2 Things You Do Definitely Not Comprehend Relating To LASIK Eye Surgical OperationsThe eye can be taken a look at with relative ease as to both its function and its structure. A practical assessment includes the capability to move in the orbit and the reaction of the student to light and lodging.
The function of the eye might be evaluated in several methods. The patient may be asked to determine illuminated letter or things of differing sizes on what is known as the Snellen chart.
Conversely, the examination of the structural part of the eye may be made in several ways. Tension within the eyeball is determined by a "tonometer." In certain illness, especially in glaucoma, the stress in the eyeball is increased considerably.
It needs to be well kept in mind that a patient with an eye issue might have other issues. Often other physical conditions are main and impact the eye as a repercussion. The appearance of the eye can alert the physician and the patient to troubles in some disturbances of other parts of the body even before other signs provide themselves.
One's reliance on sight is emphasized when one deals with a possible or momentary long-term loss of this essential sense. Thus, when corrective procedures are sought, particular forms of vision correction such as contact lenses or glasses are recommended.
On the other hand, some people are bothered with that they have actually some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.
For this reason, advanced surgical operations were developed to encourage reduced usage of contact lenses or glasses. One of which is the now popular LASIK eye surgery.
Generally, LASIK eye surgical treatment is the short-term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its tangible counterpart, LASIK eye surgery is another form of vision correction. The only difference is that with this kind of surgical treatment, one's vision is remedied completely.
With LASIK eye surgical treatment, the refractive mistakes in the cornea are completely changed. This can be done using an "excimer laser."
The main function of this surgical treatment is to develop a threadlike, rounded "flap" in the cornea utilizing a blade referred to as "microkeratome." In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is lastly reformed, enabling much better the eye to direct more light into the retina.
Appeal vs. Disadvantages
In the middle of the growing popularity of LASIK eye surgical treatment, there are still disadvantages that individuals need to understand. Most likely, the primary reason that this type of eye surgery has become well accepted is since the majority of its cases had been you can try here successful.
In spite of its success, there are still some disadvantages. Here is the list:
1. It is an operation used to the most sensitive part of the eye
Because LASIK eye surgery includes the operation of the retina, which is among the most sensitive portions of the eye, many individuals state that the operation can be very risky.
To puts it simply, a basic mistake could almost cause an person's life time blindness. Thus, it is essential to consider many factors prior to choosing whether LASIK eye surgery is the best restorative measure one needs to go through.
2. It is not a perfect treatment
LASIK eye surgical treatment may correct your vision but it does not always mean that it can provide you a best vision. Even if statistical reports reveal that 70% of the clients may have 20/20 vision, this does not necessarily indicate they have perfect vision as well.
Given all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the popularity of the operation, LASIK may not always be the ideal eye surgery the way most individuals see it
Alternatively, the assessment of the structural part of the eye might be made in a number of methods. It must be well kept in mind that a client with an eye problem might have other issues. Frequently other physical conditions are primary and affect the eye as a effect. The appearance of the eye can inform the patient and the physician to problems in some disruptions of other parts of the body even prior to other signs provide themselves.
Like its tangible counterpart, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another form of vision correction.


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The lens works properly.
Shooting tested with film developing (Please see test photos)
Product Line – ZEISS Vario-Sonnar T*
Constructed with 13 elements in 10 groups, the Zeiss Sonnar T MM lens renders superior images with impeccable clarity and detail. This Zeiss lens is a one touch zoom lens, which offers 80 mm – 200 mm focal length, keeping the image quality the same throughout. F/4.0 being the maximum aperture, this camera lens ensures optimum light transmission for perfectly-lit images. With 30 degree -12 degree angular field of view, this Zeiss lens lets you capture landscape images on a wider angle. With 55 mm filters, this camera lens remains protected from dust, moisture and scratches. Club your camera with the Zeiss Sonnar T MM and capture some incredible pictures.
|Condition detail table|
|Brand New||New,never used,new in original box|
|MINT||No signs of use|
|Near MINT||Almost no signs of use|
|Excellent+||Cosmetically may show slight wear and / or signs of use.|
|Excellent||Show signs of moderate use|
|Good||Heavy marked but works ok|
|Well Used||Restoration required, parts may be broken or missing|


4-in-1 CCTV is a new hybrid format, allowing the camera to be switched between HD-TVI, AHD, HD-CVI and CVBS. This means you no longer have to worry about format compatibility between cameras when setting up or updating a CCTV security system- as long as it has a BNC connection and uses coaxial cable then it should work. Hikvision 4-In-1 Cameras supports Multiple HD Video formats enabling reliable long distance analogue HD transmission over coaxial cable (RG59), without the need to upgrade to IP or even needing to replace your existing cabling.
- HD-TVI: HikvisionTurbo HD
- AHD: Analogue HD
- HD-CVI: Composite Video Interface
- CVBS: Analogue TV Lines format using BNC
This HiLook THC-T140-M camera is a 4 in 1 camera offering 4MP 2560 × 1440 resolution in a smart design. Retaining the ease of use of analogue cameras whilst offering HD video output, the cameras does not suffer from latency that is sometimes seen in IP cameras. The camera comes in an attractive Turret Dome design with IP66 protection and offers EXIR technology for night vision
This model also incorporates Hikvision’s EXIR infrared array technology to provide industry-leading illumination in any low- or zero-light environment. Benefiting from an advanced, highly efficient light source that provides up to 30% more illumination efficiency compared to other LEDs and a revolutionary rectangular lens for uniform scene illumination and seamless HD formatting, Hikvision’s EXIR cameras deliver the most advanced levels of night-time surveillance available on the market today.
- 4 Megapixel high-performance CMOS
- Analog HD output, 2560 × 1440 resolution
- Day / Night switch
- Smart EXIR 2.0 up to 20m IR distance
- Digital Noise Reduction (DNR)
- 4-in-1 Switchable TVI / AHD / CVI / CVBS
- IP66 weatherproof
- Compatible with Hikvision Turbo HD DVR’s


In the dark, Darren Hayley's night vision system improves visibility beyond what a conventional headlamp can provide
Back in June this year, we had speculated that the 2010 Kawasaki 1400GTR might get ‘night vision’ technology, which is already being fitted to some high-end cars. Now while that hasn’t happened, 34-year-old Darren Haley – who works at Flir, a leader in thermal imaging technology – has prepared his own ‘night vision’ system for his BMW R1150GS.
Haley’s system consists of an infrared camera mounted above the bike’s right turn indicator (see pic above), which feeds its video stream on to the on-board GPS unit’s screen. In the dark, the camera picks up objects that can’t be seen with the naked eye and which the bike’s headlamp fails to reveal. ‘I use it like I would a rear-view or side-view mirror. The display allows you to see the lines of the road without having to look at oncoming cars’ headlights,’ says Haley. Indeed, used judiciously, the infrared camera-based night vision system might be an invaluable safety feature on bikes.
The camera used on Haley’s system is shockproof and weatherproof, though the GPS unit’s display has to be protected from bad weather. Still, that can’t be an insurmountable challenge and Haley continues to develop and refine the system. He thinks a mainstream manufacturer could produce this system and sell it for less than $2,000. We think it’s a brilliant idea and we hope some motorcycle manufacturer likes it, picks it up and develops it further.


Silver has a special relationship with light and has the highest reflectivity
of all metals. Applications as a reflective coating is one of the industrial
uses that contributes to silvers intrinsic material values.
According to the Silver
Silver’s unique optical reflectivity, and its property of being
virtually 100% reflective after polishing, allows it to be used both
in mirrors and in coatings for glass, cellophane or metals.
Everyone is accustomed to silvered mirrors. What is new is invisible
silver, a transparent coating of silver on double pane thermal windows.
This coating not only rejects the hot summer sun, but also reflects
inward internal house heat. A new double layer of silver on glass
marketed as "low E squared" is sweeping the window market
as it reflects away almost 95% of the hot rays of the sun, creating
a new level of household energy savings. Over 250 million square feet
of silver- coated glass is used for domestic windows in the U.S. yearly
and much more for silver coated polyester sheet for retrofitting windows.
One out of every seven pairs of prescription eyeglasses sold in the
U.S. incorporates silver. Silver halide crystals, melted into glass
can change the light transmission from 96% to 22% in less than 60
seconds and block at least 97% of the sun's ultraviolet rays. The
change is endlessly reversible.


FAQs About Fibre Internet
Here’s a list of the commonly asked questions about fibre internet
Fibre optic cables consist of thin strands of glass or plastic known as optical fibres. A single cable contains several hundred strands.
A strand less than a tenth the thickness of a human hair can transmit about 25,000 phone calls, and an entire fiber optic cable can transmit several million calls at once.
There are two main types of systems that enable fibre broadband connections to the home. Active optical systems use switching devices such as routers to manage signal distribution and direct signals to specific customers. Switches can be opened and closed in various ways to direct incoming and outgoing signals to the right place.
While fibre is made of glass, fibre optic cables are stronger than steel and more resilient than copper. Fibre cables work even in the toughest environmental conditions, including lightning strikes because it has no electrical conductivity. This is because the metal components of the insulation have such high values that a lightning current can’t easily penetrate the cable
Information moves at the speed of light – an inconceivably fast 299,792,458 meters per second). This means that you can move a lot of data very quickly. As a result, streaming HD video has less latency (delay in transmitting data) because the data is buffered (downloaded in advance).


