bifocal lenses have two parts: the upper part normally used for distance vision and the lower part used for near-vision tasks such as reading. Many people after reaching age 45 develop a condition called presbyopia, which is a deterioration in the ability of the eye's natural lens to expand or contract in order to focus on close objects. People with presbyopia need a special lens for reading and may need a different lens for seeing in the distance. Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals so he wouldn't need to switch glasses when reading. They serve that same purpose today.
Until recently, bifocal eyeglasses had a line going across the entire length of the lens. Now there are a number of variations on the theme. All work the same way, by reserving part of the lens for near-vision correction. The rest of the lens can be used for distance vision correction or can have no correction at all.
The segment for near-vision correction can have one of several shapes:
Trifocal lenses have three different focus areas: the top for distance vision, the center for intermediate vision, and the bottom for near vision. Although bifocal lenses usually are designed so that the line of division is at the level of the lower eyelid, trifocals are fitted higher, with the top line of the middle region at the level of the pupil.
Multifocal literally means "having more than one focus," so bifocal and trifocal lenses are actually types of multifocal lenses. In addition to bifocal and trifocal lenses, the other multifocal is a progressive addition (no-line bifocal) lens that increases in power from top to bottom. Progressive lenses have no clear dividing lines as the focus changes from bottom to top. They have become popular in recent years because they look like single vision glasses.
Some multifocal lenses are designed for special functions rather than everyday use. A double-D multifocal lens, with a half-moon bifocal at the bottom and an upside-down flat region at the top, is for jobs that require good vision at the near point and at a greater distance. Golfers may wear flattop bifocals that provide enough near-vision correction for reading a scorecard. More than 100 lens designs now are available in the United States. Here are some of the specialized designs:
Computer lenses are designed so the monitor and papers next to it are in focus when the head is held in a natural position.
Double bifocals are sometimes prescribed for people who need close vision overhead. These lenses have a reading area at both the top and the bottom of the lens and are often helpful to pilots, electricians, and others who need clear near vision when looking up as well as down.
A large variety of prescription eyeglass lens material exists. The classic glass lens is scratch-resistant, comes in many colors, absorbs ultraviolet light, and causes the least amount of distortion. But glass lenses are heavier than newer polycarbonate plastics, and are breakable, so that they must be treated with heat or chemicals for sports or other endeavors that are breakage-prone.
The best ultraviolet resistance is offered by high-index plastic lenses, which are also thin and light. But they are the most expensive of all lenses, are easily scratched, and can shatter on impact. High-index lenses are made of either glass or plastic that is compressed, giving them a high index of refraction (IOR). These lenses bend light more than other lenses, so a person who requires a great deal of correction does not have to wear extremely thick lenses. Many different kinds of high-index lenses are available from American manufacturers.
Allyl resin plastic lenses are the lightest of all lenses. But they are thicker than other plastic lenses, are less scratch-resistant, and do not block as much ultraviolet light as polycarbonate and glass lenses.
Aspheric lenses also aid in cutting down on thickness and weight, especially when combined with high-index materials. Aspherics have curves that are nonspherical and change gradually from the center to the outside of the lens. Aspherics are now available in single-vision, bifocal, and progressive-addition designs.
Lenses of any material can be treated with coatings to give the lenses desired properties. Scratch-resistant coatings applied to the front and back of a lens can reduce the risk of sight-marring scratches for glass and plastic lenses. Ultraviolet-resistant coatings can be applied to all lenses; they are not needed for polycarbonate lenses, which have built-in ultraviolet resistance. Antireflective coatings, similar to those on microscope and camera lenses, reduce glare by blocking reflected light, a benefit that is especially important for night driving. Antireflective lenses also make lenses appear thinner, a cosmetic benefit. A wide variety of tints and coatings are available for modern lenses:
Glass lenses are tinted by adding oxides to the glass during the manufacturing process. Plastic lenses can be tinted in a wide variety of shades and colors by dipping the lenses in special dyes. Tints increase comfort in bright light situations, reduce glare from computer screens or fluorescent light, and make a fashion statement. Many eye care offices and optical shops custom-tint lenses in-house in a matter of minutes. If the tint is on the surface of a lens, the color and/or the shade can be changed.
