The most popular fixed lens of course is a 50mm lens. The reason is because the focal point of the picture and have a 50mm normal perspective, just like the human eye could see.Therefore, fixed 50mm lens is so easy to find in the market also with a cheap price, both brands Canon, Nikon, Pentax and Sony.Along with the entry of the era of DSLR with APS-C sensor, which has a crop factor is 1.5 x 50mm fixed focal lens effectively becomes equivalent to 75mm so it was quite a bit telephoto. So it’s a DSLR manufacturers now make a 30mm fixed lens (Canon) or 35mm (Nikon) specifically for APS-C sensor, so it will provide an effective 50mm focal when multiplied by 1.5. Well, the question is then whether the lens is 50mm so it is not relevant to be selected by the APS-C DSLR owners?
So in the market today we can choose two long normal fixed lens with not much different, ie 35mm and 50mm. Both have large aperture, excellent sharpness, bokeh is good and the prices are cheap (for the f/1.8 version). So which one is better to choose? Options start from looking at the camera used, we assume you use a DSLR with APS-C sensor with a crop factor.
The answer if you really want 50mm photography, take a 35mm lens (or 30mm for Canon). 35mm focal actually still quite wideangle , but will be equivalent to 50mm when mounted on APS-C DSLR. With this lens, we still get the image area that is still quite wide without any significant distortion. This means that this lens is more flexible for use in tight spaces or streets. Disadvantages of this lens is that just because the focal 35mm, when used to create a portrait of the face in close-up (face and shoulders) then we need to be fairly close to the object to be photographed. Another downside the bokeh still less blur (for the 35mm f/1.8 lens).
But if you do like the photo portrait close-up , 50mm lens is better to choose from. The reason, with the focal 50mm and APS-C sensor, the effective focal 75-80mm would be a more telephoto. Having a 50mm f/1.8 lens is sufficient for you to start a hobby stock photo model, for example. 50mm f/1.8 lens is also very cheap. Example for Canon EF lenses only $80, Nikon only $100 (AF version) and $190 (AF-S version). Bokeh produced from this lens is very nice, not too lose with expensive lenses like 50mm f/1.4 for example. Disadvantages of this lens is less effective for use in the narrow room, where we can not back again to find the desired composition. Moreover, because the Canon or Nikon do not have a stabilizer in the body, then we need a lens with a stabilizer, especially above the lens with 50mm focal. But Canon and Nikon apparently decided to not provide the features stabilizer (IS / VR) on their 50mm lenses, either the f/1.4 or f/1.8. Thus when using a 50mm lens, avoid using slow shutter speed (under 1 / 60 sec) so that the risk of image blur due to hand shake when shooting can be avoided.
Special note Nikon AF-S DX 35mm f/1.8 and 50mm f/1.8 AF-S there are some technical differences:
AF-S 35mm f/1.8 :
- DX lenses, can not for full frame DSLR
- small size, filter diameter 52mm
- without window distance scale
- The smallest aperture f/22
AF-S 50mm f/1.8 :
- FX lenses can be used for full frame and DX DSLR
- size is rather large (greater than 50mm f/1.8D older)
- diameter filter 58mm
- have a window distance scale
- There weather seal near the mount
- The smallest aperture f/16


How to choose the lenses thickness? What is the relationship between lenses thickness and the refractive index? Stefan November 27, 2019 14:58 Updated Follow The higher the refractive index, the thinner the lens, the more the light transmittance. Related articles How do I get thinner lenses? What do the Lens Index numbers mean? Frame Size and Strong Rx What is the material of your lens? Difference between Spherical Lens and Aspherical Lens Comments 0 comments Please sign in to leave a comment.


One of the most useful and valuable items for a wildlife trip in the Highlands of Scotland is a pair of quality binoculars. A good pair of binocular can last a lifetime and provide you will endless hours of wildlife watching pleasure, whether you are in a wildlife hide or out in the field. There are many brands on the market and binoculars come in a range of sizes, magnification, quality and price ranges. Features of value for the wildlife watcher include good optics, a wide field of view (e.g. 42), an appropriate magnification (x8 or x10), ease of focussing and weather-resistance. It is well worth spending some time to select a pair of binoculars suitable to your needs, experience, anticipated use and budget.
If you are interested in purchasing a pair of binoculars for the first time or upgrading from your current pair, you might like to consider the following options. However, please note that these are just a few of the many options available and are based on our personal experience.
The binoculars featured here are available to purchase on Amazon. It is important to choose a pair that is right for you and should take time to check out the details of the featured binoculars and the reviews. You can also take advantage of the Amazon shopping basket to monitor any changes in the price and availability.
The Swarovski EL Range
For the keen wildlife watcher who is looking to invest in the best, you would do well to consider a pair of Swarovski binoculars. Swarovski binoculars are much more expensive than the Hawke optical range, but offer a range of features that result in an excellent viewing experience. I have two pairs of Swarovski binoculars, the EL 10 x 32 and the smaller, lightweight CL Pocket 8 x 25, both of which I consider excellent pair binoculars and suited to different purposes.
The Swarovski EL 10x32 offers exceptional optics which make them an excellent choice if you are a keen birdwatcher or wildlife spotter The magnesium alloy housing with its rubber armour coating and duel anchor points is robust with a secure grip. As you would expect, the binoculars are waterproof and fog proof, and the twist up helicoid eyecups are a particularly useful feature for spectacle wearers.
The centrally located focus wheel offers a good focussing range, which is a real asset, allowing you to focus close up when observing woodland birds in the RSPB reserve at Glenborrodale, but ready to offer long distance viewing for that soaring eagle in the hills above. A great feature for the wildlife enthusiastic whose interest range from dragonfly stalking to wader watching.
However, as noted above, it is the quality of the optics which makes this pair of binoculars outstanding. Features include field flattener lens, high density, fluoride ED glass and patented multi-layered anti-reflective and highly reflective prism coatings; features all designed to maximise the image quality in a range of light conditions. The performance of the Swarovski EL 10x32 binoculars are impressive both in bright conditions as well as the low light conditions of dawn and dusk or on a dreich- filled day in the Highlands.
The Swarovski EL 10x32 comes with soft padded carry case, objective lens covers, rain guard and snap shot adaptor. The binoculars come in two colours- sand brown and dark green.
Product Links and Further Information
Other models worth considering
Swarovski CL Pocket 8x25 Binoculars
The Swarovski CL Pocket 8X25 Binoculars are a great pair of compact binoculars which offer the high quality optics of Swarovski, with a very good image quality in bright conditions and a reasonable field of view, yet are smaller enough to fit into your coat pocket. An excellent choice for those who to wish to travel light but always have a good pair of compact binoculars ready to hand.
Product Links and Further Information
Other compact models worth considering
The Hawke Endurance ED Range
Hawke have a really good reputation for the quality of their optics offered at a reasonable price. The Hawke Endurance range are mid size binoculars with three models, 8 x 32, 8 x 42 and 10 x 42, differing in size, magnification and field of view.
The binoculars are waterproof and fog proof with a shock proof rubber-coated magnesium housing which gives a good grip; ideal features for the West Highland terrain and climate. All three models have a centrally placed focus wheel, twist eye cups, stay-on lens covers and rain guard. The multiple coated ED glass lenses offer sharp, clear images with a good level of contrast and brightness, with a very good image quality in bright light.
The binoculars come in classic black or green with a black storage case and are well worth checking out if you are looking for a good quality, budget option. Other binoculars worth considering in the Hawke Range include The Hawke Frontier.


