3 edition of Hybrid optics for space applications found in the catalog.
Hybrid optics for space applications
Reinhard H. Czichy
|Statement||Reinhard H. Czichy.|
|Series||ESA SP ;, 1158|
|LC Classifications||TS514 .C69 1993|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||191 p. :|
|Number of Pages||191|
|LC Control Number||95122670|
Fog substantially attenuates visible radiation. These two parameters define the full well of the pixel i. Readout integrated circuits After the photocharge has been collected into pixels, the charge flows to the ROIC via the indium bump bond. Immersion can be defined as a multisensory perception feature starting with audio, then display, gestures, haptics, etc.
The proposed model combines the gray-level intensities, the illumination variation, and the position parameters of a reference subset. It can completely block the fractions of optical beam transmitted from earth to the space. This is known as consumer IR technologies. The overlapping chips are discarded to avoid the interference at receiver end and decoder will only filter the nonoverlapping chips. Free-space optics can be used for communications between spacecraft.
Spatially resolved Earth imaging applications are also out of scope. Immersion can be defined as a multisensory perception feature starting with audio, then display, gestures, haptics, etc. The most basic functionality of the pixel is charge-to-voltage conversion, and there are three basic types of amplifiers that can perform this function. For critical weather conditions, short link distance and lower data rate can be used to optimize the FSO system for successful transmission [ 11 ].
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The data is an independent unipolar digital signal. At the destination, the beam is intercepted by a photodetector, the data is extracted from the visible or IR beam demodulatedand the resulting signal is amplified and sent to the hardware.
Also, the radiation frequency of emitted waves can be tuned by the types of groove structures and the energy of electrons emitted from electron gun. The photons power would be absorbed by these particles. Relays may be employed to extend the range Hybrid optics for space applications book FSO communications.
Although their most obvious applications are in astrophysics, NASA is interested in identifying possible uses for these systems to address a broader range of its science, exploration, and technology goals.
The AR coating can be optimized for peak quantum efficiency over the infrared region 0. FSO communication is a practical solution for creating a three dimensional global broadband communications grid, offering bandwidths far beyond what Hybrid optics for space applications book possible in the Radio Frequency RF range.
It also depends upon dust and rain. To be considered, abstracts must be received by January 7,via email to the address also provided on this website. Several entities are continually attempting to overcome these key disadvantages to FSO communications and field a system with a better quality of service.
Dark current is a function of area, temperature and cutoff wavelength. Enables micro-optics foundries to integrate the latest fabrication and replication techniques, and accordingly fine tune their own fabrication processes.
RFI responses in the form of abstract submissions may be made through this website. Comparison of FSO with different communication system. The discussions then shift to the application of Fourier methods to the study of spatial information transmission through the human visual system, as well as the application of coherent techniques to vision research.
Requirements and formats for the quad charts and accompanying narrative abstracts are provided on this website. The main focuses of these studies are fog, haze, rain, and snow weather conditions.
If the energy source does not produce a sufficiently parallel beam to travel the required distance, collimation can be done with lenses.
As of October [update]none have fielded a working system that addresses the most common atmospheric events. Usage and technologies[ edit ] Free-space point-to-point optical links can be implemented using infrared laser light, although low-data-rate communication over short distances is possible using LEDs.
Ranging from micro-optics to nanophotonics, and design to fabrication through to integration in final products, it reviews the various physical implementations of digital optics in either micro-refractives, waveguide planar lightwave chipsdiffractive and hybrid optics or sub-wavelength structures resonant gratings, surface plasmons, photonic crystals and metamaterials.
The power density of the optical beam is decreased and the availability of the transmission in a FSO system is directly affected by absorption. Haze particles can stay longer time in the air and lead to the atmospheric attenuation.
The effect of these limitations over the atmosphere is shown in Figure 1. Fog particles lead to Mie scattering so Mie theory is applicable to measure the scattering. Optical band pass filters serve the purpose of encoders and decoders.
Different Studies Based on Attenuation Effect Different studies are going on different weather condition to design new models based on the effectiveness of the system.Selected Papers on Phase-Space Optics. Editor(s): and sketches some of the many interesting applications of phase-space methods.
The volume begins with foundational papers, and continues with phase-space tools for optics, analysis and design of optical systems Hybrid optics for space applications book devices, partially coherent signals and systems, the discrete Wigner.
Secondary and sometimes tertiary optics ultimately dictate the photometric performance of solid-state lighting (SSL) lamps and luminaires. LEDs deliver a relatively broad beam that requires shaping to place light where it's required in certain applications.
Free-space optical communications, link budget, turbu-lence, fading. 1. Introduction Free-space optical communication (FSO) systems (in space and inside the atmosphere) have developed in response to a growing need for high-speed and tap-proof communica-tion .Sep pdf, · This title provides a comprehensive, pdf tutorial covering the most recent advances in the emerging technology of free-space optics (FSO), a field in which interest and attention continue to grow along with the number of new challenges.
This book is intended as an all-inclusive source to Author: Arun K. Majumdar.Books at Amazon. The tjarrodbonta.com Books homepage helps you explore Earth's Biggest Bookstore without ever leaving the comfort of your couch. Here you'll find current best sellers in books, new releases in books, deals in books, Kindle eBooks, Audible audiobooks, and so much more.Secondary and sometimes tertiary optics ultimately dictate the photometric performance of ebook lighting (SSL) lamps and luminaires.
LEDs deliver a relatively broad beam that requires shaping to place light where it's required in certain applications.


The Model 272 CHMSL is the latest addition to J.W. Speaker’s 360-degree lighting offerings, with its compact design and high-quality camera for wide-range visibility.
February 19, 2023
The Model 272 CHMSL is the newest LED stop/tail light with a built-in backup camera. As part of J.W. Speaker’s growing list of 360-degree lighting solutions, this 7” x 2” light is available as a combined warning light and Center High Mount Stop Light (CHMSL) – all with a high-definition camera to simplify trailering or backing up.
The Model 272 CHMSL lights are positioned higher than side brake lights and directly in the driver’s line of sight to provide the safety and visibility features needed to help deter rear-end collisions.
The 272 CHMSLs light up every time a driver pushes the brake pedal, the LED lights reach maximum intensity faster than incandescent counterparts. This brightness commands the attention of drivers behind the vehicles and gives them time to react.
In addition to the lights’ compact design, the Model 272 CHMSL boasts a high-quality camera for extra driver visibility. The camera can be connected to reverse lights to display anytime the vehicle is put in reverse and it is adjustable to allow for various mounting heights.
“This light is the first and only light from J.W. Speaker with a high-definition camera built into it,” said Tim Speaker, CEO at J.W. Speaker. “With this continued innovation, we’re excited to work with our OEM partners and J.W. Speaker customers to integrate these lights into more vehicles and do our part to create safer driving experiences for drivers and fellow travelers.”


- Bottle Inspection Units
- Carton Inspection Units
Over 30 years of experience in the bottling sector and a company philosophy that has always been based on the combination of innovation and reliability have led to LOGICS & CONTROLS becoming the Italian leader in the design and manufacture of in-line control and inspection systems. The reliability, precision and ease of use of its systems have made their presence possible in more than 50 countries around the world. This leadership, not only at home, has found further confirmation in the camera systems based on its exclusive optical units.
Please click to view product brochure
Bottle & Carton Inspection Systems


Torch height control system PlasmaSensOut is an universal THC for precise plasma cutting.
Thanks to optical fiber connection, PlasmaSensOut and PlasmaSens torch height sensor (including in a package) forms a complete and reliable torch height control system. Thanks to an optical connection it’s fully electrically (galvanic) isolated from high voltage plasma cutter’s equipment and also safe to use. PlasmaSensOut has standard programmable ARC_OK, UP and DOWN signals. Generally it is compatible with most CNC controller boards on the market.
User interface is simple and user friendly. On the left there are 3 LED diodes to signalize state of the outputs. Next on the right side is also LED display. It has great readability also in high luminosity environment. In default state it shows temporally arc voltage. However menus appears on LED display during settings.
Under LED display there are 3 buttons. Hence they allows quick and efficient moving through menu. User can set the following THC parameters: reference voltage, hysteresis (non-active range around reference height), delay time and anti-dive limit voltage. Moreover all parameters are adjustable during operation.
It doesn’t need any drivers or special software. Even more, it is compatible with most CNC software and hardware which accepts OK, Up and Down signals.
- Isolated output signals: Arc OK, Up and Down (DC solid state)
- Programmable reference and hysteresis voltage, delay time and anti-dive limit voltage
- Current plasma voltage presentation on LED display
- Arc present, up and down – LED signalization
- Full optical input isolation; transmitter and receiver connected over an optical cable
- Test mode operation
- DC power supply (6- 36 V)
- Compatible with most CNC controller boards including PoKeys57CNC
- DIN-rail mountable housing
- PlasmaSensOut device
- PlasmaSens sensor device
- Optical cable (2m and 5m)
Compared to other torch height control solutions, PlasmaSens products are only solution with optical fiber isolation between sensor and controlling electronics. Even more, it is first and only Plasma Sensor with optical fiber isolation.