Photochromic lenses change in color and light transmission when exposed to different light intensities. The rate of darkening depends on the ambient temperature. These lenses do not become as dark when driving because the car's windshield absorbs some of the ultraviolet light that causes the lenses to darken. Photochromic lenses are now available in plastic as well as glass, and they may be either brown or gray in color.
Polarizing lenses are very useful in protecting eyes from reflections when skiing or participating in water sports. They are available in plastic, glass, and high-index materials, but they are relatively expensive compared to other lenses.
Ultraviolet protective lenses protect the eyes from ultraviolet sun rays that have been shown to cause cataracts and certain diseases of the eye. If you spend a lot of time outdoors, have your lenses anti-UV coated. The best eye protection from UV radiation is a good pair of sunglasses that is rated to block 99 percent to 100 percent of the full UV spectrum. The lenses should filter wavelengths up to 400 nanometers to cut out all harmful rays. UV coating can be applied to all glass and plastic lenses, except polycarbonate, which doesn't need coating because it absorbs virtually all UV rays.
Mirror-coated lenses are coated with a layer of reflective material that greatly reduces the amount of heat entering the eyes. However, these lenses reduce visual acuity and are somewhat like looking through a two-way mirror. This kind of coating is purely cosmetic and frequently seen on glasses worn by state troopers. Mirror coatings come in a number of colors and are highly reflective. They usually are applied on sunglass-dark lenses. The persons looking at the wearer do not see the eyes of the wearer.
Anti-reflective coatings (A-R coatings) are metallic oxide coatings that are vacuum-applied to the lens surface to reduce reflections from the front lens surface and eliminate reflections from the back. This reduced amount of reflection enhances the appearance of the glasses and also allows more light to pass through the lenses, which can improve vision in low-light situations. Anti-reflective coatings also provide some protection from scratching.
Scratch-resistant coatings (also known as "hard coat") are applied to the front and back surfaces of lenses to protect against accidental scratching and to improve durability. Some high-quality lenses come from the factory with scratch coatings already applied. No coating can make lenses completely scratch proof.
A prescription for eyeglasses contains the powers for the lenses of each eye (including a reading addition if necessary), information on the separation of the lenses, and sometimes special requirements such as types of tinting, coatings, and so on.
Although each eye doctor writes a prescription in a somewhat different way, it usually contains the same elements. The lens correction for nearsightedness is indicated by a minus sign (-), while a plus sign (+) indicates farsightedness. Cylindrical lenses for astigmatism are designated by cyls., cx, or (x).
Let's analyze the following prescription:
O.D. -3.00 D c/w -2.00 D cx 180
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Electrical engineers at UCLA have developed a light bending technique to convert the wavelengths of light. This way of converting light from one wavelength to another could boost the performance of optical technologies such as imaging, sensing and communication systems.
Converting wavelengths of light is crucial for many imaging and sensing technologies but the process has previously added complexity to various devices and requires intricate, bulky setups that are generally inefficient.
The team used the natural phenomenon of semiconductor surface states to augment wavelength efficiency. Surface states arise through a breakdown in atomic structure which occurs when there are not enough other atoms to which surface atoms can bind. This affects the performance of electric charges flowing through semiconductor devices as they are obstructed due to the incomplete chemical bonds.
Mona Jarrahi, professor of electrical and computer engineering at UCLA, said,
“There have been many efforts to suppress the effect of surface states in semiconductor devices without realizing they have unique electrochemical properties that could enable unprecedented device functionalities.”
Instead of trying to suppress the effect of surface states, the team explored the way the incomplete bonds created an electric field across the surface of the semiconductor and used the surface states to improve light wavelength conversion.
Electrons in a semiconductor lattice increase their state of energy when struck by incoming light, enabling them to jump around. Because the electric field created across the surface of the semiconductor accelerates the now hyperactive electrons even more, they then offload the extra energy through different optical wavelengths, thus converting them.
