Look at the picture below. It shows one of two gimballed oil lamps we have on board, and the light patterns on the wall when the sun streams through the portholes and the lamp's globe. We see the same patterns with both lamps and with light coming from any one of six portholes.
As you can see, the pattern is dominated by horizontal lines. No such lines are visible in the glass. Both oil lamps make similar patterns. I've tried cleaning the globes with vinegar to see if it might be dirt on the glass causing the lines. Nope.
The porthole glass is tempered. I suppose it is possible that the light coming through them is polarized. But I can't see how that plays any role. Besides, the different portholes would have random polarization orientations, but the lines are horizontal no matter which porthole the light comes in.
You can see in the picture that light from the portholes that does not go through the lamp globe has no pattern.
I just noticed that the picture shows something that is not visible to my naked eye. I see spider-web like connections between the lamp and the wall. It looks like the light rays cross forming an X pattern in the air. Hmm, very interesting but I still don't see how that makes the lines.
Could it be constructive/destructive interference as light rays reach the wall via two different paths?
To me, this is an unexplained mystery. Why the lines in the light pattern? Is this something a PHD candidate could write a thesis on? I could spend days staring at that pattern trying to understand it. What do readers say? Please comment.


This paper gives an overview of fiber optic communication systems including their key technologies research is currently ongoing to find an effective. Fiber types in gigabit optical communications fiber optic cables are 1977–1978 low loss at long wavelengths renews research interest in single-mode fiber. The advantages of fibre optics this research paper the advantages of fibre optics and other 63,000+ term papers optic fiber cables. Research paper fiber optic the best american series short stories and essays gangs of new york research paper it has been in continuous use since then and is now one. Essays, term papers, book reports, research papers on technology free papers and essays on fiber optics we provide free model essays on technology, fiber optics.
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SCAPEYE VISION ANALYTICS
Scapeye, ARS Traffic & Transport Technology’s subsidiary, improves efficiency and safety in traffic, transport, automotive and mobility with the use of industry leading computer vision technology. Scapeye delivers vision analytics software for solutions that require high performance and accuracy. Their clients are system integrators, vision hardware and software manufacturers and distributors.
As a forerunner in vision analytics with over 25 years of experience, Scapeye commits itself to deliver unmatched detection speed and accuracy. We are taking the next step in vision analytics by adding ‘reasoning’ to ‘recognition’ and get a better digital understanding of what is happening in the real-world environment. This makes Scapeye the best choice for critical decision support under challenging conditions.
Learn more about Scapeye and its products on their website.


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The OD40 is a long distance illuminator that projects a true collimated, focused beam of high definition light that has been created specifically for game identification in a hunting situation. It creates a crisp, clean, clear, focused circle of light at long distances. This not only allows animal or target identification but provides the hunter the ability to make a good, clean shot due to the clarity and definition of the light at longer distances. Optical Dynamics light projection technology puts the hunter in control. The focused beam of light is infinitely brighter, doesn't fade or disperse, doesn't leave dark spots and doesn't reflect back into your eyes to negatively affect your vision. It gives your natural eyesight the ability to function at its best without adverse reaction to reflected light which allows the hunter to hunt more comfortably, which equals slower hunts, better target acquisition, and more success. The OD40 is energy efficient and more effective than any other target-illuminating device on the market. You'll enjoy hour after hour of night hunting success. Animals don't flare! Optical Dynamics engineers have developed a revolutionary, patented photonics technology called CALS. This Collimated Amplified Lens System was engineered to truly project visibly harmonized and intensified light without the use of reflectors or diffusers. Pure, clear light that is so clean the waves of light are unaltered. This allows an animal to take the light without a negative reaction. CALS combines specially engineered multi-coated precision lenses of the highest quality never before used in a light projection device for the outdoorsman. The system effectively captures 100% of the light generated from its CREE LED source and projects a gin-clear, narrow, adjustable column of pure light that clearly illuminates your target. No light is wasted, sprayed, or reflected back to illuminate the hunter. Mount and ergonomics allows for quick, no hassle target acquisition. The OD40 is compact, lightweight and easy to handle, carry, or mount onto a scope or rail with the Optical Dynamics mount. It weighs just 14 ounces with the two included CR123A batteries that provide constant operation up to 100 minutes. Its CREE LED delivers 720 lumens to the lenses that make up the CALS system. Constructed of aircraft grade aluminum, the Optical Dynamics OD40 is shockproof and resistant to water and momentary submersion. It measures just 8-1/2 inches long and is less than two-inches in diameter at its widest point.
It's Not a Flashlight. Unlike flashlights that reflect an uncontrolled diffused light, the OD40 projects a pure column of light that is measured in Field of View (FOV). Its illuminated FOV is 27 feet at 50 yards and up to 108 feet at 200 yards. The illuminated surface areas created by Optical Dynamics are conducive for use as night-vision in hunting situations. The OD40 optimizes the naked eye's natural vision by supplying a target identification distance of up to 150 yards. When used in conjunction with a scope the target identification distance increases by 33%. Light Nothing You Have Seen Before.