In touch panels without optical bonding there is an air gap between the display and the touchscreen. This air gap causes reflections by light refraction at the surfaces of the display and the touchscreen.
To improve the readability of the screen contents in direct sunlight, the optical bonding process provided by SCHURTER is the optimal solution.
Here, the air gap between the décor glass or touchscreen and the display is filled with a highly transparent adhesive.
In addition to substantial improvements in the readability and the contrast and brightness of the colours, the mechanical robustness of the touch panel is increased by Optical Bonding. No condensation moisture can arise and no dust or dirt particles can penetrate. By filling the insulating air gap, heat is dissipated through the front glass to the outside.
Benefits of Optical Bonding
• Optical Bonding eliminates the reflections between display and
touchscreen / front glass.
• The elimination of the air gap between the cover glass and
the display means that moisture cannot penetrate and cause
fogging on the display surface.
No dust and dirt particles
• By eliminating the air gap no dust and dirt particles can penetrate.
• A touch panel with Optical Bonding is resistant to mechanical loads.
This way of installation significantly reduces the risk of glass
splintering or breakage.
Improved heat dissipation
• By filling the insulating air gap between the components, heat can
be derived to the outside.


Spectra LT56-2 3 Plane Laser Tool W Manual Hr220 Clamp Bracket Target & Case. One tool to use on every job every day. HR220 receiver can be added for exterior applications for maximum jobsite versatility. Water, mud, and shock resistant, able to withstand a 3-foot (1 meter) drop onto concrete... IP54 rated.
Spectra LT56-2 3 Plane Laser Tool Features:
Spectra LT56-2 Applications:
Spectra LT56-2 Specifications:
Spectra LT56-2 Includes:


THE SECOND WAVE OF PELICAN LED
Finally, an LED flashlight that's just as bright as a high performance incandescent, without the annoying dark spots and irregular beam pattern and susceptibility to breakage found in standard filament lamps. Brilliant power and faultless dependability . . . that's Recoil LED Technology.
Here's the secret: by pointing the LED backwards into the reflector, 100% of the light is captured and projected forward. The squared spot on the beam is your proof that all available light is being used and there's no peripheral projection. It's a true collimated beam that
reliably cuts through thick smoke, dust, and the darkest abyss.
Recoil LED Technology. Think of it as a lighthouse in the palm of your hand.


With the national fitness, there has been a burst of "exploration fever" in recent years, and more and more ordinary people have joined the team of "explorers". The green mountains and green waters, the fragrance of birds and flowers, and the cliffs make outdoor sports full of surprises. And challenge.
Temperature traces left by people touched
In case of missing, the police, fire and civilian rescue teams will take rescue measures as soon as possible. However, the complex terrain, large area, foggy, and poor night vision in the mountainous areas have caused great difficulties for rescue work. At this time, the thermal imaging camera came in handy.
The infrared thermal imager uses infrared detectors and optical imaging objectives to receive the infrared radiation signal of the measured target, passes through the photosensitive element of the infrared detector and uses the electronic scanning circuit to scan the infrared thermal image of the measured target. The radiant energy is converted into an electrical signal, and the infrared thermal image is displayed on the TV screen or monitor through the amplification process, conversion or standard video signal. It has a long range of action, strong concealment, strong penetrating ability, all-weather work, anti-glare interference, can identify hidden targets, and has a very important role in field rescue.
At the same time, in the absence of light or low light, the thermal imaging camera can clearly distinguish the topography and landforms, which is convenient for hikers to camp safely at night, and can also simply see the wild animals that are active in the distance to avoid beast attacks; In the daytime or in rainy and snowy weather, the thermal imager can also effectively penetrate the smoke, rain and snow, so that the traveler can see the road conditions and the surrounding environment clearly in fog and rainy and snowy weather, and provide protection for the safety and efficiency of outdoor activities.


Its elegant and decorative style- a sort of geometric dialog between the metallic tubular structure and the spherical diffusers- is what distinguishes this family of lamps. The diffusers are made of free blown glass, and are available both in a glossy or satin texture, either white or lobster-red. The lamps are fitted with a dimmer placed on the structure of the lamp, which makes it easy to reach and to control the intensity of the light. The light provided by the highly efficient halogen bulbs is filtered by the glass spheres, and give diffused, warm and enveloping light.
Burkhard Panteleit was born in Berlin in 1943 and he attended an apprenticeship school where he specialised in lighting manufacture. He gained a degree at the Academy of Arts in Berlin. Since 1971 he has been working as a designer concentrating on the lighting industry.


Welcome to GP Fiber Optics GmbH
GP-Fiber Optics GmbH is one of the leading companies in the field of production and assembly of fiber optic products. Our product range extends to fiber optic lighting technology as well as LED lighting technology with system components, fiber optic data technology and converters, which we deliver worldwide. In addition to the standard products, we manufacture any special applications quickly and reliably, even in small quantities. We are at your disposal with our many years of experience to advise and design your project.
Lighting, luminaires and room situations always present a special challenge in terms of design and selection. GP Fiber Optics has been working with architects, designers, studios and artists for more than 25 years to meet this challenge. The result is creative solutions that have never before been found on the market.
If you wish, we are at your side from the very beginning and develop project solutions for you.
Due to our own production we can manufacture and deliver flexible, customer-oriented and project-oriented.
Customer Service / Support
Even after delivery or completion we are at your side. Long-term business and customer relationships are still important to us.


OPENEX Intelligent Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., is a high-tech company which dedicated to provide an all-round inspection service. OPENEX has been focusing on the optical inspection machine and other customized inspection system, which are widely used in quality control for automotive, 3C, semiconductor, energy, transportation, printing, packaging, machinery and other industries. Combined with robots and other mechanism, OPENEX inspection machine uses the machine vision, non-destructive testing and laser technology to do the dimension measurement, defect detection, positioning and other assembly actions. Openex has extensive experience in the field of optical inspection. We are committed to provide a professional and comprehensive inspection service, which can help our customers to improve efficiency and quality. We can achieve the automated sorting and inspection to cut your labor cost. We can also help to control the percent of pass and reduce the customer complaints. Thus to further promote your corporate image and make a great leap in your company’s competitiveness.


Panasonic Releases AW-UE100W/K PTZ 4K Camera with Support for SRT
Panasonic Corporation will release the 4K Integrated Camera AW-UE100W/K, a compact camera equipped with a range of functions including 4K 60p/50p shooting and 12G-SDI output, in August 2020.
The camera supports a range of video transmission protocols, such as high bandwidth NDI®, which allows low latency transmission of high-quality live video over a single LAN cable, and SRT, which has strong security suitable for unstable network environments. It supports next-generation video production such as shooting for live video distribution. In addition, support for FreeD, which can connect to an AR/VR system without the use of an encoder, makes virtual studio shooting possible.
Read the full release here.


How many times have I seen a $200 or $300 camera advertised with 20x zoom. Wow, would be the first response of a naive reader. Let the buyer beware is my advice. Most low end digital cameras advertise the total zoom range of their camera. This involved two different types of zooms: optical and digital. Optical zooms are desirable. They magnify the image without a loss of image quality. Their only drawbacks are their size and that they require more light than a non zoomed image. By requiring more light, you shutter time will increase. Therefore, depending upon your exact photograph it may be a hinderance.
See the following images that demonstrate an optical and digital zoom. Notice that there is no degration in image quality on the optical, but in the digital image the loss of sharpness is readily apparent.
Never use a digital zoom. It is always best to magnify the image once its been loaded into the computer as opposed to it having your camera perform the operation. Think about it, which is more likely to produce a better job processing your image, a small camera or the full resources of your desktop/laptop computer?