Because this energy offload is confined the surface of a semiconductor requiring it to be more efficient, the researchers developed a nanoantenna array that bends light which captures the photons inside the semiconductor’s shallow surface.
Deniz Turan, the study’s lead author said,
“Through this new framework, wavelength conversion happens easily and without any extra added source of energy as the incoming light crosses the field.”
When the process was integrated into an endoscopy probe, its efficiency was amplified 100-fold and the technology can be used to convert optical wavelengths from elsewhere in the electromagnetic spectrum from infrared to microwaves.


Back up with confidence
JLG’s Skytrak telehandlers are now available with a new multi-reverse camera system, which provides operators with an all-round view when backing up. This optional feature increases job site awareness by displaying multiple views from behind the machine – left, right, and rear. The SkyTrak multi-reverse camera system can be used for day or night operation and features three components: left and right-side back-up cameras, rear back-up camera and a tri-view monitor.
Left- & Right-Side Back-up Cameras
These compact back-up cameras easily mount to the back of the SkyTrak telehandler and provide a wide, 170deg all-encompassing viewing angle behind the machine. Equipped with four infrared lights, the cameras provide high-quality pictures during day or night operation. The images are crisp and clear thanks to the 620 TV lines, and the completely waterproof encasing (IP68 rating) allows operators to use these cameras in all weather conditions.
Rear Back-up Camera
The RVS-812N 120deg ultra-wide viewing angle backup camera is the highest quality camera available on the market today. It boasts a 250,000-pixel, 2.1-mm lens with 30 infrared illuminators for superior night vision, enabling operators to see in total darkness. The diecast casing of the camera is completely waterproof (IP69K rating) to withstand all weather conditions, and the built-in heater can withstand temperatures to -49° F, keeping the camera warm in the coldest of climates.
The 7in, tri-view monitor features a TFT LCD digital colour display with auto dimming for low light conditions. It is equipped with touch screen technology and is completely waterproof (IP69K rating).
The multi-reverse camera is currently available fitted from the factory on new SkyTrak telehandlers.


On March 10, the TV3 channel morning show "900 sekundes” (900 seconds) informed about the study on owl luminescence carried out by researchers at the Riga Zoo and the ISSP UL.
Many people don’t even know that owls can luminesce. Humans can see this fluorescence, which is a particular type of luminescence, only in ultraviolet light, but scientists are convinced that animals can see fluorescence without additional devices. For the first time in the history of science, researchers at the Riga National Zoo and the ISSP UL have described precisely what wavelengths of light fluoresce owl feathers.
The Barn Owl was brought to Riga Zoo a year ago after an injury. She cannot return to the wild because she has lost an eye. Now, this owl is taking part in a scientific study.
To demonstrate the phenomenon, the Head of Science and Education of the Riga Zoo, Rebeka Šķerstiņa, uses the ultraviolet flashlight with a yellow filter and turns off the light. She explains that the yellow filter helps to create contrast because the blue ultraviolet light makes the pink luminescence look purple, monochrome, and harder to see.
The owl initially looks blue under ultraviolet light. But when the yellow filter is added to the camera, we can see the owl’s reddish-pink fluorescence.
The ISSP UL’s Laboratory of Spectroscopy recorded the luminescence of different owl species with precision instruments. Scientists have known about owl fluorescence for almost a hundred years. But only now have researchers made measurements of a wide spectrum of light and summarized the results in a scientific paper published in a Finnish scientific journal.
"This was a surprise for me. In the spectroscopy lab, we usually work with glass, ceramics, and monocrystals to measure luminescence. Here we had something completely different, biological samples. It was very interesting for my colleagues and me; we had not thought that owls show measurable luminescence," Meldra Ķemere, a researcher in the ISSP UL’s Laboratory of Spectroscopy, explains.
Riga Zoo researchers already have a hypothesis on how owls can use luminescence for hunting: the owl supposedly blinds its prey with red feathers on its wings and belly.