Phantom 4 Lens Cover (filter compatible)
- Engineered specifically for the DJI Phantom 4
- Simple push-on design for easy one handed installation
- Compatible with thread-on PolarPro filters & stock UV filter
- Durable glass filled nylon with a smooth soft touch finish
- Limited lifetime warranty
The PolarPro DJI Phantom 4 Lens Cover and Gimbal Lock provides an easy to install solution to protect your camera's lens and gimbal. The lens cover simply pushes onto the gimbal and camera to provide protection while traveling. Designed specifically for use with PolarPro Phantom 4 filters, the lens cover will work with the filters installed. It is also compatible with the stock UV filter on your Phantom 4. Constructed out of glass filled nylon the P4 Lens cover is extremely durable with a smooth soft touch finish, and our lifetime warranty ensures it will last.
Airframe™ Construction- PolarPro’s filter design specifically designed for aerial filming. The ultra-light construction utilizes a precision threaded aircraft aluminum frame for smooth gimbal operation.
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Important Choosing Factors
You’ll need to think about a lot of different factors when selecting a target-spotting scope. Some of the most important considerations include those listed below.
Spotting scopes will typically come in one of two eyepiece configurations, angled or straight. This refers to the portion of the spotting scope you’re looking through.
The pieces come in both angled and straight. In general, this is a personal choice that individual shooters will have to look over and decide for themselves.
If you are completely in the dark regarding the differences between angled and straight I will gladly provide you with my opinions regarding the two.
Straight eyepieces are great for fast target acquisition and easier to accurately move between targets. Straight eyepieces work better for spotting downhill and is my opinion easier when using a bench rest to shoot.
Angled eyepiece spotting scopes can utilize smaller tripods, and smaller is lighter. They are also easier to use when spotting uphill too. People with neck issues may find spotting with an angled scope a little easier.
Magnification and Range
The goal of a target shooting spotting scope is to see very tiny holes in target very far away. This will somewhat limit your range compared to hunting.
If you are shooting distances of 100 yards or less, you don’t need any insane level of magnification. In fact, too much magnification is detrimental because every small movement made will shake and quake your scope’s view.
– 20x and under is solid magnification range for up to 100 yards.
– At 100 to 200 yards you need to step it up to 36x and higher, and you’ll need a high-quality scope to utilize that level of magnification. This means paying the price for premium optics.
– Up to 300 yards and you are going to need the highest quality optics out there, with a magnification range that can hit at least 60x.
– At 400 yards the magnification range won’t really grow, what grows is the necessary quality of the optic. You’ll also need a massive objective lens.
Even then you’ll need to have a nice bright day to really see bullet holes in the target.
– Beyond 400 yards and you are unlikely to find a spotting scope with enough range and clarity to see bullet holes without specialized splatter targets.
At this range, you are using a spotting scope to spot atmospheric and environmental variances like wind, heat variances, and dispersion.
Variable Magnification or Fixed?
Variable magnification offers you the ability to swap between magnification ranges. It’s typically represented by a set of numbers like 20 to 60x.
This means the lowest magnification range is 20-power, and the highest being 60-power. The advantages of variable magnifications are of course versatility.
You can use them at multiple ranges making them perfect for shooters involved in competitions like NRA High Power.
Fixed magnification spotting scopes are locked at one range. The main benefit is a cheaper overall spotting scope that’s often smaller and more durable.
Fixed magnification spotting scopes are much better suited for shooters trying to hit targets at one specific range.
Field of View
Field of view, or FOV, is a measurement of the observable world when looking through the scope. This measurement is derived from a particular range, often 100 or 1000 yards.
When it comes to target shooting Field of View isn’t exceptionally important. It’s unlikely you will need to scan or track moving targets when it comes to target shooting.
Objective lens size is a very important consideration when it comes to a target shooting spotting scope. Because you are trying to see very small holes you need the clearest picture possible.
A larger objective lens usually leads to a much clearer picture, as long as the glass is high quality. The objective lens in a spotting scopes description comes after the magnification rating.
For example, it will look something like this 20-60×82. The 82 is the measurement of the objective lens in millimeters.
The larger the objective lens the more expensive the optic will be. Larger objective lenses mean the spotting scope is heavier and larger, but this isn’t a major concern for target shooters who are mostly stationary.
I’ve never blown glass, or manufactured optics so it’s hard to speak for experience regarding the techniques, and even the materials and machines needed to manufacture high-quality glass.
I do know scopes, and I do know the terms used to describe quality glass.
- Look for the Following terms
- HD or High-Density Glass
- ED or Extra Low Dispersion
- APO or Anomalous Partial Dispersion.
When it comes to prisms you’ll need to understand two terms. In the spotting scope world, you need to pay attention to the terms BAK 5 and BK-7 prism. Without a prism, your image would appear upside down.
A prism turns the image the right way, and anything that involves the image affects its clarity.
Both BAK and BK-7 prisms provide clear images, but the BAK 5 prism provides the clearest picture and is a necessity in scopes being used to spot targets over 200 yards.
BAK 5 prisms will drive up the cost of the spotting scope but are well worth it.
Eye relief with a target shooting optic is more important than people think. I don’t of any range in the country that doesn’t require you wear safety glasses while shooting.
You’ll need enough eye relief to be able to keep wearing your glasses and look through the scope. This typically translates to about 15mm at the very least.
Anything less and you’ll be hugging the scope and constantly removing your glasses.
The satisfaction of hitting a target at hundreds of years is hard to replicate. It feels amazing to see when your round hits that sweet spot in the target. The problem is being able to see where you hit.
Without a spotting scope, it’s almost impossible past 100 yards. I mean you are trying to see a hole that at most is .5 inches in diameter. Without a good spotting scope, you aren’t seeing anything.
Always invest in quality, and use our guide above when you need help.


A continuous culture system for the study of UV-B effects on microalgae
A laboratory culture system has been developed for the investigation of UV-B effects on microalgae. Flat geometry characterizes the system and allows accurate dosimetry. Natural sinusoid light regimes can be simulated by computer- controlled Venetian blinds. Photosynthetically available radiation is provided by a high-intensity light source. A method, based on Monte Carlo analysis, is presented for the calculation of scalar irradiance inside the culture. To select experimental irradiance levels, a model is described for the calculation of UV-B irradiance as a function of time, latitude and atmospheric conditions. Extraterrestrial irradiance data (280-350 nm) are incorporated at a spectral resolution of 1 nm. The model shows acceptable agreement with measurements in the Atlantic.
Keywords: Continuous culture system, microalgae, radiation model, Monte Carlo analysis, UV-B radiation, solar light simulation.
Sci. Mar. 60(Suppl.1) : 89-93
Please, send comments to
ICM (CSIC) - Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49. E-08003 Barcelona (Spain)


Where are we?
What do we do?
We develop and use non-contact, non-invasive optical imaging tools to study structural and functional disorders in biological tissue with high spatiotemporal resolution.
Using phase- and polarization-sensitive interferometric techniques, we image tissue microstructure in real-time with a few micron spatial resolution and function with sub-nanometer scale optical path length resolution.
Functional recovery may be possible only when the tissue structure is intact; therefore, detecting structural changes (function) during physiological activity prior to any structural loss or permanent damage is the main thrust of our work.
Non-invasive or minimally invasive applications in medicine are possible, since the techniques use back-scattered light.
Our contributions to the field include (i) Brain imaging and mapping with serial optical coherence scanner, (ii) Depth-resolved optical imaging of neural action potentials, (iii) Integrating polarization-maintaining fiber technology into optical coherence tomography, and (iv) Differential phase sensors for ultrasensitive detection. For further information, please see the Research and Publications sections.
Structural & Functional Neuroimaging
Starting from summer 2020, the assistantship will provide support for Tianqi for 12 months. Congratulations to her!
Chao Liu has successfully defended his Ph.D. dissertation. Congratulations Dr. Liu!
Peter Howell completed his master's thesis succesfully. Congratulations to Peter!


The automotive vision system is regarded to be around the cutting edge of automobile security. More than the previous numerous years, the growth of in-car cameras has exploded from only a few thousand to millions. The main driving force behind this development is a concern for generating safer driving knowledge. At present, you’ll find a variety of diverse selections obtainable, which serve several distinct purposes.
A front view automobile vision system is mainly made so that the driver can possess a wider and much more detailed view of the road ahead. You’ll find presently two main possibilities for camera placement. The extra classic option is to spot the camera out within the open on top rated on the dashboard within the front seat. A newer selection is location a tiny digital camera next to or underneath the license plate. This not just makes it practically invisible to a passerby, but can also offer a larger degree of detail because the camera is closer to the road. Many people take into consideration this to be an additional productive option due to the fact it provides the driver using a distinct view of the road.
One more common use of an automotive vision system would be to aid the driver see behind them and in their blind spots. In most situations, these systems are placed close to the rear license plate or the trunk. This supplies a wider range of views, plus the capability to view exactly what exactly is behind the … READ MORE >>>