Big Beautiful Pictures Make Great Impressions.
Bright enough to be viewed in direct sunlight. Lighter, more stable, and with modest power requirements, LED screens run cool to the touch while operating. Once known as “Jumbotrons” today’s LED screens for video playback or image magnification are in a whole new league of technology.
This simulation gives a feel for various LED screen and scenic element resolutions. The dot grid depicts screens photographed with a 35mm camera sporting a “normal” 50mm lens from two meters away.
For ease of comparison, the dots are here held to a constant size, equivalent to 3mm individual LEDs. In reality, the individual LEDs in different products are usually tripled and vary considerably in size.
Individual LED modules usually each contain three LEDs.
Sometimes, projection is the best way to get a big bright image.
LSV features outdoor screens, indoor screens, and truck-configured mobile screens, in addition to general a/v equipment, scenic elements, and broadcast camera packages. With so many screen types to choose from, there’s a perfect screen and pixel size for every project.
For outdoor displays, LED digital signs stand up to bright daylight and harsh weather extremes. Our latest addition to outdoor technology, the LSV Outdoor 4mm is the most attractive, multi-purpose presentation format available. These groundbreaking screens debuted at the 2016 SuperBowl City.
With outdoor LED video technology, every corner of your event is like being center stage. Along with LSV Curvable 3.91mm LSV Outdoor 4mm F-LED Ultra Lightweight 11mm G-LUX Mesh 15mm G-LUX Mesh 37.5mm Inflatable Outdoor Screens for casual events, provide a spectrum of screen solutions.
Indoors, LED displays provide high-quality images even in the harshest lighting conditions. They stand out at any busy tradeshow, conference, exhibit, or elegant entertainment environment.
LSV’s Indoor displays include the latest high pixel, hi resolution formats. They continue to impress with beautiful images and reliability. They include Display Poster 2.5mm Blackchip 2.5mm Blackchip 2.8mm Blackchip 3.75mm LSV Curvable 3.91mm F-LED Ultra Lightweight 11mm Soft Curtain LED 18mm LED Video Spheres 10mm
LED technologies include several options for creative use of scenic and set design elements. Display Poster 2.5mm F-LED Ultra Lightweight 11mm G-LUX Mesh 15mm G-LUX Mesh 37.5mm Soft Curtain LED 18mm Versa TUBES LED Video Spheres 10mm are among the products available to enhance a set, embellish a stage, or add decor to a presentation area. Decorative and artistic possibilities are extensive, and components can even be arrayed to form creative screen surfaces.
Interlocking LED modules are light and portable. Time, cost, and power efficient, they require no convergence and offer flexible color balance. Modules are rugged and adaptable to every production situation, using either ground supported or flown rigging systems.
We’ve designed proprietary shipping trusses to make our screens easy to pack and ship cost effectively around the world. The modular design, together with the natural advantages of LED technology, enables quick and efficient set-up and installation.
Some events need large screen images, but most are suited to projection. Some shows need multiple formats or camera systems and broadcast packages. LSV provides general video and audio equipment, including video projection packages, large format LCD displays in extreme sizes, source equipment, broadcast camera packages, web feeds, microwave paths and satellite links offer multiple application uses. Add audio equipment to complement any system requirements or work with any LED display.
For used equipment for sale, please see our For Sale page.


Recent work has demonstrated real-time mapping and reconstruction from dense perception, while motion planning based on distance fields has been shown to achieve fast, collision-free motion synthesis with good convergence properties. However, demonstration of a fully integrated system that can safely re-plan in unknown environments, in the presence of static and dynamic obstacles, has remained an open challenge. In this work, we first study the impact that signed and unsigned distance fields have on optimisation convergence, and the resultant error cost in trajectory optimisation problems in 2D path planning, arm manipulator motion planning, and whole-body loco-manipulation planning. We further analyse the performance of three state-of-the-art approaches to generating distance fields (Voxblox, Fiesta, and GPU-Voxels) for use in realtime environment reconstruction. Finally, we use our findings to construct a practical hybrid mapping and motion planning system which uses GPU-Voxels and GPMP2 to perform receding- horizon whole-body motion planning that can smoothly avoid moving obstacles in 3D space using live sensor data. Our results are validated in simulation and on a real-world Toyota Human Support Robot (HSR).


Bausch + Lomb SofLens Daily Disposable (10 Pieces Per Pack)
Bausch + Lomb SofLens Daily Disposable is daily disposable contact lenses with ComfortMoist Technology to provide unrivaled comfort of daily wear. The lens design is especially thin, allowing for an unusually natural feel on the eye. With the distinctive High Definition Optics design, Soflens daily disposable contact lenses reduce spherical aberration giving you crisp and clear vision especially in low-light condition. Also, the slow-release packaging solution creates a pillow of moisture around the lenses - keeping your eyes comfortable all day through the end of the day.
Key Features & Benefits:
- High Definition Optics Technology reduce spherical aberration giving you crisp and clear vision especially during low light condition
- Designed with ComfortMoist Technology to provide unsurpassed comfort of daily wear.
- SPH Power Myopia: -0.50D to 6.00D(0.25D steps); -6.50D to -10.00D(0.50D steps)
- Base Curve 8.6 mm
- Diameter 14.2mm
- DK/T: 24
- Visibility Light blue tinted
- Daily Wear Schedule, Daily Replacement
- Packaging of 10 or 30 pieces per pack


Creating striking color CCD images using LRGB composites has become the image processing technique of choice for those who image the night sky. The theory and practice of the LRGB method have been particularly well presented in two publications: The Handbook of Astronomical Image Processing by Richard Berry and James Burnell discusses the theory and The New CCD Astronomy by Ron Wodaski covers the practical aspects. The websites of Robert Gendler and William McLaughlin contain excellent 'how-to' discussions of the LRGB layers method which I found helpful when I began to experiment with the process.
The L (Luminance) image is obtained in unfiltered light using a high resolution CCD camera, such as the ST-10E binned at 1X1, to obtain a grayscale image. Deep exposures are required to give a high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) in the L image. Red, Green and Blue images are obtained using RGB color filters with the camera binned at 2X2. Alternatively, one uses a different CCD camera with large pixels and/or higher sensitivity (such as the FLI-DM). These measures are necessary to overcome the weaker signal of the filtered light which results in low S/N of the RGB images. The four images, L;R;G &B are combined using image processing software. The final LRGB composite reveals the detail of the Luminance image as well as the color information present in the noisier, lower resolution RGB images. This is due to the fact that our visual processes perceive detail almost exclusively in the Brightness or Luminence component not in the Color components of the image. Moreover, the eye ignores noise in the Hue and Saturation (Color) components. Therefore, LRGB compositing produces a color image with a lot of detail...the Holy Grail of astronomical color imaging. The same principal is used in the Component Video feature present in digital television images.
Processing the Luminance Images:
High signal-to-noise images are obtained by combining many shorter exposures to yield long total integration times. Typically, 12 ten min. exposures (or 24 five min. exposures) from the ST-10E, binned at 1X1, are combined to give a total integration time of 2 hours. Ten (10s) flat fields are obtained at the conclusion of an imaging session. Sets of 10 to15 raw dark frames at each exposure time are kept as a library which is turned over every few months. On summer evenings, when external water cooling is required to maintain the camera at -20 degrees C, better dark frames are obtained when they are taken immediately after the imaging session. The raw images are processed as follows:
Processing the RGB Images:
RGB exposures are taken with the FLI-DM binned at 1X1(with R:G:B exposure ratios determined from white balancing). Three sets of 5 exposures for each of the three filters are collected. Five flat fields (10s) are obtained with each filter at the conclusion of the imaging session. Sets of 10 dark frames are kept as a library with a 3 month turnover. The raw RGB images are processed as follows:
Creating the LRGB Image:
Please refer to Robert Gendler's article, Color CCD Imaging with Luminance Layering in the July 2001 issue of Sky & Telescope, pp133-136, or to his web site for a nice tutorial on creating LRGB images using Layers in Photoshop.
At this point the L image is an 8-bit 2184X1472 TIFF file and the RGB image is an 8-bit 1024X1024 file. Both files are approx 3 mB in size. Before combining the two images into an LRGB image they are aligned using Registar (Auriga Imaging). The L image is used as the reference and the new aligned RGB image (RGB-reg) is saved.
The L image and the RGB-reg image are opened in Photoshop with each image enlarged by the same %. The entire L image is cut and pasted onto the RGB image. Don't forget to check No to "Do you want to save changes?" before closing the L image! In the Layers Menu the opacity of the top layer (L) is reduced to 50% and precisely aligned (at high image magnification) over the bottom layer (RGB) using the Move tool and/or the arrow keys. After alignment, the opacity is brought back to 100% and the LRGB image is saved a photoshop file (.PSD) with two layers. Since the RGB and L components are in separate layers, they can be manipulated and enhanced independently.
This process can be repeated (LLRGB): The opacity of the top layer (L) is kept at 50% and the RGB layer color saturation is increased. The file is then flattened and used as a new, enhanced RGB layer for the next LRGB composite. This technique enriches the color of the new LLRGB composite as well as serving to equalize the contrast between the two layers.
When I'm satisfied with the result I flatten the image and save it as a TIFF file. Grain Surgery for Photoshop (Visual Infinity) is used to eliminate residual noise in the image.
STL-11000: Image processing is essentially as above. The camera is binned 1X1 for Luminance and H-alpha exposures. Individual exposures of 10- to 30-minutes are used (the STL-11000M is anti-blooming). These exposures are combined in CCDSoft to yield long effective integration times to reduce the S/N. The camera is binned 2X2 for the RGB data. Generally 3 to 5 individual 10 minute exposures for each color filter are combined. LRGB, LLRGB, (R)RGB or (RB)RGB, and (HA)RGB layering are carried out as described above.