What is.. LASIK ?
Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis, or LASIK, is an outpatient surgical procedure that treats myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. LASIK uses a microkeratome and a laser to reshape the cornea (the clear covering of the eye) to improve the way the eye focuses light rays on to the retina. LASIK eliminates your dependence on glasses and contact lens. Most people who have this procedure are corrected to better than 20/40 vision with a majority of people achieving 20/20 vision or better.
Precise, Fast, and Safe
We use the latest FDA approved WaveLight EX500 Excimer Laser which delivers the fastest laser vision correction procedures available. The EX500 is the next generation in Wavefront Optimized technology designed to increase efficiency and enhance patient comfort.
Built for Speed and Superb Outcomes
Featuring a 500 Hz repetition rate, the WaveLight EX500 Excimer Laser delivers the world’s fastest ablation times at only about 1.4 seconds per diopter, resulting in consistent outcomes. This innovative engineering helps reduce the potential for:
1. Stromal dehydration of the cornea
2. Flap shrinkage
3. Sensitivity to eye movements
4. Patient fixation fatigue
Built for Speed and Superb Outcomes
With a powerful 1050 Hz multi-dimensional eye tracker, the WaveLight EX500 Excimer Laser offers exceptional precision and safety:
1. Movement tracking with just 2 milliseconds of latency
2. Dynamic pupil tracking with active pupil centroid shift correction
3. NeuroTrack to compensate for cyclotorsion
Optimized Shot Distribution
Utilizing proprietary PerfectPulse Technology, the WaveLight EX500 Excimer Laser maintains a high pulse frequency with a minimized thermal load:
1. Only 1 pulse in 5 is allowed to overlap
2. Optimizes temporal and spatial shot distribution
3. Reduces the potential for nighttime glare and halos
Its proven state-of-the-art technology provides excellent results that is customized to every eye through Wavefront Optimized®, Wavefront-Guided, and Topography-Guided laser procedures. The EX500 provides the physician and patient with the utmost safety and reliability.
Bladeless Femtosecond Lasik
The latest revolution in lasik surgery
Femtosecond Laser Lasik
Creating the flap is a standard step in LASIK. With traditional LASIK, your surgeon used a mechanical instrument containing a blade to create the flap. Now, laser vision correction features a second laser specially designed for faster and safer flap creations. This new laser gives your surgeon complete control for personalized treatments, precise and predictable procedures, and the most consistent results.
WaveLight® FS200 Femtosecond Laser
The WaveLight® FS200 femtosecond laser helps doctors produce more reliable outcomes during refractive procedures. By combining optimal energy including low-pulse energy during sharp-cutting edging and spacing parameters through a highly precise scanning algorithm, the WaveLight® FS200 laser makes it possible for surgeons to create consistent, high-quality "flaps."
Advantages of Femtosecond Lasers in Lasik
1. Significant improvement in safety with minimized occurences of flap complications
2. Bladeless procedure
3. Precise and customizable flap perfectly tailored to each individual patient's procedure
4. Creates a smooth and fast healing flap allowing for a faster recovery
5. Creates a flap in just 6 seconds
Am I ... a good candidate for LASIK?
People who want to minimize their dependence on glasses or contact lenses make good candidates for LASIK. Lifestyle, hobbies, and amount of correction needed are all factors that may determine whether you are a good candidate.
The ideal candidate for LASIK should
- be over 18 years of age
- has a stable vision for at least one year. You should not have had a change in your prescription in the last year, and should have a refractive error within the range of correction for LASIK
- not have Sjogren's Syndrome, Lupus or previous herpes of eyes
- not have a present scarring on the cornea
- not be nursing or pregnant on the date of surgery
- not have pupils that dilate beyond seven millimeters in the dark
You must also be willing to accept the potential risks and side effects.
What happens before surgery?
Your ophthalmologist will perform a thorough eye exam to measure your prescription and check for any abnormalities to determine if your eyes are healthy and suitable for the treatment.
If you wear contact lenses, you should stop wearing them at least 5-7 days before the actual treatment, depending on the type of contact lens that you are wearing. Your doctor will check your eyes for unusual dryness, which could cause dry eye symptoms post-operatively, or unusually large pupils, which could affect night or low-light vision.
How is LASIK done ?
A flap is created in the upper layer of the eye and carefully folded back.
Next, laserlight gently reshapes the cornea
The flap is then put back into its original position, where it completely adheres.
Your physician will conduct and extensive examination of your eye before the laser treatment in order to precisely determine its health, come al thickness and the degree of your visual defect. Once the examination is completed on the day of treatment, you will lie down on the laser bed. The physician will then apply eye drops to numb your eye.
You will already be able to see your surroundings with improved visual acuity, but for a few hours after the treatment your eye may itch or burn and you experience sensitivity to light. You should try to rest and avoid strenuous visual activities like reading or watching TV while your eye continues the healing process.
In the first step of the procedure, the physician creates a thin flap in the upper layer of your cornea. During this time your sight will be briefly interrupted due to increased ocular pressure in your eye. Then the flap is carefully folded back to expose the lower corneal layer. At this point you will be able to see, but everything will be blurry.
For the next step, the physician will ask you to concentrate your sight on a green light. Then the actual laser treatment begins. Due to the high speed of the laser system, the average treatment will only take a few seconds.
Once the laser treatment is finished, the flap is returned to its original position where it completely adheres and works like a natural band-aid. Your eye will then receive antibiotic eye drops to prevent infections. The treatment is now fully completed.
What happens after surgery?
A see-through shield protects the eye for the first night. It is normal for the eye to burn or feel scratchy. This usually disappears in a few hours. Plan on going home and taking a nap or just relaxing after the procedure. You will be given eyedrops to help heal and alleviate dryness. Healing after LASIK is usually less uncomfortable than with other methods of refractive surgery because the laser removes tissue from the inside of the cornea and not the more sensitive corneal surface.
- The follow up exams during recovery are required to ensure that your eyes heal properly.
- Do not rub your eyes. You may wear protective eye shields for the first 1-2 nights.
- Don’t let the water directly getting in your eyes for the first 5-7 days. Use a face cloth and be careful not to rub your eyes
- Wear sunglasses after surgery if you experience sensitivity to bright lights
- Avoid eye makeup and smoky or dusty environments for a week.
- Patients are able to return to work and other daily activities the day after the procedure. It is recommended that you go to sleep right after LASIK surgery to reduce post-operative pain. When you wake up, you should already notice improved vision.
Risks, Complications and Side Effects
LASIK has small risks and complications that should be carefully considered. There is small chance that LASIK can result in undercorrection or overcorrection. Most complications can be treated without any loss of vision. Many people experience some dryness in the eyes and fluctuating vision during the day. These symptoms usually fade within one month, although some people will continue to have symptoms for a longer period of time.


The Homegrown 8 Bank LED Light bar is the best value White LED to hit the market. With the highest quality full spectrum LED diodes, these light bars have full spectrum for both grow and bloom phase. With 650 watts of true power, this light easily replaces a 1000 watt HID Lamp.
This spectrum is suitable for both Vegetative and Flower cycles of plants. Coverage of these LEDs are 5′ x 5′, they can be hung together to create a lager array for large grow beds. IP65 rated for moist environments; dust and moisture resistant.
Wholesale prices available upon request. Commercial customization available.
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KIUZOU FDA & CE Certified Pulse Oximeter
- ACCURATE & RELIABLE: Blood oxygen accuracy is ±2%, pulse rate is ±1%, SpO2 measurement range is 70% to 99%, PI measurement range is 0.2%-30%, (PR)BPM measurement range is 30 bpm - 250 bpm. When the body abnormal data is measured, a buzzer will be automatically sent.
- QUICK & CONVENIENT READINGS: High precision two-color oximeter displays SpO2 in four directions, six display modes. The bright OLED display cover prevents ambient light from escaping, making the readings clear and clear, with 5 levels of brightness adjustable, and a low-power indicator.
- 4-in-1 FUNCTION: SPO2 sensor will check and display blood oxygen SPO2 value, pulse PR value, blood oxygen bar graph, pulse waveform graph, PI (perfusion index), respiratory rate monitoring parameter + sleep monitoring parameter in real time.
- PORTABLE & LIGHTWEIGHT: Each oximeter weighs only 41g and comes with a neck lanyard, attaches the lanyard to the case or connects directly to the oximeter, so you can use the portable oxygen sensor at any time.


Nonin and Choice Oximeter Review - Pulse Rate, Light and Motion
Nonin and Choice oximeter reivew: This is the fifth in a series of articles in comparing the performance of oximeters made by Nonin and Choice. We used the four oximeters Onyx 9500, MD300C63, GO2, and MD300C1 to take measurements under different pulse rates, light conditions and motion levels. The objective is to test these oximeters under the most extreme situations, including cases that are outside normal operating ranges and would rarely happen in real situations.
We started with the following initial conditions and varied the pulse rate from 45 BPM to 180 BPM.
- Bradycardia: SpO2 88%, Signal Strength: 5%
- Neonate: SpO2 90%, Signal Strength: 1%
The results for all four oximeters are similar and in agreement.
Ambient light conditions
The BIOTEK Index SpO2 Simulator can simulate three different light conditions.
|Sunlight||n/a||Index 2XL simulates sunlight by controlling the output from an LED so that a light level is added to the simulation. This light level is present both between, and during, red and infrared pulses.|
|Artificial||50 Hz||Artificial light is simulated by superimposing 50 Hz noise on the pleth wave.|
|Artificial||60 Hz||Artificial light is simulated by superimposing 60 Hz noise on the pleth wave.|
Fluorescent lamps can produce flicker at the mains frequency (50 or 60 Hz) and can affect oximeter readings.
All the oximeters under testing did an excellent job in filtering out the ambient noise. There is no or little changes when taking measurements under these settings.
A pulse oximeter has a pair of small light-emitting diodes (LEDs) facing a photodiode through a translucent part of the patient's body, usually a fingertip. These LEDs are at different wavelengths and absorption at these wavelengths differs significantly between oxyhemoglobin and its deoxygenated form. SpO2 is calculated from the ratio of the absorption of the red and infrared light. During a measurement, if the LED and the finger moved relative to each other, the signals would be corrupted or interrupted. This test is to gauge the tolerance of the oximeters to motion.
BIOTEK simulator has two motion levels - "Motion Level 1 is recommended when testing pulse oximeters with Masimo Set technology. Use Motion Level 2 when testing pulse oximeters with Nellcor Motion technology". When we attempted to apply these two motion levels to the oximeters, we could not provide reliable data. No conclusive result can be obtained. Our general impression was that the Nonin oximeters were somewhat more tolerant to motion than the Choice oximeters.


