Did you know that a laser level is an instrument that uses lasers to indicate the level or slope of a surface? Laser levels are often used by contractors, carpenters, and masons to ensure that their work is level. In this blog post, we will discuss how a laser level works and some of the different applications that they can be used for. Stay tuned!
How Does a Laser Level Work?
A laser level is a tool that uses a laser beam to create a horizontal or vertical line of light, used as a reference point for measurements. The laser level projects a laser beam in a very straight line and is used to help ensure that objects are level or plumb.
Laser levels are used in construction and many other applications. They are especially useful for long, level, or plumb lines that would be difficult to measure with a tape measure.
Types of laser levels
There are two main types of laser levels:
- Line lasers
- Point lasers
Line lasers project a laser beam in a very straight line horizontally, vertically, or at an angle. These types of laser levels are used for long, level, or plumb lines.
Point lasers project a dot of laser light instead of a line. These types of laser levels are used for short, level, or plumb lines.
A laser level is an instrument that projects a laser beam in a horizontal or vertical plane. The light emitted by the laser level is very bright and can be seen over long distances. The beam is used as a reference line for levelling or aligning objects.
How It Works
The laser level emits a laser beam that is reflected off of a mirror. The mirror is attached to a rotating platform. As the platform rotates, the laser beam sweeps across the surface of the object. The laser level can be used to create a horizontal or vertical line.
The horizontal plane is created by rotating the platform so that the laser beam sweeps in a horizontal line. The vertical plane is created by rotating the platform so that the laser beam sweeps in a vertical line.
The laser level can be used to align objects in a room or to create a level surface. It can also be used to measure distance. A laser level is a versatile tool that can be used in a variety of applications.
Size and price
Laser levels are available in a variety of sizes and prices. Some laser levels are small enough to fit in your pocket, while others are larger and more expensive. The size and price of the laser level will depend on the features and the quality of the level.
Laser Levelling Mechanisms
There are two main types of lasers leveling mechanisms,
Rotary laser levels emit a beam that rotates around a horizontal or vertical axis. The beam sweeps across the surface of the object, creating a level line.
Linear laser levels emit a stationary beam. The beam is attached to a fixed platform. The laser level can be used to create a horizontal or vertical line.
Laser levels can be used in a variety of applications. Some of the most common applications include:
Construction – Laser levels are used to create level foundations, align walls, and install windows and doors.
Home Improvement – Laser levels can be used to hang pictures, install shelves, and align appliances.
Landscaping – Laser levels can be used to create level patios, install fences, and build retaining walls.
How does a self-leveling laser work?
A self-leveling laser is a level that has a mechanism that automatically adjusts the laser beam to create a level line. The mechanism is usually activated by a button or a switch.
How do I choose a laser level?
The type of laser level you choose will depend on the application. For example, if you are going to be using the level for construction, you will need a different type of level than if you are going to be using it for home improvement.
Are laser levels accurate?
Yes, laser levels are very accurate. The accuracy of the level will depend on the quality of the level.
What should you not do with a laser level?
You should never look directly into the laser beam. The light from the laser can damage your eyes. You should also avoid pointing the laser at people or animals.
What is an advantage of a laser level?
A laser level is more accurate than a traditional level. The laser beam can be seen over long distances, making it easier to align objects.
Which is better red or green laser level?
There is no definitive answer. Some people prefer red laser levels because the beam is easier to see. Other people prefer green laser levels because they are more visible in daylight.
What is the range of a laser level?
The range of a laser level is the distance that the beam can travel without being obstructed. The range will depend on the power of the level. Some laser levels have a range of up to 100 feet (30 meters).
Can a laser level be used indoors?
Yes, laser levels can be used indoors. However, you should avoid using the level near windows or other sources of light. The light from the laser can reflect off of these surfaces and create a glare.
A laser level is a great tool to have in your arsenal for any number of reasons. Whether you’re a contractor trying to hang drywall or put up trim, or you’re a DIY enthusiast working on a home improvement project, a laser level can make the process go much more smoothly.
In this post, we’ve answered some of the most common questions about how laser levels work. We hope this information helps you decide if a laser level is a right tool for your next project!


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NOVA technology is based on Fibre Segment Interferometry (FSI)
Partially reflecting elements are integrated into the sensing fibres. The distance between two consecutive reflective elements is a segment. The segment length L (from 10 mm to tens of meters) defines the spatial resolution.
Strain (∆L) or a temperature difference (ΔT) applied to a segment induces a phase change to the light carrier signal for each reflector. From the measurable phase change, it is possible to quantify the deformation.