Here are some of the most frequently asked questions that I have answered from visitors to my Digital Camera Help website.
What is the difference between optical and digital zoom? Optical zoom on a digital camera works the same way a regular 35mm camera's zoom works, the lens physically moves in and out using the optics (lens) to bring the subject closer without sacrificing quality. These moving lenses allows a range in optical magnification that runs anywhere from 2.0x to 10.0x. The higher the optical zoom on a camera, the farther away you can be to take a photograph and still get a clear, close image.
Digital zoom is a software simulation of optical zoom using no moving parts. Simply put, the camera crops the picture and enlarges it, filling in the extra pixels by guessing what the picture may look like in a process called interpolation. This results in a loss of quality, and is no different than cropping and enlarging an image with editing software. Instead of using the digital zoom on your digital camera you can use editing software on your computer and have more control over cropping and enlarging the picture.
Many new models of digital cameras are advertising having both optical and digital zoom capabilities. Most of these cameras have a feature that automatically uses digital zoom when you have exceeded the optical zoom limitations. You may choose to disable or shut this feature off so that you know exactly what kind of quality picture you are taking.
How much zoom does your digital camera need? Optical zoom ranges between 2x and 10x but most average users find 3x to 6x optical zoom about what they need. Most experts will tell you to buy as much optical zoom as you can afford being careful not to overlook the other features.
What is megapixel? Ok, first let's define pixel. Digital images like our computer screens and digital camera pictures are both made up of grids of dots. The word "pixel" is actually short for "picture element", which is computer geek talk for one of those millions of dots on your computer screen or digital image. Now, every one of those pixels holds one color and combined with the other millions of single colored dots, forms the picture. Megapixel means a million pixels, so a 3 megapixel digital camera has 3 million pixels. To get the total pixel count, you multiply the horizontal pixels by the vertical pixels. For example, 2590 x 1920 = 5 Megapixels. The more mega pixels your digital camera has, the more information and detail you capture on each picture. Say for example, you a take a picture, once with a 2 megapixel digital camera and once again with a 4 megapixel digital camera. The 2 megapixel digital camera will give you 2 million pieces of information (pixels) and the 4 megapixel digital camera gives you 4 million pieces of information (pixels). If you print both the pictures 4x6, you probably would not be able to tell the difference between the two. Now say you were to crop the pictures or enlarge those pictures to 8x10, you would see a big difference in the two photos. The picture taken by the 4 megapixel digital camera would be a clearer, truer image replication because the picture contains more information than the 2 megapixel digital camera.
How many megapixels does my digital camera need? It mostly depends on what you plan on doing with the pictures and images. If you do not often crop your photos and only print 4x6/5x7 size photos, a 2-3 megapixel digital camera will do the trick. If you ever plan to make 8x10 or larger prints at least 4 megapixels would be suggested. Of course most would tell you to buy the highest megapixel digital camera you could afford, but the smart ones would also remind you there are a lot of other of other features besides megapixel you want to look at when making your digital camera purchase.
What is the difference between a Nickel-Metal Hydride battery and a nickel-cadmium battery? A Nickel-Metal Hydride battery (or NiMH) is a rechargeable battery similar in design with a Nickel-Cadmium battery (or Ni-Cd) but instead of using cadmium, which is an environmental hazard, it uses a hydrogen absorbing alloy for anode. A Nickel-Metal Hydride battery can have 2 to 3 times the capacity of an equivalent size NiCd , the memory effect is not as significant and it is less detrimental to the environment compared to a Nickel-Cadmium battery.
Find more helpful digital camera articles written by this author at Digital Camera Help , including memory cards, WiFi digital cameras, digital camera batteries, lens, and photo editing software.


|Dear <<Title>> <<Name>>
An infinite numbers of colors surround us in our daily lives. Many colorful products which we own are the result of good color management systems. It is a system that use color measurement instruments to quantify and control colors from the raw materials to the finished products. Quantification is the first step to good control. However, have you ever wonder how colors are being measured and quantified?
We are able to see color because our eye's retina has three color sensors - red, green and blue. When light enters the eye, it stimulates the retina to produce a sense of sight where the concept of color is form. Using this concept, engineers design colorimeter equipped with receptor that matches the human eye response. As such, colorimeter is able to 'see' color like a human eye. The CIE L*a*b color space is a graphical presentation on how we can express color in numbers.
Check this white paper on colorimetry, to get an insight how color is measured.
Watch out for our next issue as we talk on the common color issues faced in the industry.
PT Dainan 2 Indonesia


Convex lens of the magnifying glass is made of quality glass and has high magnification so that the magnified image of an object can be viewed clearly.
A coating is formed on each lens of the magnifying glass to eliminate chromatic aberration so that the image is more translucent. Each lens has a diameter of 22mm greater than the lens of magnifying glass of other brands. A viewer may not feel eye fatigue after viewing a gem or jewelry for inspection for a long time. The image is not distorted by the lenses so that he viewer can correctly determine quality of the gem or jewelry. The frame of the magnifying glass is made of aluminum alloy. Surface of the frame is galvanized to have an aesthetic appearance. The handle of the magnifying glass has one knurled cavity for the thumb holding and the other knurled cavity of the index finger holding. The magnifying glass is comprised of three lenses each having a diameter of 22mm and has magnification of 10X.
- 99% of chromatic aberration of the lens is eliminated.
- Image is not distorted when viewing at a distance of 80 mm for the lens with a viewing angle of 4mm.
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March 25, 2018
Terral’s reply (03.25.2018):Bonnie writes: What is this...and where is it going...???
This is clearly a ghosting image of the Sun. Any image containing a bright light source like the Sun, Moon, or light from a lamppost is vulnerable to lens-type anomalies created by the camera optics.
http://www.ishootshows.com/2011/07/13/u ... -ghosting/
http://www.assap.ac.uk/newsite/htmlfile ... 0orbs.html
Use these tutorials for understanding more about typical lens-flare/ghosting-type anomalies created by camera optics, atmospheric conditions, etc..
Read this and other related articles in Terral's 2018 Newsletter 13: https://goo.gl/NzbHBr
Get more information, support the research, and subscribe to the Newsletter and Survival Group Programs at https://www.terral03.com.


- FSL is equipped with micro-machining machine with ultrashort pulsed femtosecond laser (20W and 40?J impulse). Our positioning systems allows us to work down to 10?m precision absolute positioning and relative positioning 4?m.
- Our system allows to manipulate parts in 2.5D with our 3D micromachining head.
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Monday, November 23, 2009
Introducing Broadband Solar
Broadband Solar Inc. (BSX) is a California based US corporation formed in 2008 to develop energy efficiency enhancement technology. We design and engineer metallic nanostructures to significantly improve performance of solar, glass and display devices. BSX seek to become the first company in the world to offer a true manufacture scale process that can be tailored for a range of applications.
Plasmonics, an exploding field of nanoscience, allows BSX to use metallic nanostructures to capture and utilize light over the entire broadband spectrum to optimize optical and electrical functions in various devices.
Transparent conductive oxide films (TCO) provide or manage critical optical/electrical functions for essential products in may major market sectors including display, low-e glass and solar. Our technology incorporates plasmonics in TCO to create TCO+. TCO+ can add new or improved features to products for significant performance improvements and cost reductions. TCO+ can replace conventional TCO layers in thin film solar cells (a-Si, C-Si, CIGS, CdTe) and many other devices.
Plasmonic scattering has already been proven in the lab and in commercial facilities on a range of devices and has the potential to increase device performance by providing a means of passive control of the incident wavelength spectrum


Colloquium: Prof. Julia Zhao
Prof. Julia Xiaojun Zhao
Department of Chemistry
University of North Dakota
Silica-based Near-Infrared Fluorescent Nanomaterials
A series of silica-based near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) nanomaterials have been developed using new approaches. The distinct features of these NIRF nanomaterials are 1) highly intense and photostable fluorescence signals, 2) tunable fluorescence wavelengths, and 3) low toxicity. Several metallic-based sandwich nanostructures were developed with various shapes and sizes for further enhanced fluorescence. The geometric, compositional, and dimensional effects of these NIRF materials on their fluorescence properties were studied, including fluorescence quantum yield, lifetime and wavelengths. These NIRFs were applied to biological applications including sensitive detection and imaging of trace analytes, and photothermal therapies. Nanomaterial-based photothermal therapy has shown great potential for efficient cancer treatment. The developed nanohybrids can generate significant amount of heat upon irradiation in the near infrared (NIR) region for inducing thermal cell death. The nanohybrids showed excellent in vitro biocompatibility as a promising hyperthermia agent.