Antibody-based detection of sample proteins: A) Protein arrays or reverse phase protein arrays. Proteins are spotted on a support (i.e. glass slide). The primary antibody binds specifically to its protein. The secondary antibody conjugated with HRP (or fluorescence) then bind to the primary antibodies. The substrate is cleaved by HRP to develop detectable color. B) Antibody arrays. Antibodies are spotted on a glass slide and the proteins in the sample are captured on to the glass slide. Another antibody which binds to a different epitope of the protein is used to detect the protein. C) Bead-based array (Luminex platform). The Luminex bead is coated with the capture antibody which binds to the protein in the sample. Another antibody which binds to a different epitope is labeled with fluorescence for the detection. Red laser detects bead and green laser detects the antibody.


St. Louis Cardinals fans are given one more reason to celebrate the 2019 home opener against the San Diego Padres at Busch Stadium.
The Cards are lighting it up in 2019, giving fans a new visual experience when playing on home turf.
“We are told that this will be the best outdoor lighting facility in professional sports,” said Joe Abernathy, Vice President of Facility Planning and Engineering for the St. Louis Cardinals.
Eyes have been opened to the advantages of state-of-the-art LED lights. Busch Stadium is now one of 18 Major League Baseball stadiums with LED lighting technology.
The St. Louis Cardinals partnered with PLANLEDTM to install the lighting system. Abernathy said it has the highest, true-to-life color rendering in an outdoor sports venue.
“Increasing the quality and intensity of our light by about 25%,” said Abernathy.
“We are going to have a color rendering index of 90% which has never been done at an outdoor facility.”
The system provides 90% of the quality of natural light that allows uniformity by reducing shadows and glare. Whether fans are watching the game in stadium seats or from home, the lights are expected to improve the visual experience.
“You may see the ball better. You’ll see the colors much better,” said Abernathy. “With this 500k light that the LED system will put out, reds will pop out brighter and greens will be greener.”
He said the advanced nature of the LED lights improves broadcast quality for viewers at home since the system is HD compatible and 4K ready. Ultra-slow motion replays will no longer have the light flickering.
Abernathy detailed some of the advantages for players on the field.
“Certainly from a scientific standpoint, we met all the test requirements,” he said. “The glare is under control, which is one of the key things when it comes to providing brightness. With the 680 light fixtures, we can provide different angels of aiming and that becomes the key to controlling glare to make sure you’re not shining directly into a player’s eye from a location from which he might be seeing the ball.”
The new LED lighting technology also reduces operating and energy costs.
“Tens of thousands of dollars every year is what it’s going to save,” Abernathy explained.
The system is designed to have a life expectancy of 30 years with at least a 50% reduction in the energy required to operate the field lights.
“We won’t have to get up there every year and replace them. In fact, this particular system has a 20 year warrantee,” Abernathy said. “I won’t have to replace lights, they tell me, for as long as 30 years.”
The system is also capable of producing theatrical lighting effects and themes that can be programmed for home run celebrations and other special events.


The Virtual Image consists of two identical concave parabolic mirrors. When an object is inserted near the centre of the mirror below, (and is close to the other mirror with a hole in the middle), the object appears as if it is in the air and on the mirror with a hole. Since the middle point of a mirror is the focus of another mirror, the object appears as if it is in the air – this is the result of the reflection between the two mirrors.
Stella Science is the brand of Renko Company, which was established in 1984 and is a private company with headquarters located in Ankara, Turkey. We use high quality workmanship and advanced Technologies in our products manufacturing.
Stella Exhibits Center Karşıyaka Mah. 578.sok. No: 18 Gölbaşı / ANKARA


Laser cleaning is the process of using laser to removing contaminants, such as rust, oil, oxides, etc., on steel and other surfaces . Laser cleaning is achieved through laser ablation. It allows the selective removal of the contaminants with little impact on the substrate. Why we need a laser cleaning machine ?
Compared with old method such as dry-ice blasting, media blasting or cleaning using chemical solvents, we can remove many unwanted side effects by using laser cleaner. For example. if you use chemical solvents, it will produce a high amount of waste during process. if you use dry-ice blasting, the process will be very noisy and not efficient. Laser cleaning is a non-contact and non-abrasive process. It using laser light to blasts off the material from the surface layer. The process can be repeat , finishing surface is very clear. laser cleaning has same even better result compared with traditional method but the way in which the actual operation is completed is what makes laser cleaning different. Safer and more environmentally friendly