[ Summary | DETAILS | CONCLUSION | References ]
本研究の目的は、乗り物において死角領域を透視表示する視野外情報提示システムの構築である。ディスプレイ方式として再帰性反射材にプロジェクタで映像を投影する再帰性投影技術（RPT: Retro-reflective Projection Technology）を用いることで、乗り物の内壁部分に視野内情報と連続的に明るさや大きさなどの違和感なく視野外情報を提示できる。すなわち、乗り物の床、ドア、ピラーといった内壁部分に再帰性反射材を貼り、車外カメラで得た視野外情報を再帰性投影することで、内壁部分があたかも透明な窓であるかのような状況を実現できる。自動車はもとよりヘリコプターにこの機能を搭載すれば、床部分に提示された地面を見ながら安全に離着陸を行うことも可能となる。
The experience of driving a car would be quite different and attractive if the car was to be transparent, as if it was made of glass. In such a scenario, you would not only enjoy a 360° view around you through the windows but also a view through the body of the car that would give you the impression of flying a few feet above the road surface. Such a Transparent Cockpit would be far safer and far more enjoyable than the cockpit that is currently available in cars, which affords a fairly restricted view of what lies ahead and an even more restricted view of what lies behind.
For the purpose of safety and increased operability, it is important to obtain a wide field of view while driving a car. However, cars typically feature limited space for glass windows. In this light, the concept of a Transparent Cockpit, in which an image of an object that is currently located in a blind spot is displayed on the inner wall of the car as if it is transparent, is quite attractive. In this system, internal components of the car, such as the doors, backseats, and floor, are virtually transparent. This completely eliminates blind spots, and objects that would otherwise be occluded by structural elements are observed as if through a window.
A Transparent Cockpit can be used not only in passenger cars but also in other vehicles such as helicopters or airplanes, the floor of which if made virtually transparent can aid the pilot in landing more easily (Fig.1).
Fig.1 Conceptual Images of Transparent Cockpit: Ideal (above) and Near Future (below).
In a car with a Transparent Cockpit, all internal components such as doors and seats must be virtually transparent, i.e., the driver must be able to see the outside environment as if these components are not there at all. The scenery through the internal components must be seamlessly connected to that viewed through the windows of the car.
The Transparent Cockpit system consists of an external camera system and an internal display system. Cameras are placed all around the vehicle to capture images of the surroundings. These images are processed as if they are viewed from the driver’s viewpoint and displayed on the internal components of the car.
Two types of display systems can be considered. One is an autostereoscopic display made of LCDs, LEDs, or OLEDs that is installed on the internal components of the car. However, it is currently very difficult to fabricate such displays to fit the varied shapes of dashboards, window pillars, doors, floor, and seats. In particular, seats are usually made of fabrics and are therefore unsuitable for installing fixed-type visual displays. Thus, the use of autostereoscopic displays made of OLEDs, while quite promising, is currently infeasible.
The other is a system using projectors. In this case, the internal components need only serve as screens—either by having a screen placed on them or by being made of a material that can be used as a screen—which is much easier to implement. Therefore, the use of projection technology is currently not only promising but also much more feasible.
However, several problems need to be solved for projectors to be used for displaying the outside environment using conventional projection technology.
(1) Brightness of the projected image is not sufficiently high to match that of the scenery observed through windows, especially in the daytime.
(2) When an image is projected on a complex-shaped screen such as dashboards or seats, it will be distorted, thus necessitating distortion correction.
(3) Special eyewear such as shutter glasses is necessary to observe stereo 3D images, without which the outside scenery would be observed as if on a screen.
(4) Projection of multiple images on the same screen is not possible, thus preventing multiple users from seeing their own scenery according to their viewpoint.
These problems of conventional projection technology can be solved by using Retroreflective Projection Technology (RPT). RPT makes it possible to transform any physical object into a virtual object simply by covering its surface with a retroreflective material.
In an RPT configuration, a projector is placed at the axial symmetric position of the user’s eyes, with a half-mirror used as a reference, and a pinhole is placed in front of the projector to ensure adequate depth of field, as shown in Figure 2. This condition is referred to as the “conjugate optical condition,” which is the principle of RPT. Images are projected onto a screen that is constructed, painted, or covered with a retroreflective material.
Fig. 2 Principle of RPT system.
Conventional screens scatter projected light equally in all directions, as in the case of a Lambertian surface. In contrast, retroreflective surfaces reflect projected light only in the direction of projection (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3 Three typical reflection patterns.
Figure 4 shows how a retroreflective surface behaves. The retroreflective surface is covered with microscopic beads of 50-µm diameter that reflect incident light back along the direction of incidence. This effect can also be achieved by using the microstructure of prism-shaped retroreflectors that are densely distributed on the surface.
Fig. 4 Retroreflective surface densely covered with microscopic beads of 50-µm diameter. Ideally, the refractive index should be 2.
RPT easily solves the four abovementioned problems of conventional projection technology as follows:
(1) In RPT, the brightness of the projected image is sufficiently high to match that of the scenery observed through windows.
The reflection brightness of a retroreflective material is roughly 500 cd/lux/m2. Multiplying this value by 0.25 to account for the reduction caused by using two half mirrors gives a final reflection brightness of 125 cd/lux/m2. In contrast, the reflection brightness of a white Lambertian screen is at most 1 cd/lux/m2. In other words, RPT is at least 100 times brighter than projection using normal screens.
(2) Even when an image is projected on a complex-shaped screen such as dashboards or seats, it is not distorted, making distortion correction unnecessary.
The combination of the retroreflector screen and the pinhole ensures that the user always sees images with accurate occlusion relations. In RPT systems, arbitrary screen shapes can be used owing to the characteristics of retroreflectors and the presence of a pinhole in the conjugate optical system. A good example of this characteristics of RPT is an “Optical Camouflage.” Figure 5 shows how an “Optical Camouflage” can be achieved by using RPT. Here, the coat is made of a retroreflective material that reflects light back along the direction of incidence. The retroreflection functionality is provided by microscopic beads on the surface of the coat, as explained previously. A half mirror allows observers to see virtually from the position of the projector. A head-mounted projector (HMP) projects an image of the background scenery captured by the video camera behind the camouflaged person. A computer uses image-based rendering techniques to calculate the appropriate perspective and to transform the captured image into the image to be projected onto the subject. Because the user is wearing a cloak made of a retroreflective material, which reflects incident light along the direction of incidence, an observer looking through a half mirror sees a very bright image of the scenery behind the user wearing the camouflage material, as if he or she is virtually transparent.
Fig. 5 Optical camouflage using RTP.
(3) Special eyewear such as shutter glasses is not necessary to observe stereo 3D images, and the observer can view the outside scenery at natural distances.
The above-described characteristics of RPT systems can be exploited to realize binocular stereovision using only one screen with an arbitrary shape. Figure 2 also shows how stereovision can be realized by using RTP. Here, the screen has an arbitrary shape covered or painted with a retroreflective material. The light projected by the right and left projectors is retroreflected from the surface of the same screen and is respectively observed by the right and left eyes. Thus, a stereoscopic view can be obtained using only one screen.
(4) Projection of multiple images on the same screen is possible, thus allowing multiple users to see their own scenery according to their viewpoints.
RPT can be used to project multiple images on the same screen; therefore, multiple users can project their own images onto the screen, and the users can view their own images independently.
The same technology can also be used to realize an autostereoscopic system with multiple viewpoints. Figure 6 shows the basic principle of the proposed RPT-based 3D display method. When images from a projector array are projected onto a retroreflector, light is strongly reflected along the direction of each projection lens. An identical number of viewpoints are created on either side of the axis of symmetry of the half mirror.
Fig. 6 Basic principle of 3D display consisting of a projector array and a retroreflector.
When a large number of projectors are arranged in a matrix, a 3D image can be viewed from multiple viewpoints. To realize smooth motion parallax, the density of projectors in the projector array must be sufficiently high. However, with commercially available projectors, it is difficult to form a projector array in which projectors are located very close to each other. One of the reasons for this is that the distance between adjacent viewpoints is limited by the size of each projector. In addition, the system scale would increase, and because of the large number of video outputs, the system cost would also increase. Therefore, a high-density projector array has been developed by arranging a number of virtual projection lenses by using a single projector and a lens array. The distance between viewpoints depends on the size of the lens array. A single video output is produced, and the cost involved is lower than that of using many individual projectors.
Figure 7 shows the optical system consisting of a high-density projector array. The system consists of a projector, a field lens, a lens array, a half mirror, and a retroreflective screen. Projected light from the projection source forms an image on the field lens. The lenses of the lens array are located at an appropriate distance so that their projected areas overlap. Each lens of the lens array works as a single projection lens. As a result, the number of lenses in the lens array is equivalent to the number of projection sources and, in turn, the number of viewpoints. Thus, the system shown in Fig. 6 is realized using a single projector in the system shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 Multiple viewpoint system for retroreflective projection technology.
Implementation in an actual car:
To demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed system, a test run was carried out in which the basic system was implemented in an actual car. A retroreflector was applied to the passenger’s door and to the dashboard. In this experiment, only one camera was used and image correction based on the camera-to-subject distance was not performed. The position of the HMP was fixed and it was not worn by the operator.
Figure 8 shows the experimental result. As shown in the figure, the internal components of the car are virtually transparent, and blind spots are clearly visible. Furthermore, the displayed image was sufficiently bright in the daytime. This result qualitatively demonstrates the effectiveness of the RPT system.
Fig. 8 Test run with Transparent Cockpit using RTP.
Implementation in Toyota Prius:
To explore the practical use of the proposed system, a setup was specifically built to fit within a Toyota Prius. The aim was to make the backseat virtually transparent, allowing the driver to see otherwise blind spots at the rear when reversing the car (Figure 9). In this application, the system had six viewpoints.
Fig. 9 (Above) The driver was able to see images (Bottom) that were captured by the cameras behind the car.
A Transparent Cockpit can change our experience of driving a car or of traveling in other means of transportation such as trains and airplanes. A Transport Cockpit aims to convey the feeling of “floating” in the vehicle as opposed to riding it. As such, a Transparent Cockpit is a type of augmented reality application, which can be used to enhance our ability to perceive the world around us.
[Tachi, 1999] Susumu Tachi: Augmented Telexistence, in Y. Ohta and H. Tamura (eds.), Mixed Reality - Merging Real and Virtual Worlds, Springer-Verlag, ISBN3-540-65623-5, pp. 251-260, 1999.
[Inami et al., 2000] Masahiko Inami, Naoki Kawakami, Dairoku Sekiguchi, Yasuyuki Yanagida, Taro Maeda, and Susumu Tachi: Visuo-Haptic Display Using Head-Mounted Projector, Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality 2000, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA, pp. 233-240 (2000.3) [PDF]
[Tachi, 2003] Susumu Tachi: Telexistence and Retro-reflective Projection Technology (RPT), Proceedings of the 5th Virtual Reality Internationl Conference (VRIC2003), pp. 69/1-69/9, Laval Virtual, France (2003.5) (Invited Keynote Paper) [PDF]
[Yoshida et al., 2007] Takumi Yoshida, Kouta Minamizawa, Kensei Jo, Hideaki Nii, Naoki Kawakami and Susumu Tachi: Transparent Cockpit, 34th Int. Conf. On Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (ACM SIGGRAPH 2007), Emerging Technologies, San Diego, USA (2007.8) [PDF]
[Yoshida et al., 2013] Takumi Yoshida, Keitaro Shimizu, Tadatoshi Kurogi, Sho Kamuro, Kouta Minamizawa, Hideaki Nii and Susumu Tachi: RePro3D: Full-parallax 3D Display with Haptic Feedback using Retro-reflective Projection Technology, Proceedings of International Symposium on Virtual Reality Innovations (ISVRI 2011), Singapore, pp.49-54 (2011. 3) [PDF]
[Tachi et al., 2014] Susumu Tachi, Masahiko Inami and Yuji Uema: The Transparent Cockpit, IEEE Spectrum, vol.51, no.11, pp.52-56 (2014.11).


A new UL listed full-capacity LED power supply is set to transform an array of industries, rightly catering to their needs.
FREMONT, CA: Environmental Lights, a pioneer in LED lighting solutions, has launched MicroMax VLB LED Driver. The launched product is a new, UL Listed, full-capacity LED power supply designed for low-voltage lighting applications. It offers up to 260 watts of 12 or 24 VDC power, ideal for a variety of commercial LED lighting applications. To ensure efficient operation, MicroMax VLB LED Driver supports advanced features, possessing a gilled design for effective heat dissipation. It can accept 120 or 277 VAC, suitable for use in more extensive facilities with commercial voltage. The life of LEDs and how they perform depends entirely on how users power them.
The newly launched product stands out from other LED power supplies as it is UL Listed, reticent, and has a space-saving footprint. Environmental Lights is thrilled about MicroMax VLB LED Drivers as they provide UL Listed low-voltage power solution that is quiet, compact and powerful. Being highly efficient and affordable, Micro Max VLB LED Driver has extraordinary features including full capacity, IP66 rating, small footprint, UL listed, multiple output wires, and efficient heat dissipation. It also accepts 120 or 277 VAC with a five-year warranty. Environmental Lights exclusively sells MicroMax VLB LED Drivers with the company sales engineers available to assist customers with project specifications, prototypes, and quotes. Environmental Lights offers a wide selection of LED drivers and adapters that have been designed and rigorously examined to ensure quality. Its power supplies are engineered to prolong the life of the LED lighting.
Environmental Lights is a California-based consumer goods solution provider of LED lights. The company has transformed environments with LED lighting technology by engineering its clients' visions into innovative solutions. Environmental Lights partners with its customers from project inception, through planning, installation, and specification of their LED lighting systems. It has been solving lighting difficulties by transforming environments in an extensive range of industries, working with everyone from large fixture businesses, retail brands, and designers to lighting electricians, architects, and homeowners.
Environmental Lights has also built out an extended library of sources to help clients with the quickly-evolving LED lighting technology and its expanding line of products. Engineering is the lifeblood of Environmental Lights, working tirelessly to ensure that it creates a dependable lighting system that scales organizational needs. Understanding that each project has unique specifications, Environmental Lights offers built-to-order LED lighting options that fit custom project needs.