"Owls can see fluorescence, and the rodents they hunt, can also see owl fluorescence, so we hypothesize that in some owl species, fluorescence helps both hunting and communication," says Alessandro di Marzio, senior researcher at the Riga National Zoo.
Another new development was that the research team confirmed the luminescence of white owls. Previously, it was thought these owls lacked a necessary molecule in their feathers to produce luminescence. But now it is proven that white owls hide other colors under their white wings.


(please include photo credit)
Robert E. Hopkins Professor Of Optics
Arts, Sciences, and Engineering
Department of Institute Of Optics
Areas of expertise: Unconventional imaging, phase retrieval, wavefront sensing, and image reconstruction and restoration
James Fienup Home Page
James Fienupís research interests center around imaging science. His work includes unconventional imaging, phase retrieval, wavefront sensing, and image reconstruction and restoration. These techniques are applied to passive and active optical imaging systems, synthetic-aperture radar, and biomedical imaging modalities. His past work has also included diffractive optics and image quality assessment. He has over 110 publications and 4 patents.


The jubilant scene of the good harvest of winter fishing in Chagan Lake are broadcast in CCTV News in the end of this year. These scenes under the ice world, such as drawing the rod, linning the net, going hook and fishing, are praised and become a major bright spot the news reports, shooting from all the angles by the under robot which is indenpendently developed by the Team of Center for Underwater Robot.
From December 23, 2014 to December 26, 2014, 4 members of Team of the center for underwater robot including Wan Lei, invited by CCTV, come to Songyuan City , Jilin province to assist CCTV finnishing underwaeter filming of winter fishingin chaganhu. The test applies a home-grown underwater robot developed by the technology key laboratory of underwater robot.
Consideing alkalescence, poor visibility and low temperature which cause a lot of difficulties in filming, the members has equipped the underwater robot with some sets of devices including one underwater camera with pan-tilt, oneultra wide angle underwater camera, high lumen underwater lighting LED and four lamps. The ultra wide angle underwater camera can reach 180 degree field open angle, and the intensity of light of the high lumen underwater lighting LED can achieve 30000 lumens, greatly enhancing robotí»s ability of underwater video recording. Through a watertight cable, the image captured by video cameras will be transmissed to the water monitoring platform which can adjust the two degree of freedom of the cradle head and brightness of underwater lamp, monitor underwater scene and store video in real time.
It is tested that the system fully adapts to the very cold and harsh environment. With underwater robot equipment, they can not only shoot underwater work, but also took out a spectacular fishing scene. The members of the team overcome the cold, muddy water and other on-site adverse conditions, greatly improve field of view and visibility of the underwater camera, effectively enhance the monitoring and recording function of the underwater video and ameliorate underwater video shooting effect under low visibility in the turbid water. They help CCTV successfully complete shooting task in the Chagan Lake. The series about the winter finishing has repeatedly broadcasted in CCTV news broadcast, news channels and international channels.


Eye Surgery has actually ended up being a mainstream method of vision improvement, and this short article will discuss the benefits and also disadvantages of 3 various approaches being provided to the medical consumer.
Lasik Eye Surgical procedure
LASIK is the acronym for Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis as well as is an eye medical system which permanently corrects vision by eliminating a thin layer of the cornea. This procedure functions best on individuals with moderate to high levels of myopia (nearsightedness), reduced to modest degrees of hyperopia (farsightedness) and also astigmatism related to myopia, and that have thick corneas. It is one of the most well-known medical vision adjustment method.
People with normal eye sight see objects plainly since photos are brought into a right centerpiece by the cornea as well as lens of the eye. Preferably, the cornea's curvature is equally matched to its size in a typical eye. People with astigmatism, myopia or hyperopia have actually off-and-on formed corneas, so the things seen are not concentrated correctly. LASIK adjustments corneal shape by specific removal of corneal tissue, and also by doing so fixes the eyes' focusing power.