OPTCORE Start to provide 40GBASE-SR4 40G QSFP+ SR4 Transceiver
Optcore, a global professional optical transceiver and fiber media converters supplier, is pleased to announce the 40GBASE-SR4 40G QSFP+ SR4 Transceiver.
January 8, 2014 (FPRC) -- Optcore, a global professional optical transceiver and fiber media converters supplier, is pleased to announce the 40GBASE-SR4 40G QSFP+ SR4 Transceiver.
Optcore¡¯s QSFP-40G-SR4 is a high performance and cost effective 40G QSFP+ SR4 transceiver designed for 40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GbE) applications. The 40G QSFP+ SR4 transceiver comply with QSFP+ MSA and IEEE 802.3ba 40GBASE-SR4 specifications. It integrates four data lanes in each direction with each lane to giving an aggregated 40 Gbps bandwidth. Each lane supports link lengths of 100m on OM3 multi-mode fiber or 150m on OM4 multi-mode fiber.The optical transmitter incorporates a 4-channel 850nm VCSEL laser, a 4-channel input buffer and laser driver, control and bias blocks. The optical receiver incorporates a 4-channel PIN photodiode, a 4-channel TIA array, a 4 channel output buffer, control blocks.
• High Channel Capacity: 40 Gbps per transceiver
• Transmission data rate up to 11.1Gbps per channel
• Support link length of 100m links on OM3 multi-mode fiber or 150m on OM4 multi-mode fiber
• High Reliability 4-channel 850nm VCSEL laser
• Electrically hot-swappable
• Compliant with QSFP+ MSA
• Compliant with IEEE 802.3ba 40GBASE-SR4
• MPO Optical Connector
• Operating temperature range:0~70oC
• Power dissipation < 1.5 W
• Supports DDM function
• RoHS6 Compliant
• Form Factor: QSFP+
• Data Rate: 40Gb/s
• Wavelength: 850nm
• Fiber Type: MMF
• Max Distance: 100m
• Optical Components: VCSEL/PIN
• Operating Temperature: 0~70oC
• Diagnostics: Yes
• Connector: MPO
• Application: 40GBASE-SR4 40G Ethernet,Infiniband QDR,Fiber channel,high-performance computing networks
• 40G Ethernet
• Infiniband QDR
• Fiber channel
• QSFP-40G-SR4 40GBASE-SR4 QSFP+ SR4 optical transceiver,40Gb/s,MMF,850nm,100m, MPO Connector
Please contact OPTCORE at email@example.com for pricing and more information. You can also visit http://www.optcore.net/optcore/html_products/40GBASE-SR4-40G-QSFP+-SR4-Optical-Transceiver-687.html for the latest information.
About Optcore Technology
Optcore Technology is a developer and supplier of fiber optical transceiver and media converters. As a professional fiber optics supplier, Optcore designs, manufactures and markets a variety of fiber optic products including QSFP, SFP transceiver, GBIC transceiver, XFP transceiver, SFP Plus transceiver, XENPAK transceiver,X2 transceiver, 1x9 Pin transceiver, Fast ethernet fiber media converter, Gigabit ethernet fiber media converter and WDM ethernet fiber media converter. Optcore fiber optic products are widely used in data communication, Tele communication and network applications(WAN/LAN/SAN).
The product lines include:
2Mb 1x9 Transceiver,52Mb 1x9 Transceiver,84Mb 1x9 Transceiver,350Mb 1x9 Transceiver,FE 1x9 Transceiver, OC-3 1x9 Transceiver, STM-1 1x9 Transceiver,FE CWDM 1x9 Transceiver,FE BIDI 1x9 Transceiver,OC-12 1x9 Transceiver,STM-4 1x9 Transceiver,OC-12 BIDI 1x9 Transceiver,GE 1x9 Transceiver,GE BIDI 1x9 Transceiver,GE CWDM 1x9 Transceiver,FC 1x9 Transceiver,OC-48 1x9 Transceiver,OC-48 BIDI 1x9 Transceiver,OC-48 CWDM 1x9 Transceiver,OC-48 DWDM 1x9 Transceiver,2GB FC 1x9 Transceiver.
FE SFP Transceiver,FE BIDI SFP Transceiver,FE CWDM SFP Transceiver,FE DWDM SFP Transceiver,OC-3 SFP Transceiver,STM-1 SFP Transceiver,SGMII SFP Transceiver,GE SFP Transceiver,GE BIDI SFP Transceiver,GE CWDM SFP Transceiver,GE DWDM SFP Transceiver,1G FC SFP Transceiver,1000BASE-T SFP Transceiver, RJ-45 SFP Transceiver,OC-48 SFP Transceiver,OC-48 BIDI SFP Transceiver,OC-48 CWDM SFP Transceiver,OC-48 DWDM SFP Transceiver,2GB FC SFP Transceiver,GE CSFP Transceiver,3G CSFP Transceiver,4G SFP Transceiver,4G CWDM SFP Transceiver,4G DWDM SFP Transceiver, 4G BIDI SFP Transceiver .
3G Video SFP Transceiver,SMPTE SFP Transceiver, HD-SDI SFP Transceiver.
FE SFF Transceiver,FE BIDI SFF Transceiver,FE CWDM SFF Transceiver,OC-3 SFF Transceiver,STM-1 SFF Transceiver,GE SFF Transceiver,GE BIDI SFF Transceiver,GE CWDM SFF Transceiver,GE DWDM SFF Transceiver,1G FC SFF Transceiver.
Gigabit Ethernet (GE) GBIC, Gigabit Ethernet (GE) BIDI GBIC,Gigabit Ethernet (GE) CWDM GBIC,1000BASE-T Copper GBIC.
8GB SFP Transceiver, 8GB CWDM SFP Transceiver,8GB DWDM SFP Transceiver,10G SFP+ Transceiver, 10G BIDI SFP+ Transceiver, 10G CWDM SFP+ Transceiver, 10G DWDM SFP+ Transceiver, 10G SFP+ Direct Attach Cable.
8GB XFP Transceiver, 8GB CWDM XFP Transceiver,8GB DWDM XFP Transceiver,10G XFP Transceiver, 10G BIDI XFP Transceiver, 10G CWDM XFP Transceiver, 10G DWDM XFP Transceiver.
10Gb X2 Transceiver,10Gb CWDM X2 Transceiver,10Gb DWDM X2 Transceiver,10Gb BIDI X2 Transceiver,10Gb X2 SFP+ Converter.
10Gb XENPAK Transceiver,10Gb CWDM XENPAK Transceiver,10Gb DWDM XENPAK Transceiver,10Gb BIDI XENPAK Transceiver.
EPON ONU, EPON OLT,GPON ONU,GPON OLT,10G EPON ONU,10G EPON OLT,10G GPON ONU,10G GPON OLT.
40G QSFP SR4 Transceiver,40G QSFP LR4 Transceiver,40G QSFP AOC (Active Optical Cable)Transceiver,40G CFP Transceiver.
Send an email to Sales of Optcore Technology Co., Ltd.
+86 371 5667 1200


If you play around to make things in a workshop, you might’ve used a laser cutter to create things at one point. Usually, you would use different materials by trial and error method to reach the desired shape and function.
However, researchers from MIT are making this process safer by using machine learning. The team from MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) has come up with a technology called SensiCut, a material sensing platform for laser cutters that warns you of potentially harmful materials.
The tool consists of low-cost hardware components such as a Raspberry Pi Zero microprocessor board hosted in a 3D printed board. The module is then attached to the laser cutter and the neural network of the tool identifies various materials based on the speckled image of a material’s surface microstructure.
You can watch SensiCut in action below, where a researcher is getting suggestions for different materials while making a face shield.
To train SensiCut’s algorithm, the team used more than 38,000 images of 30 material types. The tool can also guide you to use different speeds and cut settings for different materials.
Mustafa Doga Dogan, PhD candidate at MIT CSAIL, said that this tool reduces the overall waste of materials in the workshop:
By augmenting standard laser cutters with lensless image sensors, we can easily identify visually similar materials commonly found in workshops and reduce overall waste. We do this by leveraging a material’s micron-level surface structure, which is a unique characteristic even when visually similar to another type. Without that, you’d likely have to make an educated guess on the correct material name from a large database.
The team believes that the tool could be used for 3D printers in the future too.
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Eyelash Extension Magnifying Glasses
Eyelash extensions require precision and accuracy, which can be difficult to achieve with the naked eye alone. Fortunately, there’s a solution to this problem: eyelash extension magnifying glasses. These glasses come with five different lenses, each with a different level of magnification: 1x, 1.5x, 2x, 2.5x, and 3.5x. This means you can choose the level of magnification that works best for you, depending on your needs and preferences.
Using these magnifying glasses can make a big difference in the quality of your work. With the added magnification, you’ll be able to see your work more clearly and make more precise adjustments. This can lead to better-looking eyelash extensions and happier clients.
In addition to their practical benefits, these glasses are also comfortable to wear. They come with an adjustable headband that fits securely and comfortably around your head, so you can wear them for extended periods without discomfort. Overall, if you’re a professional eyelash extension artist, these magnifying glasses are an excellent investment that can help you take your work to the next level.


Images on a monitor are composed of light-emitting diodes in the form of pixels. However, printers work with paper, which is not made up of light and pixels. Printers are forced to work with dyes and pigments to replicate colours on paper. Each device uses different technology to create the finished product, sometimes resulting in mismatching colours.
Computer monitors use RGB colour modes to create colours on the screen, while printers rely on CMYK colour modes to put these colours on paper. RGB mixes the primary colours red, green, and blue in different quantities to create the colours on your screen. The RGB gamut is composed of every colour that exists in light, therefore the pixels on a monitor can each display almost 17 million colours. CMYK, on the other hand, creates colour by combining four base colours: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black) in varying degrees. This limits the distinct colours that can be created using CMYK to only a couple of thousand. Colours from your monitor are being converted from RGB to CMYK during the printing process. Because of the technology they rely on to print, printers cannot replicate all of the colours a monitor can display. CMYK’s limited colour options often times yield duller and darker colours than those you see on your screen.