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Introduction; 2. Basic optics; 3. The optical fiber; 4. Ray analysis of planar optical waveguide; 5. Graded index optical fibers; 6. Material dispersion; 7. Planar waveguides; 8. Characteristics of a step-index fiber; 9. Graded Index fibers; Waveguide dispersion and design considerations; Sources for optical fiber communication; Detectors for optical fiber and communication; Fiber optic communication system design; Optical fiber Amplifiers; Dispersion compensation and chirping phenomenon; Optical solitons; Single-mode fiber optic components; Single mode optical fiber sensors; Measurement methods in optical fiber: I; Measurement methods in optical fibers: II; Periodic interactions in waveguides; Ray equation in Cartesian coordinates; Ray paths; Leaky modes.
Editorial Reviews "This is a truly comprehensive, timely text for in-depth studies of communication via fiber optics The text clearly elucidates all the intricate topics with step-by-step, easy-to-follow mathematical analysis. The authors make it surprisingly easy for the reader to grasp the underlying physical concepts together with the mathematical model. Its thoroughness, breadth, and clarity of presentation will attract a large audience.
An Introduction to Fiber Optics


Saturday, July 4, 2009
Most efficient single junction solar cell-QuantaSol
sets world record
LONDON, UK-- Quantasol
Ltd has developed in just two years a single-junction
cell achieving 28.3% efficiency at greater than 500 suns-setting
the world record for the most
efficient single junction solar cell.
Photo:Quantasol has come up with
a new solar cell design that can be tuned to the light at
a particular latitude, and in the process broken a 21-year-old
efficiency record for one type of solar cell.
Its cell had been independently assessed
by solar research body Fraunhofer ISE and was found to deliver
a 28.3 per cent efficiency at a solar concentration of greater
than 500 suns.
A new generation of 'nano-structured'
millimetre-sized solar cells that could convert the sun's
energy to electricity more than twice as efficiently as current
technology,can be tuned to the prevailing light conditions
of a particular place, to get the most out of the cells wherever
new scientific invention is the subject of an Imperial College
London exhibit called 'A Quantum of Sol' at the Royal Society
Summer Science Exhibition 2009.
“Our technology is the industry’s best
kept secret. This is the first time that anyone has successfully
combined high efficiency with ease of manufacture, historically
a bug-bear of the solar cell industry,” said Kevin Arthur,
CEO. “We’re now gearing up to provide multi-junction cells
of even higher efficiencies as early as Q1 2010.”
The 'Quantum of Sol' exhibit explains
the technology behind so-called 'third generation' solar cells.
These are designed on the nano-scale, which means the materials
they are made of are custom-built on a scale 1000 times smaller
than the size of a human hair.
These third generation solar cells can
capture more of the sun's energy than existing silicon solar
panels because they contain different layers of material that
absorb a broader spectrum of colours. Individually targeting
different colours of sunlight in this way captures more of
the sun's energy, creating much more efficient solar cells.
Silicon solar panels, which have been around
since the 1950s and are relatively cheap to produce, lose
a lot of the sun's energy, and tend to operate with just 12
- 20% efficiency.
The new generation of so-called 'multi- junction'
solar cells has the potential to perform much better, with
the current world record for efficiency standing at 41%, and
Dr Ekins-Daukes predicting that 50% efficiency will be achieved
within a decade.
Commercial silicon solar cells are much
cheaper than GaAs, but have an efficiency of just 10 to 12
per cent and are also bulkier. The Quantasol device can cope
with much brighter light without becoming overloaded, making
it possible to use a very small solar cell to absorb light
collected by a system of cheap lenses and mirrors.
But more important than the peak efficiency
is that the new cells can generate more electrical energy
over the course of days and weeks, says Kevin Arthur, Quantasol
"The commercial market doesn't just want high
efficiency, they want the device to be optimised to the environment,"
he says. "In the past we measured performance in dollars per
watt. Now it's cents per kilowatt-hour that's more important."
Related world records:
efficient solar-to-grid convertor-world record set by SES
advanced home flight simulator-world record set by Matthew
advanced bicycle-world record set by Factor 001
working cell phone-world record set by Cricket
Zoetrope-world record set by the BRAVIA-drome from Sony
Helicopter-world record set by GEN H-4
mobile phone-world record set by Modu mini phone
PC-world record set by Fi7EPOWER MLK1610
processor-world record set by Intel Core i7
satelitte messenger-world record set by SPOT
Lite-Brite Picture-world record set by ASICS
durable phone-world record set by the Sonim XP1
printed digital image-world record set by Base3
unmanned flight-Zephyr sets world record
humanoid robot-world record set by the BeRobot
Saturday, July 4, 2009


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["Our company is a world-famous manufacturer which is specializing in R&D, manufacturing and selling of Plastic Color Sorter Machine. Our group has our own import and export rights. In order to ensure the performance and quality of our Plastic Color Sorter Machine, we control all processes strictly, including processing, assembly and delivery.
plastic color sorting machine - Alibaba.com
Plastic Color Machine Colour 2020 Hot Products Plastic Color Sorter Machine Industrial Sorting/Grading PVC ABS Plastic Colour Sorter Machine $4,000.00-$9,000.00 / Set 1.0 Sets (Min. Order)
Plastic Color Sorter Hefei - ECeurope Market
Plastic color sorter for color sorting machine solutions any demand for color sorters, please write to the address of colorsorter.ben(at)hotmai l.com or just call 86521. 6sxg-441 6sxg756 6sxl-1200 schematic the scheme of plastic color sorter is as followed, feed hopper-vibratory feeder-chute-front ccd camera-front led backing light-background plate-rear ccd camera-rear led backing.
Plastic color sorter machine | color sorting machines
Figure 5.9 illustrates the response of typical filters used in sorting machines. 5.4.5 Detectors For a number of years the photomultiplier tube was the best detector of visible radiation. It has a good signal-to-noise ratio which enables detection of low light levels, and a satisfactory blue response.
Colour Sorting Machine | Electrostatic Platic Sepa|optical s
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MutaPLATE® HLA-DQ2+8 (TM) real time PCR Kit contains three allele specific primers and TaqMan probes, labeled with FAM, for the detection of the HLA-DQ2 & DQ8 alleles. The TaqMan probes bind to the amplificated target-DNA. Due to this, a fluorescence signal is generated and detected by the optical unit of the real time PCR instrument (e. g. Light Cycler®, Roche). Positive samples are identified due to the increase in fluorescence on the FAM (530 nm) channel during the PCR. An internal amplification control (IC), labeled with Yakima Yellow (560 nm), is also amplified with every sample. For a valid result, there must be a successful amplification of the IC on the YAK channel.


Web site: https://en.teyuchiller.com/
Email: [email protected]
Tel: + 86-20-89301885
Fax: + 86-20-84309967
Closed loop water chiller unit CWFL-1000 is specially designed to cool 1000W fiber laser and is manufactured by Guangzhou Teyu Electromechanical Co., Ltd (also known as S&A chiller), a professional Chinese industrial chiller manufacturer with 17 years experience.
The closed-loop water chiller unit CWFL-1000 has dual temperature control system and dual water, which can provide efficient cooling for fiber laser devices and optics simultaneously, saving a lot of cost and space.
Closed Circuit Water Chiller Unit CWFL-1000 Features:
1. 4200W cooling capacity; optional environmental cooler;
2. Precise temperature control of ± 0.5;;
3. The intelligent temperature controller has 2 control modes, applicable to different applied situations; With various setting and display functions;
4. Double temperature fiber laser device and optics to meet different needs;
5. Multiple power features; CE approval; RoHS approval; REACH approval;
6. Optional heater and water filter.
The coolant warranty is 2 years.


Mayall 4-Meter Telescope Photo Gallery
©2011 by Fred Espenak. All rights reserved.
The 4-meter (158-inch) Mayall Telescope is one of the largest optical telescopes in the world. Located near the 6875-foot summit of Kitt Peak, the 18-story observatory building can be seen from over 50 miles away. The telescope's 15 ton primary mirror is polished to one millionth of an inch and has a reflective aluminum coating one thousandth the thickness of a human hair.
The Mayall Telescope is used primarily for visible and infrared light observations and has played an important role in many fields of research. For example, the rotation curves of distant galaxies have been observed in order to determine the role of dark matter in the universe.
(Adapted from Kitt Peak Virtual Tour )
Steward Observatory's 2.3-meter Bok Telescope (also known as the 90-inch) is one of the largest telescopes on Kitt Peak. Built in 1969, the telescope is used for both imaging and spectroscopy by astronomers from University of Arizona, Arizona State University, and Northern Arizona University. The telescope is named in honor of Bart Bok, the prolific astronomer and director of Steward Observatory from 1966–1969.
(Adapted from Bok Telescope Home Page )
The following photo gallery presents a collection of images of Mayall and Steward Observatories.
Click on each thumbnail to see a larger image.