There are, nevertheless, risks to LASIK eye surgical treatment.
There is a remote chance of full loss of vision. If this occurs, it is generally because the person had a pre-existing condition which needs to have prevented the surgical treatment in the first place, such as maternity, cataracts, joint inflammation, diabetic issues, glaucoma, or lupus. Individuals with large students are likewise bad prospects for LASIK. Dry eye disorder will be worsened by this treatment.
A few individuals complain that they completely see "ghost" photos, have obscured vision, lessened contrast as well as negative night vision. When LASIK wased initially introduced, 5% of individuals had post-operative issues; nevertheless, improvements in the procedure have actually caused this price to drop to less compared to 1% if LASIK is executed by knowledgeable professionals and also clients are appropriately evaluated before surgery. If issues do happen, they can commonly be resoved by a retreatment.
FDA has actually accepted LASIK laser eye surgery considering that 1998. While there are a great deal of completely satisfied individuals, there are however no long term research studies concerning its effects. Realize the limitations and the risks of LASIK eye surgery before you sigh for the treatment.
Though much less popular, these little implants can improve vision in clients with mild to moderate myopia my explanation without the danger of permanent eye damage intrinsic in the tissue elimination technique of LASIK. Intacs are semi-circular disks implanted in the cornea which stretch it to presume a flatter form. Though slightly much less precise than LASIK, they are removeable and also changeable, so if the person has an unforeseen over- or under-correction, the implant can be removed and another of a various size inserted to acquire the preferred adjustment. The implants are located beside the cornea, so the main aesthetic location is entirely undamaged and intact, as well as the strength of the cornea is undiminished, making it a much better alternative for pilots and those that participate in call sporting activities where eye injury is a possibility.
Intacs are unsuitable for serious myopia and more than minor astigmatism (1.00 diopters), as the cornea could only be stretched thus far. If the Intacs are eliminated, vision returns to its preoperative level. In addition to vision adjustment, Intacs are also used to deal with keratoconus.
Intacs are FDA approved as well as Ten Years studies have actually disclosed no significant problems with Intacs as well as very few person issues; nonetheless, due to the fact that the treatment takes more training compared to LASIK, there are fewer eye surgery facilities offering it. Nonetheless, the Intacs internet site provides a listing of specialists in each state, as well a couple of in Canada, Europe and also Mexico.
Since lots of people do not want to run the risk of LASIK and Intacs could not assist those with extreme vision issues, intraocular lens implants (IOL) are a brand-new option approved by the FDA in 2004 to correct modest to severe nearsightedness. The Craftsmen lens, manufactured by Ophtec, resembles the kind of lens dental implant used to recover vision complying with cataract eye surgery.
The brand-new IOL, called the Artisan, is meant for only individuals who have 2.5 diopters or less of astigmatism.
The fabricated lens does not replace the all-natural lens, however is inserted in front of it. The primary trouble found with the dental implant was the steady loss of endothelial cells in the corneas of people that obtained the implants. The endothelium is a layer of cells that line the undersurface of the cornea and are vital in maintaining the cornea clear. A three-year study revealed a consistent stable loss of endothelial cells of 1.8 percent a year. At this point, nobody could forecast whether this loss will proceed at the same price indefinitely, and even its effect on corneal feature.
To lessen long-term effects of the tool on the corneal endothelium, the FDA is needing that the brand-new lenses be labelled to sites specify that they should just be dental implanted in patients whose corneal endothelial cells are thick adequate to hold up against small cell loss.
More significant difficulties were few: retinal detachment (0.6%), cataract growth (0.6%), and corneal swelling (0.4%). The FDA is needing Ophtec to carry out a five-year follow-up survey of its implant people to much better analyze the post-surgical occurrence of cataract growth, retinal detachment and various other ocular illness.
The Craftsmen lens is intended to be a permanent implant.Though it could be removed operatively, vision might not constantly return to what it was prior to getting the lens. Because it does not affect astigmatism, people with this trouble might still need glasses.