Nines Optics has quickly become an optic force to be reckoned with. In an industry with giants like Costa Del Mar, Oakley, Wiley X and more, how does a company set themselves apart from these aforementioned giants? Through the integration of improved technology into their products. If you are in the market for a new pair of shades at a reasonable cost, look no further than Nines Optics; in our case, the St. Johns with the glass amber, green mirror lens’.
Table of Contents
- What makes Nines Optics Different?
- What Options are Available?
- What is included?
- What We Liked About Them
- Suggested Improvements
- Closing Remarks
With the sport of bass fishing being around for over 50 years, we as anglers have been able to see some of the negative side effects (that come with time), from the obsession that drives us. Skin cancer comes to mind especially with all of the great UV protection apparel that is available to keep us cool, “cool” and covered. Equally as important are the effects the sun rays have on our eyes, and though we may not see it, the damages could keep us from seeing anything at all. That’s why we picked up a new pair of shades and chose the Nines Optics St. Johns.
Before going into the sunglasses, let’s have a quick science lesson. The sun’s rays can be broken down into three types, Infrared (IR), Visible light, and Ultraviotlet (UV). IR rays are lower energy, UV are higher and the visible light is in the middle. When on the water, we are exposed primarily to visible light and UV, both of which can be damaging to the eye. Most of us wear sunglasses on the water, but are yours really protecting your eyes from the harmful effects of sun?
What makes Nines Optics Different?
Each pair of Nines comes with 9 layers of protection. Yes 9, that’s not a typo, 9. Let’s go a little deeper into each of the layers and how they protect your eyes from burning out of your skull.
The first is the Nirtech® NIR Heatshield. NIR stands for Near-Infrared, and prolonged exposure to this specifically can be extremely damaging to the eye. What makes it even more damaging is unlike skin that would burn under IR light (sunburn), your eyes cannot detect it, meaning you could be hurting your eyes, and not even know it. The IR energy actually raises the internal temperature of the eye, essentially cooking it. Think I’m kidding? They use IR technology in BBQ grills that’ll cook a 32oz Porterhouse in the blink of an eye. NIR blocking technology is not exclusive to Nines, however, they have found a way to preserve clarity while not sacrificing protection, which is exclusive to the brand.
The second layer is the Blue Light Shield. This blocks out harmful light within the visible light spectrum specifically blue light. Blue light is harmful to parts on the backside of your eye like the retina and your optic nerve. To protect the front of your eye, the third layer is 100% UVA+UVB blocking. These are both types of UV light that we know are quite harmful and Nines has us covered to protect the lens, iris and cornea.
The fourth layer covers the polarization/anti-glare properties of the lenses. Polarization is key, especially when fish are bedding to reduce the glare put off by the sun’s reflection on the water. Glare is also extremely fatiguing on the eyes. Think about a sunny day of fishing, when you forgot your sunglasses or maybe they blew off when you were hauling down the lake to your next spot, either way, your eyes hurt at the end of the day from squinting right? Another reason why we wear polarized glasses and Nines has some of the clearest and best lenses I’ve looked through to cut out glare.
Layer five is the anti-reflective coating. You may be thinking, “wait, how is anti-reflective different from anti-glare?” Well, lets just look at it, shall we? Sunlight not only reaches your eye through the front of the lens but rather from all sides including the backside of the lens. The Anti-Reflective (AR) coating virtually eliminates reflections from both the front and the back of the lens, drastically decreasing eye strain and fatigue of the eye.
Now layers six and seven are fairly similar so I will mention them together. The two layers are hydrophobic (water repelling) and oleophobic (oil repelling). The hydrophobic coating protects from water and even sweat. When water hits the lens it will adhere through surface tension as a droplet, however, with a hydrophobic coating, the droplet will have a tendency to roll off the lens rather than adhere. This is a huge benefit on the water for a day where you may have a quick shower pass through and then the sun comes out and your glasses are covered in water spots; but not with the hydrophobic coating. The oleophbic coating on the other hand protects the lenses against oils i.e. fingerprints or smudges. This is not to say that fingerprints or smudges won’t end up on your lenses, however, it does mean that they will easily wipe off with a cleaning cloth due to the oleophbic properties incorporated in the lens.
The last two layers include a multilayer mirror which reflects the visible light spectrum, and a two-times hardness coating for increased impact resistance. This is not to say the lens could not crack because it is glass, but it will help.
As much most of the technology of the glasses is in the lenses, that is not to say that there isn’t any worth noting in the frames. First to mention is the frames compository material that is a TR-90 nylon. This material is ideal as it is light-weight, flexible and extremely durable. The frames mold comfortably to your head shape and with the additional ear and nose padding on the inner portion of the frames, you don’t even notice them after wearing them on the water all day. Additionally, the padding is non-slip which makes the glasses feel as if they are attached to your head, rather than just wrapped around it making you feel more like Cyclops from the X-Men than you may care to admit. Last to note is the anti-corrosive hinges perfect for both freshwater and salt applications making these glasses versatile to any angler, fishing anywhere across the globe.
What options are available?
The glasses we picked up were the St. Johns frames with the amber lens with green mirror lens as we found that’s what best suits us, however, they offer 12 different frame styles (all named after major lakes), and 6 different lens options including either polarized poly-carbonate or high performance glass. The lens colors, light transmission, IR radiation and HEV (High energy visible) radiation blocking numbers can be seen below.
What is included?
So regardless of your fishing circumstances, Nines has you covered. Included with each pair of Nines is a micro-fiber carrying pouch which also doubles as a cleaning cloth, a hard case to protect your glasses while not in use and a floating retainer for people that lose their glasses…like us so that they can’t sink down to Davey Jones locker.
What We Liked About Them
Overall, the Nines have met and or exceeded all the expectations you can have in a pair of glasses while fishing and putting in long hours on the water. They protect your eyes from harmful UVA+UVB, NIR, and HEV rays, decreasing your chances of eye issues down the road. They are strong, light, flexible and comfortable to wear even when on the water for 12+hrs straight. When practicing for a big derby and putting in long hours, the last thing you want to experience is fatigue on the old noggin from your glasses fitting uncomfortably. The non-slip pads along the temple and nose also make the glasses feel secure on the head and the shape of the St. Johns frames also limit the amount of light getting in from the sides or top of the glasses which was also appreciated. Lastly, the glasses have a lifetime warranty from any manufacturer defect! How can you beat that?
One suggestion we would give as an improvement to Nines overall would be to keep the same 12 frames and 6 lens options, but instead of only having certain lenses available in certain frames, allow the customer online the option to make their own so to speak. Two drop down menus where the customer could choose their preferred frame and another for the lens that they would like. Obviously for retail sales, this would not be possible, but just continue keeping popular styles in retail. Another suggestion to Nines is to make sure they’re product photos match up to the product. Though a minor detail, the stock photo shows the Nines logo on the frame as green along with the temple rubber pads on the inside of the frames when the actual product’s are gray.
The Nines retail between $89 for polycarbonate polarized lenses and $159 for high performance polarized glass. If you are in the market for a new pair of glasses and looking at some budget options, give the Nines a look, you won’t be disappointed.


HD Military Monocular 12x50 Powerful Telescope
Zoom in and go beyond your natural eyesight. The brand new HD Military Monocular 12x50 Powerful Telescope will give you the power to extend your vision. With a 12x50 zoom capability, you'll be able to pinpoint from a further distance. For an extra $6 you can add cell phone accessories to your order. These accessories allow you to mount your monocular to the cell phone and extend the vision of the camera. Order yours today!
- FMC Multi-Coated
- BAK4L Prism
- Optical Lens
- 50MM Diameter Objective Lens
- Transparent And Bright
- 20MM Ocular Clear And Bright Comfortable View
- Size: 6.7 " x 2.7" x 3.7"
Cell Phone Attachment Accessories:
- One (1) Tripod
- One (1) Cell Phone Mount
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We can supply and fit Point-to-Point, Line of Site communication data systems from radio wave frequency (RF) and physical laser link technology. Laser Links can perform between 1.5 Mbps to 10 Gigabit speeds.
Laser Link or FSO (Free-Space Optics) also known as Wireless Optics or Optical Wireless, is an optical data, voice and video transmission link system. Like fibre optic cable, wireless optics communication systems use laser light to transmit a digital signal between two transceivers. However, unlike fibre, the laser link is transmitted through the air LOS (Line of Sight) instead of through a glass fibre strand. In order for the digital signal to be transmitted and received, there must be clear uninterrupted air space LOS between each wireless optics unit. In other words, there should be no obstructions such as trees or buildings between the transceivers.
Radio Frequency data link (RF) also know, as microwave and wireless link is effectively the same as a laser link, providing a less critical LOS data communications.


40X-2000X LED Trinocular Biological Compound Microscope
Simul-focal trinocular head boasts unique features; Adjustable 23mm photo port and C-mount adapter included; 3D two-layer mechanical stage with coaxial coarse and fine focusing and iris Abbe condenser; Sturdy all-metal frame with LED illumination; This instrument operates on sp.info AmScope® – AmScope MicroscopeAmScope T490B Compound Trinocular Microscope, 40X-2000X Magnification, Halogen Light 40X-2000X eight widefield magnification settings Simul-focal trinocular head boasting unique featuressp.info 40X-2000X Trinocular Compound Darkfield Microscope with T490B's adjustable trinocular port creates a parfocal optical system by allowing the image system attached to the photo port and the image in the eyepieces to be in focus at the same time. Traditional microscopes on the market allow you to see through either the trinocular port or eyepieces, forcing you to switch between the port and eyepieces.sp.info AmScope T490B-DK Compound Trinocular Microscope, Jun 07, 2021 · The AmScope T490B-DK compound trinocular microscope has a sliding head, interchangeable pairs of 10x widefield and 20x widefield eyepieces, a forward-facing nosepiece with four DIN achromatic objectives, Brightfield and Darkfield halogen illumination, and a double-layer mechanical stage with a stage stop to protect slides and objectives from damage The trinocular viewing head
40X-2000X Laboratory Clinic Veterinary Trinocular
The T490B includes a 30-degree inclined 360-degree swiveling, compensation-free trinocular head, a 3D mechanical stage, and an intensity-variable halogen illumination system. The 10MP digital camera captures still images and video, and allows you to view a live stream on your PC.sp.info AmScope 40X-2000X Trinocular Compound Darkfield This item:AmScope 40X-2000X Trinocular Compound Darkfield Microscope. $667.99. In stock. Ships from and sold by AmScope Australia. $205.55 delivery. AmScope BS-50P-100S-22 Pre-Cleaned Blank Ground Edge Glass Microscope Slides and 100pc Pre-Cleaned Square Glass Cover Slips sp.info [Amscope T490B] Microscope Trinocular CompoundBrand ( AMSCOPE ), model ( T490B ), MPN ( T490B ) Review (mpn:T490B for sale) T490B Microscope Trinocular Compound AMSCOPE. In addition, the T490B 's industry standard 23mm photo port can be converted into A/C mount port by attaching the included c mount adapter, allowing you to attach most microscope digital cameras and video systems on the market.sp.info 40X-2000X Trinocular Compound Darkfield - AmScope UKPacking List:One Trinocular Compensation-Free Head. One 23mm Adjustable Photo Port with C-Mount Adapter. One Microscope Body with Frame, Base and Halogen Illumination System. Four High Quality DIN Objectives, 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X. Two Pairs of Widefield Eyepieces, WF10X and WF20X. One Oil Darkfield Condenser. Three Color Filters.
40X-2000X Trinocular Compound Darkfield Microscope
T490B's adjustable trinocular port creates a parfocal optical system by allowing the image system attached to the photo port and the image in the eyepieces to be in focus at the same time. Traditional microscopes on the market allow you to see through either the trinocular port or eyepieces, forcing you to switch between the port and eyepieces.sp.info Compound Microscope Trinocular Microscopes for sale AmScope T490B-DK Compound Trinocular Microscope. $449.99 New. $415.00 Used. AmScope 40x-2500x Plan Infinity Kohler Laboratory Trinocular Compound Microscope. $864.99 New. AmScope T390C Doctor Veterinary Clinic Trinocular Biological Compound Microscope 40 X 2500x. $328.99 New. AmScope T720 Microscope.sp.info * AmScope T490B DK Compound Trinocular Microscope, We suggest that we have image of this AmScope T490B DK Compound Trinocular Microscope, WF10x and WF20x Eyepieces and a list of online stores that have been popular with buyers. Which is easy, safe and fast, with high reliability. The store will have the following information. Such details, features, price best, delivery 1-2 days, Shipping, promotion, and saler.sp.info AmScope 40X-2000X Trinocular Compound Darkfield The T490B also includes a 30° inclined 360° swiveling compensation-free trinocular head, a 3-D mechanical stage, and an intensity-variable halogen illumination system. It arrvies brand new in a factory sealed box. Its retail value is $1900. Where to buy AmScope 40X-2000X Trinocular Compound Darkfield Microscope?
AmScope 子供用楽器 Digital Compound 40X-2000X 知育楽器
Translate this pageホーム > 知育玩具-おもちゃ- > 知育楽器一般 おもちゃの楽器 子供用楽器 AmScope T490B-P Digital Compound Trinocular Microscope, WF10x and WF20x Eyepieces, 40X-2000X Magnification, 韓国商品（文具・雑貨）ならお任せ下さい！他にはない品揃え！sp.info