Handbook of ellipsometry / Harland G. Tompkins and Eugene A. Irene (eds.). . R. M. A. Azzam and N. M. Bashara, Ellipsometry and Polarized Light, North-. Ellipsometry. Principles and Applications. Hiroyuki Fujiwara. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan. DICENTENNIAL. Spectroscopic Ellipsometry: Principles and Applications. Front Cover · Hiroyuki Fujiwara. John Wiley & Sons, Sep 27, – Technology & Engineering –
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A comprehensive review for transparent conductive oxides is also provided.
Accordingly, the detection of such non-uniformities is quite important to achieve higher module efficiencies. H tandem-type solar cell modules.
Sn layers by spectroscopic ellipsometry “, Journal of Applied Physics Hiroyuki Fujiwara Professor Ellpsometry Structure of a- Si: Spectroscopic ellipsometry system developed for the characterization of large-area solar cell modules RE, Dainippon Screen Mfg. For the characterization of solar cells, we are applying an optical measurement technique, called spectroscopic ellipsometrywhich allows high-precision analyses of various solar-cell component layers nondestructively with high speed.
However, in thin-film solar cell modules, all the solar cells formed on the module substrate are connected electrically in series Fig. Selected pages Page 5. In this solar cell, however, the a- Si: Specifically, the ellipsometry technique remains the only method by which the optical constants and the band gap can be determined accurately.
Description Spectroscopic ellipsometry has been a key measurement technique in characterizing solar cell component materials and device structures.
Spectroscopic Ellipsometry: Principles and Applications
My library Help Advanced Book Search. Check out the top books of the year on our page Best Books of Semiconductor Lasers Junji Ohtsubo. Common terms and phrases amplitude analysis example analyzer anisotropic anisotropic samples Appl applied atomic becomes bulk layer c-Si calculated characterization coefficient compensator complex refractive index confirmed from Fig coordinates D.
Nobuyuki Matsuki Assistant professor Contact: Gravity, Geoid and Geodynamics Michael G. Spectroscopic Ellipsometry for Photovoltaics: Other editions – View all Spectroscopic Ellipsometry: Nonimaging Fresnel Lenses Ralf Leutz.
Currently, to contribute to the solar cell field, our research group is mainly focusing on elilpsometry research topics: Characterization of Materials and Structures.
Spectroscopic Ellipsometry for Photovoltaics : Hiroyuki Fujiwara :
Transmission Electron Microscopy Ludwig Reimer. The CO2 Laser W.
Looking for beautiful books? Fundamental Principles of Ellipsometry. F layers by ellipsometry using glass-side illumination”, Thin Solid Films Collins received the Ph. Account Options Sign in.
Other books in this series. Available soon, pre-order now. H and CuInGaSe 2are produced widely in the world. Laser Measurement Technology Axel Donges. Photonic Crystals Kuon Inoue. When will my order arrive?


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High quality factor fano-resonant all-dielectric metamaterials field in either the silicon resonator or the environment, cut-wire metamaterials25,26 have been . A metamaterial sensor based on microring resonator operating in wgm is proposed, and the resonance intensity spectrum curves in the frequency range from 185 to 212 . Silicon microring resonators losses in silicon-on-insulator photonic wire based size for optoelectronic devices based on the microring resonator, our goal . This paper gives the different classifications of metamaterials based (long thin wire antenna) shown in fig 3 resonator on ground plane multiband .
We show that the dnm sensor based on microring resonator possesses higher sensitivity than the traditional microring sensor since the amplification of evanescent wave, and with the increase of metamaterial layer thickness, the sensitivity will be increased greatly. Wire metamaterials-based microring resonator in subwavelength structure ahmed a ali, mohanned j and a h al-janabi abstract in this work we present the possibility of building a subwavelength microring resonator by manipulating the unite cell in the wire metamaterials. Tunable metamaterial design composed of triangular split ring resonator and wire three types of new metamaterials,.
We report a novel hybrid laser based on a silicon-wire external cavity filter we characterize the hybrid silicon laser from the viewpoint of high output extraction efficiency and temperature control free operation with a silicon microring resonator. A metamaterial sensor based on microring resonator operating in wgm is proposed, and the resonance intensity spectrum curves in the frequency range from 185 to 212 thz were studied under different . Multimode-interference waveguide crossing coupled microring-resonator-based switch nodes for photonic networks-on-chip fang xu and andrew w poon. 2254 ieee sensors journal, vol 11, no 10, october 2011 double negative metamaterial sensor based on microring resonator jing jing yang, ming huang, and jun sun abstract—metamaterials are artificial media structured on a for biosensing.
Double negative metamaterial sensor based on microring resonator abstract: metamaterials are artificial media structured on a size scale smaller than the wavelength of external stimuli, and may provide novel tools to significantly enhance the sensitivity and resolution of the sensors. Micron silicon photonic wire waveguides: the small dimensions silicon microring resonators wim bogaerts, a generic ring resonator con-. The design of two silicon microring resonator-based photonic transmitters, which were fabricated in the 130-nm soi process and wire bonded with drivers in the 65-nm cmos technology, is presented.
2254 ieee sensors journal, vol 11, no 10, october 2011 double negative metamaterial sensor based on microring resonator jing jing yang, ming huang, and jun sun. Birck nanotechnology center, photonic wire components in silicon-on-insulator,group iv photonics, belgium, p189-191 (2005) microring resonator based on slot . Interaction between graphene and metamaterials: split rings vs wire pairs in a wire-pair e n economou, and c m soukoulis, “low loss metamaterials based on.
Compact silicon hybrid plasmonic microring resonator-based polarization demultiplexer yin xu and jinbiao xiao microring and silicon wire are similar, while those . Silicon photonic transceiver circuits with microring resonator bias-based wavelength stabilization student member, ieee, binhao wang, geng tang with a wire .
Silicon photonic transceiver circuits with microring resonator bias-based wavelength stabilization in 65 nm cmos abstract: photonic interconnects are a promising technology to meet the bandwidth demands of next-generation high-performance computing systems. The architecture of a very compact microring resonator-based sensor in silicon on insulator (soi) also indicated as silicon photonic wire), as in figure 1(b), and . Sensor based on microring resonator possesses higher sensitivity than the traditional microring sensor since the ampliﬁcation of evanescent wave, and with the incr ease of metamaterial layer. A microring resonator based negative permeability metamaterial sensor metamaterials are artificial multifunctional materials that acquire their material .