Our Hummingbird™ processor utilizes advanced vertically stacked packaging technologies to integrate a photonic and electronic die into one single package. Its revolutionary architecture provides a path forward to solve the “memory wall” faced by chip architects designing novel System-in-Packages with NoC interconnects.
Serving as the communications network for data centers and other high-performance applications, Hummingbird is the first in a family of products that utilize Lightelligence’s oNOC platform, improving computing performances by enabling innovative interconnect topologies via silicon photonics. Its waveguides propagate signals at the speed of light and utilize an all-to-all data broadcast network to each core on a 64-core domain-specific AI processor chip, giving Hummingbird significant advantages in latency and power reduction over traditional digital interconnect solutions.
Unlike digital networks, Hummingbird’s oNOC technology increases density scaling by enabling interconnect topologies that would be otherwise unrealizable. It enables higher utilization of computing power due to more efficient communication. With oNOC, mapping workloads to hardware becomes easier and provides greater freedom to select the right topology for the computing task.
Hummingbird is implemented as a low-latency optical all-to-all broadcast network spanning 64 cores. With 64 transmitters and 512 receivers, it provides a framework to implement a variety of dense optical network topologies.
Hummingbird's electronic and photonic ICs are co-packaged and integrated into a PCIe form factor for installation in industry-standard servers. Coupled with the Lightelligence Software Development Kit (SDK), machine learning and AI workloads can be optimized to take full advantage of the oNOC.
Click to expand


I would like to see a sniper rifle with adjustable scope, realistic ballistics (only bullet-drop, no wind-compensation please),
and “breathing-effect” (the scope moving around a little when zoomed in).
Preferably the scope would work like this:
You toggle the zoom by pressing the right mouse button.
While zoomed, if you press “E” a slider appears to the right of the screen where you can change the height offset of the scope in both positive and negative values.
The offset value is always displayed to the top of the screen.
A built in rangefinder, or a separate pair of binoculars with rangefinders would also be nice.
Could someone please do this for me?


AOI-M series Optical Inspection Equipment
TZTEK AOI-M series Optical Inspection Equipment combines many technologies such as TZTEK optical detection, autonomous Cam analysis and AI deep learning, as well as the detection and measurement integration equipment. It combines the traditional algorithm with AI algorithm to effectively perform false point filtering. It has a variety of resolution options, can adapt to different application scenarios, good detection effect, high degree of automation, low maintenance cost, and can be widely used in PCB, FPC, IC carrier board circuit detection.
AOI-OL Rigid Board On-line Optical Inspection Equipment
TZTEK AOI-OL On-line Optical Inspection Equipment integrates multiple technologies such as TZTEK optical inspection, independent Cam resolution and AI deep learning, with characteristics of high precision, high resolution and high efficiency. Connecting the etching line can automatically detect the size and thickness of the board, and automatically adapt to achieve the optimal drawing effect, which greatly reduces labor costs. Can be widely used in various PCB inner and outer layer inspection.


This is a non-destructive testing that makes visible the heat differences across the surface of building and components from heat transfers.
We use the Infrared Inspection tools in conjunction with state of the art nondestructive moisture meter to locate hidden defects and potential problems that a typical home or building Inspection Company cannot show us.
The Thermographer uses an infrared imaging camera to see thermal energy emitted from an object or surface. Thermal, or infrared energy, is light that is not visible to the human eye. It is the electromagnetic spectrum that we perceive as heat.
Conduction – Heat transfer though or between solids.
Convection – Heat via fluid.
Radiation – Heat transfer via Electromagnetic wavelengths.


|When one flips on the light switch in a dark room, the room instantly fills with light. It seems to happen all at once. This is because light travels fast- amazingly fast. The speed of light is 186,000 miles per second. Light travels so fast that the time taken by a person to blink its eyes three times, light could travel to the moon and back.
Rays of light travel in straight lines. This can be seen by making shadows. In a darkened room, shine a desk lamp or flashlight at a wall. Hold a book in front of the light. The light doesn’t bend or curve around the book. Instead, the book blocks the rays of light, which are traveling in straight line. And so the shadow of the book is seen on the wall.
The book does not let light to pass through it because it is opaque. Opaque materials block light. A wooden door is opaque. So is a metal can. Some materials are the opposite of opaque. They are transparent. Transparent materials are clear. One can see through them. They let light pass through almost unchanged. Glass and water are transparent.
What is the color of sunlight? It seems as if it has no color. But the color of the sunlight is white. The amazing thing about it is that the white light of sunshine is actually made up of all the colors in the rainbow. Using a prism can prove it.
If one holds the prism near a sunny window, the light will shine through and make a rainbow like band of colors. This shows that even though light may appear to be white or colorless, light is really made up of all colors. When light goes through a prism, the glass slows it down and changes its path. The process is called refraction. A prism refracts the light. A lens refracts the light.
A prism separates white light into the spectrum of colors. The prism bends the rays of light, but rays of each color bends differently. Red bends the least. Violet bends the most.
Raindrops in the sky refract the light, which is what causes a rainbow. When light is refracted, it often separates into a combination of colors called the spectrum. The colors of the spectrum always appear in the same order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Directions: Answer the following questions.


Protractor with Laser Mount, 12"
Designed for use with our high-powered BP-1 Trajectory Laser, this twelve-inch protractor is used to find and photograph angles quickly and easily. The adjustable arm easily slides from 10 degrees to 170 degrees and can be locked into place once the correct angle is determined. The laser beam creates a consistent straight line without the possible sag of string, thus increasing accuracy. The protractor is also available in a kit, which includes both the protractor and the BP-1 Trajectory Laser.


100 Item Items
Warning: Last items in stock!
Please Note: All lenses sold by HalloweenContacts.com are not vision correcting lenses, they cannot be used for vision correction like those sold by an optometrist. However we will have to confirm any optical prescription you may have when placing an order.
|Lens Type||Soft Contact Lens|
|Base Curve||8.8 mm|
|Materials||38% Polymacon, 62% Water content|
|Wearing Schedule||Occasional use will last up to 1 year.|
|Includes||2 Lenses in a box|
|Power||0.00 (Plano Only)|


Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is often performed simultaneously with high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) for nanoscale physico-chemical analysis. However, high-quality STEM-EDX tomographic imaging is still challenging due to fundamental limitations such as sample degradation with prolonged scan time and the low probability of X-ray generation. To address this, we propose an unsupervised deep learning method for high-quality 3D EDX tomography of core–shell nanocrystals, which can be usually permanently dammaged by prolonged electron beam. The proposed deep learning STEM-EDX tomography method was used to accurately reconstruct Au nanoparticles and InP/ZnSe/ZnS core–shell quantum dots, used in commercial display devices. Furthermore, the shape and thickness uniformity of the reconstructed ZnSe/ZnS shell closely correlates with optical properties of the quantum dots, such as quantum efficiency and chemical stability.


Infrared thermal imaging fundamentals research and applications michael vollmer klaus peter mllmann on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers this new up to date edition of the successful handbook and ready reference retains the proven concept of the first. Following a look at the fundamentals of ir thermal imaging properties of the imaging systems as well as basic and advanced methods the book goes on to discuss ir imaging applications in teaching research and industry. Later assignments were with the university of kassel germany the university of california in berkeley usa as well as with various institutions in the united states and asia during sabbaticals his research interests include atmospheric optics spectroscopy infrared thermal imaging and the didactics of physics. Download citation on researchgate on sep 1 2010 michael vollmer and others published infrared thermal imaging fundamentals research and applications. Infrared thermal imaging fundamentals research and applications chapters in this book could be divided into three areas the fundamentals of ir thermal imaging and related physics two chapters ir imaging systems and methods two chapters and applications including six chapters on pedagogical applications ir imaging of buildings and
How it works:
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Transitions collaborates with ic! Berlin for a range of new collection that will make your life a little bit easier. Transitions offers light adaptive technology that provides protection for your eyes from the sun. The lenses will adapt to the light condition and will automatically adjust their tint––the lenses go darker when the sun is brighter and become clearer when it’s not as bright.
ic! Berlin produces and markets screwless sheet- metalglasses. They focus on the clip-on hinge system––it holds both the frame and temple by using a detachable clip. What this means is that you can disassemble and reassemble the glasses individually.
These amazing glasses are available right now with the price starting from £290 for the metal frames and acetate frames from £300.


Our two OFC 2017 invited papers are now in ArXiV:
- Alex Alvarado, Information Rates and post-FEC BER Prediction in Optical Fiber Communications, Invited Paper, OFC 2017.
- Xianhe Yangzhang, Mansoor I. Yousefi, Alex Alvarado, Domanic Lavery, Polina Bayvel, Nonlinear Frequency-Division Multiplexing in the Focusing Regime, Invited Paper, OFC 2017.
They will be presented the the Optical Networking and Communication Conference in March 2017.
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In the Dimensional laboratory the unit of length, meter (m), is realized using two He-Ne iodine stabilized lasers. Furthermore, the laboratory is equipped with a gauge block interferometer, gauge block comparators, an autocollimator and an indexing table, a universal one dimensional measuring machine, a three dimensional coordinate measuring machine, a roundness measuring machine, as well as roughness measuring systems. Some of the calibrations and measurements performed in the laboratory are:
Lasers at 543 nm and 633 nm used in interferometry applications in dimensional measurements.
Gauge blocks of grade 00, K, 0 by laser interferometry. Measurement range 0,5 – 300 mm.
Gauge blocks by mechanical comparison. Measurement range 0,5 – 1000 mm.
Angles and optical polygons.
Roundness, cylindricity, straightness, squareness, parallelism, and roughness of various surfaces.