Thermal imaging has come a long way in recent years, from vague pixellated pictures to highly detailed images looking more like a photo negative than a bunch of heatspot blotches. Drones are one of the key advances in thermal imaging technology, taking cameras to places they’ve never seen before!
So why are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) becoming such a cornerstone of thermal imaging projects? Let’s take a look at some of the uses of thermal imaging across industries, and how drones are changing the use of this cool technology.
Thermal Imaging For Search And Rescue
It might be one of the more obvious categories for thermal imaging, however in the past thermal imaging cameras were either strapped to a helicopter or hand-held by people on the ground. There are two clear problems here: helicopters cannot see under canopies such as forests, and people travel at a limited range of speed.
Bonus: View the Zenmuse XT Tutorial Video here (in videos tab)
A drone covers both of these problems! It can fly under canopies, into buildings, essentially anywhere it may be required. Advanced cameras such as the Zenmuse XT series by DJI make detection of missing people even easier, as temperature alerts can be activated – meaning as soon as body heat is detected, for example, you’re going to know about it.
Firefighting With Thermal Imaging
You might think that fighting fires with a camera designed to spot heat is a bit nonsensical – but wait! In actual fact, firefighters the world over are starting to use drones as a key tool in battling blazes. This is because the advanced cameras like the Zenmuse XT can help detect key hot spots in a fire. What this means is that teams on the ground who are working out the best approach to a blaze can identify potential problem areas, avoiding sending their firefighters into overly dangerous places.
In addition, a drone can provide immensely helpful feedback post-incident, determining areas of safe heat levels, as well as hidden hotspots (fire in the walls). It can even help determine the cause contributors to the fire, for example identifying areas which may have included accelerants.
Flare Stack Inspections
Plants and offshore rigs will often have a combustion system called a flare stack – which looks like this:
These need regular close inspection to ensure the stack remains safe while in operation, and that any essential maintenance and repairs are carried out in a timely manner. However, it can be super costly to shut down a flare stack to inspect it – and that’s where drones with thermal imaging cameras come in!
A drone can fly very close to a flare stack even while it’s in use, and the thermal imaging technology can help identify problems with the operation – such as detecting cracks in the structure. This saves so much money, as the flare stack can be inspected without needing to shut it down, and the problem areas can be identified immediately – so engineers know the exact spot to locate and fix without a lengthy in-person stack inspection.
The final one for today: precision agriculture. What this means is using huge (and we mean HUGE) data sets captured by surveys – usually by drone – and using this information to create smarter crop rotations, improve crop yield by spot-treatments, and manage land more effectively.
Thermal imaging is ideal for precision agriculture as the temperature differences across a field site could affect which crops are planted where. You may have some land which is always shaded in one corner yet always has full sunshine in the other – this is where thermal imaging could determine ideal crop placement even within the same field.
Thermal Imaging Cameras For Drones
There are many different types of thermal imaging cameras for the Inspire drone: the lower-spec ones will do the same job but yield less data to analyse, while the top-end cameras will log everything. There is also the Micasense Rededge and Parrot Sequoia for other drones. The Zenmuse XT camera series is the thermal imaging camera of choice for the COPTRZ team because it makes the DJI Inspire 1 or Matrice 600 very versatile with payload options.
If you’re interested in discussing thermal imaging for your company, call us on +44 (0) 1709 599458 for details.


Toray's Raytela® is ﬂexible and can negotiate 9mm radius bends. Raytela® is a high efﬁcient transmitter of high intensity light for endoscopy devices and more.
NEW YORK CITY, NY, USA, December 10, 2019 /EINPresswire.com/ — Toray, Industries Inc., announces RAYTELA® Polymer Optical Fiber for minimally invasive surgery. Endoscopy, ureteroscopy, ophthalmic surgery and other procedures require devices that are smaller and can navigate more tortuous paths than ever before. Toray has met the increasingly demanding needs for high quality imaging in the minimally invasive surgical market with the Raytela® ﬁber optic cable.
Toray's Raytela® is a very ﬂexible and highly efﬁcient transmitter of high intensity light. Its greater light efﬁciency transmission means that it requires less intensity at the light source. An additional special characteristic is the significantly wider degree of light broadcasting at the distal end. This combination of special capabilities results in signiﬁcantly smaller diameter devices that require fewer light cables.
New devices are being developed to diagnose new disease indications. Many of these devices are required to negotiate signiﬁcantly more tortuous paths than previously capable. In addition to the smaller diameter, the Raytela® optical ﬁber can negotiate tight 9mm radius bends and bend back upon itself 180° with no diminution in light intensity. As compared to glass fibers used in many devices, Raytela® has more resistance to fracture and longer life.
Available in 4 diameters from 250 µm to 1000 µm, Raytela® is the new standard in optical ﬁbers for medical device illumination.
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Source: EIN Presswire


Field of view for CCTV cameras references the range of vision you’ll have on the camera. It’s very important when selecting a CCTV camera. Field of view for CCTV cameras impacts how much of an area you can see, and in how much detail.
Think of it this way. Place your hands in front of you, palm facing palm, about a foot apart from each other. Everything you can see between your hands is your field of view. Maintaining their distance from each other (a foot apart), bring your hands to the sides of your head. You should have a hand beside each of your eyes. You can see pretty much everything you’d normally see in your vision.
Now bring your hands forward. They should still be a foot apart, one palm to the other. What you see between your palms is narrower. The distance between your palms hasn’t changed. You’re staring down a longer focal length. More of your vision is outside that foot of space between your palms.
Now extend your arms all the way. The amount of your vision that exists between each palm will be even lesser.
In the same way, a shorter focal length on a camera will allow you to see a broader range. For instance, a 10 mm focal length allows you to see most of a parking lot. This is useful to catch a great deal of action on one camera.
Extend that to a 50 mm focal length, and you won’t see the entire parking lot any more. You may capture one or two cars. This gives you less breadth of vision, but greater specificity. The detail will be considerably increased.
Make sure that you take field of view into account when selecting a CCTV camera. With greater resolution cameras like today’s 4k models, you can implement broad field of view while maintaining great ability to enhance detail. At the same time, maybe it’s more practical (and less expensive) to get two cameras with slightly lesser resolution, but a longer lens. You’d have to overlap their coverage, but you can maintain a similar ability to capture detail. The choice is different depending on precise circumstances or needs.


Q-SUN Xenon arc test chambers
The Q-Sun xenon arc light test chamber, reproduces the internal and external harmful light. Xenon lamps emit ultraviolet light, visible and infrared.
The filtered xenon arc light lamps are the best way to perform tests to products such as pigments, colorants and dyes that can be sensitive to longer wavelengths of ultraviolet light and to the visible wavelengths of sunlight.
Easy to use
Q-Sun chamber is designed to be used intuitively. Easy to install, use and calibrate. Specimen mounting and evaluations are fast with the unique slide-out specimen tray that can easily fit tridimensional pieces. Lamp replacement is safe, easy and quick to execute. Light fastness chamber B02 of Q-Sun.
Flat and rotating supports Models
The Q-Sun chamber models vary from the benchtop basic level up to the flat and autonomous rotating supports models with all the features. The flat chambers, such as Xe-1 and Xe-3 of Q-Sun, can fit tridimensional specimens or several flat samples. The new B02 chamber is a light fastness chamber designed with a rotating support.


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Upgrade your single vision lens to the True Spot Double Vision Lens System! The new Double Vision lens kit offers more versatility and customization than our original True Spot lens. Pairing two lenses together allows for any center spot power to be coupled with any other outside power. Double Vision lens kit is compatible with [...]
The Pro Series Double Vision ring allows the archer to use their Specialty Archery Pro Series scope (#040-3) with True Spot Target Double Vision Lenses. Uses your existing Specialty Archery positive power lens (1.345”) in conjunction with the True Spot Target size Double Vision Lens (1.108”).
Specialty Archery’s redesigned Glow Ring (GR) now has easily replaceable fiber, and an easily replaceable Glow Pin (GP), allowing the archer to customize both fiber color and pin diameter. Redesigned Glow Pin protects fiber from damage in the field. Fiber colors are easily interchangeable without the use of tools. Clear fiber shroud allows maximum light [...]
Extra Glow Fiber (GF) also available. Glow fiber comes in 3-pack of 8” pieces of: 1 red, 1 green and 1 blue fiber, in .010”, .020”, or .030” diameter. Also includes clear fiber shroud. Can be purchased in the Glow Rings Section for the Scope you have.


National and International Symposia
Last modified: Monday, 29 April 2019, 3:40 PM
International SPECTRALIS Symposium
Every year, the Heidelberg Engineering Academy invites high-profile speakers from around the world to exchange ideas in fascinating locations in Europe, the USA or Asia. Experience scientific lectures at the highest level.
The focus is traditionally on sharing knowledge about the applications of the entire SPECTRALIS imaging platform. In interesting lectures and discussions, learn about the latest insights in retina and glaucoma diagnosis using OCT, fundus and widefield imaging and angiography.