(Popular Mechanics) The laser jammer by ITT that uses a trick of quantum mechanics to create a powerful laser that can target missiles approaching from any direction.
Common Infrared Countermeasures (CIRCM) system uses a laser to scramble the seekers used by missiles that have infrared homing devices in their tips. The US Navy and Army want these defenses for their helicopters, which are particularly vulnerable to heat-seeking missiles. The idea of using lasers to scramble IR-guided missiles has been around for a while, and most of the large defense firms have created systems to do so. But they’ve been waiting for the Pentagon to place an order to replace the current laser jammer, BAE’s Advanced Threat Infrared Countermeasure (ATIRCM). Now it has, and the competition is under way.


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Each LED license lamp is powered by an 18-piece 3528-SMD LED chipset, with each LED diode rated at 3 watts to create a superior light output. Combined, this pair of LED license plate lights directly replace your Tacoma/Tundra's original incandescent license tag lights making them perfect for upgrading, or repairing/replacing. Directly replacing your OEM license lights, installation is clear-cut and simple. The pair of xenon white LED license plate lights are DOT and SAE compliant and will give your rear license plate a powerful spotlight for a standout look and high visibility!
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Step 1 - Please locate the original license plate housing you are going to replace.
Step 2 - With a small screwdriver or plastic pry tool, insert it and apply pressure towards the rear of the light going forward, and pop the old light out.
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EssilorLuxottica, a global leader in the design, manufacture and distribution of ophthalmic lenses, frames and sunglasses, showcased its latest innovation at MIDO 2023, the international eyewear show in Milan. The company unveiled its latest generation of Varilux® progressive lens – the Varilux® XR series™, the first eye-responsive progressive lens that provides instant sharpness even in motion.
EssilorLuxottica utilized the power of artificial intelligence to establish a visual behavior profile for each individual prescription, which helps in creating the best Varilux® progressive lens. The lens was developed after thorough research and study of more than 6,500 consumers, to understand the lifestyles and visual needs of long-sighted people.
The Group occupied a strategic space in the lens pavilion, symbolically positioning itself between the two worlds of frames and lenses, while maintaining a strong focus on vision care. EssilorLuxottica presented its integrated range of frames, lenses, and instruments, as well as key innovations targeting optical customers.
The Group took its stand visitors on a journey through four themed areas, namely Committed to Vision, Celebrating People and Beauty, 360° Expert Solutions, and Advancing with Technology. The Committed to Vision area presented Essilor® Stellest™, a flagship lens for controlling myopic progression, and special frames for children. The Celebrating People and Beauty area illustrated how the top brands, such as Ray-Ban, Oakley, Transitions, and Fedon, can enshrine eyewear as a true element of humanity and beauty.
In the 360° Expert Solutions area, the Group showcased digital and innovative-driven technologies to support businesses, such as Smartshopper, the infinite virtual frame catalog, and Virtual Try-on, Frame Advisor, and Lens Simulator. The spotlight was also put on Leonardo, the platform for an innovative learning experience with high-level contents and an innovative format, which can be a powerful ally in supporting opticians in keeping up with new developments and staying updated with high-quality contents.
Finally, the Advancing with Technology area showcased the Group’s latest flagship innovations, including the Varilux® XR series™ lenses and the next generation of smart glasses, Ray-Ban Stories.
EssilorLuxottica’s presence at MIDO 2023 demonstrated the company’s commitment to helping everyone in the world see more and be more, while positioning itself at the forefront of correcting, protecting, and enhancing the most precious and powerful sensory organ, the eyes.