Eye Surgical treatment has actually come to be a mainstream method of vision improvement, and also this post will certainly discuss the benefits and negative aspects of three various methods being offered to the medical consumer.
Lasik Eye Surgical treatment
LASIK is the phrase for Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis and also is an eye medical system which permanently remedies vision by getting rid of a thin layer of the cornea. This procedure functions best on individuals with modest to high degrees of nearsightedness (nearsightedness), low to moderate levels of hyperopia (farsightedness) as well as astigmatism associated with nearsightedness, and also that have thick corneas. It is one of the most popular medical vision adjustment approach.
Individuals with typical eye sight see items clearly because pictures are brought into an appropriate prime focus by the cornea and lens of the eye. Preferably, the cornea's curvature is evenly matched to its size in a typical eye. People with astigmatism, myopia or hyperopia have irregularly shaped corneas, so the things seen are not focused properly. LASIK adjustments corneal shape by precise removal of corneal tissue, as well as by doing so corrects the eyes' focusing power.
There are, nonetheless, threats to LASIK eye surgical treatment.
There is a remote chance of complete loss of vision. If this takes place, it is usually since the client had a pre-existing problem which must have prevented the surgical procedure in the first place, such as maternity, cataracts, arthritis, diabetes, glaucoma, or lupus. People with large students are also bad prospects for LASIK. Dry eye disorder will certainly be worsened by this treatment.
A couple of individuals whine that they completely see "ghost" pictures, have blurred vision, lessened contrast as well as negative evening vision. When LASIK wased initially presented, 5% of clients had post-operative complaints; nevertheless, refinements in the procedure have triggered this rate to drop to less than 1% if LASIK is carried out by competent practitioners and people are properly evaluated prior to surgery. If issues do happen, they could commonly be resoved by a retreatment.
FDA has accepted LASIK laser eye surgical procedure since 1998. While there are a great deal of pleased patients, there are nevertheless no long term research studies regarding its impacts. Understand the constraints and the threats of LASIK eye surgical procedure prior to you sigh up for the procedure.
Though less popular, these small implants can enhance vision in individuals with moderate to modest myopia without the risk of irreversible eye damage integral in the tissue removal technique of LASIK. Intacs are semi-circular disks implanted in the cornea which stretch it to assume a flatter shape. Though somewhat much less precise than LASIK, they are removeable and exchangeable, so if the person has an unexpected over- or under-correction, the implant can be eliminated as well as one more of a different dimension inserted to obtain the desired adjustment. The implants lie beside the cornea, so the central visual area is totally undamaged and undamaged, and also the toughness of the cornea is undiminished, making it i loved this a better alternative for pilots as well as those who take part in get in touch with sporting activities where eye injury is an opportunity.
Intacs disagree for extreme nearsightedness as well as more than minor astigmatism (1.00 diopters), as the cornea could just be extended until now. If the Intacs are gotten rid of, vision go back to its preoperative degree. Other than vision modification, Intacs are also made use of to deal with keratoconus.
Intacs are FDA authorized and 10 year studies have actually exposed no major troubles with Intacs and few client problems; nevertheless, due to the fact that the procedure takes extra training compared to LASIK, there are less eye surgical treatment clinics offering it. Nevertheless, the Intacs internet site offers a listing of experts in each state, as well a couple of in Canada, Europe and Mexico.
Due to the fact that many individuals do not want to run the risk of LASIK and Intacs can not assist those with serious vision troubles, intraocular lens implants (IOL) are a new alternative authorized by the FDA in 2004 to fix moderate to severe nearsightedness. The Craftsmen lens, produced by Ophtec, resembles the kind of lens implant made use of to recover vision following cataract eye surgical procedure.
The brand-new IOL, called the Artisan, is meant for just individuals that have 2.5 diopters or less of astigmatism.
The artificial lens does not change the natural lens, yet is placed in front of it. The major trouble found with the dental implant was the constant loss of endothelial cells in the corneas of people who obtained the implants. The endothelium is a layer of cells that line the undersurface of the cornea as well as are vital in keeping the cornea clear. A three-year research revealed a consistent stable loss of endothelial cells of 1.8 percent a year. At this point, no one could forecast whether this loss will proceed at the very same price indefinitely, or perhaps its effect on corneal function.
To decrease lasting impacts of the tool on the corneal endothelium, the FDA is calling for that the brand-new lenses page be identified to define that they must only be dental implanted in individuals whose corneal endothelial cells are thick enough to stand up to minor cell loss.
Extra serious complications were few: retinal detachment (0.6%), cataract development (0.6%), and also corneal swelling (0.4%). The FDA is needing Ophtec to conduct a five-year follow-up study of its implant clients to better analyze the post-surgical occurrence of cataract development, retinal detachment and other sensory illness.
The Craftsmen lens is meant to be a long-term implant.Though it could be eliminated operatively, vision might not constantly return to just what it was before obtaining the lens. Since it does not influence astigmatism, clients with this trouble might still need glasses.


A12 Bionic Neural Engine System of the next generation
Xs: 5,8", 2436×1125 pixels. Xs Max: 6,5", 2688×1242 pixels.
Super Retina HD Display, OLED Multi‑Touch, HDR, 458 pixel/inch, brightness up to 625 cd /м², 3D Touch, True Tone
Double camera of 12 MP with wide-angled telephoto lens, 4K video recording with a frequency of 24, 30 or 60 frames/sec;
True Depth camera of 7MP, 1080p video recording with the frequency of 30 or 60 frames/sec, Face ID support.


Parameter Estimation of Fog Degradation Model and CUDA Design
Yu Chunyan, Lin Huixiang, Xu Xiaodan, and Ye Xinyan
(College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116)
Defogging algorithms based on atmospheric model always had atmospheric light and medium transmission limited by statistical or hypothetical information. Hence a non-hypothetical parameter estimation method was proposed. For precisely acquiring these parameters, the atmospheric light was solved by a quad-tree algorithm firstly. Secondly, a pre-trained convolutional neural network was proposed for estimating the transmission map optimized by the guided filtering algorithm further. Finally, by reversely solving the atmospheric scattering model, the de-fogging image was obtained. Experiments show that the proposed method has balanced performance on each index. It not only improves the degree of foggy image definition and brightness, but also efficiently avoids the Halo effect. Time performance also analysis indicates that, compared to other defogging algorithms, efficiency of our algorithm using CPU has increased 40 % at least. After parallelizing the time-consuming guided filtering algorithm through CUDA, the efficiency has improved remarkably which can process a fog image with the resolution of 640×480 pixels only in 0.048 9 s. It can be directly applied to video processing to meet real-time requirement.
atmospheric scattering model; quad-tree algorithm; convolutional neural network; CUDA


JWST stands for James Webb Space Telescope. This is the new generation telescope that will overtake the Hubble Space Telescope after over 30 years of incredible astronomical images and science.
The JWST is due to launch on 22 December this year, and a lot is at stake. To learn more about this feat of science and technology, join us:
on 10 December 2021 at 13:00 – 15:00 GMT as we speak to:
Dr. Sarah Kendrew from the European Space Agency and the Space Telescope Science Institute in the USA, and
Mr. Robel Geda from Princeton University, USA.
If you don’t register, the talks will be live on YouTube as well at this link.


The light is extremely efficient, offering high intensity and performance. Ceiling, wall, boom, or mobile versions offer you versatility and a wide range of applications.
Experience simple, streamlined ECG testing with a solution that’s designed to help your practice run more efficiently.
The revolutionary, wide-view PanOptic Ophthalmoscope addresses the fundamental challenge in ophthalmoscopy: seeing a full, clear view of the fundus in order to make more accurate assessments. Patented Axial PointSource™ Optics make it easy to enter undilated pupils. And with a 25° field of view, it offers a 5X wider view of the fundus than can be seen with a standard ophthalmoscope in an undilated eye. Viewing the fundus directly through the PanOptic can help you detect retinal changes related to hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, papilledema and more—so you can better diagnose diseases and care for your patients.
Enhanced light output makes refractions easier than ever, by producing one of the sharpest, brightest and cleanest streaks available on the market
Professional Quality Readings of Oxygen saturation Level and Pulse Rate Monitoring
Medical Emporium, 1 Osho Street Opebi, lkeja, Lagos State, Nigeria