Kvantitativa vätskefasmätningar i rötningsprocessen - CORE
Se hela listan på innovatechlabs.com 2016-03-13 · Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements of four polymers assigned to unknown spectra, examine how different bonds and functional groups give rise to different FTIR signatures and estimate % crystallinity in LDPE and HDPE as semi-crystalline polymers. FTIR spectrum of 2020-12-04 · Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy probes the vibrational properties of amino acids and cofactors, which are sensitive to minute structural changes. The lack of specificity of this A Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) Spectrometer is an instrument which acquires broadband Near InfraRed (NIR) to Far InfraRed (FIR) spectra. Unlike a dispersive instrument, i.e. a grating monochromator or spectrograph, FTIR spectrometers collect all wavelengths simultaneously.
Are you a GRAMS user? Try our 30 day free trial. We think you will prefer using Essential FTIR. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Reference Spectra The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) was published in November 1990. Title III of the Clean Air Act includes a list of 189 hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) for which test methods must be established. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a fast, easy and reliable technique for material identification and quantification of constituents in a sample.
IR spectroscopy - IFM
The most common use is in the identification of unknown materials and confirmation of production materials (incoming or outgoing). The information content is very specific in most cases, permitting fine discrimination between like materials.
Tuber extract of Arisaema flavum eco-benignly and effectively
As can be seen from the graph, the absorption peak at 3272.84 cm-1 The main aim of the task was to use ATR-FTIR infrared spectroscopy to compare The IR absorption spectra at the resolution of one data point per 1 cm-1were 28 Jun 2018 Optical spectroscopy, such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, provides chemical material contrast based on molecular vibrations, Products 1 - 25 of 367 For fast and accurate FTIR, FT-NIR, and FT-MIR analysis in a flexible, highly configurable system, count on our market-leading infrared (IR) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique that is extremely useful for the characterization of organic materials (including polymers) and certain 19 Jan 2008 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identifies chemical bonds in a molecule by producing an infrared absorption spectrum. Fourier-Transform-IR-Geräte (FTIR) enthalten anstelle eines Gittermonochromators bzw. Prismenmonochromators ein Interferometer. Im Allgemeinen werden 1 May 1998 We present here the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorbance spectroscopy in the mid-infrared as a method to calculate mineral 31 Mar 2017 Harnessing the strengths of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and recent improvements in chemometrics, new analytical methods Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy is used to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds and to determines the chemical av M Schön · 2007 — Tolkning av spektrum från Fourier transform infraröd spektroskopi (FTIR) på industriella termoplaster. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectral av U Svedberg · 2004 · Citerat av 5 — FTIR spectroscopy should be considered a standard technique within the field of occupational and environmental hygiene. Keywords: FTIR, Raw Materials Identification Testing by NIR Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy Easy Macro Function Automates Routine LabSolutions IR Operations. av M Schön · 2007 — Polykemi AB uses FTIR-analysis continuously in material identification, trouble shooting and development.
•NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance). •MS. (Mass spectroscopy). •IR. (Infrared spectroscopy).
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FTIR Petrochemicals .
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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a new method for
FTIR spectrum of the same 5.72-ct heat-treated blue sapphire taken with the DRIFTS method.
GemSpectr – Appar på Google Play
In the present study when the FTIR spectrum of BSA, PLGA-PVA and BSA with PLGA-PVA (Figures 1, 2, and 3) were compared, no physico-chemical interaction was detected. For direct spectral comparison of FTIR spectra, some preprocessing steps are very helpful. Here you see how to process a series of spectra by- cutting of bad FTIR spectra reveal the composition of solids, liquids, and gases. The most common use is in the identification of unknown materials and confirmation of production materials (incoming or outgoing). The information content is very specific in most cases, permitting fine discrimination between like materials. FTIR graph are collectively known as the fingerprint region. Each region is unique for an individual compound and are thus extremely helpful in comparisons between different FTIR graphs.
FTIR spectra Hazardous . FTIR spectra Pollutants .


Application of total internal reflection ( T.I.R) –
T.I.R in nature and its technological application-
Brilliance of diamond- The brilliance of diamond is due to the total internal reflection of light. Refractive index for diamond is very large which is near about 2.42 , so that critical angle for diamond air is 24.40. The diamond is cut suitably so that light entering the diamond from any face falls at an angle greater than 24.40. Therefore , it suffers multiple T.I R. at various faces , and remains within the diamond , falling to come out . Hence the diamond sparkles.
Mirage– Mirage is an optical illusion of water observed generally in desert in hot summer day. An inverted image of an object such as tree is observed along with the object as if the tree were on the bank of a pound of water.
Optical fibres – It is a device based on Total internal reflection by which signal may be transmitted from one location to another. It is a thin fibre of plastic specially coated glass , in which light enters at one end leaves it at other end suffering a number of total internal reflection with little loss of energy . it works even it is bent or twisted.
The structure of The structure of optical fibre consists of a core surrounded by cladding . Core ( very high quality glass/silica/plastic) is denser medium of refractive index µ1 and cladding ( glass/plastic) is relatively rarer medium of refractive index µ2 such that µ1 > µ2 .When light incident at one end of the core gets reflected and will be incident on the interface between the core and cladding at an angle greater then the critical angle and light continues reflecting in the core. After several reflection light comes out to the other side i.e. at the destination.
Application of optical fibre –
( I ) It is used to transmit light without loss of intensity over a long distance of several kilometers .
(ii) It is used in the in the manufacture of medical instruments, called endoscope for visual examination of stomach and intestines etc. of patients.
(iii) It used for telecommunication, i.e., in transmitting audio and video signals to long distance.
(iv) It is used to measure the blood flow to the heart in the form of photometric sensor.
(v) It is used to measure refractive indices of the liquid.
Totally reflected glass prism – Prism designed to bend light by 900, or 1800 the phenomenon of total internal reflection , such prisms are used to invert images without changing their sizes.


TL-FC311A-20 is a gigabit media converter, providing a gigabit RJ-45 port and a gigabit SC fiber port, which can convert between electrical and optical signals. And long-distance data transmission through optical fiber can be applied to commercial scenarios such as park security monitoring and wireless networking.
How This Product Works
TL-FC311A-20 adopts WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) technology, helping send and receive data at a distance of up to 20 km with only a single mode fiber, which saves half of the cable deployment cost for customers. TL-FC311A-20 transmits data at 1550 nm wavelength and receives data at 1310 nm wavelength on optical fiber. Therefore, the terminal device used in conjunction with the TL-FC311A-20 should send data at a wavelength of 1310 nm and receive data at a wavelength of 1550 nm. TP-Link another media converter TL-FC311B-20 is one of the products that can cooperate with TL-FC311A-20.
Besides, this media converter can be used as a standalone device (no rack required) or used with TP-Link's TL-FC1420 rack for auto MDI/MDI-X in TX port in which duplex mode is automatically negotiated.
Присъединете се към TP-Link общносттаTP-Link се отнася сериозно към вашата поверителност. За повече подробности относно практиките за поверителност на TP-Link вижте Политиката за поверителност на TP-Link..
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Innovative imaging system uses night vision technology to tackle common side effect of cancer treatment
April 04, 2016
The 19 patents and patent applications covering the system were previously held by a total of four separate academic institutions: Baylor College of Medicine, Purdue University, Texas A&M University and UTHealth. UTHealth recently assumed management of the entire portfolio. Baylor College of Medicine and the Texas A&M University System signed an agreement with UTHealth to make the consolidation of the patent portfolio a reality and to make the entire portfolio available for commercial development. During Sevick's five years with Texas A&M and the Texas Engineering Experiment Station, she was granted several of these patents.
"This agreement provides a great example of local academic institutions working together to bundle intellectual property around an important, innovative technology to make it more attractive to commercial investment. We look forward to working with a commercial partner to get this technology into the clinic," said Bruce D. Butler, Ph.D., vice president for research and technology at UTHealth.
The system involves micro doses of fluorescent dyes and specially modified near infrared cameras. With the aid of the light sensitive cameras, Sevick and her colleagues can observe a fluorescent dye as it works its way through the lymphatic system, indicating valve behavior and flow dynamics. The fluorescent light emission can be seen through the skin by the camera.
In contrast to systems that use computed tomography (CT) scanners or positron emission tomography (PET) imagers, the cameras used in this system are relatively inexpensive and easy to use, Sevick said. Additionally, the contrast dyes used in this system are non-radioactive and can generate images at micro dosing levels. The ability to administer micro doses dramatically reduces the potential for side effects to the patient from the dyes and facilitates approval of the technology through the regulatory process, she said.
Sevick's group is developing further applications of this system for imaging of other diseases.
SOURCE University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston


MBT Lighting LEDPAR96 Par Light
The PAR CAN with 96 LEDs! Take advantage of the low power consumption, low heat and long life of LED technology. Compact fixture uses 32 red, 32 green, 32 blue bright LEDs which can be combined to project a wash of just about any color, including white. 4 channel DMX512 control. Built in color change and chasing functions. 3-pin XLR DMX in and out, 10 DIP switches.


What is RICOH THETA? Part 1
This is part 1 which introduces the enjoyment of THETA.
THETA is a camera (or device) that can capture an entire scene in a single shot.
Images captured by two ultra-wide angle lenses (also called fish-eye lens) on the front and rear of the camera are pasted together (also called stitch processing) in real time to create a 360-degree image. You only need to push a button to operate the camera to capture video and still images. You can easily record the entire space with you in it.
A dedicated app can also be used to connect the camera to a smartphone over Wi-Fi so that you can capture an image of the scene while viewing it on the smartphone screen in real time. You can operate the camera from a distance so that you don’t appear in the shot and also easily take a cool selfie showing a natural composition shot.
And for the experts who want to express their passion for detail, it is possible to adjust the brightness and color of images while simulating still images on a smartphone screen using the live view function.
You can capture 360-degree images easily with THETA without having to think about anything difficult and can create an image with as much detail as desired. The camera only has four buttons but there is more to it than first meets the eye. Well, whether you want to capture images easily or with greater detail, either way is definitely fun.
We have come to the end. Next time will be about the enjoyment of looking at images shot with THETA.