Purchasing a UZI periscope is a good choice when you are looking for a high-quality product that is versatile. You can use it for surveillance over fences, corners, and inside drop ceilings. This model is weatherproof and comes with a nylon carrying case. You can also adjust the height and magnification.
Using an Adjustable Height of Uzi Periscope allows you to view objects from a much higher position than most other periscopes. This can be beneficial in observation posts. It also allows you to see things around you without sticking your head out, making it an excellent tool for surveillance.
The Adjustable Height of Uzi Periscope is manufactured using durable, weatherproof aluminum. It is lightweight and comes with a carrying case and lens cleaning cloth. It also features a 5x magnification and a wide diopter range. It also has a height adjustment range from 17 to 27 inches. The periscope comes with a focusing eyepiece and a rubber cup for eyeglasses. It is suitable for both farsighted and nearsighted individuals. It also comes with a 90-day limited warranty.
Having 5x magnification in a periscope is no small feat, and the UZI-PERISCOPE is no exception. It’s a durable, adjustable periscope that features highly polished glass lenses and prisms and is suitable for the farsighted. The eyecups fold back to accommodate glasses, and the device is lightweight and weatherproof. Its 5-in-1 design is also an excellent feature for a tactical entry team, law enforcement, or security personnel.
The UZI-PERISCOPE also features a focusing eyepiece and a height extension system. This device is 17 inches long and weighs only 12.7 ounces. Its black aluminum construction is also weatherproof. It also comes with a black carrying case, and a lens cleaning cloth. The best part? It also comes with a 90-day limited warranty! Its weatherproof construction, extensive diopter range, and 5x magnification are all features that are sure to help you get the job done.
Whether you’re shopping for your next gift or are simply looking for something to improve your life, you can’t go wrong with a UZI periscope. This periscope features a number of great features, including a height extension system, a 5x magnification, a focusing eyepiece, and highly polished glass lenses. In addition, this periscope also comes with a handy carrying case. This periscope is sure to provide years of enjoyment.
In addition to the 5x magnification, this periscope is also weatherproof. It is made from durable black aluminum and features a height extension system. It is also lightweight, at just over 12.7 ounces. It also features a black nylon carrying case. The carrying case also includes a lens cleaning cloth. It also has a number of other features, including a focusing eyepiece and a lens-cleaning device.
Frequently asked questions
Frequently asked questions about UZI Periscope include if it is a good product for tactical applications if it has a dioptric correction, and how to use it. Although there are a few minor problems, the UZI Periscope is a useful tool for many tactical applications. It is made of lightweight aluminum alloy and has a durable black finish. It features a 5x magnification and a high-quality focus. It is also weatherproof and has a rubber eyecup to protect the eye.
The UZI Periscope is a telescopic device that is capable of viewing objects from five to twenty feet away. It comes with a height extension system, adjustable magnification, and a focusing eyepiece. The device is made of lightweight aluminum alloy and is waterproof. It comes with a carrying case and a lens cleaning cloth. It weighs about 12.7 ounces and measures 17 inches by three inches by two inches.
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Upgrading Your Home’s Exterior: How to Choose the Right Eavestrough Style


Unisex UV400 Polarized Fit Over Sunglasses
Are you tired of having to choose between having clear vision or protecting your eyes from the glaring sun? These Unisex UV400 Polarized Fit Over Sunglasses will solve that problem!
- Frame Material: Polycarbonate
- Lens: Polarized
- Features: Anti-UVA anti-UVB Polarized Lens
- Use: Riding, Driving, Fishing, Golf, Travelling and Sports
- 100% UVA, UVB, UVC harmful rays
- Polarized Lenses Anti UV 400 Polarized Lens
- Observation Mirrors prevent eyes from reflection glare.
- Polarized Yellow lenses the yellow lens can reduce glare, add contrast to your vision and increase visual clarity when you drive at night, dusk or rainy day.
- Night vision glasses will balance the polarized and vision,which can cut the glare from headlight and increase brightness.
- One (1) Unisex UV400 Polarized Fit Over Sunglasses
- Cleaning Cloth
- Polarized Lens Testing Card
- Soft Glasses Pouch


red and green double laser 8 patterns with RGB LED background. Both patterns of the two tunnels are full of color change with effects like rotating, strobe, etc with scattered angle more than 70 degrees.With strobe function and stand alone- or music controlled operation. In short, a spectacular room-filling effect.
Application: It is available for small to medium live concerts, TV studios, road shows, mobile DJ, clubs.
|Laser Power||150mW*2 650nm Wave Length Red Laser 60mW 532nm Wave Length Green Laser|
|Power supply||AC100-240V, 50-60Hz|
|Play Mode||Sound Active, AUTO, DMX512, and Master/Slave Sound Active|
|Scaner||Highly precision stepping motor|
|Interface||3 pins XLR jack for DMX or Maser-Slave linking|
|Features||red and green double laser 8 patterns with RGB LED background. Both patterns of the two tunnels are full of color change with effects like rotating, strobe, etc with scattered angle more than 70 degrees.
Eight kinds of design random switching, each kind of design can spread out a lot of the same pattern, the light scattering angle is greater than 120 degrees, the effect change variety, with rotating, strobing, color changing etc.
The advanced algorithm and program design, namely DMX512 signal control, and work separately or master/slave work synchronously, sound active can shut off the laser automatically without music.
|Cooling System||Fan cool|


Optica, Advancing Optics and Photonics Worldwide, announced this week the Senior Member class of 2022. A total of 170 Optica members have received the distinction of Senior Member, which recognizes their experience and professional accomplishment within the field of optics and photonics.
Bruno Romeira, Staff Researcher at the Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics group and coordinator of the H2020-FET-OPEN project “ChipAI” was distinguished as a Senior Member of the 2022 class of Optica. His research cuts across several disciplines in applied physics and engineering, which include semiconductor physics, low-dimensional nanostructures and nanophotonic and neuromorphic devices.
“On behalf of the Board of Directors, I extend my congratulations to the new class of Optica Senior Members. These individuals have distinguished themselves through their exemplary professional accomplishments and service to Optica and the optics and photonics community,” said Optica President, Satoshi Kawata.
The 2022 class joins a distinguished group of scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs and innovators who have demonstrated exemplary professional accomplishments in optics and photonics. To qualify for Optica Senior Membership, individuals must have at least 10 years of significant professional experience in the field, five years of active Optica membership and two endorsement statements from current Optica members.
Optica (formerly OSA), Advancing Optics and Photonics Worldwide, is the society dedicated to promoting the generation, application, archiving and dissemination of knowledge in the field. Founded in 1916, it is the leading organization for scientists, engineers, business professionals, students and others interested in the science of light. Optica’s renowned publications, meetings, online resources and in-person activities fuel discoveries, shape real-life applications and accelerate scientific, technical and educational achievement. Discover more at: Optica.org


NeoDot UV/Vis Nano Spectrophotometer is a miniature spectrophotometer that can measure cuvette and microvolume samples.
Using spectrometer technology, it can accurately and conveniently measure and analyze single wavelength as well as spectrums.
It is a standalone system with 7.0" touch screen LCD, and simple data back up through USB is possible.
- Cuvette and microvolume sample
- Measurement of single wavelength as well as spectrum analysis using spectrometer technology
- Simple and miniature design
- Stand-alone system with easy-to-use 7.0" LCD touch screen
- Simple data backup using USB
- Modes: DNA/RNA, protein, cells, end point, kinetic, spectrum
Variety & Precision in detection
- End Point & Kinetic Mode in Detection
- High speed spectrum reading (5 seconds)
- Wide range of detectable concentrations (2 to 10,000 ng/μl ds DNA)
- Wide range of wavelength detection with cuvette
- Nano volume sample measurement (Nucleic acid / Protein)
- High repeatability in quantitative measurement for nucleic acid
Simple & Light in design
- Compact size and light weight
- Easy operation with minimized steps for measurements and analysis
- 7.0 inch touch LCD
- Quick boot - No lamp warm-up time
- Stand-alone - Perform all functions without PC
- Single wavelength / Spectrum selection
- End Point / Kinetic mode selection
- Quantitative measurements for nucleic acid, protein ...
- Cell concentration
- Simple data backup and software upgrade via USB Flash drive
- Easy to confirm the result via graphical presentation
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Preparing a new prescription pair of glasses from the basic stock of blank lenses held by most optical laboratories is time-consuming and can be expensive for the customer. This is normally done by grinding and polishing a blank to fit the prescription. Lens pairs from typical optometrists can cost hundreds of dollars even when the patient’s prescription is simple, and more than that for patients whose eyes need more complex corrective devices. In the 3rd world, where these base stocks are not available, patients go without glasses, or use ill-fitting ones perhaps passed down by a relative or friend.
In collaboration with Opticast USA in a program supported by the Ohio Department of Development, Spectra scientists developed a series of energy curable optical plastic formulations and a device equipped with molds simulating nearly 90% of all required different visual corrections. With this method, liquid pre-polymer formulations are polymerized with light in the shaped mold. An optician can make a set of spectacle lenses in his/her own shop to meet the correction requirement of a patient and do so in a few minutes, even for bifocals and trifocals. In the 3rd world, one laboratory or optometrist’s organization can hold the basic set of molds, so that the only consumable is the optical lens liquid pre-polymer formulation – the Spectra Group/Opticast product.


DUBERY D918 Polarized Sports Sunglasses
& Free Shipping
- 100% UV400 Protected
- Scratch Resistant
- Shatter Resistant
- Anti-Reflective Inner Coating
- TR90 Flexible Frame
- Feather Lightweight
- Reinforced Hinge System
- Standard Fit One Size Fits Most
Our Lens Are Rated ANSI Z80.3 & UV400 Protection.
The Right Lens For The Right Need
This polarized sunglasses finding the right pair of polarized UV400 lenses is the key to your comfort, polarized glasses to cater to every need.
Whether it’s taking a relaxing hike, enjoying a casual Sunday drive, or relaxing with your friends on a beach, Polarized lenses effectively eliminate glare and reflection of sunlight, offer 100% UV protection, and provide true color perception.
High color contrast and superior clarity, brings you the HD quality Polarized lenses.
Nylon Lenses Benefits
- Unmatched Clarity
- Optimized Glare Protection
- 100% UV Protection
- Lowest Internal Stress
- Light Weight & Comfortable
- Superior Optical Features
- 99.9% Polarized Efficiency
- Super Excellent Chemical Resistance
- Highly Impact Resistance, Extremely Flexible
Frame material: plastic
Lens material: Polycarbonate Fibre
Frame colour: as the picture shows.
Glass Color: as the picture shows.
Visible perspective rate: 99%.
UV rating: UV400.
Lens width: approx. 55 mm.
Glass height: approx. 40 mm.
Bridge: approx. 20 mm.
Frame width: approx. 141 mm.
Branch width: approx. 135 mm.