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In recent years, therapeutic light (light therapy) has gained more prominence as a safe, effective, natural and chemical-free treatment modality, becoming more widely adopted by major professional athletes, such as Norwegian footballer Martin Ødegaard and tennis player Casper Ruud.
Light therapy (also known as photobiomodulation) is an umbrella term referring to various forms of therapy treatment that use photonic energy of light for purposes of producing therapeutic benefits.
However, not all forms of light are created equal. Certain wavelengths of light are more beneficial than others, and then there are those that can even be hazardous to our health. So, how do you distinguish between different types of light?
However, there’s still a lot of misunderstandings and misinformation about red light therapy out there, including claims that it’s a bogus new age invention, that it has no scientific basis, and that it’s exactly the same as going to a sauna. Although none of these claims are factual, myths about red light therapy continue to persist.
Red light therapy, also known as low-level laser therapy or LED therapeutic light, utilizes light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in red and near infrared light wavelengths to stimulate the body’s natural process of healing.
Contrary to popularly perpetuated myths, red light therapy is neither new age nor a hoax. In fact, quite the opposite. Red light as a form of therapy has existed for more than a hundred years, having first been explored by Danish physician Niels Ryberg Finsen. He applied red light in the treatment of smallpox and lupus, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1903 for his efforts.
In the mid-1990s, NASA scientists further explored and developed this technology after an accidental discovery during plant growth experiments in space showed that light-emitting diodes helped accelerate the healing of wounds on astronauts’ hands.
Further experiments demonstrated that red light therapy helped improve musculoskeletal training injuries in Navy SEAL team members by more than 40%, decreased wound healing time in crew members aboard a U.S. Naval submarine, and reduced the pain in children suffering from oral mucositis by 47%.
Red light therapy treatments imitate the beneficial effects of natural sunlight at dusk and dawn, but without the harmful UV rays (more on that in the next section).
Research has shown that this type of low-level laser therapy reaches maximum effectiveness when it combines red and near infrared light wavelengths.
But what exactly is the difference between the two? Here’s a handy way to compare them:
|Near Infrared Light
|Belongs to the visible light spectrum
|Belongs to the invisible light spectrum
|Wavelengths of 625-700 nanometers
|Wavelengths of 700-2,500 nanometers
|Mostly effective on the surface of the skin
|Effective both on the surface of the skin and 1 ½ inch underneath it
|Used primarily (though not exclusively) for wound healing, skin rejuvenation, etc.
|Used to relieve pain, repair muscle, recharge energy, recover faster, etc.
There are literally thousands of research studies that show the effectiveness of red light therapy, and the list of its benefits is practically endless. Here’s only a few:
In addition to wound healing, red light has also been proven effective in reducing fine lines, wrinkles, skin roughness, and increasing collagen density, which can improve joint health and skin elasticity.
Near infrared light can energize your body by increasing the production of adenosine triphosphate, which fuels numerous processes in living cells.
A combination of red and near infrared light can also help relieve pain, repair muscle, and recover faster after an exercise session.
As mentioned earlier, red light imitates certain healing properties of natural light, except for one crucial difference: it doesn’t include the harmful UV light. But what exactly is UV light?
UV (aka ultraviolet) light has shorter wavelengths that are invisible to the human eye – typically from 100 to 400 nanometers (compare that to much longer wavelengths of red and near infrared light).
The Sun contains the full spectrum of UV radiation: UV-A, UV-B and UV-C rays. While UV-A rays are mostly absorbed by our atmosphere, the exposure to UV-B rays can cause not only sunburn, but also increase the risk of DNA and other cellular damage that can lead to cancer.
So, although the Sun provides Vitamin D, a necessary nutrient, it also poses risks that can cancel out its benefits. In contrast, red light contains no UV rays whatsoever, and it emits very little heat, so there is no risk of burns, DNA or cellular damage, or cancer.
The wavelengths of infrared light are much larger (approximately the size of a pin head) and longer (15 micrometers to 1 millimeter) than those of near infrared light. They’re actually closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Infrared light is typically utilized in saunas through infrared electromagnetic radiation, and it functions through using heat for healing purposes. However, unlike near infrared light that can penetrate around an inch and a half beyond the surface of the skin, infrared light can only reach about 0.04 inches beneath the skin, while the rest of it gets absorbed by the water within our body.
Infrared saunas also emit a high amount of electromagnetic fields that, just like UV radiation, can potentially cause breaks in cellular DNA and even lead to cancer. Because red and near infrared light emit very low levels of electromagnetic fields, this form of therapy is much safer than going to an infrared sauna.
Red light therapy has been scientifically explored for more than a hundred years, and numerous research can testify to its health benefits. It doesn’t involve heat, UV rays, or electromagnetic fields, which means that not only is it effective, it’s also the safest form of light therapy.


Hard wearing LED bar driving lights designed for long distance on and offroad visibility.
The driving light bars are made from an extruded die cast aluminium housing with a polycarbonate lens and are supplied with stainless steel mounting brackets. They feature 5 watt OSRAM LEDs and are sealed to an IP67 rating.
LEDS: 24 x 5 Watt OSRAM LEDs
Lumens: 12,000 Lumens
Voltage: Suits 9-32 Volt applications
Dimensions: 359mm x 58mm x 74mm
Current Draw: 10 Amp @ 12 Volts
Lens Material: Polycarbonate
Housing Material: Die cast aluminium housing
Mounting Brackets: End and slide
Beam Pattern: Combination


Revolutionizing the Tech Industry: North America’s Role in Shape Measuring Device Innovation
The tech industry is a dynamic and ever-evolving landscape, with North America at the forefront of many groundbreaking innovations. One such area where North America has been making significant strides is in the development of shape measuring devices. These devices, which are used to accurately measure the dimensions of an object, are revolutionizing various sectors, including manufacturing, construction, and healthcare.
North American tech companies have been instrumental in driving the innovation and development of these devices. They have been pushing the boundaries of what is possible, creating devices that are more accurate, faster, and easier to use than ever before. This has been made possible through a combination of cutting-edge research, a culture of innovation, and a willingness to take risks.
One of the key areas where North American companies have been leading the way is in the development of 3D scanning technology. This technology uses lasers or structured light to capture the shape and size of an object in three dimensions. It has a wide range of applications, from quality control in manufacturing to creating detailed 3D models for virtual reality experiences.
North American companies have been at the forefront of developing this technology, creating devices that are more accurate and faster than their predecessors. They have also been working on making these devices more accessible, developing handheld scanners that are affordable and easy to use.
Another area where North American companies have been making significant strides is in the development of non-contact measurement devices. These devices use technologies such as laser triangulation or capacitive sensing to measure the dimensions of an object without physically touching it. This is particularly useful in industries such as semiconductor manufacturing, where even the slightest contact can damage delicate components.
North American companies have been leading the way in developing these non-contact measurement devices, creating systems that are more accurate and reliable than ever before. They have also been working on making these systems more user-friendly, developing intuitive interfaces and software that make it easy for anyone to use these devices.
The impact of these innovations is far-reaching. In the manufacturing sector, for example, these devices are helping to improve quality control, reducing the number of defective products and saving companies millions of dollars. In the construction industry, they are helping to ensure that buildings and infrastructure are built to exact specifications, improving safety and durability. In the healthcare sector, they are being used to create detailed 3D models of patients’ bodies, improving diagnosis and treatment.
In conclusion, North America’s role in the innovation of shape measuring devices is revolutionizing the tech industry. Through a combination of cutting-edge research, a culture of innovation, and a willingness to take risks, North American companies are creating devices that are more accurate, faster, and easier to use than ever before. These devices are having a profound impact on a wide range of industries, improving quality control, enhancing safety, and saving companies millions of dollars. As we look to the future, it is clear that North America will continue to play a pivotal role in driving the innovation and development of shape measuring devices.


Dear user, changes will soon be made to Orfeo. We will undertake the migration to a new version, another environment (and therefore a new URL: https://orfeo.belnet.be/) and another provider. Belnet will take over the management of Orfeo in the future. For you, this means that no changes, modifications or uploads can be made to the database Orfeo from the 1st of December 2021 to the 10th of December 2021. The database remains available for consultation. From the 10th of December 2021 onwards, you can reach Orfeo via the new url https://orfeo.belenet.be/. Our apologies for the inconvenience.
Tunable acousto-optic spectral imager for atmospheric composition measurements in the visible spectral domain
|dc.contributor.author||Van Opstal, B.|
|dc.contributor.author||De Vos, L.|
|dc.description||We describe a new spectral imaging instrument using a TeO2 acousto-optical tunable filter (AOTF) operating in the visible domain (450–900 nm). It allows for fast (∼1 second), monochromatic (FWHM ranges from 0.6 nm at 450 nm to 3.5 nm at 800 nm) picture acquisition with good spatial resolution. This instrument was designed as a breadboard of the visible channel of a new satellite-borne atmospheric limb spectral imager, named the Atmospheric Limb Tracker for the Investigation of the Upcoming Stratosphere (ALTIUS), that is currently being developed. We tested its remote sensing capabilities by observing the dense, turbulent plume exhausted by a waste incinerator stack at two wavelengths sensitive to NO2. An average value of 6.0±0.4×1017 molecules cm−2 has been obtained for the NO2 slant column density within the plume, close to the stack outlet. Although this result was obtained with a rather low accuracy, it demonstrates the potential of spectral imaging by using AOTFs in remote sensing.|
|dc.title||Tunable acousto-optic spectral imager for atmospheric composition measurements in the visible spectral domain|
|dc.subject.free||Acousto-optical tunable filter|
|dc.subject.free||Slant column densities|


See Bigger and Brighter with this Handcrafted Magnifying Glass.
The magnifiying glass is double polished for a sharper image resolution. Includes a quality 2-1/2″ ground glass lens and a 3-1/2″ handle with 24kt gold plated components. Our 24kt gold uses a “premium rack plating” process and is covered with an epoxy coating for extreme durability.
View below for more product details and a description of the material this item has been handcrafted from.
|Shipping Australia:||Free within Australia|
|Payment Options:||Credit Card|


Visual Mapping for Humanoid Robots and Personal Navigation
Nowadays, 3D applications have recently become a more and more popular topic in robotics, computer vision or augmented reality. By means of cameras and computer vision techniques, it is possible to obtain accurate 3D models of large-scale environments such as cities. Vision-based localization in a prior 3D map and Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) are two techniques of great interest. Robots need to perform tasks in the environment autonomously, and for this purpose, is very important to know precisely the location of the robot in the map. In the same way, providing accurate information about the location and spatial orientation of the user in a large-scale environment can be of benefit for those who suffer from visual impairment problems. In this talk, I will describe my research towards efficient visual SLAM and vision-based localization algorithms applied to humanoid robots and visually impaired people. In addition, I will show my latest results on visual SLAM in highly dynamic environments.
More information could be found in Pablo's website:


RGBWW+W 5in1 LED Chip
RGBWW+W 5in1 led is r,g,b,warm white and cool white color 5 color chips inside the 5050 smd led,one led have one rgb led strip function and two pure white led strips, can be achieve different color for different emotions ,rgb can be use as the holiday lighting for decoration,warm white and cool white can be use for normal lighting.
it can use as the lighting source for the led strips,led panels and so on.
Kindly check the link for more details about 5050 5in1 led chip.
digital rgb neon tube led light
Digital rgb neon light with colorful color change can be greatly in the decoration projects with high brightness and better color effect,here are our new product,DC5V/12V/24V low voltage flexible digital rgb pixel neon led lights:
Video about the ws2811 digital rgb led neon lights:
Our digital rgb neon tube flexible led light is using our low voltage (DC5V,12V,24V) digital rgb led strips as lighting source.the strips can be APA102,SK9822,SK6812,WS2813B,WS2811...
And the strip is inserted inside the neon tube as below picture:
The color effect is very uniform and high brightness..
it is IP68 waterproof can be outdoor use.
DC12V WS2815 LEDWS2815 led is DC12V digital RGB smd led,all the component package inside the 5050 smd led. It also can be mini edition：WS2815-MINI LED.WS2815 breakthrough the limitation of digital rgb led just can be dc5v,and achieve the dc12v inidividual pixel rgb led,which can be greatly use in the lighting lamps,especially the dc12v digital rgb pixel strips.For it is DC12v,so the 2815 can effectively reduce the operating current of the entire pixel,and reduce the voltage drop in the circuit board , greatly ensure that the pixels in a very long distance transmission to achieve good blending consistency.but the PWM refresh frequency is just 2kHZ;
Pictures of WS2815 :
ws2815 application circuit：
● Control circuit and RGB chips are integrated in one 5050 package components, constitute a complete external
● DC12V power supply,effectively reduce the working current of the whole pixel,lower PCB board’s voltage drop,
to the greatest extent Guarantee the pixels in a good mix of light consistency when long distance transmission.
● Using the built-in signal reshaping circuit to achieve the signal waveform shaping, and no distortion accumulate of
waveform when signaling;
● Built-in signal shaping circuit, any one pixel point again after received signal waveform shaping output, ensure the
line waveform distortion does not accumulate;
● The gray levels of each pixel are of 256 levels, which achieves “256*256*256=16777216” full-color display, and
● Port refresh frequency reaches to 2kHZ;
● Serial cascade interface: data receiving and decoding depend on just one signal wire;
● Dual-signal wires version, additional one signal wire,signal break-point continuous transmission;
● Any two points’ transmission distance no more than 5m,there is no need to add any circuit;
● When the refresh rate is 30fps, cascade pixels are no less than 1024 pixels;
● Data transmitting at speeds of up to 800Kbps.
● Good color consistency reliability, high cost-effective.
● LED Shoes light,Digital products,S style flexible strip,Architectural model,etc;
● LED curtain screen,LED pixel screen,LED Special-shaped screen;
WS2815-MINI is an intelligent control LED light source that the control circuit and RGB chip are integrated in a
package of 3535 components,outlook is the same as 5050 LED;Any components is a pixel;Its internal includes
intelligent digital port data latch and signal reshaping amplification drive circuit.Also include a precision internal
oscillator and a programmable constant current control part,which achieves highly consistent color effect.Realize double
signal transmission,if any pixel failure,it won’t affect the whole display;
The data transfer protocol use single NZR communication mode. After the pixel power-on reset, the DIN port
receive data from controller, the first pixel collect initial 24bit data then sent to the internal data latch, the other data
which reshaping by the internal signal reshaping amplification circuit sent to the next cascade pixel through the DO port.
After transmission for each pixel, the signal to reduce 24bit. Every pixel adopts auto-reshaping transmit technology,
making the pixel cascade numbers are not limited to the signal transmission, only relate to the speed of signal
The BIN receives the data signal, and then compare the data with the DIN side after phagocytosis of 24bit data, if
DIN do NOT receive the signal, then switching to BIN for receiving the input signal, which ensure that any the IC's
damage does not affect the signal cascade transmission and make the BIN in state of receiving signal until restart after
Refresh Frequency updates to 2KHz, Low Frame Frequency and no Flicker appear in HD Video Camera.
300us or more of reset time, it won’t cause wrong reset while interruption, it supports the lower frequency and
More details pls see the datasheet of WS2815
Digital rgb side emitting addressable led strip ws2811
Our new developed digital RGB side emitting led strip is use the ws2811 ic as the color dimming controller,and the leds are individual RGB pixel leds (not R+G+B),it is DC5V 60led 020 addressable rgb per m,full color addressable which can be DMX console controlled, artnet converter controlled with software,such as the madrix,MadMapper...


1. Spherical Lenses (Achromats)
We can produce singlet, cemented doublets, cemented multilayer lenses. Achromatic lenses are
optimized by computer to correct for on-axis spherical and chromatic aberrations. Metal housing can be
provided according to customer specification.
Minimum Diameter: 1.8mm.
Minimum Radius of Curvature: R=1mm.
Aperture: ordinary mirrors: 3--6 high-precision lenses: 1—2.
Quality Surface: ordinary lenses: 60/40, 40/20 scratch and dig;
high-precision lenses: 20--10 scratch and dig.
Centering: 1’—3’(depending on diameter).
Diameter Tolerance: 0.03mm.
Center Thickness Tolerance: ordinary request: 0.1mm; special request: 0.02mm.
Coating: anti-reflective coating, broadband anti-reflective coating, single-point anti-reflective coating.
Large or extra-large spherical lenses with high-precision have been challenging to make in whole optical
manufacturing industry. After exploring and making efforts for many years, we can now produce extra-
large spherical lenses with the diameter of 300-500 mm. The technical parameters include: the aperture
is 3--20, the quality surface is 60~40, the centering is 1’—3’ and the diameter tolerance is 0.5mm.
2. Customized Lenses
According to the customer's request, we can manufacture various spherical lenses, flat lenses,
cylindrical lenses, aspheric lenses, pyramidal lenses through special processing methods. We can
also supply your special requirement with very a competitive price.
3. Ball Lenses and Half-ball Lenses
Ball lenses are great tools for improving signal coupling between emitters, detectors and fibers.
Diameter: 1 mm -- 100 mm (ordinary ball).
400 mm (craft ball).
Diameter Tolerance: +/-0.01 mm
Surface Quality: 60/40, 40/20 scratch and dig.


The technology could revolutionize the development of surface lasers, making them more compact and energy-efficient for communications and computing applications. The new BIC lasers could also be developed as high-power lasers for industrial and defense applications.
"Lasers are ubiquitous in the present day world, from simple everyday laser pointers to complex laser interferometers used to detect gravitational waves. Our current research will impact many areas of laser applications," said Ashok Kodigala, an electrical engineering Ph.D. student at UC San Diego and first author of the study.
"Because they are unconventional, BIC lasers offer unique and unprecedented properties that haven't yet been realized with existing laser technologies," said Boubacar Kanté, electrical engineering professor at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering who led the research.
BIC lasers can be readily tuned to emit beams of different wavelengths, a useful feature for medical lasers made to precisely target cancer cells without damaging normal tissue.