Thanks to current technology, there is no need to spy in the dark to observe what is happening all over the street. Many individuals believe that night vision goggles are the greatest device available.
Whenever folks think of or debate night vision technology, they constantly think of spy movies. Do they function, or are they just another sort of filmmaking magic? If you’re curious, the technology is both genuine and effective. On an overcast, moonless night, a normal pair of night vision goggles would enable you to see a person standing 200 yards away. Isn’t it amazing?
There are two kinds of night vision technologies. The first is based on the picture augmentation idea. It works by capturing the little quantity of light present in darkness and magnifying it to the level where things may be seen. It even captures light from the bottom end of the infrared light spectrum, which the naked eye cannot see.
Thermal imaging is another method through which target acquisition equipment functions. The top end of the infrared light spectrum is captured in this procedure. This portion of the light spectrum is transmitted in the form of heat rather than light as we know it. The more light that is emitted by a heated item, the more of it is generated.
This technology has been implemented into a variety of popular goods and used in a variety of ways. They are classified into three categories: scopes, goggles, and cameras. Monocular scopes are often carried in one’s hand or placed on a weapon. These are ideal for quick viewing from a fixed posture. They are appropriate for usage for a longer period also during mobility since they are worn by the user. Cameras are useful for surveillance because the pictures they collect may be recorded to a recorder or viewed remotely on a monitor.
For many years, they were solely utilized by the army. During the conflict, they were employed to detect the enemy and so avoid a surprise attack. They were eventually employed by law enforcement authorities to track down criminals.
Officers have also been using them to find missing individuals in dark regions. Consumers are finding a variety of methods to benefit from the usage of night goggles. Many hunters choose to hunt at dark in the hopes of catching a substantial catch. The night vision goggles are ideal for stalking their prey. Many individuals find them useful for discovering misplaced things in the dark.
The goggles use an infrared lamp with a tiny optical sensor to locate things that are difficult to see with the naked eye. These are frequently used by paratroopers to guide them and through clouds.
Numerous individuals are unsure that these types of equipment can also be found in haunted houses. They allow employees to observe consumers without being discovered. The use of a goggle for night vision allows the haunted mansion to be conducted securely.
More information about them can be found at the sites like www.agmglobalvision.com.
The infrared illuminator embedded into the goggles allows you to view clients from hundreds of meters away. Being a goblin is now a lot of fun thanks to modern technology. Due to the high expense of the goggles, many individuals were hesitant to purchase them in the past.
Prices have recently decreased significantly, making them more desirable. Upon this marketplace, there are two kinds of night vision goggles. The first is a thermal imaging device, which uses heat to record a fraction of the light reflected by things.
Specialists are the most likely to use these. The picture enhancing gadget is the most common type. These gather light and amplify it, allowing it to be used in the dark. The improved gadget displays brilliant visuals with a lot of information.


|Home||» Products||» Panel Light||» Led Panel Light|
Led Panel Light
Being well-equipped with the latest technology machinery & equipments and supported by a team of professionals we are engaged in manufacturing and supplying Led Panel Light. This range of light is extremely demanded in the market due to its high illumination. The offered light is designed using the superior quality material and advanced technology in compliance with the industry preset norms. Additionally, the quality of this Led Panel Light is checked on different parameters under the supervision of our quality inspectors.
- Optimum brightness
- High energy efficiency
- Shock proof


Crystalline silicon material is the most important photovoltaic material. Its properties are gray-black solid with metallic luster, high melting point (1410), high hardness, brittleness, and inactive chemical properties at normal temperature. Currently widely used in semiconductor, solar photovoltaic power generation and other aspects. The following batteries can be made in the battery field:
1. Monocrystalline silicon solar cell
At present, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of single crystal silicon solar cells is about 17%, and the highest is 24%. This is the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency among various solar cells, but the production cost is too large to be widely used. And commonly used. Since monocrystalline silicon is usually packaged in tempered glass and waterproof resin, it is durable and has a service life of up to 25 years.
2. Polycrystalline silicon solar cells
The manufacturing process of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is similar to that of monocrystalline silicon solar cells, but the photoelectric conversion efficiency of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is much lower, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is about 15%. In terms of production cost, it is cheaper than monocrystalline silicon solar cells, simple material manufacturing, power saving, and low total production cost, so it has been greatly developed. In addition, the life of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is also shorter than that of monocrystalline silicon solar cells. In terms of performance and price ratio, monocrystalline silicon solar cells are slightly better.
3. Amorphous silicon solar cell
Amorphous silicon solar cells (thin film solar cells) are new thin film solar cells that emerged in 1976. They are completely different from monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar cells. This process is greatly simplified, with low silicon material consumption and low power consumption. The main advantage of the reduction is that it can generate electricity in low light conditions. However, the main problem of amorphous silicon solar cells is that the photoelectric conversion efficiency is low. At present, the international advanced level is about 10% and it is not stable enough. Conversion efficiency will decrease over time.


High-performance systems, close cooperation with research institutions and industry partners, customized system design and project execution make it possible to grow high-quality crystals for the semiconductor industry, high-performance electronics, and the photovoltaic and electronics industries.
We offer you our Czochralski (CZ) systems for the production of
- Silicon crystals (Si) for the semiconductor and solar industry
- Single crystals made of oxides for numerous applications, primarily in laser and sensor systems, single crystals made of germanium (Ge) for detectors and multi-junction solar cells
Our Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) systems support your production of
- Monocrystalline compound semiconductor crystals with minimal defect density
- Crystals such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), and gallium phosphide (GaP), which are used in optoelectronics (LED and laser systems), semiconductor technology, high-frequency technology, solar technology, and telecommunications technology.
- Highly productive compound semiconductor crystals such as GaAs, InP, germanium or CaF2


Navigate more safely with FLIR thermal images
US camera manufacturer, FLIR Systems, has unveiled a new range of maritime thermal cameras delivering advanced awareness-enhancing technologies, safer navigation and seamless integration with onboard boat systems.
The successor to FLIR’s M-Series of maritime cameras, the next generation M300 Series comprises five models featuring new pan and tilt housings, four with the FLIR Boson 640 or 320 resolution thermal camera cores and various fixed field of view lenses, plus a visible-only model, the M300C, featuring a high-definition, colour, low-light camera with 30X zoom.
“Our FLIR M300 Series cameras employ advanced sensing and imaging technologies so first responders, commercial mariners, and recreational boaters can navigate safer in limited visibility,” said Travis Merrill, president of the commercial business unit at FLIR.
“These professional-grade marine camera offer industry-leading performance and deep integration with Raymarine Axiom navigation displays to bring mariners a new level of situational awareness,” he added.
The cameras enable safer navigation through improved image stabilisation using an integrated attitude heading reference system sensor, providing captains with a steady view in rough seas. The M300 Series is also designed to integrate with the latest generation marine navigation displays, including FLIR’s Raymarine Axiom family of multifunction displays.
The dual sensor M364C and M364C LR offer mariners greater awareness via FLIR’s Colour Thermal Vision technology which, together with the Raymarine Axiom navigation displays, blends thermal and visible colour video for easy identification of targets at night. Additionally, both models feature FLIR’s MSX imaging technology which extracts edges and borders from the visible camera and blends these elements with the thermal image, giving operators improved sight of distant objects.
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Omron E3Z Optic Sensor
Long sensing distance of 30 m for Through-beam Models, 4 m for Retro-reflective Models, and 1 m for Diffuse-reflective Models. Mechanical axis and optical axis offset of less than ±2.5° simplifies optical axis adjustment. High stability with unique algorithm that prevents interference of external light.
- Sensing method: Through beam (emitter + receiver)
- Sensing distance: 15m
- Control output: NPN
- Pre-wired 2m cable


3nh spectrophotometer, color difference meter and its supporting software provide complete solutions for effectively controlling the entire color management process, helping brands, manufacturers and suppliers to establish a complete color management system and quality control system.
Gloss meter, haze meter and coating thickness gauge provide quality assessment for multi-part products jointly manufactured by different suppliers. 3nh provides surface appearance measurement solutions to ensure reliable quality control.
The standard light box provides stable and consistent lighting conditions, allowing you to efficiently perform visual color assessments. The standard light source colorimetric box contains different numbers of standard light source tubes, which are suitable for various production environments and ensure effective quality control of color.
Image Quality Testing
According to customers' requirements for specified drawings, we can produce various types of reflective and transmissive test chart cards and image inspection standard light sources, and provide image quality evaluation equipment and test solutions.


Wholesale priced microscopes are sold directly by microscope dealers and manufacturers. It is the one-stop source in your search for wholesale microscope equipment. Microscope stores offer varied selection of microscopes for your choice as well as different microscope parts for your microscopy needs.
Wholesale priced microscopes are sold only to dealers and are made available through the internet. Wholesale microscope dealership are scattered all over the world – like the US, Europe, and Asia. Unlike other dealers, wholesale microscope stores could offer you an array of choiced microscopes of over 100 individual types of microscopes.


“Physics is the knife that cuts into the grain of nature.” Jacob Bronowski
Welcome to my homepage! My name is Masoud Ghalaii. I am a researcher in quantum information theory at University of Leeds. I have been recipient of the UK White Rose Research Studentship, and
am employed as a Research Assistant in Quantum Key Distribution at the
University of Leeds, since October 2018. My principal supervisour is Prof Mohsen Razavi. I am also a member of Quantum Communications Hub of UK.
My main fields of interest are
- Fundamental Physics
- Quantum Optics and Photonics
- Quantum [Optical] Information and Communication
Currently I’m working on quantum optical communications, and the use of quantum amplifiers and repeaters in continuous-variable quantum key distribution, as well as satellite quantum key distribution. I am however avid for both quantum optics and quantum information.
Former Education in brief
January – July 2015: stagiaire student; Quantum Information Team, Telecom-ParisTech, Paris, France (with Dr Romain Alleaume)
Full CV available upon request. Send email to M.Ghalaii@leeds.ac.uk.