Reference - Detail
|Author||Kimura E, Deguchi T, Kamei Y, Shoji W, Yuba S, Hitomi J.|
|Title||Application of infrared laser to the zebrafish vascular system: gene induction, tracing, and ablation of single endothelial cells.|
|Journal||Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol|
OBJECTIVE:Infrared laser-evoked gene operator is a new microscopic method optimized to heat cells in living organisms without causing photochemical damage. By combining the promoter system for the heat shock response, infrared laser-evoked gene operator enables laser-mediated gene induction in targeted cells. We applied this method to the vascular system in zebrafish embryos and demonstrated its usability to investigate mechanisms of vascular morphogenesis in vivo.
APPROACH AND RESULTS:We used double-transgenic zebrafish with fli1:nEGFP to identify the endothelial cells, and with hsp:mCherry to carry out single-cell labeling. Optimizing the irradiation conditions, we finally succeeded in inducing the expression of the mCherry gene in single targeted endothelial cells, at a maximum efficiency rate of 60%. In addition, we indicated that this system could be used for laser ablation under certain conditions. To evaluate infrared laser-evoked gene operator, we applied this system to the endothelial cells of the first intersegmental arteries, and captured images of the connection between the vascular systems of the brain and spinal cord.
CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggest that the infrared laser-evoked gene operator system will contribute to the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying vascular morphogenesis by controlling spatiotemporal gene activation in single endothelial cells, by labeling or deleting individual vessels in living embryos.
|MeSH||Animals Animals, Genetically Modified Blood Vessels / embryology* Endothelial Cells / radiation effects* Gene Expression Heat-Shock Response* Infrared Rays* Lasers Models, Animal Neovascularization, Physiologic / genetics Sensitivity and Specificity Transcriptional Activation* Zebrafish|
|WOS Category||PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE HEMATOLOGY|
|Paramecium||KNZ1207 (PC122021A) Yad1g1N (PB031010B)|


Hyperspectral Imaging is a remote sensing method in which spectral information is used to identify Objects Of Interest (OOI).
Hyperspectral means: The spectral resolution of captured data goes far beyond RGB and the human eye. As a result, very precise object detection and classification can be automatically performed. This already has wide applications from airborne platforms.
We have developed and patented a system for Underwater Hyperspectral Imaging (UHI), in which statistical methods are employed to correct for the inherent optical properties of the seawater column.
Our UHI is an underwater push-broom scanner pointed perpendicular (90°) towards the sea floor and towed by an ROV, along with a rig of external lights. Reflectance data are recorded in lines perpendicular to the ROV’s travelling direction, as the light bounces back from the seabed and hits the scanner.
Reflectance data are noise-filtered, enhanced and geo-corrected to produce hyperspectral maps.
Using a library of spectral fingerprints, we can then identify OOI and automatically map large seafloor areas to reveal their coverage and distribution.
UHI reflectance data are processed into hyperspectral images. Above, a particular benthic species is detected and highlighted to show its distribution.
Requirements for detailed habitat- and organism mapping are continuously tightened. An important goal is to monitor changes to the conditions of certain species and habitats over time; to assess biological impact of subsea operations and develop more viable and environment-friendly procedures.
Compared to current methods, Ecotone UHI represents a time-saving and cost effective solution to these concerns. It is also more precise, and does not depend on the subjective considerations of each individual operator.
Questions or suggestions about Ecotone UHI or related technology?
Talk to us! Call, email or use the contact form at the bottom of this page.


The burgeoning field of biomedicine is resulting in an increased demand in laser technology for biomedical applications. The laser industry has responded to meet that demand. Below are a few examples of how laser technology is evolving for biomedical applications.
True UV Flow in Cytometry
Fluorescence detection has been used in cytometry and other biomedical applications. In cytometry, laser beams are used to excite cells tagged with fluorescent probes where their signals can be segmented into different wavelength bands. A recent trend is to use ultraviolet lasers in this process, but it’s posed some challenges such as green noise, cost, and concerns about using high powered lasers on live cells.
One solution that enables true UV flow in cytometry is the use of optically pumped semiconductor laser technology to generate true continuous wave ultraviolet output without green noise, and with adjustable power output (source: “Lasers meet changing demands of biomedical applications,” Coherent, http://www.coherent.com/downloads/BiomedicalApplications_2015.pdf).
The Noble Prize in Chemistry in 2014 went to Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell, and William E. Moerner for their pioneering super-resolution microscopy techniques that have finally broken the previously insurmountable diffraction limit. Like cytometry, some optical super-resolution techniques use lasers that excite fluorescence. These techniques are used to prepare temporary states of bright or dark fluorescence.
Changing the power of a laser beam helps to control the extent of the brightening, or bleaching, of fluorescence. Using a series of images and algorithms, each imaged area can be stitched into a larger, high resolution image. These microscopy applications require lasers with low noise, high power, adjustable power, and new wavelengths for photobleaching. Again, optically pumped semiconductor laser technology is well suited for this particular biomedical application.
Yale researchers have recently developed an electrically pumped semiconductor laser that shows great promise in biomedical imaging, photolithography, and other applications. This new laser offers high brightness, on the par of traditional lasers but without their image corruption issues (speckle). While light emitting diodes are commonly used as a light source, they lack the power required by many biomedical applications requiring high speed imaging. This new electrically pumped semiconductor laser could lead to the next generation in biomedical imaging (source: “New Laser Could Significantly Improve Biomedical Imaging,” MED Device Online, http://www.meddeviceonline.com/doc/new-laser-could-significantly-improve-biomedical-imaging-0001).