By CANNA Research
Everyone knows that a plant needs light to grow by means of photosynthesis, a process that involves energy fixation and sugar production. But in addition to providing energy, the light also plays a key role in many other plant processes, such as photomorphogenesis and photoperiodism. All these processes are influenced by the light spectrum, which is the distribution of the light across the electromagnetic spectrum. In order to explain a plant’s different responses to light, we first need to think about the phenomenon of light itself.
Principle of light and its spectrum
Light is a form of radiation, which takes the form of electromagnetic waves that pass through air or vacuums. It can, therefore, be described in terms of three physical properties: intensity (or amplitude), frequency (or wavelength) and direction of vibration (polarization). All possible forms of electromagnetic radiation can be described by placing them in the electromagnetic spectrum, see figure 1.
When we describe the electromagnetic or light spectrum, it’s better to talk about wavelength than about colour. That’s because visible light for humans comprises only a small portion of the light spectrum as a whole – namely the range of wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometres (nm, which is 10-9 m).
Figure 1: Light, in the form of electromagnetic waves, is described by the electromagnetic spectrum. The most important quality of light for plants is its wavelength or energy content; the shorter the wavelength the higher the energy content.
As you can see from figure 1, this is a very small range. In fact, it is less than 1 percent of the total spectrum. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), or photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), is the range of light that can be used by plants to photosynthesise. However, because the PPFD is a summation of all photons in the 400-700nm range, two very different spectral distributions can have the same PPFD. This means that there is no one-to-one relationship between PPFD and spectral distribution. It also means that when we compare light sources, we need to consider spectral distribution data as well as PPFD.
PPFD light is expressed as μmol/m2/s and tells us how many light photons will reach a predetermined surface area (m2) in a specified length of time (a second). To illustrate: most plants need a minimum of 30 – 50 μmol/m2/s PPFD to stay alive.
How a plant senses light
As well as providing the energy for photosynthesis, the light also acts as an information source for plants. Different light spectra give the plant an indication of its environment and therefore how it should survive, and hopefully thrive and reproduce. In this sense, the composition of the light is as important as the total quantity of light used for photosynthesis. The light spectrum in the range of 300 to 800 nm causes a developmental response in the plant. Additionally, UV and infrared (IR) light are known to play a role in plant morphogenesis.
A plant gains information from the light that reaches it by means of special pigments, called photoreceptors. These photoreceptors are sensitive to different wavelengths of the light spectrum.
Figure 2: a plant gains information from light via three special photoreceptors: phototropin (phot), cryptochromes (cry) and phytochromes (PHY). The first two are active in UV and blue light, while phytochromes respond to red and far-red light.
There are three groups of photoreceptors, see figure 2:
The first two photoreceptors – phototropin and cryptochromes – are active in the lower range of wavelengths (UV (A) and blue). These two receptors obviously have different functions. Phototropins are responsible for phototropism or plant movement, and the movement of chloroplasts inside the cell in response to the quantity of light. Phototropins are what cause stems to bend towards light and stomata to open.
Cryptochromes are pigments which sense the direction of the light. The inhibition of stem elongation is governed by cryptochromes as well as stomatal functioning, the synthesis of pigments and the tracking of the sun by the plants' leaves. The other photoreceptors – phytochromes – are sensitive to red and far-red light. There are two forms of phytochrome, Pfr and Pr, which interact. Phytochromes have the biggest influence on photomorphogenesis. Stem elongation, shade avoidance, chlorophyll synthesis and the flowering response are all functions typical controlled by phytochrome.


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We’re going to shine some light on some bright bits of high technology: LEDs â€” light-emitting diodes. Today on Engineering Works!
A few years ago, only scientists and engineers knew about light-emitting diodes. Now you see them everywhere — tiny flashlights, instrument lights, TV remote controls, truck and bus tail-lights, traffic lights. Even stadium TV screens – all lit up by LEDs.
LEDs are one of an array of tiny electronic devices known as semiconductors, made from silicon. Unless you’ve been living in a cave, you already know about transistors and microchips. They’re semiconductors. Normal silicon doesn’t conduct, or carry, electricity. It’s an insulator – a non-conductor. If you add tiny amounts of different stuff to silicon, it starts conducting electricity. Not a lot, but it does conduct it. Different things happen depending on what you added to the silicon. Now you’ve got a semiconductor.
The simplest semiconductors are diodes. Depending on how they’re made, some diodes carry current in one direction. Some in the other. Light-emitting diodes are like other diodes, except that when an electric current hits them, they light up instead of just carrying electricity. But unlike light bulbs, they don’t get hot. And they’re really small, about the size of your little fingernail. And for their size, light-emitting diodes are really bright. This makes them handy for all the things we were just talking about.
It’s time to light up our diode somewhere else. We’ll talk with you later.


Big things are happening in the world of scopes and optics, and a company called Sandia National Labs is behind it. In development for nearly a decade now, the company has been working on a push-button scope, using a series of flexible polymer lenses, to replicate the human eye. This will allow a soldier to change magnification without changing hand position, or looking away from a target.
“The impetus behind the idea of push-button zoom is you can acquire what you’re interested in at low magnification and, without getting lost, zoom in for more clarity,” said Brett Bagwell, an optical engineer who is the project leader at Sandia labs, and former Special Forces in the US Army.
It’s called the Rapid Adaptive Zoom for Assault Rifles, or RAZAR, and its double lenses have two components. The first is a tough membrane that is used to encapsulate the second component, a liquid polymer held within it. Each of the two lenses sits inside of a ring used to compress the polymer, which increases or decreases the curvature of the sight elements, and thus the focus. The rings themselves are operated by ultrasonic piezoelectric motors, which are quite similar to those used in the auto-focus on most cameras.
“The guys picked it up and when they pushed the button and it zoomed, and then instantly it zoomed back out, they were like kids at Christmas. There was this look of astonishment and pleasure,” said the former Green Beret sergeant. “That’s very gratifying. Here’s this grizzled veteran looking at me like I’ve just created magic.”
For much more information on this game changing technology, go check out the information page at Sandia Labs. Of note, the science behind RAZAR is not only of use in the military, but nearly all optics applications.


Data-driven Control System
Adaptive optics is a technology that allows a deformable mirror to be used to correct optical distortion due to atmospheric turbulence in real time and is of critical importance in ground-based telescopes.
Mitigating atmospheric turbulence requires the design of a decentralized system to control the deformation of the telescope mirror, ensuring stability and performance in terms of response time and accuracy.
We applied a data-driven approach that uses frequency profiles of turbulence and vibration directly obtained from experimental data. In this way it is possible to obtain a real-time response prediction and optimize the telescope mirror control system.
Results and Benefits
The solution allows a clear improvement of the telescope performance, thanks to the real-time stabilization of the mirrors even in adverse weather conditions.


NASA chooses ASU to design, operate camera system for Mars 2020 mission
Arizona State University has been selected by NASA to design, deliver and oversee a pair of color panoramic zoom cameras on the next rover mission to be launched to the surface of Mars in 2020. Jim Bell, a professor in ASU’s School of Earth and Space Exploration, will be the principal investigator overseeing the Mastcam-Z imaging investigation.
NASA has selected the instruments that will be carried aboard the Mars 2020 mission, a roving laboratory based on the highly successful Curiosity rover. The instruments were competitively selected from 58 proposals submitted, two times the average number of proposals submitted for instrument competitions in the recent past and an indicator of the extraordinary interest in exploration of the Red Planet.
The Mars 2020 rover will be designed to seek signs of past life on Mars, to collect and store samples that could be returned to Earth in the future, and to test new technology to benefit future robotic and human exploration of Mars. The instruments onboard will help to build upon the many discoveries from the Curiosity Mars rover and the two Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity), and will be the critical next step in NASA’s strategic program of exploring the Red Planet.
Bell will oversee an international science team responsible for creating and operating the cameras on NASA’s next, yet-to-be-named, Mars rover. Bell has been responsible for the science imaging systems onboard the NASA Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity, and is the deputy P.I. of the color cameras on the Curiosity rover.
“These cameras will be the main eyes of NASA’s next rover,” says Bell.
The imaging system ASU will deliver is a pair of multispectral, stereoscopic cameras that will be an enhanced descendant of Curiosity’s successful imaging instrument called Mastcam. Mastcam-Z will be comprised of two zoom camera heads to be mounted on the rover’s remote sensing mast. This matched pair of zoom cameras will each provide broad-band red/green/blue (RGB) color imaging, as well as narrow-band visible to short-wave near-infrared multispectral capability.
Mastcam-Z will have all of the capabilities of Curiosity’s imaging instrument, but is augmented by a 3.6:1 zoom feature capable of resolving features about 1 millimeter in size in the near field, and about 3-4 centimeters in size at 100 meter distance.
“The cameras that we will build and use on Mars are based on Curiosity’s cameras but with enhanced capabilities,” explains Bell. “Specifically, we will be able to use our zoom capability to allow us to play a much more significant role in rover driving and target selection.”
Mastcam-Z’s imaging will permit the science team to piece together the geologic history of the site – the stratigraphy of rock outcrops and the regolith, as well as to constrain the types of rocks present. The cameras also will document dynamic processes and events via video (such as dust devils, cloud motions and astronomical phenomena, as well as activities related to driving, sampling and caching), observe the atmosphere and contribute to rover navigation and target selection for investigations by the coring/caching system, as well as other instruments.
Bell’s large international science team will include Mark Robinson, School of Earth and Space Exploration professor and principal investigator for the imaging system on board NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera. Robinson brings significant experience in planetary geology and spacecraft imaging, and will be responsible for characterizing the regolith from Mastcam‐Z images and assisting with camera calibration and mission operations.
In addition, Bell intends to involve a significant number of staff, undergraduate students and graduate students in the mission. For example, SESE Research Scientist Craig Hardgrove and Technology Support Analyst Austin Godber are slated to play leading roles in the design, testing and operations of the Mastcam-Z investigation.
Mastcam-Z remote instrument operations will be directed from the ASU Science Operations Center (SOC), housed in the Mission Operations Center located in the Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Building IV on the ASU campus. ASU faculty, staff and students will work closely with mission engineering leads at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
“We are very excited about playing such a critical role in NASA’s next Mars rover. And we are especially excited because this rover will be the first step in NASA’s Mars rover sample return mission,” says Bell. “We are eager to play a role in the selection of the first Martian samples for eventual return to Earth.”
The School of Earth and Space Exploration is an academic unit in ASU's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.