Tropomi circulates in an orbit around earth at an altitude of 824 km, onboard the Sentinel-5 precursor satellite. From this position, it is perfectly capable of mapping the entire atmosphere on a daily basis, with details of 7×7 km. This high resolution makes it possible to detect air pollution down to city level.
Tropomi watches, it compares. With a few steps it detects light reflected by the atmosphere, comparing it to direct sunlight. The difference between both sources of light reveal significant information on how the atmosphere is made up.
From infrared to ultraviolet, Tropomi is capable of observing many different wavelengths. Light is reflected through mirrors, it is unravelled by gratings and ultimately captured with a detector. Due to Dutch innovations like immersed grating and freeform optics, this device is a lot better compared to previous ones.


MANUAL EYEPIECE :Equipped with 10x Manual Eyepiece to measure the length of diagonal. The hardness value can be displayed directly on LCD screen by entering the indentation diagonal length.
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM :Halogen illumination unit gives very clear images and can be also used as a simple microscope. Halogen illumination unit enter stand by mode after a certain period of inactivity which gives it a long service life and low power consumption.
LCD SCREEN :80X25mm LCD Screen can visually display the hardness value, conversion hardness, test force and dwell time.
CAMERA PORT :Machine equipped with dual optical channel, one optical channel for 10X eyepiece and another optical channel is for camera by which machine can be upgraded into computerized model. Both optical channel works simultaneously.
TEST FORCE :All the test force is applied by load cell. The high quality load sensing system can do a wide-range of vickers test by one load cell.
TURRET MECHANISM :Equipped with manual turret mechanism. The position of the indentor and objective lens can be switched manually.
EMERGENCY SWITCH :Equipped with emergency stop switch.


Scopes, Optics & Sights
Hi-Viz front sight for LLV, V-Comp and Volquartsen pistols. Includes additional light pipes and installation wrench.
V-Comp and Volquartsen Pistol option replaces existing dovetail front sight on Volquartsen V-Comps. LLV/Scorpion option screws on to Volquartsen LLV and Scorpion uppers.
The Target Front Sight is designed to work on the Ruger MKI, MKII and MKIII Standard Model pistols. It allows the shooter to use the TL Rear Sight.
The Target Front Sight is wire EDM-cut and measures .608" tall. Minor fitting may be required (roll pin included). Installation service available.
Available by itself or as a set with our TL Rear Sight.
Precision-machined to ensure accurate, repeatable click adjustments for windage and elevation. No fitting required, uses factory dovetail, locks in place with two set screws. Made of steel. Rear sight notch width .110". Fits Ruger MKII and MKIII and replaces factory rear adjustable sight. The TL Rear Sight is only compatible with the Ruger Standard tapered models with the addition of our Target Front Sight.
The TL Rear Sight is also available in a night sight configuration. It features .062" green Trijicon Tritium lamps with white outline.
Due to minor fitting required on this item, we are offering an installation service for our Target Front Sight. Simply send us your pistol and it will generally be on its way back to you in 10-14 days.
The C-More Slide Ride has also become the sight of choice for “custom” applications because of its ability to attach to any flat surface. This enables the sight to be mounted directly to the firearm or a custom made mount, allowing the sight to be applied to applications that may not provide standard mounting options.
We have packaged the C-More with an Allchin Custom Mount which allows the optic to be mounted as low as possible on the Ruger MKII/MKIII pistol.
The Railway sight quickly attaches to Weaver and Picatinny rail style scope mounts. This enables the Railway to be attached to virtually anything! Shotguns, rifles, handguns, revolvers, crossbows, paint ball guns; these are just a few of the applications the Railway has seen. The sight can be easily detached and installed on other weapons, making it the most versatile in the C-MORE line up.
The Slide Ride has become the sight of choice for “custom” applications because of its ability to attach to any flat surface. This enables the sight to be mounted directly to the firearm or a custom made mount, allowing the sight to be applied to applications that may not provide standard mounting options.
Ultra Dot red dot optic featuring a 1" tube and a satin silver finish. 4 MOA dot size.
The SureFire X400 Ultra WeaponLight integrates powerful white-light illumination and bright green laser aiming capabilities in one compact rail-mountable package, an extremely effective combination for close- to medium-range engagements in law enforcement, military, and self-defense applications.
A high-performance LED generates 500 lumens of brilliant white light that is focused by a Total Internal Reflection (TIR) lens to produce a tight beam with extended reach and significant surround light for peripheral vision. The X400 Ultra produces tactical-level light—enough to overwhelm an aggressor’s dark-adapted vision—for 1.5 hours per set of batteries.
The X400 Ultra’s 5-milliwatt lase … (more details).
The Fast Fire 3 Red Dot Sight is one of the most versatile red dot sights on the market. It features a 3 MOA dot with Picatinny rail.
- Bright red dot allows for fast target acquisition and easy aiming
- Compact and lightweight
- 1x magnification allows both-eyes-open shooting, for enhanced awareness and target acquisition
- Automatic brightness sensor adjusts brightness to match the environmental conditions; also includes 3 manual brightness settings
- Windage and elevation adjustments make optic fine-tuning easy; no special tools required
- High-grade optical glass provides excellent brightness and clarity with lasting durability
- Nitrogen-filled … (more details).
When your optic needs to be faster than your reactions, the Leupold DeltaPoint® Pro is up to the challenge. The lightweight aluminum housing is shrouded by spring steel for the ultimate in ruggedness while the aspheric lens generates a wide field-of-view with some of the best image quality ever seen in a reflex sight.
Leupold’s patented Motion Sensor Technology™ discerns any movement of the sight and automatically activates the illumination which is inset into a light tunnel to reduce the light signature in tactical situations.
The tool-less, spring actuated battery compartment makes changing the battery quick and easy while being impervious to water at a depth of 33 feet. The 1 MOA el … (more details).


Research Group of PD Dr.-Ing. habil. Timo Mappes
Microfluidic integrated system for marker-free optical cell analyses and cell sorting
The goal of this project is to demonstrate a miniaturised system which allows marker-free optical analyses and sorting at cell level with a minimum amount of analyte. Particles are guided through the optical resonator of a semiconductor laser diode, integrated on a microfluidic platform out of polymer and glass. Particles can be detected by evaluation of different laser parameters e.g. wavelength shift or threshold current. Furthermore, through a change in the power between the transverse modes, the morphology of particles can be detected by changes in the mode pattern. After analysing the particle, integrated optical traps are used for sorting the particles. Such a system shall be an alternative for FACS- (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) devices and offers the possibility for point-of-care-diagnostics in a hand-held unit. The participating groups are fabricating all elements of this device in house, including the tailor-made laser diodes. Within this project first prototypes of the modul will be created and characterized.
This project is done in close cooperation with the Institute of Optoelectronics of Universität Ulm funded by Baden-Württemberg Stiftung in the frame of Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics (KSOP) bearbeitet.
Dipl.-Ing. Dieter Rimpf
Phone: +49 721 608-23845
Fax: +49 721 608-24331


Determining Forest Species Composition Using High Spectral Resolution Remote Sensing Data. remote sensing instruments provide spectral data for large contiguous.It became the main obstacle to further application of remote sensing images.Potential areas for the application of this technique in remote sensing are.
Remote sensing is the small or large-scale acquisition of information of an object.Hyperspectral remote sensing (imaging spectrometry) in particular shows strong potential for.Elimination of atmospheric haze by rescaling each frequency band so that its minimum value (usually realised in water bodies) corresponds to a pixel value of 0.Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation: Knowledge Gain and Knowledge Gap After 40 years of.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Search. Create. Spectral Resolution.Key Definitions. Print. Sensor. A remote sensing system comprises two basic.Hyperspectral imaging produces an image where each pixel has full spectral information with imaging narrow spectral bands over a contiguous spectral range.These thematic mappers take images in multiple wavelengths of electro-magnetic radiation (multi-spectral) and are usually found on Earth observation satellites, including (for example) the Landsat program or the IKONOS satellite.Aircraft spectral remote sensing offers both spatial and spectral resolutions that are several orders of.HIGH SPATIAL AND SPECTRAL RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING OF PANAMA CANAL ZONE WATERSHED FORESTS: 247 crowns result primarily from the reflectance, absorption, and transmission.The frequency of the emissions may then be related via thermodynamics to the temperature in that region.
The rotation and orientation is often provided within a degree or two with electronic compasses.
Remote Sensors. Overview. Remote. Remote sensing instruments are of two.Hyperspectral Remote Sensing -an. there has been worldwide research and development into the application of high spectral resolution remote sensing to various.
IHGH SPECTRAL RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING OF CANOPY CHEMISTRY John D.Overhead gravity data collection was first used in aerial submarine detection.Radiometers and photometers are the most common instrument in use, collecting reflected and emitted radiation in a wide range of frequencies.REQUIREMENTS ON SPECTRAL RESOLUTION OF REMOTE SENSING DATA FOR CROP STRESS DETECTION Jonas Franke1, Thorsten Mewes1, Gunter Menz1,2 1University of Bonn, Center for.The most common are visible and infrared sensors, followed by microwave, gamma ray and rarely, ultraviolet.By measuring the height and wavelength of ocean waves, the altimeters measure wind speeds and direction, and surface ocean currents and directions.The purpose of topographic correction is to eliminate this effect, recovering the true reflectivity or radiance of objects in horizontal conditions.Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation.Mapping the Invisible: Introduction to Spectral Remote Sensing.
Compasses can measure not just azimuth (i. e. degrees to magnetic north), but also altitude (degrees above the horizon), since the magnetic field curves into the Earth at different angles at different latitudes.The Landsat program. proposed the idea of a remote sensing.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 41, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2003 1907 Spectral Resolution Requirements for Mapping Urban Areas.While these processing levels are particularly suitable for typical satellite data processing pipelines, other data level vocabularies have been defined and may be appropriate for more heterogeneous workflows.Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) is a sub-discipline of GIScience devoted to partitioning remote sensing (RS) imagery into meaningful image-objects, and assessing their characteristics through spatial, spectral and temporal scale.Recent developments include, beginning in the 1960s and 1970s with the development of image processing of satellite imagery.
A review of remote sensing image fusion methods. the high spectral resolution is necessary for an accurate.Spectral resolution describes the specific wavelengths that the sensor can record within the electromagnetic spectrum.Synthetic aperture radar image of Death Valley colored using polarimetry.Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing Series, Volume 17, 572 pp., ISBN.Spectral Imaging for Remote Sensing VOLUME 14, NUMBER 1, 2003 LINCOLN LABORATORY JOURNAL 3 Spectral Imaging for Remote Sensing Gary A.
Derived geophysical variables (e. g., ocean wave height, soil moisture, ice concentration) at the same resolution and location as Level 1 source data.The spectral resolution of remote sensing data refers to the width and related to that the amount of bands covering different spectral ranges.One logical pathway that can be employed addresses the three parts of remote sensing imagery resolution. Do the spectral bands need.Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is well known in examples of weapon ranging, laser illuminated homing of projectiles.In order to create sensor-based maps, most remote sensing systems expect to extrapolate sensor data in relation to a reference point including distances between known points on the ground.Space-borne high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high spectral resolution spectral detection system with high detection accuracy (1-4ppm) is demonstrated under the.These data tend to be generally more useful for many applications.