Rite-Lite 2 HI CRI Shade Matching Light – 12 LED’s (P/N 110075) - with 1 Neutral Pad and 2-AA Batteries
Rite-Lite 2 HI CRI Shade Matching Light – 12 LED’s (P/N 110075) – A hand held unit which uses 6 White L.E.Ds and 6 Yellow L.E.D.s to produce 3 light wavelengths of light, 5500 ̊kelvin (day light) for choosing a shade, 3200 ̊kelvin (room light) to verify the shade still matches and 3900 ̊kelvin for a final verification that the shade still matches.
The Rite-Lite 2 High CRI LED’s recreate the visual spectrum produced by natural sunlight.
We Also Recommend
Rite-Lite 2 HI CRI Shade Matching Light with Polarizing Filter – 12 LED’s (P/N 110075-PF) - with 1 Neutral Pad, 2-AA Batteries, Polarizing Filter


If scope of measurement does not include soluble gases the cold/dry method can be a good option.
Optimum choice of measurement method and selection of the most suitable instruments is always an individual matter and Pentol specialists do it after thorough evaluation of all conditions.
Most of gases can be measured by infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, both in in situ and extractive options. Each instrument of this type contains a radiation source and a detector measuring radiation intensity after passing the measurement zone. In most cases a non-dispersive measurement technique is used employing phenomenon of infrared or ultraviolet absorption of each measured gas by specific for each individual gas wavelength of radiation. Such method is called using abbreviations NDIR or NDUV respectively.
NDIR method is more universal because most of gases can be measured this way using single instrument. Ultraviolet waveband (NDUV method) cannot be used to measure CO, CO2 or H2O, however some gases can be measured more precisely. In practice it means that NDUV instruments are used for process purposes, rather than for complete CEMS.
There are, however, some other technical solutions based on infrared spectroscopy: analysers using Tuneable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Flame ionisation detection (FID) is a method of measurement of total organic carbon (TOC). Sample is burnt in hydrogen flame and value of ionisation current is proportional to content of all components containing organic carbon. TOC measurement is commonly used as a part of CEMS in waste incinerators and cement plants, as well as for process purposes in chemical and petrochemical industries.


LEDs form an inevitable part in the modern electronics as simple indicators to optical communication devices. Light Emitting Diodes exploit the property of the p-n junction to emit photons when it is forward biased. LEDs are specially made diodes to emit light when a potential is applied to its anode and cathode.
The history of LED date backs to 1907 when Captain Henry Joseph observed the property of electro-luminescence in Silicon Carbide. The first LED was designed in 1962. It was developed by Holonyak worked at General Electric (GE). It was a GaAsP device. The first commercial version of LED came in the market during 1960s.
LED technology industry became a boom during 1970s with the introduction of Gallium Aluminium Arsenide (GaAlAs). These LEDs are high bright types and are many times brighter than the old diffused types. Blue and White LEDs was introduced in 1990 which uses Indium Gallium Nitride (InGaN) as the semiconductor. White LED contains a blue chip with white inorganic Phosphor. When blue light strikes the phosphor, it emits white light.
LEDs are extensively used in electronic circuits because of its advantages over bulbs. Some important features that make LED ideal in electronic circuits are:
Inside the casing of an LED, there are two terminal posts connected by a small chip made of Gallium compound. This material exhibits the property of photon emission when the p-n junction is forward biased. Different colours are produced by dopping the base material with other substances.
Inside the Light Emitting Diode
Brightness is an important aspect of LED. Human eye has maximum sensitivity to light near 550 nm region of yellow – green part of the visible spectrum. That is why a Green LED appears brighter than a Red LED even though both use same current. The important parameters of LED responsible for its performance are:
Forward current, forward voltage, Viewing angle and Speed of response are the factors affecting the brightness and performance of LEDs. Forward current ( IF ) is the current flowing through the LED when it is forward biased and it should be restricted to 10 to 30 milli amperes other wise LED will be destroyed.
Viewing angle is the off – axis angle at which the luminous intensity fall to half its axial value. This is why LED shows more brightness in full on condition. High bright LEDs have narrow viewing angle so that light is focused into a beam. Forward voltage (Vf) is the voltage drop across the LED when it conducts. The forward voltage drop range from 1.8 V to 2.6 Volts in ordinary LEDs but in Blue and White it will go up to 5 volts. Speed of response represents how fast an LED is switched on and off. This is an important factor if LEDs are used in communication systems.
Is LED requires a Ballast resistor?
LED is always connected to the power supply through a series resistor. This resistor is called as “Ballast resistor” which protects LED from damage due to excess current. It regulates the forward current to the LED to a safer limit and protects it from burning.
Value of the resistor determines the forward current and hence the brightness of LED. The simple equation (Vs – Vf) / If is used to select the resistor value. Vs represent input voltage of the circuit, Vf the forward voltage drop of LED and If, the allowable current through the LED. The resulting value will be in Ohms. It is better to restrict the current to a safer limit of 20 mA.
The table given below shows the forward voltage drop of common LEDs.
|1.8 V||2 V||2.1 V||2.2 V||3.6 V||3.6 V|
A typical LED can pass 30 –40 mA safe current through it. Normal current to give sufficient brightness to a standard Red LED is 20 mA. But this may be 40 mA for Blue and White LEDs. Current limiting ballast resistor protects LED from excess current that is flowing through it. The value of the ballast resistor should be carefully selected to prevent damage to LED and also to get sufficient brightness at 20 mA current. The following equation explains how a ballast resistor is selected.
R = V / I
Where R is the value of resistor in ohms, V is the input voltage to the circuit and I is the allowable current through LED in Amps. For a typical Red LED, the forward voltage drop is 1.8 volts. So if the supply voltage is 12 V (Vs), voltage drop across the LED is 1.8 V ( Vf ) and the allowable current is 20 mA ( If ) then the value of the ballast resistor will be
(Vs – Vf) / If = 12 – 1.8 / 20 mA = 10.2 / 0.02 A = 510 Ohms.
But 510 ohms resistor is not usually available. Therefore 470 ohms resistor can be used even though the current through the LED slightly increases. But is advisable to use 1 K resistor to increase the life of the LED even though there will be a slight reduction in the brightness.
Following is a ready reckoner for selecting limiting resistor for various versions of LEDs at different voltages.
|12 V||470 Ω||470 Ω||470 Ω||470 Ω||390 Ω||390 Ω|
|9 V||330 Ω||330 Ω||330 Ω||330 Ω||270 Ω||270 Ω|
|6 V||180 Ω||180 Ω||180 Ω||180 Ω||120 Ω||120 Ω|
|5 V||180 Ω||150 Ω||150 Ω||150 Ω||68 Ω||68 Ω|
|3 V||56 Ω||47 Ω||47 Ω||33 Ω||–||–|
An LED that can give different colours is useful in some applications. For example, an LED could indicate all systems OK when it becomes Green and faulty if it becomes Red. LEDs that can produce two colours are called Bicolour LEDs.
A bicolour LED encloses two LEDs (usually Red and Green) in a common package. The two chips are mounted on two terminal posts so that the anode of one LED forms the cathode of the other. Bicolour LED gives Red colour if current passes in one direction and turns Green when the direction of current is reversed.
Tricolour and multicolour LEDs are also available which have two or more chips enclosed in a common package. The Tricolour LED has two anodes for red and green chips and a common cathode. So it emits red and green colours depending on the anode that carries current. If both the anodes are connected to positive, both the LEDs lights and yellow colour is produced. Common anode and separate cathode type LEDs are also available.
Bicolour LED glows in different colours ranging from green through yellow orange and red based on the current flowing through their anodes by selecting suitable series resistor to restrict anode current. Multicolor LED contains more than two chips-usually red, green and blue chips- within a single package. Flashing type multicolor LEDs are now available with two leads. This gives a rainbow colour display which is highly attractive.
IR diodes are widely used in remote control applications. Infrared is actually a normal light with a particular colour which is not sensitive to human eye because its wave length is 950 nm, below the visible spectrum. Many sources like sun, bulbs, even the human body emit infra red rays. So it is necessary to modulate the emission from IR diode to use it in electronic application to prevent false triggering. Modulation makes the signal from IR LED stand out above the noise. Infra red diodes have a package that is opaque to visible light but transparent to infra red. IR LEDs are extensively used in remote control systems.
The Photodiode generates current when its p-n junction receives photons from visible or infrared light. The basic operation of a photo diode relies on the absorption of photons in a semiconductor material. The photo-generated carriers are separated by an applied electric field, and the resulting photocurrent is proportional to the incident light. The velocity at which the carriers move in the depletion region is related to the strength of the electric field across the region and the mobility of carriers.
A photon that is absorbed by the semiconductor in the depletion region will cause the formation of an electron- hole. The hole and electron will be transported by the electric field to the edges of the depletion region. Once the carriers leave the depletion region they travel to the terminals of the photo diode to form a photo current flowing in the external circuitry. In most circuits the photo diode is reverse biased, so that charge is carried by extrinsic charge carriers. The response time of a photo diode is typically 250 nano seconds.
A laser diode is similar to an ordinary transparent LED but produces Laserwith high intensity. In the laser beam a number of atoms vibrate in such a fashion that all the emitted radiation of a single wave length is in phase with each other. Laser light is monochromatic and passes in the form of a narrow pencil beam. The beam of typical laser diode is 4 mm x 0.6 mm which widens only to 120 mm at a distance of 15 m.
Laser diode can be switched on and off at higher frequencies even as high as 1 GHz. So it is highly useful in telecommunication systems. Since the laser generates heat on hitting the body tissues, it is used in surgery to heal lesions in highly sensitive parts like retina, brain etc. Laser diodes form important components in CD players to retrieve datas recorded in compact discs.