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|Huacai(Shenzen) Opto-electronics Co., Ltd|
Huacai (Shenzen) Opto-electronics Co., Ltd, founded in 2007 and based on the LED lighting source, is a large integrated company which specializes in R&D and manufacture of LED lighting application
The main products are: SMD LED Flexible Strip Lig...
We are Supplier and Seller of: led strip, led module, led tube, rigid led strip, rigid led bar, cabinet bar, led strip light, led strips, strip led.
Member since 20 July, 2011, China - Guangdong
|No Logo||Coming Bright Tech Co., Limited|
Coming Bright Tech Co., Limited is a professional manufacturer specialized in manufactureing, developing and selling LED lights and LED appliance in Shenzhen China, with hard work and innovation these years. Coming Bright pays much attention to the r...
We are Supplier and Seller of: led tube, led bulb, led strip, led module, led downlight, led controller, led power supply, smd led, high power led.
Member since 23 May, 2012, China - Guangdong
|Shenzhen Aidisen Optoelecronic Co., Ltd.|
Shenzhen Aidisen Optoelectronic Co.,ltd is an integrated LED lighting manufacturer
which specializes in R&D， production and marketing of the LED lighting products. It covers an area of morethan 2500 square meters, which is located in the s...
We are Supplier and Seller of: led module, led bare light, led flashing waterproof light, led pixel light, power supply, led controller, superflux led module series, led strip light, fullcolor strawhat led.
Member since 18 May, 2010, China - Guangdong
|No Logo||Campbell Lighting|
Campbell Lighting Manufactures VERY High Quality HID Lighting Fixtures, and import and Sell all LED Products including Soft Neon Flex, LED Modules, LED Light Bulbs, LED Strip Lighting, PVC LED Strips available in 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 192 CM/LED si...
We are Supplier and Seller of: ccfl lamps, cfl lamps, flex led, hid fixtures, led bulbs, led modules, led neon, light fixtures, soft neon.
Member since 30 May, 2007, US - Arkansas
|Seaworth Technology Industry Limited|
Seaworth technology industry limited
is a professional led light manufacturer
in china. we are able to offer a variety
of led lighting fixtures.,such as indoor
led difplays, outdoor led displays, led
fluorescent tubes, led bu...
We are Supplier and Seller of: led bulbs, led tubes, led spotlights, led ceiling lights, led power supplier, led module, led flexible strip, led fluorescent tubes, led wall washer.
Member since 23 April, 2011, China - Guangdong
|Guangzhou CHARMLED Lighting Technology Co., Ltd.|
Guangzhou CharmLED Lighting Technology Co., Ltd, established in 2003, is a high-tech enterprise specialized in research, producing, global sales and service of LED Lighting products. We provide a wide range of LED products, including LED panel lights...
We are Supplier and Seller of: led lamps, led lighting, led panel, led bulb, led module, led flexible strip, led wall washer, led street light, led spot.
Member since 27 July, 2012, China - Guangdong
|Primary Business Type(s): Manufacturer|
Buy & Sell Offers: 0 - No Current Trade Leads
Products: 0 - No Current Products
|Xiamen Vigorous Optoelectronic Co., Ltd.|
Xiamen Vigorous Optoelectronic Co.,Ltd., is a professional hi-tech enterprise specialized in the research, development, manufacturing, and marketing of LED illumination products. With strict quality control, full technology support, newest technology...
We are Supplier and Seller of: solar led light, led tube, down light, led bulb, panel light, led module, led strip, led ceiling light, mr16 gu10.
Member since 2 August, 2012, China - Fujian
|Yayuhong Optoelectronic & Technology Co., Ltd.|
Yayuhong Optoelectronic&Technology Co.,Ltd is a high-tech enterprise, dedicated to the design, manufacture and sales of the world class AD lighting source and LED lighting source. We passed ISO9001:2000 quality systems, ISO14001:2004 environment syst...
We are Supplier and Seller of: led modules, led module, led strip, led injection module, outdoor led module, samsung led module, smd led module, power led module, high power led module.
Member since 21 July, 2015, China - Guangdong
|Shenzhen Clen Optoelectronics Co., Ltd|
Shenzhen Clen Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. (Clen) is a professional manufacturer which engaged in developing, manufacturing and marketing LED lighting products. Its high productive assembly lines have abilities to produce all types of LEDs series produc...
We are Supplier and Seller of: cob led downlight, led spotlight, led light bulb, led down lamp, led tube light, digital led strip, pixel led module, cob light, wifi control color changing led lighting bulb.
Member since 28 April, 2014, China - Guangdong
Onumen technology is the development, production, sales and service into a professional flexible LED curtain screen production of the pioneers and providers. We are committed to the new LED product development and production, and continuous improveme...
We are Supplier and Seller of: led screens, led flexible screens, led curtain screens, dmx decoders, dmx drivers, dmx controllers, smd pixel led module lights, auto-curl flexible led curtain screens, curtain screens.
Member since 1 April, 2011, China - Guangdong
|Shenzhen Hiboled Photoelectircity Co., Ltd|
Shenzhen Hiboled Photoelectricity Co.,Ltd. is a professional Led display & light manufacturer which integrated R&D,design and producing. Moreover, in order to meet the different market demands, we also provide the OEM, ODM services. All our p...
We are Supplier and Seller of: outdoor full color led display, indoor full color led display, led screen, led board, led modules, led panel, led display for advertising, led sign, digital display.
Member since 20 August, 2010, China - Guangdong
|Xi'an SLAN Optoelectronic Technology Co. ,Ltd.|
Xi'an SLAN Optoelectronic Technology Co. Ltd is a professional manufacturer specializing in the R&D, production and export of indoor and outdoor high power LED lamps. Our products include LED modules, LED down lights, LED bulbs, LED Flood lights, LED...
We are Supplier and Seller of: led bulb lamp, led flood light, led ceiling lamp, led downlight, led track lamp, led street light, led tube lamp, led module, led strip lamp.
Member since 21 March, 2014, China - Shaanxi
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European Machinery & Electronics - Bulbs & Tubes Companies
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X Spy Cards store has launched the special pair of cheating contact lenses for all types of spy cheating playing cards in Faridabad. These lenses are made of HEMA Polymacon material rated as best material to make contact lenses. These lenses are very soft and easy to wear on eyes. User can easily use these lenses for more than 7 hours without causing any harm to the eyes. These lenses can see any type of secret marking made with invisible ink or luminous printing technology. Use these cards and lenses in combination to win any card game. Get more details at:
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1. When a moving object is detected in the camera within the recording range, the camera will start recording.
2. Using a high-definition lens, good light transmission, true color reproduction, effectively reducing image distortion.
3. High-definition video, clear and smooth, high-definition picture quality for you to convey a good life.
4. The three-color light file is adjustable, high brightness, delicate, not dazzling, and has eye protection.
5. It can be placed directly on the desktop, hung on the wall, or pasted on metal, which is very simple and convenient. Not only camera actions, but also night lights.
The night light can be controlled by App: Little Star
Lens angle: 110-degree wide-angle
Video format: AVI 1920*1080p
Picture pixels: JPEG 4032*3024
Battery: 1000 mAh
Battery life: about 450 minutes
TF memory: maximum support 32GB
PIR sensing angle: 120o
PIR sensing distance: 1-5 meters, camera HD
Product name: Camera recording
Motion detection: support
1 x base
1 x data cable
1 x manual