Instead of being cameras, thermal imaging devices (also known as infrared or thermal energy) are sensors that sense heat. Technically speaking, these gadgets with fusion imaging optics are radiation detectors. As the temperature rises, so does the radiation.
With sufficient accuracy, a thermal imager may identify tiny variations in heat and show them as an imaging on a screen.
Do you need night vision or thermal imaging?
Answering this question could be a challenge. Applications for thermal imagers and night vision are similar. Both will definitely have their usefulness, but here are some things to consider:
The cost will be a key factor. Substantially weapon-mountable variants of a competent night vision device may be purchased for a small amount. However, thermal imagers cost at least $2,000 and sometimes substantially more for ones that can be attached to rifles and survive recoil. The image enhancement night vision equipment to thermal vision equipment is likely to be chosen if money is tight.
Knowing the circumstances in which your night vision or thermal imaging device will be utilised might be quite important. Does the fog cover a big area? If so, how chilly is it? How dense is the vegetation? When there is dense vegetation or fog, thermal imaging is necessary. Night vision is preferable when it is really cold. The military is starting to provide a supportive atmosphere in order to increase the efficiency of its technologies. Thermal imagers may peer through mini-sandstorms that helicopter pilots can produce during missions in the desert, but the human eye cannot.
If you plan to use image enhancement night vision, take into account the lighting conditions as it needs light to function. Even a little light should be plenty as you won’t need much; nevertheless, consider this before purchasing night vision since thermal vision might be preferred.
Thermal imaging, as previously said, is good for detection yet insufficient for identification. With night vision, it is simple to identify an item once it is seen, but if the object is camouflaged or is far away and stationary, it might be challenging to identify. To get past these problems, use a thermal imager to survey the area with a night vision rifle sight to take the shot.
To detect animals throughout the day before changing to a rifle scope, hunters frequently utilize spotting optics or binoculars. The similar idea underlies night–time hunting. The ideal tool in these circumstances is a portable thermal imager.
Is thermal imaging superior to night vision?
The best method for finding the required game item is thermal. Only when facial recognition is necessary or for deer predation is night vision most effectively employed to recognize, identify, and harvest the game. Thermal imaging has been the greatest around-the-clock imaging solution if you have a choice.
Can thermal imaging detect a laser?
A thermal scope won’t be able to see the IR laser. The thermal night vision scope is an exception. Although a gen 2+ device should be used at the very least, the laser is seen with any nods.
How crucial is thermal vision?
Because thermal radiation can identify animals over a wider range of typically problematic air conditions than visual radiation, it is superior to visible imaging systems. Thermal radiation may penetrate mists, dust, aerosols, and smokes more efficiently than visible radiation.
To sum it up
Investing in thermal imaging cameras has cost-saving advantages and yields long-term rewards since they may help you prevent costly repairs and equipment damage. Maintaining the security of your personnel and assets will enable you to commit resources to other crucial issues, which can significantly impact your bottom line.


Download the standalone offline installer for Windows full version of Boris FX Optics for free. It is a sophisticated software for expert image editing.
Boris FX Optics Overview
Color correction, natural light, photographic effects, lens flares, film stocks and grain, optical lab operations, and optical camera filters are all simulated by this program. Use this application to enhance your photos to the next level.
Utilize and select from thousands of presets and 160 filters. It has everything you need to creatively apply different filters and presets to images to make them better.
You may add amazing lighting effects to transform your image from sci-fi to realistic or use film-style settings to color grade it. It is the ultimate digital photo toolkit.
All filters have advanced, simple masking settings that allow them to be applied only to specific areas of the image. Optics’ comprehensive set of tools is completed with an independent batch processing system, an integrated paint system for touch-ups, and a layering system for applying multiple filters.
Boris FX Optics Features
Feature film effects that win awards
Simulations of optical glass filters
Produce vintage styles and film stocks.
Use masking techniques to isolate effects.
Advanced yet user-friendly masking instruments
Gradient, Spot, Path, Snap, EZ Mask, Selection, and Paint are examples of gesture-based stroke-based masking techniques.
Utilizing mix modes, combine several masks
Technical Specifications and System Prerequisites
Operating systems supported: Windows 7, 8.1, and 10.
Processor: AMD or Xeon, multi-core Intel Series or higher comparable
4GB of RAM (or more is recommended)
Free Hard Drive Space: It’s advised to have 4GB or more


The Underwater 3D Reconstruction service focuses on the integration of optical and acoustic techniques for the generation of multi-resolution textured 3D models of underwater archaeological sites. Multibeam echosounders (MBES), usually employed for the generation of bathymetric maps in archeological contexts, allow for acquiring a great amount of data at long distances and in presence of bad visibility, but the results are affected by low resolution and do not contain color information. The optical systems, in contrast, are more suited for close-range acquisitions and allow for gathering high-resolution, accurate 3D data and textures, but the results are strongly influenced by the visibility conditions. Therefore, the integration of 3D data captured by these two types of systems is a promising technique in underwater applications, as it allows for modeling large and complex scenes in relatively short time. The method proposed in VISAS exploits the high resolution data obtained from photogrammetric techniques and the latest techniques for the construction of acoustic microbathymetric maps to build three-dimensional representations that combine the resolution of optical sensors with the precision of acoustic bathymetric surveying techniques. The method allows for obtaining a complete representation of the underwater scene and to geo-localize the optical 3D model using the acoustic bathymetric map as a reference.
The main steps of the proposed methodology are shown in Figure 2:
Figure 2: Processing pipeline of acoustic and optical data.
After a first inspection of the site, in order to localize the areas of greatest importance from an archaeological point of view (the only one that will be acquired with optical sensors), the integrated survey is carried out.
Subsequently, the optical and acoustic data are merged by using a target–based registration approach. This technique is based on the detection of homologous geometrical entities (features) between the two representations and their subsequent alignment. For this purpose, we used man-made targets placed on the seabed. Taking into account that the reflective properties of the optical and acoustic signals vary according to the materials to be used, we have opted for leveraging the high reflectivity of the air in water, so we have designed custom opto-acoustic markers built from aluminum structures covered by bubble wrap.
Using the information coming from accurate depth measurements (with errors on positioning on the order of centimeters) obtained with the high frequency MBES equipment, the geo-referencing of the optical pointcloud ends up to be a by-product of the registration step.
The last steps of the process consist of meshing and texturing the opto-acoustic point cloud of the underwater archaeological site. The meshing step is carried out using a dedicated software, which has the ability to create a mesh by using an efficient multi-resolution algorithm and to perform further refinements of the model by using the point cloud as reference, so that the model reconstruction is performed in a coarse-to-fine fashion.
In order to place textures on the 3D model, we use a technique based on the projection and blending of 2D images on the 3D surface. In particular, since the camera poses are known downstream of the optical 3D reconstruction process, we directly map the high resolution images on the portion of the 3D surface of the model representing the archaeological remains. For this purpose, we select an image subset, because the averaging among neighborhood values during the blending on the images works better if performed on a largely overlapped area (due to the reduction of blurring).
The low-resolution polygonal mesh of the seabed is in turn obtained from the acoustic bathymetry and textured with a tile-based texture mapping approach that just requires to set some sample images of texture tiles instead of a large texture.