Optical characterization of different oxide nanomaterials dispersed PVA/PEO blend matrix-based hybrid polymer nanocomposites for advances in optoelectronic device technologies
Optical properties of different oxide nanomaterials (viz. zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO2), silica (SiO2), and alumina (Al2O3)) as nanofillers (NFs) and a host polymer matrix of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blend based hybrid polymer nanocomposites (HPNCs) have been investigated by employing ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The UV-Vis absorbance spectra over the photons wavelength range 200-800 nm, and the absorption coefficient, energy bandgap, and Urbach energy of the PVA/PEO/NFs HPNC films are determined and reported. The dependence of the optical characteristics of these HPNCs on the type of oxide nanofillers and their concentration have been studied which is found correlated with the optical properties of the nanofillers. Considering the results, suitability of PVA/PEO/NFs materials as potential candidates for UV-shielder, light diffuser, bandgap tuner, and photo-sensor/detector in the design and evolution of various flexible-type optoelectronic devices/components have been discussed.
Optical properties; Optoelectronic applications; Oxide nanofillers; Polymer nanocomposites; PVA/PEO blend
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Neurotech analyst Zack Lynch has an interesting post on his Brain Waves blog about trying out the EyeSeeCam, a wearable camera that tracks eye movements so it can film exactly where the person is looking, allowing others to literally see the world through somebody else’s eyes.
Lynch wore the device while at the recent Society for Neuroscience conference and describes how it works:
EyeSeeCam is based on the combination of two technologies: an eye tracking and a camera motion device that operates as an artificial eye. The challenges in designing such a system are mobility, high bandwidth, and low total latency. These challenges are met by a newly developed lightweight eye tracker that is able to synchronously measure binocular eye positions at up to 600 Hertz. The camera motion device consists of a parallel kinematics setup with a backlash-free gimbal joint that is driven by piezo actuators with no reduction gears. As a result, the latency between eye rotations and the camera is as low as 10 milliseconds.
EyeSeeCam provides a new tool for fundamental studies in vision research, particularly, on human gaze behavior in the real world. This prototype is a first attempt to combine free user mobility with biological image stabilization and unrestricted exploration of the visual surround in a man-made technical vision system.
Does this remind anyone else of Strange Days?
Link to Zack Lynch on wearing the EyeSeeCam.
Link to scientific paper with cool video.


This WiFi pan/tilt camera comes with a suitable App for iOS or Android, and offers a brilliant image quality at any time of the day or night with a resolution of 720p, as well as an infrared night vision function. The surveillance range of the camera is 350° in the pan range and 90° in the tilt range.
- For an effective all-round monitoring of interior spaces
- Guided step-by-step installation via App (iOS, Android)
- App access for up to 8 cameras
- HD resolution (720p) and infrared night vision function for a brilliant picture quality
Item No.: TVAC19000A


Webbing Products offers an extensive colour range with in excess of 100 standard colours to meet customers’ requirements. This colour range can be expanded further to include any additional customer requirements.
- Colour masters are maintained electronically and matched using a colour photo spectrometer, ensuring colour consistency unbiased by visual inspection.
- A combination of the colour photo spectrometer, dyestuff technical data and state-of-the-art predictive software, guarantees a colour-matching process that is efficient and accurate. This ensures optimal cost management during both the product development and manufacturing processes
- Various technologies are utilised to provide the required colour, including
- Pre-dyed yarn
Colour Chart Disclaimer
The colour chart is an average representation of the colour across differing webbing, weave patterns and yarn types. These various construction options result in slight shade variations to the standard. As such, this chart is for reference purposes only and we recommend that any colour requirements are matched and approved on the applicable webbing construction chosen.


A non-perforated screen eliminates the moiré effect. It brings out the best of laser and 4K projection.
With a non-perforated screen, there is no light loss due to perforations. With the same amount of light from the projector, brightness is increased compared to perforated screens.
A non-perforated screen improves the contrast of the image. Details are more realistic, and the picture is more immersive than ever before.
Learn how screen perforations deteriorate picture brightness and contrast


- Electronic Applications of 2D Materials
- Sensors and Energy Devices Applications of 2D Materials
- Photonic and Optoelectronic Applications of 2D Materials
- Bio and Ecological Applications of 2D Materials
Photonic and Optoelectronic Applications of 2D Materials
Many photonic and optoelectronic applications, such as saturable absorbers, photodetectors, ultrathin lenses, photodetectors, and quantum photonic devices, are made possible by the unique physical features of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Alfa chemistry tailors solutions for applications using 2D materials. Due to the increased demand for miniaturized devices, dimensionality reduction of devices on a chip has been particularly intensively studied. Optical modification methods for 2D materials are a good option since they are a quick and inexpensive approach to making a variety of on-chip photonic and optoelectronic devices. Please get in touch with us right away so that we can assist you with your application study.
Polarizers and Absorbers
Due to the engineering involved in their manufacture, conventional materials for ultra-thin polarizers are difficult to use, resulting in poor extinction ratios and inefficient performance. Alfa Chemistry's 2D materials provide substantial advantages in overcoming these factors. We also leverage optical alterations to give a high-precision technique that can be applied to isolated components as well as larger systems in general. Laser modification of 2D materials can overcome the material limits of thin polarizers and absorbers, giving integrated photonic circuits a universal local modification approach.
Fig 1. Laser-reduced GO saturable absorber in a mode-locked laser setup. (Sobon G, et al. 2012)
The continuous development of innovative photodetectors with a wide spectral range could be aided by 2D materials and their 2D heterostructures. They have a wide range of tunability and distinctive features due to their dominance in surface chemistry.
Alfa Chemistry can generate heterostructures without the use of multilayer transfers by using optically modified procedures. Photodetectors made of optically modified 2D materials outperform photodetectors made of traditional materials. Local laser oxidation of In2Se3 produces lateral In2Se3-In2O3 heterostructured photodetectors that exceed most new 2D material photodetectors by several orders of magnitude and reach the performance of state-of-the-art silicon-based photodetectors, for example. The intrinsic band shift of the heterojunction and the formation of a localized charge depletion layer are responsible for the high detection rate.
Ultra-thin lenses are well suited for micro-broadband applications. However, standard ultra-thin lenses have performance limitations due to chemical and thermal instabilities, and reducing them to monolayer thickness can result in lower modulation efficiency.
As Alfa Chemistry's solution to these challenges, 2D materials combined with optically modified methods provide stable lens media. GO's laser reduction can be used to create scattering patterns that overcome modulation inefficiencies. Optically modified 2D material ultra-thin lenses improve nearly every aspect of photonic systems while allowing for more complicated applications like particle micro tracking.
Fig 2. Broadband subdiffraction focusing working principle and the focal spot radii of yellow, green, and blue light shone through a TMD-based ultrathin lens. (Qin F, et al. 2021)
Due to their intense light-matter interactions and simplicity of integration into circuits, quantum light sources based on 2D materials have been extensively studied. Alfa Chemistry is developing hBN-based quantum light sources, using a production approach that involves laser tuning of laser-induced phase transitions and photochemical reactions. This quantum emitter produces single-photon emission at room temperature, which is equivalent to other innovative quantum light sources based on 2D materials. Other optical modification techniques, such as strain, can also cause quantum phenomena like spin defects.
- Sobon G, et al. (2012). "Graphene Oxide vs. Reduced Graphene Oxide as Saturable Absorbers for Er-Doped Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Laser." Opt. Express. 20(17): 19463-19473.
- Qin F, et al. (2021). "pi-Phase Modulated Monolayer Supercritical lens." Nat. Commun. 12(1): 32.
Alfa Chemistry provides cost effective, high quality and hassle free services to our clients worldwide. We guarantee on-time delivery of our results.
If you have any questions at any time during this process, please contact us. We will do our best to meet your needs.


In recent years, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides have gained considerable interest due to several attractive features such as strong confinement of light, low loss in the near- and mid-infrared regions, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with CMOS technology. Silicon exhibits a Kerr nonlinearity more than 200 times larger than that of silica. Moreover, its relatively large refractive index allows silicon waveguides to confine light within an area so small that nonlinear effects can be enhanced by more than a factor of 1000 or even more depending on the effective area.
Hamed Saghaei received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering in 2004, 2007, and 2015, respectively. He is an assistant professor in the department of electrical and computer engineering, at IAU. He is conducting research in the area of:
-Photonic integrated circuits using silicon-on-insulator technology for the next generation of all optical CPUs,
-Photonic crystal fibers with a variety of applications(skin cancer detection and non-invasive imaging of sensitive surfaces),
-Third-generation solar cells.
In a scientometric report published by the Scopus Institute at Stanford University, his name was included in the list of the top 2% of the world's most-cited scientists.


At present, the daily thermal maintenance of portable thermal imaging cameras used in substations has made great progress compared with the traditional methods, but the shortcomings are also obvious:
1, portable operation detection, can not monitor the heat distribution field in real time, which often causes relatively large property losses because the diagnosis is not timely.
2. State detection of unattended substation equipment. If portable infrared equipment is used, it will often increase the labor intensity.
3. Data cannot be transferred to memory and storage in real time, and the measurement area is limited due to the limited battery life.


Addressable RGB LED products that are easy to control via Arduino for dazzling lighting effects. Control all these lights with the same WS2812 code!
This is a high speed, ultra high density Addressable RGB LED strip with 144 individually addressable APA102 RGB LEDs packed on a single 3.28ft (1 meter) long strip! Control with 2 pins, Clock and signal! Arduino & Raspberry Pi compatible.
3.28 feet (1 meter) of singly addressable RGB LEDs on one strip. This strip contains 60 WS2812 RGB LEDs that are each individually addressable. Arduino Compatible. Waterproof silicone casing for outdoor use.