(iv) Eye lens : It is a Convex lens made of transparent and flexible jelly like material. 2. It is like a camera which has lens and screen system. Topics and Subtopics in NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World: Section Name Topic Name 11 The Human Eye And The Colourful World […] The Human Eye It is a natural optical instrument which is used to see the objects by human beings. Title: The Human Eye 1 The Human Eye 2 The Human Eye. Persistence of Vision: It is the time for which the sensation of an object continue in the eye. Hence, lens formula becomes 3. This clip is a look at the human eye and how it works. (vi) Ciliary muscles : These are the muscles which are attached to eye lens and can modify the shape of eye lens which leads to the variation in focal lengths. It is like a camera which has lens and screen system. Practice: Parts of the human eye - features and functions. The human eye is not a full sphere, rather it is a fused two-piece unit. its power of accommodation at old age. We will study various natural optical phenomenon like Rainbow formation, twinkling of star, blue and red colour of sky etc. Polychromatic light : Light consisting of more than two colours or wavelengths is called polychromatic light, e.g. 15. Thus/cone shaped cells enable us to distinguish between different colours. The maximum focal length (due to excessive curvature of the cornea) of the lens is insufficient to produce a clearly formed image on the retina. Location: it is situated on an orbit of skull and is supplied by optic nerve. Each part plays a vital role in providing clear vision. Students learn about the anatomical structure of the human eye and how humans see light, as well as some causes of color blindness. The speed of light in vacuum is same for all wavelengths, but the speed in a material substance is different for different wavelengths. This narrow band of frequencies is referred to as the visible light spectrum. → Diameter of eye ball – 2.3 cm. He repeated the experiment using second prism in inverted position with respect to the first prism. A transparent window at the front of the eye is called the cornea. Twinkling of Star: It is also due to atmospheric refraction. This will help the candidates to know the solutions for all subjects covered in Class 10th. CBSE Class 10 Science Revision Notes Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World Human eye is the optical instrument used which enables us to see. Email. 6. Made of many working parts, the human eye functions much like a digital camera. The Human Eye: It is a natural optical instrument which is used to see the objects by human beings. The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particle gives rise to Tyndall Effect. When we look at an object, the light falling on it is reflected towards our eyes, and it enters the eye through the transparent layer of cornea, which helps in focusing the light. This is convex lens that converges light at retina. The image is allowed to format the retina by using a concave lens of suitable power as shown in the given figure. Refraction of light through a prism, Dispersion of white light by a glass prism, Composition of white light, Recombination of spectrum colours, Rainbow. 31. Others see the opposite. (i) Retina : It is a light sensitive screen inside the eye on which image is formed. Hypermetropia (Long sightedness) : It is a kind of defect in human eye due to which a person can see distant objects properly but cannot see the nearby objects clearly. HUMAN EYE AND COLORFUL WORLD MULTIPLE CHPOICE QUESTIONS. 1. During their investigations, they test other students' vision, gathering data and measurements about when objects appear blurry. (i) Retina : It is a light sensitive screen inside the eye on which image is formed. 38. Thus the duration of, day time will increase by 4 minutes. To not get into the slippery territory of dogmatic equivalence, focal lengths in this article refer to 35mm film. Example, the formation of Rainbow (VIBGYOR). A thin membrane which provides 67% of the eye’s focusing power. The cones in the retina are responsible for seeing colors. 1. Human Eye: Anatomy, parts and structure. The successive impressions of images on the screen appear to merge smoothly into one another to give us the feeling of moving images. Hypermetropia (Long-sightedness): It is a kind of defect in the human eye due to which, a person can see distant objects properly but cannot see the nearby objects clearly. Near the horizon, most of the blue light and shorter wavelengths are scattered and sun appears red. Because of this sun is visible about 2 minutes earlier than actual sunrise and about 2 minutes after the actual sun set. The typical apposition eye has a lens focusing light from one direction on the rhabdom, while light from other directions is absorbed by the dark wall of the ommatidium. This resource worked well as a note taking lesson. Similarly, the sun can be seen about few minutes after the actual sun set. We need two eyes because a human being has a horizontal field of view of about 150° with one eye and of about 180° with two eyes. It contains rods and cones. Browse more Topics under Human Eye And The Colorful … If you ever get a chance to cut up a cow's eye in your science or health class, do it! Image distance, v = The transmission of traits from the parents to their offspring is called heredity. Perfectly spherical most of the pupil of eyeball in the eye is called near point of the eyeball a. 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