Laser Distance Meters
Fluke introduces a full line of Laser Distance Meters. The Fluke 421D, 416D and 411D are professional-grade laser distance meters — they're fast, easy to use, and they fit on your tool belt. These meters will save you effort and money by reducing measurement time and errors!
Use Fluke laser distance meters to quickly and accurately determine the distance to your target, the area bounded by two distances, or the volume within three measurements:


Nikon AF-S NIKKOR 85mm f/1.8G – best glass in the quality / price ratio
How it looks and works?
the Nikon AF-S NIKKOR 85mm f/1,8G is a compact and lightweight lens, which has nine lens in nine groups, with 7-blade rounded aperture. Its large aperture of f/1,8 is great for low-light photography and the shallow depth of field helps isolate subjects from the background. The AF works very well and fasto, so it’s great lens for portraits, concerts and traveling. Closest focusing distance from the plane is 0,8m.
About the eighty-five
This fast prime lens from Nikon delivers superb image quality. Nikon’s Super Integrated Coating (SIC) is a multi-layer lens coating that improves light transmission, provides better color consistency, and minimizes ghost and flare to a negligible level. From the various images I shot, the lens is sharp, and it wasn’t easy to get flare. So that is well controlled. As can be expected from any optic, used wide-open, the contrast is reduced, and you will have to adjust for that in post-processing.
The build quality is similar to the other f1,8G lenses. The mass is practically the same as the 24 mm f/1,8g, so it is a relatively small and lightweight lens that is easy to carry and handle. It comes with a rubber gasket on the lens mount, which provides good sealing against dust making its way into the camera (the rubber gasket definitely helps not only in reducing sensor dust, but also in reducing the amount of dust that could potentially end up inside the lens). It has a much smaller and less round front element than the flagship Nikon 85mm f/1,4G lens. The thinner barrel, making the lens less bulky in comparison. A smaller barrel also means a smaller filter thread – the Nikon 85mm f/1,8G takes 67mm filters.
The image quality is phenomenal. From my perspective, this is the highest quality fixed lens, at a reasonable price, that Nikon has ever produced. Although the lens does not have a nano crystal coating. However, the lens coating is at a high level as in the case of much more expensive 85 f /1,4 lens.
Comparison with 20 f1,8G and 58 f1,4G
- Superior image quality
- Beautifully blurred backgrounds (bokeh)
- Sharp and clear images at all apertures
- Small size and weight of 350 grams
- Excellent in price/quality ratio
- Excellent aperture at f/1.8
- Lens caps, hood and case included
- Isn’t sealed against dust and water
- The body is made mainly of plastic
Nikon’s 85mm f/1,8G is an excellent addition to its prime lineup. It’s small, fast, sharp – optically uncompromising. It’s a great lens for everyday photography, portraits and traveling. I think it is an ideal choice for all who takes photography seriously.
Thanks for reading!
Lens type: Normal Focal length: 85 mm Maximum aperture: f/1.8 Minimum aperture: f/16 Lens construction: 9 elements in 9 groups Angle of view: 28°30' (18°50' with Nikon DX format) Minimum focus distance: 0.8 m/2.62 ft (from focal plane) No. of diaphragm blades: 7 (rounded) Filter-attachment size: 67 mm Diameter x length: 80 x 73 mm/3.1 x 2.9 in. Weight: 350 g/12.4 oz (excluding hood) Accessories: 67 mm Snap-on Front Lens Cap LC-67, Rear Lens Cap LF-4, Bayonet Hood HB-62, Flexible Lens Pouch CL-1015
* sample images from Nikon 85mm f/1.8G


WideTEK® 36DS – Wide Format Duplex Scanner for documents to 36 Inches (915 mm) Wide
WideTEK® 36DS – the world´s first wide format duplex scanner for digitization of two sided printed documents up to 36 inches (915 mm) in width. At a resolution of 300 dpi the scanner needs only 2.5 seconds to scan the front and back sides of a newspaper page in a single pass through the scanner.
The idea of double sided scanning in one production step primarily means less production effort: The document no longer needs to be flipped over and scanned again on the other side. That makes the scanner an ideal companion for press clipping, archiving and library services.
The scanner features two camera boxes, both consisting of three CCD systems, integrated into the upper and lower part of the device. The WideTEK® 36DS captures both sides of the newspaper at the same time. After scanning, software separates the scanned document into four single images; capturing the left and right half of the front and back of the newspaper – everything in one single step.
The scanner is equipped with two processor units. This allows an extremely fast data throughput. The patented stitching procedure merges the images of the cameras seamlessly together. The scanner resolution of 1200 dpi guarantees brilliant scan results.
The WideTEK® 36DS encompasses the proven technologies of the entire WideTEK® scanner family.


Using high-power chip
The new, high-quality, easy to install
The new LED technology reduces power consumption from 40% to 80%.
With the metal shell, making the lamp in the low heat of the work.
High thermal conductivity, aluminum alloy and exquisite aesthetic
For replacement fog lamps, headlights and so on.
LED chip models: 4014
LED chip number: 30
Light color: white
Socket Type: H3,H1,T10
Color temperature: 6500K
Luminous flux: 550LM
Life: 50,000 hours
Package includes:2PC 4014 30SMD Car LED Lights


The OFS-21 Conference, combined with Photonics North, brought a good number of delegates to the Fibercore booth with a particularly strong turn out from Europe.
A wide range of technologies were discussed in the Technical Forums from Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing techniques using photosensitive fibers such as our PS-range of fiber and our high germania fibers, scattering sensing methods, utilizing Rayleigh, Brillouin and Raman scattering, and polarization sensing techniques using both PM and SM fibers.
The rate of adoption of fiber optic sensors in industry has taken a slow but steady rise with a notable recent acceleration in the acceptance of such techniques for commercial use. As safety becomes a greater issue, companies become liable for any environmental damage and resources become more difficult and costly to extract, these sensor systems start to be viewed as a necessary requirement rather than just academic interest.
Acoustic, vibration, pressure and temperature sensors were all aimed at large industries, particularly the oil and gas, wind energy and security industries.
With OFS-22 based in Beijing, China, between 14th-19th October 2012, it will be exciting to see how some of these technologies have matured and we will hopefully get a strong turn out from the Asian market.


The eye can be examined with relative ease regarding both its function and its structure. A practical assessment consists of the capability to relocate the orbit and the reaction of the pupil to light and lodging.
The function of the eye might be checked in several methods. The patient may be asked to recognize illuminated letter or objects of varying sizes on what is called the Snellen chart.
Alternatively, the examination of the structural part of the eye may be made in several ways. Stress within the eyeball is measured by a "tonometer." In certain illness, particularly in glaucoma, the stress in the eyeball is increased markedly.
It ought to be well remembered that a patient with an eye problem may have other issues. Frequently other physical conditions are primary and affect the eye as a effect. The look of the eye can inform the patient and the physician to problems in some disturbances of other parts of the body even prior to other signs provide themselves.
One's reliance on sight is highlighted when one deals with a possible or momentary irreversible loss of this important sense. For this reason, when restorative measures are looked for, certain forms of vision correction such as contact lenses or eyeglasses are prescribed.
On the other hand, some people are bothered with that they have some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.
For this factor, advanced surgical operations were established to encourage decreased utilization of contact lenses or glasses. One of which is the now popular LASIK eye surgical treatment.
Generally, LASIK eye surgery is the short-term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its tangible equivalent, LASIK eye surgery is another form of vision correction. The only difference is that with this kind of surgical treatment, one's vision is corrected completely.
With LASIK eye surgery, the refractive mistakes in the cornea are permanently changed. This can be done utilizing an "excimer laser."
The primary function of this surgical treatment is to produce a threadlike, rounded "flap" in the cornea utilizing a blade referred investigate this site to as "microkeratome." In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is finally reformed, enabling much better the eye to direct more light into the retina.
Popularity vs. Disadvantages
Amidst the growing popularity of LASIK eye surgical treatment, there are still disadvantages that people should understand. Most likely, the main reason this kind of eye surgical treatment has ended up being well accepted is due to the fact that the majority of its cases had succeeded.
In spite of its success, there Source are still some downsides. Here is the list:
1. It is an operation applied to the most delicate part of the eye
Since LASIK eye surgery involves the operation of the retina, which is one of the most delicate parts of the eye, most individuals state that the operation can be extremely risky.
In other words, a simple error might almost trigger an person's life time blindness. It is important to consider many aspects prior to choosing whether LASIK eye surgery is the ideal corrective measure one has to go through.
2. It is not a best procedure
LASIK eye surgical treatment may correct your vision but it does not always indicate that it can give you a twenty-twenty. Even if statistical reports reveal that 70% of the patients might have 20/20 vision, this does not necessarily suggest they have ideal vision as well.
Given all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the popularity of the operation, LASIK might not constantly be the ideal eye surgical treatment the method many people see it
Conversely, the examination of the structural part of the eye may be made in several ways. It should be well kept in mind that a client with an eye issue may have other issues. Typically other physical conditions are main and impact the eye as a consequence. The look of the eye can notify the patient and the doctor to troubles in some disruptions of other parts see post of the body even prior to other signs present themselves.
Like its concrete equivalent, LASIK eye surgery is another form of vision correction.


This featured still is from a well known daytime TV show. The Marshall CV 150M camera was used as a hidden camera, totally unnoticed by the subject and yet giving full HD pictures for a live broadcast. More and more TV production companies are turning to the Marshall mini cam range for use in live broadcasts thanks to their high performance and tiny size. The CV 150M is little larger than a fingernail.
The CV150M Micro 2MP HDSDI (3G) POV Cameras with Interchangeable lenses meet the heavy duty requirements of High Definition Broadcast applications for filming all types of Broadcast projects such as Sports, Reality TV, Hidden POV, Culinary, Racing, Stunt and Fast Paced motion. Importantly it can work at 1080P 50 as well as 1080i 50.
In addition, these HD cameras have a less than 1-inch x 1-inch camera body and boast HD-SDI/3G-SDI (BNC) output, 0.1Lux (F1.2 50 IRE, AGC Max), 0.01Lux (DSSx4) white balance, exposure, gamma, red/blue gain, wide dynamic range (ACCE), DNR (2D+3D), digital defog and advanced RGB interpolator for HD resolution. They feature an on screen display joystick on the rear camera panel.
For more details please see our range of Marshall mini cams at www.cache-media.com


Estimated reading time 2 minutes, 21 seconds.
SPAES and Swiss Rotor Services joined forces to promote the use of the Maximum Pilot View Kit (MPVK) for the H125/AS350 helicopters. The MPVK provides the pilot with an uninhibited field of view below and to the right-hand side of the aircraft.
SPAES holds now officially the Supplement Type Certificate and will ensure continued airworthiness in future projects for the installation of an MPVK.
The kit significantly improves the pilot’s headroom by adding a new single piece bubble door to the aircraft, thereby increasing lateral visibility when leaning to the right, even when wearing a helmet. A large lower viewing aperture and transparent fuselage window fairing significantly increase the vertical field of view forward, aft and directly underneath the aircraft by a factor of ten, compared to existing solutions.