23 June, 2020
5 Min Read
Study of optical properties of super-massive black-hole can provide clue to emission mechanism from its close vicinity
Through 153 nights, 17 scientists from 9 countries in Europe and Asia including researchers from Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, an autonomous institution of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India took 2263 image frames and observed the changes in a very high energy gamma-ray emitting blazar ‘1ES 0806+524’ using seven optical telescopes in Europe and Asia.
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Buy Wide Maximum Aperture Lenses
There are many examples where manufacturers have two or more lenses with the same focal length range but one is much more expensive. This is usually because the maximum aperture is wider. There are several advantages to wider maximum apertures. First, the ability to shoot handheld in lower light levels without raising the ISO (so enabling better quality images, or shots you couldn’t otherwise take). Second, the ability to create very shallow depth of field for creative effect. And third, the fact that you’ll get a brighter viewfinder (which also often results in faster AF). So in short, if you can afford a wider maximum aperture, go for it.
Use Primes For Best Quality
Zoom lenses are deservedly popular for their convenience, but prime lenses, which offer only a single focal length, have many advantages. First, the optical quality is usually superior, because it has been optimised to be master of a single focal length, rather than a jack of many. Second, prime lenses are smaller and lighter than zooms. Even though two or three primes may be heavier than one zoom that covers all their ranges, you’ve only got one on your camera at a time. Third, the maximum apertures are usually wider. Finally, prime lenses can often be inexpensive, especially the 50mm standard lens.
Tips For Telephotos
Shoot sports and wildlife
Make distant subjects seem closer
Fill the frame
Shoot candids without being seen
Beware of camera shake
As well as magnifying the scene, telephoto lenses also magnify any shaking in your hand – as you’ll know if you’ve ever tried to hold a pair of binoculars steady. This means you’ll need to use faster shutter speeds than you would with shorter lenses if you want to avoid camera shake. A rule of thumb is to not shoot at shutter speeds lower than the focal length you’re shooting at, so stay above 1/300th sec if using a 300mm lens. When shopping for a telephoto or tele-zoom it’s well worth investing in one with optical imagestabilisation built in, if you’re a Canon or Nikon user – though if you use Pentax, Sony or Olympus this feature is built into the camera.
Isolate the subject
Tips for Wideangles
Get more in
Wideangles let you get more in shot without having to step back. They’re great for group shots in confined spaces, or large buildings without having to walk such a long way back.
Increase the sense of distance
Wideangles increase the perception of relative distance between objects within the scene, making distant objects seem much further away, and much further from elements closer to the lens. So they’re ideal for ‘elongating’ a scene.
Wideangles can distort straight lines
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For comparison, the lamps used in HPS growth lamps are generally exchanged after only 12 months of normal use and can replace more than $ 100. Even at their lower initial cost, HPS growth lamps can become more expensive than LED lighting in just a few years once the cost of replacement lamps is taken into account. When you also consider the additional savings LEDs that come from being more energy efficient, less demanding on cooling systems and eligible for discounts, LEDs are the most cost effective lighting solution. Growth LED lamps can be placed closer to plants than HID lamps due to their low heat output, sometimes as close as a few centimeters! This is beneficial for producers who grow in areas limited by height. This function also allows producers to place the lights closer to the plants to ensure optimal light penetration in the awning.
A single accessory can provide multi-storey lighting, spreading the lighting evenly throughout the room. Because these accessories are specially designed for growth light purposes, they usually offer a more complete spectrum of light spectrum than cheaper lamps. In addition, producers can expect an increase in diode efficiency in the coming years, enabling more µmol per watt to be emitted. With 48% energy savings over traditional growth lighting at the moment, expect more than 50% energy savings at a lower cost per watt in early 2018 with some of the best LED growth lights In the past fifty years, the experienced producer has used innovation to absorb the difficult by-products of high-pressure sodium lamps.
The wavelength or light spectrum produced by LED growth lamps was one of the fastest areas of progress. Different light lengths have different effects on the growth of a plant. The combination of wavelengths produced by a light source is known as a light spectrum. Initially, the growing LED lamps were only able to produce very specific light wavelengths, mainly red and blue. This put them at a disadvantage for HID light sources with fixed spectra that were closer than plants needed. With advances in LED technology, we are now able to grow full spectrum lights that are perfectly adapted for any stage of plant growth.
A winter harvest of herbs and vegetable salad can also be grown under light. By learning how plants use light and about accessory options, you can select an indoor lighting system suitable for the plants you want to grow. You get more than 50,000 hours of growing LED light, which is more than you get with your traditional lighting.
Unlike the unique fixed spectrum produced by HID accessories, LEDs are available in different colors, allowing them to mix and combine to create a light spectrum optimized for plant growth. This results in higher yields because light is delivered to the factory in a way that is easier to use in photosynthesis. Adjusting the spectrum of your light is an option that only LEDs offer, since HIDs are only able to produce a light spectrum. Originally, LEDs were unable to produce light intensity at the wavelengths required for indoor growth. The lower operating temperatures of the growing LED lighting are advantageous in hydroponics for a few reasons.
Growth LED lamps consume less watt to produce about as much usable light as HID lamps. A manufacturer can use LEDs to supply more PAR to its factories per watt of electricity. If you choose to grow your plants in a greenhouse, you already know how valuable natural sunlight is to grow them. After all, plant life has developed a complex system of biological processes around the solar signals. And if you’ve chosen to take advantage of the sun’s specific light spectrum, it makes sense that you want to choose variable spectrum LED lamps to complement those natural rays. Although HID and fluorescent lamps will only operate your plants with a limited spectrum, LED growth lamps help you mimic the wavelengths of the sun .
I recently visited a vertical city farm where LED accessories shed red light and blue light to stimulate vegetable crops to blossom and give birth to fruit. It was super interesting, but it also looked like a disco and that’s not the kind of light most gardeners want in their interior. However, many LED growth lights are classified as full spectrum, meaning they are very similar to natural sunlight and emit white light that pleases the eye. This is the type of light bulb you will find in Oslo’s LED Grow Light Gardens. Due to the energy efficiency of LEDs, grow lights that LEDs use create much less heat compared to traditional light sources.
Other producers, generally those who carry out large-scale activities, prefer HID lighting because they provide the most intense light. HIDs naturally have their own challenges: they consume much more energy than LEDs and also force the producer to invest in additional equipment, such as extractor hoods and exhaust fans. But if your main goal is to maximize the amount of crops your garden produces, HID is probably the right choice. Our growth lighting can last 50,000 hours before your light output drops significantly. This means that growth lighting with LEDs can be on average about 10 years of normal use (12 hours on – 12 hours off) before they need to be replaced.
By hanging your accessories closer to the awning, this effect is reduced and the light is directed towards the desired areas. A unique advantage for growers who buy cannabis grow lights with LED technology is the availability of discounts from utilities. With the recent boom in indoor grow lights cultivation, utilities are seeing unprecedented demand for electricity, putting the grid under great pressure. Depending on your local guidelines, you can get between 20 and 90 percent of the total LED lighting growth cost you buy reimbursed by your local utility company.


Launched in July of 2020, and landing just a few days ago Perseverance is NASA’s newest rover on Mars. Following in the tracks of Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity; Perseverance will explore the Martian surface, this time starting off in the Jezero Crater. Perseverance is searching for possible evidence of past life on Mars. While it is equipped with a wide array of instrumentation; the camera’s are possibly the most interesting. With 23 cameras, we can expect a wide array of imagery throughout Perseverance’s life.
Seven cameras are dedicated specifically to the entry, descent, and landing of the vehicle. These include cameras on the back shell aimed up at the parachute, cameras on the descent stage aimed down at the rover, a camera on the rover looking up at the descent stage, and a camera on the rover looking down at the surface.
Perseverance also carries a wide array of science and engineering cameras. There are three types of engineering cameras on Perseverance; HazCams, NavCams and the Cache Cam. Alongside these cameras, for the first time ever we have microphones on the surface of Mars.
These cameras share a common 20mp sensor but the lenses vary based on the cameras specific purpose. The Hazcams, or Hazard Avoidance Cameras are at the front and rear of the rover, and are used to avoid obstacles that may be in the path of the rover and to determine where to move the robotic arm.
NASA releases raw images from these cameras here. The images shared are not all color images, but can be processed into a color image by combining the red, green and blue channels.
While this processing can be done in an image editing program like photoshop, Christopher Becke shared a simple online tool which can be used to create your own color images from Perseverance.
The Navigation cameras, or navcams, aid the rover in navigating the Martian surface. The two color cameras aid in both remote operation of the rover from earth and the autonomous driving of the rover.
The last engineering camera on Perseverance is the Cachecam. The cache camera is used to take pictures of the rock samples and sample tubes as they are collected from the surface of Mars. Perseverance will be collecting and sealing samples of soil and rock for future collection- to prevent any possible contamination of the rock by future Mars missions.
Two types of science cameras are mounted on the mast of Perseverance, these are the Mastcam-z and Supercam. The Mastcam consists of two color cameras in order to provide a 3d view and is also capable of taking videos. The Supercam is used to measure the chemical composition of rocks from a distance. A high power laser is fired and the camera looks at the flash of plasma to measure the specific wavelengths of light created in order to determine its composition.
The final three science cameras; PIXL, SHERLOC and WATSON are all mounted on Perseverance’s robotic arm. This allows them to get extremely close to the surface and gives them the greatest amount of flexibility in where they are aimed.
PIXL stands for Planetary Institute X-Ray Lithochemistry. It is able find chemical fingerprints on a point the size of a grain of sand in search of any traces of life that past microbes may have left behind.
SHERLOC consists of lasers and Spectrometers to measure composition but also a macro camera to get extremely closeup images. SHERLOC also has spacesuit material to determine how well the material holds up in the Martian atmosphere.
WATSON is a wider camera that helps provide context between the extremely closeup imagery from SHERLOC and the wide shots shown from the Mastcam.
Earlier today NASA released video of Perseverance landing. We can expect a great deal of valuable data in the coming days. History is being made each and everyday, and the data gained from this mission will help prepare us for a future where people may visit Mars.