File:Schematic diagram of the human eye.png
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== Eye Anatomy ==A guide to the many parts of the human eye and how they function.
The ability to see is dependent on the actions of several structures in and around the eyeball. The graphic below lists many of the essential components of the eye's optical system.
When you look at an object, light rays are reflected from the object to the cornea, which is where the miracle begins. The light rays are bent, refracted and focused by the cornea, lens, and vitreous. The lens' job is to make sure the rays come to a sharp focus on the retina. The resulting image on the retina is upside-down. Here at the retina, the light rays are converted to electrical impulses which are then transmitted through the optic nerve, to the brain, where the image is translated and perceived in an upright position!
Think of the eye as a camera. A camera needs a lens and a film to produce an image. In the same way, the eyeball needs a lens (cornea, crystalline lens, vitreous) to refract, or focus the light and a film (retina) on which to focus the rays. If any one or more of these components is not functioning correctly, the result is a poor picture. The retina represents the film in our camera. It captures the image and sends it to the brain to be developed. The macula is the highly sensitive area of the retina. The macula is responsible for our critical focusing vision. It is the part of the retina most used. We use our macula to read or to stare intently at an object.
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
|current||12:00, 5 June 2006||600 × 550 (54 KB)||Eliashc||optimized using optipng.|
|05:37, 14 March 2005||600 × 550 (73 KB)||Delta G||Schematic diagram of the human eye(zonule fibers -> zonular fibers(more common))|
|04:58, 14 March 2005||600 × 550 (72 KB)||Delta G||Schematic diagram of the human eye(smaller, vitreous fluid -> vitreous humor)|
|04:36, 14 March 2005||866 × 793 (115 KB)||Delta G||Schematic diagram of the human eye|


Photographic equipment – light meters.
Cameras tended to come in two broad categories: those with a fixed lens and limited ability to make adjustments, and those which allowed many adjustments of shutter speed, focal length etc. These adjustments had to be made manually.
In order to get the correct setting for the brilliance of the light, photographers carried a light meter which measured the brilliance and gave a guide what to set the shutter speed and lens aperture (f stop) to for optimum exposure for the film speed.
The film speed (sensitivity) and the brilliance of the subject and the shutter speed were all combined to consider the aperture of the lens.


Color: Black / White
Product Name: LED WALL Light
Output power: 2W 4W 6W 8W 10W 12W
Light source: LED Chip
Color temperature:6000-6500K (Cold White)/3000-3500K(Warm White)
Input voltage:AC 85-265V
Size: As size sheet
Installation type: Wall Mounted
LED work temperature: -20 C ~ +45 C
Lifespan: more than 30,000 hours
➤Modern Simple Design
High-Quality Die-cast Aluminum Alloy with no rust, Surface frosted lacquer paint treatment, not easy to oxidation, don’t fade. LED power saving and durable, which with up to 30,000h of life.
Unique waterproof design can make sure good waterproof property, can withstand adverse weather conditions and usage environments. Both indoor and outdoor are available, can provide you with better security.
➤Up & Down Light Effect
Up and down glowing, , bright and soft uniform light, no flash, no glare, eye protection; intervals of the lamp beads, make wall sconce lights produced a perfect superposition light effect, increase lamp beads efficient radiating, reduce light failure.
➤Intelligent LED Light Source
Input Voltage: AC86V-265V; Intelligent LED lamp beads, more extensive light, low power consumption; High-quality LED driver, built-in intelligent IC chip, saving energy and durable.
Indoor or outdoor lighting, perfect for garden, bathroom, bedroom, corridor, living room, porch, kitchen, hallway, stairs and other different places.
1 * LED Wall Lamp(Not Dimmable, No Motion Sensor, No Switch)
Question & Answer:
Q: Is it Solar Power? Does it Work with battery? Any Motion Sensor?
A: NO. It come with driver, which build-in the lamp body, Connect with AC 110V/220V. Light Up Constantly.
Q:How to turn it on and off? Is dimmable?
A: Buy normal Switch. Not dimmable.
There are no reviews yet.


Weefine Solar Flare 3800 is a high-powered video light unit with an extremely accurate colour rendering index of RA95. The light comes fitted with a dome lens, which suppresses the magnification effect of water and keeps the beam angle at 120 degrees even when submerged. These professional COB LED features are packed into a surprisingly small and affordable package.
Brightness : 3800 Lumens.
Beam Angle : 100°.
Color Temperature : 4200K.
Rendering Index : Ra95.
Flood Light Power Level : 100% / 50% / 25%.
Burn Time : Approx. 55 minutes ( at 100% brightness ).
Button : Single push button with battery level meter.
Battery : 4 x 18650 wrapped to single cell.
Depth Rated : 100m / 330ft.
Weight : 550g on land / 255g underwater.
Dimension : 54(D) x118(L) mm.
Fixed : Ball mount or YS adapter.
Fiber Optic Connector : Use to connect our optional remote control unit.
WF036 SOLAR FLARE 3800
1″ ball mount
2 x Violet bumper o-rings


Comunicato Stampa disponibile solo in lingua originale.
Small, light and handy for many different applications
Always having an eye on the temperature: The Bosch UniversalTemp now helps users to measure surface temperatures quickly, easily and conveniently. The tool determines temperatures between -30 and +500 degrees Celsius via infrared measurement, making it one of the tools with the widest measuring range on the market. As such, the application possibilities are large: The UniversalTemp masters classical tasks such as checking heaters for consistent heat output or detecting energy losses caused by insufficient insulation just as easily as testing whether the pizza stone in the oven is at the right temperature for perfectly baked pizza. The UniversalTemp helps to save energy and is quickly ready for use. It stands out from equivalent competitor models thanks to three measurement modes, each assigned to a certain group of materials. These modes take into account the emissivity ‒ the heat emission ‒ of the relevant surface during the infrared measurement. Therefore, the surface temperatures of different materials such as concrete, granite, laminate, sand, cork, porcelain or glass can be determined more precisely. The supplied material overview helps users to select the correct mode. No matter what type of surface is checked: The UniversalTemp is small, light and always fits comfortably into your hand thanks to the narrow pistol grip with softgrip.
Easy operation, fast results
The measurement results are shown in white on the illuminated display with black background, making them very easy to read. The display shows both the current and previously measured value. In addition, users can see whether a measurement is in progress, check the battery’s charge status and see which mode is active.
To carry out a measurement, users select the required mode simply at the push of a button, hold the tool perpendicular to the surface and trigger the measurement via the convenient activation switch. While the switch is pressed, the tool continuously measures the temperature of the surface currently hit by the infrared beam and displays the value continually. This makes it possible to determine minimum and maximum values within a surface, for example to detect thermal bridges or check heaters for consistent heat output.
The UniversalTemp is available at retail outlets. Prices are recommended retail prices including VAT.
© Copyright 2019


Article of science
This article article of science additional citations for verification.
Colors can appear different depending on their surrounding colors and shapes. The two small squares have exactly the same color, but the right one looks slightly darker, the Chubb illusion. The photo-receptivity of the «eyes» of other species also varies considerably from that of humans and so results in correspondingly different color perceptions that cannot readily be compared to one another. The science of color is sometimes called chromatics, colorimetry, or simply color science. Continuous optical spectrum rendered into the sRGB color space. Although the spectrum of light arriving at the eye from a given direction determines the color sensation in that direction, there are many more possible spectral combinations than color sensations. The color of an object depends on both the physics of the object in its environment and the characteristics of the perceiving eye and brain.
Physically, objects can be said to have the color of the light leaving their surfaces, which normally depends on the spectrum of the incident illumination and science article properties of the surface, as of as potentially on the angles of illumination and viewing. If objects scatter all wavelengths with roughly equal strength, they appear white. If they absorb all wavelengths, they appear black. Opaque objects that specularly reflect light of different wavelengths with different efficiencies look like mirrors tinted with colors determined by those differences.
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Objects may emit light that they generate from having excited electrons, rather than merely reflecting or transmitting light. To summarize, the color of an object is a complex result of its surface properties, its transmission properties, and its emission properties, all of which contribute to the mix of wavelengths in the light leaving the surface of the object. The perceived color is then further conditioned by the nature of the ambient illumination, and by the color properties of other objects nearby, and via other characteristics of the perceiving eye and brain. When viewed in full size, this image contains about 16 million pixels, each corresponding to a different color on the full set of RGB colors. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million different colors.
Although Aristotle and other ancient scientists had already written on the nature of light and color vision, it was not until Newton that light was identified as the source of the color sensation. In 1801 Thomas Young proposed his trichromatic theory, based on the observation that any color could be matched with a combination of three lights. This theory was later refined by James Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz. The ability of the human eye to distinguish colors is based upon the varying sensitivity of different cells in the retina to light of different wavelengths. Light, no matter how complex its composition of wavelengths, is reduced to three color components by the eye.
Each cone type adheres to the principle of univariance, which is that each cone’s output is determined by the amount of light that falls on it over all wavelengths. For each location in the visual field, the three types of cones yield three signals based on the extent to which each is stimulated. The response curve as a function of wavelength varies for each type of cone. Because the curves overlap, some tristimulus values do not occur for any incoming light combination. The set of all possible tristimulus values determines the human color space. The other type of light-sensitive cell in the eye, the rod, has a different response curve.
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Those who misunderstand and misuse it will have terrible consequences, and those who know the true meaning of it will have books times from it.
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