The DaVinci is a heavy duty CCTV with a 3 in 1 camera, a 24 inch monitor and very clear HD optics. The image is magnified up to 77X and the LCD HD image includes 28 choices of color and contrast. In addition to allowing the user to read, the DaVinci includes text-to-speech capabilities so can read aloud when the eyes are tired. DaVinci can also be attached to a computer, iPad or other tablet. Documents can be uploaded into the machine or downloaded into a computer for saving and editing.


|Home||» Products||» Personal Safety Equipments||» Safety Glasses|
With the help of our high-tech production unit, we are capable of manufacturing and supplying a large array of Safety Glasses. All our glasses are superbly made by keeping in mind all the safety and durability standards. Available in a variety of colors, designs and styles, these glasses are used to protect the eyes from dust, gases and harmful environmental pollution. Before final delivery, we test all the Safety Glasses on various quality parameters.
- Superior finish
- Light weighted
- Provide optimum eye coverings


Nuphoton Technologies Inc. is a pioneer in nanosecond and sub-nanosecond pulsed fiber lasers for LIDAR, ultra compact picosecond laser and femtosecond laser, low noise figure optical fiber amplifiers, linear polarization maintaining optical fiber amplifiers, and broadband flat spectrum ASE light sources. Applications cover defense, aerospace, medical, industrial, telecom test instrument, and scientific R&D markets.
Pictured is their table top fiber laser, manually or electrically tuned, offering 10 picosecond or shorter pulse width featuring wavelength tunability between 1030 nm and 1070 nm.
- Broad Spectrum of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA)
- High-Power Laser Sources
- EDFA Based Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) Sources


PCASTRD-DOST: SCIENCE AGENCY HONORS GROUND-BREAKING R&D PROJECTS
VIA THE INTERNET, December 29, 2005 [The article highlights on the three winners of the biennial Search for Outstanding R&D, Thesis and Dissertation Awards organized by Philippine Council for Advanced Science and Technology Research and Development-Department of Science and Technology (PCASTRD-DOST), from JANET POLITA, RIUD-PCASTRD; For more information, please contact: DR. VIRGINIA G. NOVENARIO-ENRIQUEZ Tel. Nos. 837-2071 loc. 2102-2109]
A state-of-the art device applicable to the semiconductor industry, particularly optical and wireless communication, bagged the major prize in the biennial Outstanding R&D, Thesis and Dissertation Awards organized by the Philippine Council for Advanced Science and Technology Research and Development (PCASTRD) of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). The Awards are PCASTRD's way of recognizing and rewarding excellent R&D performance and significant research outputs in the advanced science and technology.
At the awarding program held recently, DOST Secretary Estrella F. Alabastro lauded the winners for their innovative work and urged researchers to persevere to bring potential products and projects out of the R&D environment and into the market. "The only way we could foster innovation, create new jobs and build a stronger economy for our country is by investing in high-technology R&D and collaborating with industries to support R&D outputs," she said.
DOST Undersecretary for R&D, Dr. Rogelio Panlasigui, challenged researchers to work towards gaining greater international visibility for their R&D work to build confidence in our country's capacity to do world-class R&D. He added that R&D outputs should further promote quality of life for Filipinos.
On the other hand, PCASTRD Executive Director Reynaldo V. Ebora lauded the researchers' ability to produce quality outputs, at par with their foreign counterparts, in spite of funding limitations.
Outstanding R&D projects Besting 14 entries that joined the R&D competition and winning P200,000.00 cash prize was the project titled "Device Fabrication of GaAs-based Semiconductors for Optoelectronics and RF Applications, " developed by the team of Dr. Arnel Salvador from the National Institute of Physics (NIP) of the University of the Philippines-Diliman. The project fabricated, characterized, and investigated Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs)-based electronic devices suited for optoelectronic and radio frequency (RF) applications.
GaAs is a compound semiconductor made up of Gallium and Arsenic. It has the ability to conduct electricity faster than silicon, discharge light, and produce less noise, making it a good material for use in high-speed communications devices such as cell phones and in fiber optic networks. It can also amplify weak-signals.
Dr. Salvador and his team grew the material through molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), which finds use in creating new structures and crystal materials such as semiconductor laser diodes, light emitting diodes, photodetectors, and quantum dots. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is an ultrahigh vacuum technique for growth of monocrystalline layers. It allows the growth of layers and layer systems of high purity and crystalline quality.
According to Dr. Salvador, they pursued the project in order to strengthen the country's capability in developing semiconductor devices in view of the rising global demand for faster and broader information dissemination. He added that the project is the first successful attempt to design, fabricate, and characterize such semiconductor material in the country.
Winning second place and P150,000.00 cash prize is the project that uses a hydrogen Raman shifter to produce novel applications in imaging and holography. A Raman shifter is a device that changes the frequency of light by inducing the Raman effect (the change in wavelength of light scattered while passing through a transparent medium) on a beam passing through it.
The project, led by Dr. Caesar Saloma of NIP-UP Diliman, exploited the many applications of hydrogen Raman shifter (HRS). First, with HRS, they were able to develop an auxiliary system to enhance the capability of their existing laser facility. Through the HRS, their facility which operates only at single wavelength, can now efficiently convert single wavelength beam from laser to a wide range of emission lines extending from near-infrared-to the ultraviolet.
Further, the project, through HRS, was able to produce three novel applications in imaging and holography. First, it was able to demonstrate a two-color two-photon (2C2P) fluorescence with a single light source, which is an important development in a 2C2P microscope. This development offers a great utility for dynamic imaging of living cells in thick specimens such as intact tissues, study of DNA sequencing and chromosomes analysis and the like.
Second, it demonstrated the two-color two-photon optical beam-induced current (OBIC) with Raman shifter. This progress in OBIC is considered an important technique in the inspection and analysis of integrated circuits and other semiconductor devices. Lastly, it exhibited pulsed multicolor digital holography, which is essential in producing high-resolution and high-sensitive image recording and reconstruction.
Taking the third place with P100,000.00 prize is the project that developed and applied reproductive biotechniques for domestic animals in the country. Biotechniques include in-vitro fertilization, superovulation, embryo transfer, and cryopreservation of embryos. Through the adoption of the biotechniques, the researchers from the Philippine Carabao Center, Nueva Ecija, were able to produce the first test-tube buffaloes and the first frozen-thawed goat embryos. The aforementioned techniques could also help improve the quality of animal production, which ensures animals that are healthy and free from physical abnormalities.
PCASTRD's Outstanding R&D Awards, which started in 1994, is a biennial search that aims to encourage researchers to pursue innovative works in advanced S&T areas namely biotechnology, information and communications technology, electronic technology, photonics, space technology applications and materials science. (by: Janet Rosalie Anne H. Polita)
Chief News Editor: Sol Jose Vanzi
© Copyright, 2005
by PHILIPPINE HEADLINE NEWS ONLINE
All rights reserved
PHILIPPINE HEADLINE NEWS ONLINE [PHNO] WEBSITE


Baldwinsville The newest innovation in stadium lighting will be unveiled to the public at 10 a.m. Friday, March 9, in the Center of Progress Building at the New York State Fairgrounds, during move-in for the “Gater Racing News” Motorsports Show. Ephesus Technologies, an LED lighting innovation company based in Syracuse, which plans to expand to Radisson, has partnered with Central New York Raceway Park to unveil and demonstrate the world’s first LED stadium lighting solution.
“We are very pleased to partner with Ephesus Technologies,” said CNYRP President Glenn Donnelly. “I believe their (Ephesus Technologies) Raydeon Series LED stadium lighting will not only be revolutionary but will be the most cost efficient and practical option in today’s market.”
During the Friday press conference the world’s first racetrack/stadium LED lights will be on display for media and the general public. The stadium LED light is part of the Raydeon Series LED lights, which are manufactured in New York, and range in size from 800W to 2500W. The LED lights developed by Ephesus Technologies uses 70 percent less energy and will maintain a consistent lumen light output for more than 20 years. Designed on durability, the lights will endure extreme weather in any climate. The Raydeon Series LED qualifies for energy saving incentives. The most important features is that the Raydeon Series LED lights can be turned on/off instantly with dimming capabilities, unlike the Metal Halide bulbs that take 20 to 30 minutes to warm up and create a huge power surge causing a huge spike in electricity.
“The Raydeon Series LED is the best solution for any outdoor lighting application,” said Joe Casper, president of Ephesus Technologies. “Not only are they the most cost efficient lighting solution, but they designed to be dark sky compliant and allow areas to be lit more effectively. The dark sky features of our LED lights will eliminate light spillage into unwanted areas. This is an important consideration for nearby neighborhoods and roadways.”


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Orthokeratology or Ortho-K is the science of gently re-molding the outermost layer of the cornea to alter how light is focused on the retina. It is a non-surgical and reversible procedure where the corneal curvature is altered by wearing custom fit retainer lenses while you sleep.
These lenses are highly oxygen permeable and are worn every night while sleeping and removed after awakening in the morning. Once removed in the morning, you should have noticeably better vision which gets better each day until maximum correction is achieved.
Treatment times can vary depending on patient’s prescription and patient’s ability to successfully wear the lenses for the recommended 7 hours of sleep. After successful treatment patients will experience clear functional vision throughout the day without the need for glasses or contact lenses. The treatment is completely reversible after cessation of lens wear.
If you have more questions about orthokeratology, don’t hesitate to contact us today at (609) 536-1017.