In the future, communication networks could be based on the bizarre world of quantum mechanics, and now we’re a step closer to that reality. Researchers in China have demonstrated a quantum network where entangled photons are beamed between drones and ground stations, successfully maintaining their quantum link over a distance of 1 km (0.6 miles).
Quantum entanglement involves pairs of particles becoming so intertwined that it becomes impossible to describe them individually. By measuring a property of one of them, such as its polarization, you’ll be able to tell the same property of its partner. Weirder still though, it appears to be the case that you’re actually changing the state of the partner instantly, no matter how much distance separates them.
That bizarre phenomenon can be taken advantage of to make fast and secure quantum communication networks. Entangled pairs of photons are generated, then one photon is passed to each user to allow them to communicate instantly by measuring their photons. Most experimental setups so far have tested this using fiber optic cables, but the photons can lose their entanglement over long distances as they bounce off the sides of the optical fibers.
Transmitting them through the air may boost the distances that quantum communications can work. In the past, that’s been done using satellites such as Micius, which a few years ago smashed records by transmitting quantum information between two ground stations 1,200 km (746 miles) apart.
Click to read this article in its entirety.
For more information and to read more of this story, click here.
Source: Michael Irving/New Atlas
Photo credit: conceptw/Depositphotos
The post Quantum communication network goes long with help of drones appeared first on Drone Magazine.


DT300 LASER DISTANCE METER
The comprehensible DT300 Laser Distance meter accurately measures
from 2" to 164' (0.05 to 50m) and can simultaneously calculate area and
volume. It finds it applications in constructions, plant maintenance,
HVAC, marine works to name a few.
The key features of the Laser Distance Meter include:
Wallco Incís DT300 Laser Distance Meter comes with easy-to-carry
carrying case, which makes it convenient to use for the users and also
with 2 AAA batteries for usage. The user manual helps users to use the
product even more effectively.


SkyBell HD Camera is a 1080p camera that broadcasts in 720p.
The 1080p camera maximizes the output for the 720p stream, so the picture quality is better than a 720p camera broadcasting at 720p.
It broadcasts at 720p to reduce bandwidth and ensure stability.
The field of view is 180 degrees. A wedge kit adds 15 degrees of angle.
Full color night vision! Examples below comparing SkyBell HD to a competing product.
All SkyBells are built for over the air updates so further optimization is coming!


Laboratory measurements of leaf and soil optical properties
Tutor: Petr Lukeš and Miroslav Pikl (CzechGlobe)
Tutorial description: In this tutorial participants will learn how to measure leaf and soil optical properties in laboratory conditions. Participants will get familiar with instruments needed for leaf and soil spectral measurements (e.g., spectroradiometers, integrating spheres, light sources, sample tables) and measurement protocols. Participants will be divided into small groups where they will measure soil and leaf spectra in different configurations (integrating sphere, leaf-clip and contact probe). Laboratory measurements will be followed by basic post-processing to compute sample reflectance and transmittance signatures.
Requirements: Participants need to bring their own laptops for spectra processing. No specific software is needed besides spreadsheet editor (Excel, LibreOffice or similar). Sample data and instrumentation will be provided. No previous knowledge on leaf optical properties measurement is required.
Number of participants: max. 10
Date: 5 February 2019, 9:00 – 12:30
Location: Spectroscopic laboratory at Global Change Research Institute (CzechGlobe), Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno
Fee: Free of charge
Registration: Subscribe for the tutorial during abstract submission / registration via ConfTool


Company German Motor Parts would like to introduce our production programme High-intensity discharge lamps - HID Xenon Lamps.
Our brand new high-intensity discharge lamps have higher contrast and brightness quality light than halogen lamps. Xenon bulbs have continuous spectrum with high luminance and high colour temperature with range from UV to visible infrared light. Likewise they use less energy and offer much longer life time, more than 3000 hrs.
We produce these types: D1S, D2S, D2R, D3S, D3R, D4S, D4R, however we can produce also other car lamps upon your request. These lamps are compatible with all cars and trucks using xenon headlamps. The products are homologized under EU standard E/ECE/324, E/ECE/TRANS/505, Regulation 99 by TÜV. Manufacturing is under certification EN ISO 9001:2009.
Our production is located in Central Europe, in the Czech Republic. Our HID xenon lamps have Certificate of origin EUR1.
We have a modern production line and strong technique team that constantly improves manufacturing process of our HID xenon lamps. We can offer these products with our logo LightGMP or we can make parts under your brand name.
Our Hid Xenon Lamp is a good choice for your safety and enjoyable drive.


The Contest FM by UVEX sets a new level in ski goggles. The goggle was developed over many months, in collaboration with World Cup stars, including Dominik Paris, Max Franz and Victor Muffat-Jeandet. They had one goal: set new standards in visual quality.
The result: a goggle with a wide design and extremely narrow frame, which creates an extra-wide field of view. You can see even more of the surroundings, in more detail. Perfect for the steepest descents or a run through the park. Special link system on the frame means Contest FM sits firmly, yet comfortably, on the face. It fits snugly into the helmet, for more comfort, freedom of movement, and improved aerodynamics. Full mirror lens reduces distracting glare, protects from bright sunlight, and creates a strong style statement. The injection moulded, decentred lens provides a distortion-free view.
For long-lasting fog-free protection, the lens is coated with UVEX supravision® technology.
- Supravision®: Under test conditions, uvex supravision® coating stayed fog-free for a whole 60 seconds. For even more safety and the clearest view, even in bad weather.
- Decentered lens technology: Distortion and warping in the field of view can be distracting. That’s why UVEX uses class 1 injection-molded decentered lenses to deliver distortion-free, clear vision.
- UV protection – uv-ex = ultraviolet excluded: UV absorption is built directly into the raw material and filters 100 % UV rays up to 400 nm. All lenses provide 100 % UVA, UVB and UVC protection – the basis for the company name: uv-ex = ultraviolet excluded.
- Double lens spheric
- Climate membrane
- Norms: 100% UVA, UVB, UVC protection EN 174:2001
- Weight: 149g


Segmenting blood vessel from the retinal image is important for detecting many retinal vascular disorders. Diseases
which are all affecting the blood vessels of the eye are known as Retinal vascular disorders. Vessel separation of retinal image
is a fundamental step in finding the affected area of vascular. Some of the disorders of retinal vascular are Diabetic
Retinopathy (DR), Hypertensive Retinopathy, Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO), Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO), and
Glaucoma. For identifying diseases and changes in the retina Retinal Blood Vessel Separation (RBVS) is important. For
segmenting the blood vessel and early detection of these disorders many different approaches and algorithms have been
developed; few of them were discussed in this paper. In this paper, various existing approaches, methodologies, and algorithms
for separating the vessels from the retinal image were analyzed.


You may need to take into consideration and portability - These telescopes can get heavy and depending on your location you may want to pack it up in the car and take it out to darker skies. The Meade 8" LX90-ACF Advanced Coma-Free (ACF) optical system takes all of the features of the Meade SC models and then ups the ante. This is because during the daytime - atmospheric turbulence doesn't allow a larger telescope to fully utilize its resolving power. Plus, a closed tube significantly helps keep the optics clean. Deep sky objects (DSO) is a general name for galaxies, nebulae and star clusters - objects beyond our solar system. When I use an 11mm Plossl eyepiece (almost 200x magnification) for example, I can easily see the Cassini Division in Saturn's rings. It is specially designed to provide you with a smooth and accurate performance. In this particular example - The Great Andromeda galaxy through a large telescope : Effects of light pollution on fainter DSO such as distant galaxies will be even more dramatic. When I look at Jupiter, the pale orange color of Jupiter's famous Great Red Spot is visible, and I've even been able to identify the polar caps and spot dust storms on the planet Mars. Most of the deep sky objects are really faint and a beginner will have a hard time trying to see fine details or resolve the faintest objects. As you can see - many fainter galaxies become invisible in areas with stronger light pollution: If you plan to observe deep sky objects from an area with a moderate light pollution - it is best to concentrate on objects like open clusters, double stars, brightest of the emission nebulae and also some bright planetary nebulae (due to their high surface brightness). Asteroids are rocky objects in inner solar system, and through a telescope the biggest of them appear as simple stars. And a low power 32mm Plossl eyepiece is a good choice for views of larger deep space highlights like the Andromeda Galaxy and the Orion Nebula. They put money into the optics which is where the money needs to go! template left */ As you can see in the following example - the planetary discs look really small through an eyepiece. Living in a light polluted urban area does not mean you can't observe the deep sky. Schmidt-Newtonian corrector lenses and mirrors are individually figured to create a superior optical system which is renowned for its exquisite smoothness and performance. There are 8 planets in our solar system you can observe, however only three of them will show notable surface details: Jupiter, Saturn and Mars (mostly during opposition). Another factor affecting our ability to observe DSO is sky darkness, and it is even more important than aperture. This size and type of telescope has been pretty much perfected and been around for a long time. If price is a concern but you still want to get it reasonably light then go with a dobsonian. Aperture is the diameter of the objective lens or a mirror - it defines how much light the telescope gathers and its maximum magnification (resolution). google_ad_client = "pub-1262100336529291"; At low magnifications it will look approximately the same through any telescope. Most of the deep. If you observe in the middle of a big, light polluted city - even owning a huge, 100000$ telescope won't help. If you are a serious hobby astronomer, want to take fantastic pictures or are looking for your second and bigger telescope the 8 inch size is a good choice for you. A 6 inch scope is a great beginners scope. MEADE 0805-05-02 Lightbridge Truss Tube Dobsonian with 8 - This Meade telescope is comparable to the Orion but with the Lightbridge truss tube set up it is significantly lighter and easier to transport. Celestron NexStar 8 SE Telescope w/ Fork Arm Mount and 40,000 + Object Database - Demo Model Celestron's Nexstar 8 SE telescope combines excellent optics and computerized "GoTo" tracking in a package that's light, portable and affordable. The following images show comparison of how Jupiter and Saturn should look in different instruments, at their highest useful magnifications: In order to see fine planetary details - the telescope, apart from quality optics and sufficient aperture - must be properly collimated and, in case of larger apertures, properly cooled. Also color differences between some pair provide an impressive sight. These stars will still look "dot like" but instead of a single star - you will see two or more placed closely together. 8 inch would be even better but 6 is good. You should make sure it has a 2" focuser. For more examples visit a gallery in "sketches of deep sky" section. If observed over a period of several months/years - some pairs will show noticeable change of relative position.