In the world of the night, pitch dark, it all can not see, let alone monitor. Indeed, security network camera, night vision has been a troubled everyone’s problem. Dim light and infrared imaging is to use existing security technology, the most widely used night vision technology. Low light level imaging is mainly used in anti-terrorism investigation, the night vision of military operations, and infrared night vision imaging is mainly used for night surveillance cameras to monitor more. Of course, the two interludes, such as dim light surveillance ip camera and infrared night vision products.
Since the two kinds of night vision technology are very good, whether they have had PK? Today we have to view large collision time, compare the difference of infrared imaging and low light level imaging, and their advantages and disadvantages.
First, to introduce two kinds of night vision technology.
Low light level imaging technique
Night vision technology, also known as the image intensifier technology, with like intensifier tube night vision goggles, night sky illuminated by a weak target image enhancement for the observation of optical imaging technology. The shimmer technology is an important part of the photoelectric high-tech. Image intensifier night vision products are the core devices, the use of image enhancement to the weak natural light in the night sky light such as moonlight, starlight, atmospheric gray reinforced hundreds of times a few times to reach the human eye to long-distance observation level. Yellow-green light is the human eye is most sensitive to the wavelength, the color of the screen is often applied to the on increasing like. We see in the film and television special forces night vision imaging, the picture showing the yellow-green night vision lens is for this reason.
Infrared imaging technology
The infrared waterproof ip camera night vision technology is divided into active infrared night vision technology and passive infrared night vision technology. Active infrared night vision technology night vision technology is mainly implemented through active exposure and use of infrared light reflected infrared source observed, corresponding to the equipment for active-infrared night vision. The passive infrared night vision technology with the goal itself emission of infrared radiation to achieve the observed infrared technology to find the target, which according to the temperature difference between the target and background or target or thermal radiation. Their equipment for the thermal imager. Active infrared system of security monitoring camera and equipment at this stage, the application of passive infrared system is also less.
When the light level imaging technology encountered in infrared technology, in the end one is better? Low light level imaging technology and infrared imaging technology compared, each has its own obvious advantages.
Low light level imaging technology advantages
Low light level imaging technology is the reason why a large number of applications by national armed forces in night vision, because of its comprehensiveness. The technology compared to infrared technology, no infrared light emitting infrared, and do not need to be observed object must have heat. Thus well adapted to the army to fight in different environments. Select infrared imaging technology, have to consider the loss of infrared light and maintenance, the second to consider whether the object was observed own-containing heat. Low light level imaging technology does not need to consider so much, With only the natural light can reach night-vision effect. At the same time, the clear night vision images, small size, light weight, low price, convenient use and maintenance, less susceptible to electronic surveillance ip camera and jamming a wide range of applications, is also the infrared night vision imaging incomparable.
The disadvantage of the low light level imaging technology
The shortcomings of low light level imaging technology is susceptible to the surrounding environment. Afraid of light, with the phenomenon of vignetting. Night vision in the face of strong light can not be observed, the observer will feel dizzy. Low light level image contrast and gray-scale is limited, the instantaneous dynamic range, high gain, flashing, only sensitive to the target scene reflection, and the thermal contrast of the target scene.
The advantages of infrared imaging technology without the aid of its external environment light itself emit infrared light for night vision imaging.
A wide range of night vision, little affected by environment. Used for building ir ip camera , mainly because it is without the aid of natural light, suitable for indoor use. The passive infrared technology, infrared thermal imaging, without the rain, snow, wind, frost and other adverse environmental impact, clear imaging, high accuracy and can identify camouflage and anti-jamming. Unlike night vision infrared thermal imaging system, as with the natural light, but by the radiation of the target and background scenery images, infrared thermal imaging system 24 hours a day work. Even in the daytime through the thermal imaging monitor.
The disadvantage of the infrared imaging technology
The disadvantage of infrared technology is that the infrared ip camera image is only sensitive to radiation, the target scene is not sensitive to the brightness of the scene. The technology must be by means of infrared light emission of infrared thermal imaging requires a temperature of an object and the intensity of the infrared, unable to adapt to the monitoring requirements under different circumstances.


20 Faculties covering almost all fields of engineering and technology.
Multi-layered study programmes supported by an advanced scientific research.
Extensive range of scientific and research works, including partnerships with many universities, reserach institutions and high-tech industries.
About M.Sc. in Photonics
The M. Sc. in Photonics at Warsaw University of Technology teaches students fundamental notions on optics and photonics, including new trends and research results on lasers, crystal fibres, optical waveguides, displays, holography, and more. The Master prepares students for the challenges of the photonic industry, with courses in terahertz technology, photovoltaic issues and solid-state optics


Laser cutting is mainly a thermal process in which a focused laser beam is used to melt material in a localised area. A co-axial gas jet is used to eject the molten material and create a kerf. A continuous cut is produced by moving the laser beam or workpiece under CNC control.
It is a technology that uses a laser to cut materials and is typically used for industrial manufacturing applications, but is also starting to be used by schools, small businesses and hobbyists. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power laser, by computer at the material to be cut.
The difference with CNC cutting is how the cutting occurs. Instead of a cutting tool, a laser relies on heat to create the desired shape of the product. While traditional CNC cutting carves out the design, laser cutting relies on a high-energy light beam that burns through the metal material.
Here are the benefits of laser cutting:
1) Laser cutting is a manufacturing process which can eliminate the need for machining on many engineering jobs, enabling you to save money on manufacturing costs.
2) Laser cutting presents certain advantages over plasma cutting as this process is more precise and uses less energy when cutting steel and aluminium sheets.
3) The precision levels and edge quality achieved with laser cutting machines are better than traditional cutting methods, as the laser beam will not wear during the laser cutting process. Laser cutting technology also enables us to cut complex shapes without the need for tooling and at a similar or faster speed than other cutting methods.
4) The fact that laser cutting technology offers reduced contamination of the workpiece presents certain advantages over traditional mechanical cutting techniques.
5) Laser cutting also allows us to cut small diameter holes with complex detail and good edge quality in either sheet, plate, tube or box section.
Cut width can be extremely small with laser cutting, less than 0.001 inch, and dimensional accuracy is extremely precise, at about ± 0.0005 inch. This accuracy is very useful for producing the jagged teeth used in some cutting tools.
Here are the disadvantages of laser cutting:
1) Laser cutting demands high power consumption as compared to other techniques.
2) The laser beam is very delicate to handle.
3) The laser beam is harmful if it comes in contact with human workers.
4) Laser cutting is still not capable of cutting thick metals.
It is important to know that laser cutting machines tend to run at a higher cost than an engraving machine, and this is due to power consumption and consumables. Laser cutting and engraving machines require the use of a PC to communicate and carry out tasks effectively.
Never cut these materials by laser cutting:
PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride)/vinyl/pleather/artificial leather
Thick ( >1mm ) Polycarbonate
HDPE/milk bottle plastic
Laser cutting is a precise thermal cutting process, utilizing a focused beam of light. Plasma cutting, on the other hand, uses a mixture of gases to form a cut.