The Effects of Atmospheric Scintillation
When the exposure time is a large fraction of a second the image of a distant light such as that of a star or planet can be changed from what it should look like, a bright white point of light, to a “squiggly” line (or smear or streak) which has varying intensity (varying image brightness)and varying colour along the squiggly line. The reason for these changes in the image is a combination of (a) camera motion and (b) atmospheric scintillation. Let us consider, first, the effect of camera motion.
Camera Motion Elongates or “Stretches” the Image
Camera motion during the exposure time causes the image to become elongated into a straight or curved line. Typically the camera motion is quite random, as when the camera is held by hand (not on a tripod and not rigidly clamped to a structure), so the elongated image looks “squiggly,” i.e., there are seemingly random straight and curved segments of the elongated image which could range from being a (nearly) straight line to being a closed loop (or several closed loops). Experiments have shown that the amount of random motion or “squiggliness” increases with the magnification or “zoom” factor. When a person holds the camera there can be small random variations in the camera pointing direction that are a result of breathing by the camera operator. Experiments have shown that when a single location on the camera body is pressed against a rigid surface, such as a car or a post, the slight body motion caused by breathing or by one’s pulse is enough to rotate the camera pointing direction by a fraction of a degree. This small rotation is magnified by the “zoom” factor. A typical video records 30 frames (pictures) per second. The slight camera motion causes the image to move around in a random manner. However, at 30 frames
per second there is not much motion during a single frame. Hence the image in a given frame of a typical video is smeared only slightly by ordinary, uncontrollable hand motion. However, when the frame rate is slowed, as in the “night mode” operation of a JVC type camera, the exposure time per frame is lengthened and hence the image elongation is greater (the length of the image increases with exposure time). In particular, when the JVC-type camera is operated at night and a distant light or a star or planet is the object being recorded, the frame rate drops to 2/second or 1/2 second per frame. The combination of this slow frame rate and the zoom magnification is sufficient to create very elongated images such as shown above and below.
Elongation as “Time to Space” Conversion
Consider, now, videotaping a light which changes rapidly in intensity or colour (or both). Such changes would be detectable as variations in the image from frame to frame under normal operation (30 frames/second) when the camera pointing direction is perfectly steady (e.g., a tripod-mounted camera), as long as the time between changes was considerably longer than 1/30 sec, or, equivalently, the pulsation or oscillation rate were considerably less than 30 Hz. (If the changes are at a steady rate, i.e., if they form a steady oscillation, that is faster than 30 Hz the changes could still be detected as an “aliased” signal, i.e., the apparent oscillation frequency as recorded by the camera would not be the actual oscillation frequency of the light.) If, on the other hand, the frame rate is very low, it is still possible to detect variations in the light by using the “time to space conversion” effect (the operating principle upon which the “streak camera” is based).
In this case the camera is rotated to scan across the direction to the light so that at the beginning of a frame exposure the light image is at one point on the image plane (CCD in a video camera or film in a film camera) and at the end of the exposure time the image is at another point on the image plane. When this angle scanning is done at a constant rate there is a one-to-one correspondence between distance between two points at different locations on
the image and the time difference between those points. The angle scan begins at one end of the elongated image and ends at the other end, so the total length of the image (e.g., as measured in microns or millimetres on the image plane) corresponds to the total exposure time. If the image is of a steady light then the image has a uniform intensity along its length as long as the scan rate (e.g., in degrees per second) is constant. If the scan rate is not constant, as happens with a hand-held camera, there are variations in brightness and width along the length of the image of a distant, steady light. If the scan rate is constant and the light pulsates at a steady rate, this pulsation will show up as image brightness variations at regular intervals along the image. If the scan rate is not constant the spacings between the pulses will change, with the spacings being roughly proportional to the scan rates (e.g., faster scan rate, greater distance between pulsations).
The pictures below provide illustrations of the “time to space conversion” effect as applied to the images of both steady and pulsating lights at a power station that was about 2 miles away. The typical mercury vapour or sodium vapour street-lights do not emit constant light. Instead they pulsate with the alternating electric current which powers them. These intensity pulsations are fast and are not noticed by a person simply looking at the lights or even videotaping the lights with a camera mounted on a tripod (or other rigid mount). However, if the camera pointing direction is turned, as described above, the “time to space conversion” makes the pulsations visible. (A person can see the pulsations with the naked eye by turning his eyes rapidly while looking generally in the direction of one of these pulsating lights.) An incandescent light, on the other hand, does not have brightness pulsations (or the pulsations are so small as to be only detectable with special equipment) because the thermal mass of the filament averages over the power pulsations in the alternating current. In the pictures below one sees the time to space conversion images of both pulsating and steady lights. I obtained these images by intentionally turning the camera slightly while videotaping in the night mode so these are 1/2 second exposures. The upper
red images were made by two red, incandescent lights on the sides of the smokestack. The very bright (overexposed) white lights incandescent spotlights. Both mercury vapour and sodium vapour lights created the lines which are made up of series of pulsations or “dot images.” The atmospheric scintillation effect described below may also have affected the images.
Time-to-Space Conversion Effects on Images of Very Distant Lights
When light travels long distances (tens to hundreds of miles) through the atmosphere it is modified by the atmosphere. The modification with which most people are familiar are the brightness pulsations or “twinkling” of stars. Stars which people can see are basically constant light sources. Yet, when viewed through the atmosphere they appear to change randomly in brightness and, especially when viewed through a telescope or zoom lens, to move laterally by small amounts. Something else happens: colour dispersion. Colour dispersion is the basic property of a prism that “splits” light into its component colours. The atmosphere can do this because air can act as a very weak prism. When light travels long distances through the atmosphere the prism effect can cause light of varying colours to enter the camera aperture (lens opening) at varying times. This effect of the atmosphere can be approximately duplicated by putting a triangular prism in front of a camera and shining a small light (or sunlight) through the prism so as to make the colour spectrum appear at the lens of the camera. Then rotate the prism slightly back and forth to make the different colours pass through the lens into the camera.
The images below show what the JVC camera recorded when pointed at the planet Mars, which is a reasonably bright
exo-atmospheric light source (basically a reflector of sunlight). The light from Mars travelled many tens of miles through the earth’s atmosphere before reaching the small aperture of the camera. The atmosphere caused the various colours of the light to arrive at the camera aperture at various random times, and these varying “bursts of a single colour” were recorded during the 1/2 second exposure time as variously coloured “image blobs” lying along the squiggly “time to space conversion” line. Examples of this effect are shown in the first illustration (video frame) above and in the illustrations below. (Note: the colour and brightness variations of the original images from the camera have been limited to 256 levels and by the .jpg compression that has been used to reduce the byte size of this article.)
I obtained these images of planet Mars with a JVC GR D850 mini-DV camera at 40 – 70X zoom with one part of the camera pressed against the body of a car. I attempted to hold the camera perfectly steady. There was no noticeable hand vibration caused by imperfect control of my muscles. Still, the image moved. I then realized that the breathing and the pulse in my hand were enough to cause slight motions of my hands and these motions were enough to rotate the camera very slightly. I could not prevent the camera from rotating just by pressing one part of the camera against the car. Had I pressed a flat surface of the camera against a flat surface of the car I might have stopped the vibration. However, I had no convenient flat surface that would allow me to press the camera against it and still be able to point toward the planet so I was limited to “single point stabilization,” which does reduce but does not eliminate the hand vibration, as would would happen if the camera were mounted on a tripod.
The image of a distant light (tens of miles or more) seen through the earth’s atmosphere as recorded on a hand-held camera, even one which is pressed against a solid support (at a single contact point on the camera), can be an elongated “squiggle” (a randomly curved or straight line) consisting of bursts or “dots” of varying image brightness and colour. Sometimes a line image in a single frame (e.g., 1/2 sec exposure time) or motion of an image over several frames (e.g., at 30 frames/sec) is interpreted as evidence that the object or light being filmed was moving linearly or randomly. This interpretation could be correct if it were known that the camera was on a tripod or that several parts of the surface of the camera were pressed against a rigid support such that the camera could not rotate in any direction. However, unless the rigidity of the camera pointing direction can be assured, one must allow for the possibility or probability that the apparent image motion is a result of uncontrollable hand


Seiler Evolution xR6 Dental Surgical Microscope
Includes the 0-220 binocular head
The Seiler Evolution xR6 offers endodontists and demanding general dentists one of the best dental operating microscopes available anywhere. Why is the XR6 the best choice in a dental microscope? It's combination of quality, features, and value is unmatched by any microscope. This microscope comes from the optical experts at Seiler in St. Louis, Missouri. The Evolution offers 6 steps of magnification from a great wide-field 2X view to an extreme 19X. The xR6 comes standard with a brilliantly bright fully adjustable LED light source with the LEDs built into the actual microscope head. So only a led power connection cable runs from the microscope head to the control box, and you no longer must rely on fragile and expensive fiberoptic cables.
The new xR6 uses an brand new optical path design of all apochromatic lenses made from german glass, resulting in a microscope you can use for long periods without eye strain. A new gas piston arm design is longer than before for better reach, and our customers are relieved to get rid of the bounce found in spring arm microscope supports.
With a lifetime warranty on the optics and mechanics, the best optics available, stable and easy positioning, and great support, the xR6 is simply the best choice in dental microscopes.
Camera, Video, and Assistant Packages
If you wish to order more than one of the camera/video/assistant packages, for example you would like a camera and assistant scope, then the price will be reduced because only one beamsplitter is needed. We have many options for camera, video, and assistant viewing that we'd be happy to talk to you about. 417-355-9000
xR6 Dental Microscope Specifications
6-step magnification turret (2.3x, 3.2x, 5x, 8.2x, 12.8x, 19x)
250mm Objective Lens is standard (175mm-400mm or variable zoom available)
0-220 Binocular Head
10x Wide Field Eyepieces (12.5x and 20x also available)
LED Illumination System: 80,000 LUX
True Coaxial through-the-lens illumination
Standard Counterbalance System
Live Video and Digital Camera Accessories Available
Lifetime Warranty on Optics and Mechanics