While doing my routine tests with the Sony A7iii, i decided to test 13 different wide angle lenses, and i was able to shortlist 5 of them. Out of those 5, the Rokinon RK12M-E was the best bang for your buck, meaning it provided amazing value for your money. If you are looking for something that is more professional, then the Sony E 10-18mm, F4 OSS is a great option. I will talk about each of these lenses in detail in the following sections, and we will discuss their pros and cons.
Sony A7 III is a mirrorless interchangeable-lens digital camera that is the most useful full-frame cameras available in the market. It features a combination of value and efficiency. The camera can capture amazing shots even in low light conditions. One can also use this camera to capture wide-angle photos with specialized lenses.
Best For Low-Light
|Sony FE 20mm F1.8 SEL20F18G
|Check Price On Amazon
Best For Portraits
|Sony 55mm F1.8 Sonnar T FE ZA
|Check Price On Amazon
Best For Travel
|Sony FE 16-35mm F2.8 GM (SEL1635GM)
|Check Price On Amazon
The Most Versatile
|Sony E 10-18mm F4 OSS SEL1018
|Check Price On Amazon
Best For Landscapes
|Rokinon 12mm F2.0 (RK12M-E)
|Check Price On Amazon
Wide-angle lenses, as the name suggests, are the ones that offer a significantly broader view than that of other lenses. If you are interested in outdoor and landscape photography with your Sony A7 III, you must pick the right wide-angle lens. We have come with a list of 5 best wide-angle lenses for Sony A7 III and hope it will help you invest in the right product. If you are looking for the same, here is the list to explore.
Top 5 Best Wide Angle Lens for Sony A7 III
5. Rokinon RK12M-E
Rokinon’s 12mm ultra-wide lens can be the best pick for Sony mirrorless cameras in your budget. It is a prime super lens designed for wide-angle photoshoots. The lens is compatible with most of the Sony E mount cameras.
The lens comes with a nanocrystal coating system (NCS) that facilitates improved light transmission. The technology also reduces internal reflections during the shoot.
The aperture range of the lens is f2.0-22, while the ultra-wide focal length is 12mm. The minimum focusing distance of the lens is 7.9″. The lens has been optimized for outstanding optical quality. With this versatile lens, you will be able to capture excellent optimal quality images.
The lens provides accurate ultra-wide 110-degree coverage for an edge-to-edge photoshoot. The lens utilizes three high precision lens elements to ensure outstanding image quality and features a 67mm filter size.
The aperture is relatively fast, and it will help the shooter to capture beautiful images in low-light conditions. The lens helps to deliver extremely sharp images. Rokinon is one of the leading DSLR lens manufacturers globally, and their lenses are known for their unparalleled quality and performance. The lens features a compact design and is excellent as a travel accessory.
The lens makes low-light photography and videography unique. Its super-fast aperture will enable you to shoot indoor without using the flash. If you love traveling, this compact camera lens can be a perfect companion for you.
4. Sony Wide Angle Lens, E 10-18mm, F4 OSS
If you are a professional photographer and love capturing landscapes or striking interior shots with your camera, this wide-angle lens is designed for you.
This versatile camera lens and it will allow you to capture stunning photographs without any distortion.
The lens will help you to capture great photos, even in low light conditions. The Sony F4 OSS lens delivers the best quality images, and seasoned photographers love it.
The minimum focal length of the lens is 10mm, while the minimum focus distance is 0.82ft/0.25mtr. The max magnification ratio of the lens is 0.1x. The maximum aperture is f/4, while the minimum is f/22. The super-wide zoom lens will make landscape photography amazing. The lens is suitable for both amateur and seasoned photographers.
The lens features circular aperture blades that cause a blurred effect in the background. Unlike the traditional optical glasses, ED (Extra-Low Dispersion) glass reduces chromatic aberration and ensures greater contrast in the images.
Besides, its aspherical lens elements will reduce spherical aberration. It features lens-based optical stabilization technology. It helps the users to deal with even the slightest movement efficiently.
The manufacturer has used a silent linear motor that makes the lens exceptionally quiet. Also, you will get a distance encoder and play a crucial role in flash metering. The lens component can detect the target object’s position and send signals to the CPU to analyze the distance of the target object. That’s why it’s considered to be a great lens for real estate photography.
The lens also comes with internal focusing as an additional feature. The short minimum focusing distance and quick autofocusing help the camera to capture stunning images. The lens features a filter threat in the front, and it does not rotate with the lens. If you use a polarizing filter, the feature will be an added advantage for you.
3. Sony Zoom Lens, FE 16-35mm, F2.8 GM
This versatile lens is meant for those photographers who work on action shoots. If you cover sporting events or any such situations where quick shots are required, you can prefer this lens. Manufactured by Sony, many professional photographers around the world love this lens. At 35mm, one can use the lens to shoot high-quality photographs.
If you like documentary style photographing, this lens will be an ideal choice for you. It will give you a semi-wide perspective required to capture some fantastic and distortion-free photographs.
The lens will also allow you to zoom out to 16mm when capturing the wide landscapes. The lens is intended to get 50 lines pair/mm ability.
Its features technologies like w/ high surface precision and two XA elements. The maximum magnification ratio of the lens is (x) – 0.19, while the minimum focus distance is 0.92 ft or 0.28mtr.
The lens features a constant F2.8 max aperture and ensures excellent exposure and depth of field. Its petal shape hood, bayonet type aperture blades make it one of the most stylish wide-angle camera lenses.
The lens comes with the G master design that ensures uncompromising quality, including smooth bokeh. The lens offers 107 -63-degree angle views.
The wide-angle lens for Sony A7 III will enable you to capture great images uniquely irrespective of the zoom setting and focus distance. The lens will help you to capture high-resolution photos always with spectacular bokeh in the background.
If you are a landscape or architecture photographer, or any other professional subjects for that matter, this lens will help you achieve extreme quality resolution. The lens comes with a lot of versatility, and you can call it one of the best for wide-angle photography.
2. Sony 55mm Full Frame Prime Lens, F1.8 Sonnar T FE ZA
If you own a Sony Mirrorless system, you must carry a 50mm prime lens for ultimate photography experience. Sony’s 55mm full-frame lens is the professionals’ choice due to its performance, size, and price. The lens weighs only 281 grams, and it will set well with your Sony A7 III.
The lens features f/1.8 aperture, but it is lighter and smaller than other 55mm lenses. The lens works well in low light photography and you can make it your travel companion any time.
The maximum focal length of the lens is 55mm, while is filter diameter is 49mm. Apart from this, the lens Diaphragm blades 9, lens elements, or groups is 5/7. The minimum aperture of the lens is 22, while the maximum limit is 1.8. The angle view of the lens is 43″ or 35mm. 14x magnification and Carl Zeiss quality and resolution will give you ultimate photography experience.
The lens wears an innovative optical design that reduces internal reflection to deliver 100% satisfactory solutions. The lens comes with a circular aperture that ensures the perfect bokeh effect. Traditional aperture lenses cannot match the advantages of a circular aperture.
The aspherical lens elements will help you to reduce aberration. The lens features Carl Zeiss T* coating. Its high-quality coating removes lens flares, light scattering, and internal reflection. T* coating plays a major role in capturing stunning images.
1. Sony Ultra Wide Angle G Lens, Full Frame Large Aperture, 20mm F1.8
Whether you plan to shoot photos indoors or outdoors, a full-frame ultra-wide-angle lens can help you capture outstanding images. Sony has brought another wide-angle lens for high-quality photoshoots. The maximum focal length of the lens is 20mm. It is a solid ultra-wide prime G lens that delivers images with wide-open resolution.
The maximum aperture of the lens is F1.8, which will help you capture images with extraordinary field and exposure depth. The lens can be an excellent choice for APS-C2 and full-frame cameras.
Its compact and lightweight design will help you to carry it anywhere. It can be a great travel companion for you. The 20mm lens comes with advanced aspheric elements required for natural and lifelike photography.
The manufacturer has also added two XD extreme dynamic linear motors that ensure quick and accurate autofocus. Its fast F1.8 maximum aperture will help you to capture amazing photographs in scenarios like starry nights, streets, environmental portraits, and landscape.
The 20mm ultra-wide-angle lens from Sony is an excellent choice for photographers who love outdoor photoshoot. It helps to deliver photos with outstanding bokeh. The lens comes with advanced optical design and aspherical elements and three extra-low dispersion elements.
These elements help the lens to reproduce an excellent point light source. The 20mm F1.8 G ultra-wide lens comes with a switchable click stop. You can turn it ON for stills and OFF for video shooting.
Things to Look for Before Buying A Wide Angle Lens for Sony A7 III
Whether you plan to buy a wide-angle lens for your Sony A7 III or any other camera, you need to take care of some factors before selecting one. Before picking a lens for your camera, you need to figure out what kind of lens will suit your need best. For example, if you plan to shoot landscape, then a wide angle lens will do just fine. However, if you want to take macro shots or portraits, then you need a portrait lens for your Sony A7iii.
Hence, you need to look at the abbreviations and specifications to purchase the right lens for your need. Here, we will highlight some important aspects you need to consider before buying the best wide-angle lens for Sony A7 III.
Each brand mentions the maximum aperture of the lens in the product description section. If you are buying such lenses for the first time, can find the aperture details stated like f/2.8. The smaller the number is the greater light the sensor will receive through the lens.
If you are looking for a zoomable lens, the aperture of such lenses will be between f/2.8-f/5.6. The smaller aperture signifies light for the widest angle, while the large figure suggests the light your sensor will get when at the maximum zoom mode.
The focal length is another important factor you need to take care of when buying the best wide-angle lens. You will find some figures expressed in mm like 18mm, 20mm, 50mm, and more. The higher the focal number the powerful its zoom will be. The lower focal length indicates its ability for excellent wide shoots. If the number is below 50-30mm, it will be good for wide-angle photo shoots.
The format is also an important aspect you need to be careful about when investing in a lens. When buying the lens, make sure it can capture images big enough to cover up the sensor. The sensor’s size varies from one camera to another, which is why you need to ensure that the lens you have chosen can cover up the sensor.
For example, Nikon DSLRs feature full-frame sensors, and they are compatible with F-mount lenses. Sony cameras like A7 III are mirrorless, and they are compatible with E-mount lenses.
Ultra Wide Angle
If you are buying the lens for wide-angle photoshoots, make sure the lens has been designed for the same. To identify the best wide-angle lens, you must look at its focal length.
Lenses that come with a 17-20mm focal length range are considered right wide-angle or ultra-wide-angle lenses. With such lenses, the target object close to the camera will look huge but distant objects will look prominent.
These are some of the critical aspects of a camera lens you need to be careful about when buying the best wide-angle lens for your Sony A7 III camera.
If you are interested in outdoor and landscape photography, you must buy the best wide-angle lenses. You need to pick the right lenses to capture 100% satisfactory images. With the list of the five best wide-angle lenses for the Sony A7 III camera, you can choose the right one. Compare the features, read user reviews, and make an informed decision. Happy Clicking!
Camera Tester & Reviewer
I spend most of my time taking photos & videos of everything in sight. Yes, I am a stock photographer and I’ve probably taken more than 700,000 photos so far.


Optical isolators convert the input signal energy to light energy typically with a light-emitting diode (LED). The light energy is then converted back to electrical energy, typically with a photosensitive transistor, and then passed to the output.
The working of an optical isolator is based on optical isolation which is shown in figure 3.23. LEDs produce light when a voltage is applied across them.
The direction of the plane of polarization rotates is controlled by how the Faraday rotator affects the light beam. The change in the state of the light can be controlled precisely with a magnet.
An optical diode is another term given to a device capable of directing get in this way.
Noise levels are also reduced.