Lasers are implemented in various equipments like scanning machines, cameras, etc. Rather than any other cameras, the laser implemented camera captures the images very well, especially the objects behind the corners. Isn’t this a special technology that assists in collisions? Definitely it is…
To capture the hidden objects becomes ease with lasers due to the light travel technology. Since the lights of the laser travels any distance and anywhere, and camera or scanner can measure the numbers of time that the pulses take to return. It assists in capturing even the 3D objects, as the measurement uncover the secret about how far the pulses travel and reform the original images that look in 3 Dimension.
It seems to be amazing that objects behind the walls or corners are captured. But, it’s very true that the objects are captured from far distance and even behind the walls or screen. The technology behind this act is simple. The laser light usually reflects back to the camera or scanner by capturing the objects as well as other surfaces with its light.
Such kind of laser camera best works for the vehicle like cars, etc. This helps to avoid any collisions by tracking the hidden vehicles that arrive from behind. as well as small vehicles that are on sides of the car. Another important thing about this camera is that, it is capable enough to capture far objects (for about 100 miles) in a better way.


Thermal Management of LEDs: Package to System
Mehmet Arik, Charles Becker, Stanton Weaver, and James Petroskic
Abstract:Light emitting diodes, LEDs, historically have been used for indicators and produced low amounts of heat.
The introduction of high brightness LEDs with white light and monochromatic colors have led to a movement towards general illumination. The increased lectrical currents used to drive the LEDs have focused more attention on the thermal paths in the developments of LED power packaging. The luminous efficiency of LEDs is soon expected to reach over 80 lumens/W, this is approximately 6 times the efficiency of a conventional incandescent tungsten bulb. Thermal management for the solid-state lighting applications is a key design parameter for both package and system level. Package and system level thermal management is discussed in separate sections. Effect of chip packages on junction to board thermal resistance was compared for both SiC and Sapphire chips. The higher thermal conductivity of the SiC chip provided about 2 times better thermal performance than the latter, while the under-filled Sapphire chip package can only catch the SiC chip performance. Later, system level thermal management was studied based on established numerical models for a conceptual solid-state lighting system. A conceptual LED illumination system was chosen and CFD models were created to determine the availability and limitations of passive air-cooling.
Keywords: Solid-state lighting, LEDs, Thermal management, CFD, Convection.
The introduction of the first practical visible solid state LED occurred in 1962, and was invented by Nick Holonyak of the General Electric Company [Holonyak, 1992]. It was discovered that the wavelength of an infrared GaAs diode could be shifted to the visible spectrum by the introduction of phosphate dopants. The introduction of a compatible large band gap material raises the overall band gap thus shifting emission into the visible spectrum.
Thermal Management of Solid State Lighting Devices
Although it is a fairly new market, LEDs as an alternative to conventional lighting products, brings some demanding thermal challenges. A typical LED lighting system is faced with the issues of decreasing the thermal resistance from junction to the substrate, and the availability of the orientation independent, cost-effective system level thermal solutions. The efficiency of solid-state lighting devices strongly depends on the junction temperature as given in Figure 1. A strong argument by solid state lighting advocates is the long life of the LEDs, which results in cheaper and more reliable illumination systems. Current LEDs are more sensitive to temperature than standard solid-state electronic components so that more attention must be paid to the thermal architecture.
Summary and Conclusions
Historical development of LEDs and future perspectives for replacing conventional, energy-inefficient, high lumen, lighting systems were discussed. Thermal management is a key technology for creating reliable, high lumen, LED systems. Package level and system level thermal management constructs the overall thermal architecture. A successful design should have low thermal resistance between the junction and the heat sink base,which relies on conduction heat transfer. This is followed by system level thermal management, which includes heat sinks and extended surfaces. Active or preferably passive cooling with air will be the predominant choice for LED based illumination systems. Although it is expected that a lot of new thermal challenges will arise in the development solid state lighting systems, conventional semiconductor thermal management technology will enable many techniques to be easily-transferred to SSL. However cost, longer life expectations, and tight thermal envelope constraints will drive custom thermal solutions for LED based lighting systems.
Authors would like to acknowledge the financial support for this work provided by GELcore, Cleveland, and GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna.
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I learned a really interesting fact today: The focal length of the human eye is equivallent to 17mm ~22mm. That means that a photo taken with a standard lens less than 17mm ~22mm will appear distorted compared to your normal vision. There are exceptions, of course. Most wide angles, despite their focal length, will also distort the image because of its angle of view.
Remember to take your camera’s crop factor into account. Those with a Nikon DX format camera (D40, D60, D80, D90, etc) have a crop factor of 1.5 which means your 50mm lens acts like a 75mm lens and so on.
For more reading about the human eye’s optical characteristics, check out the Notes on the Resolution and Other Details of the Human Eye over at Clarkvision Photography.
Edit – further research seems to lead me to believe that the focal length of the human eye is closer to ~22mm. The 17mm is actually based on studies of light coming out of the eye (the inverse)…as if you were to turn your lens around backwards on the camera. Of course the more I learn about this, the more I think that this isn’t such an exact number to pin down. I’m going to continue my research (mostly because I’m curious) and I’ll continue to post my findings as they come up.


Deep Dive into the Leica R5
Considered a marvel in the field of photography, the Leica R5 melds cutting-edge technology with the classic artistry inherent to Leica. This detailed analysis unravels the unique features, operational efficiency, and how it carves a niche for itself in the photography landscape.
Historical Significance of the Leica R5
Launched in 1986, the Leica R5, a 35mm SLR camera, has carved its niche in photography history. As a successor to the Leica R4 and an integral part of the distinguished R-series from Leica Camera AG, it is celebrated for its seamless integration of mechanical and electronic aspects catering to both professional and novice photographers.
Aesthetics and User-Friendly Design
Dedicated to quality, Leica’s design principles shine through in the Leica R5. The robust metal body exudes durability, and its compact frame ensures easy handling. The control buttons and dials are intuitively placed for quick setting adjustments.
Specifications at a Glance
The Leica R5 is packed with impressive technical specifications. It offers manual and automatic exposure modes, with shutter speeds varying from 1/2000th of a second to 4 seconds. Its built-in through-the-lens metering system guarantees accurate exposures, and its interchangeable lens system enhances versatility in capturing diverse shots.
The Leica R5 is equipped with the Leica R-mount, compatible with an array of superior Leica lenses. Known for their sharpness, contrast, and color fidelity, these lenses augment the capabilities of the R5.
Performance and Image Quality
The Leica R5 upholds Leica’s high standards in performance. Its mechanical shutter ensures dependable operation, while its digital enhancements improve user experience. The image quality produced by the R5 is top-notch, characterized by sharpness and vibrant color reproduction.
Built with superior materials, the Leica R5 is designed for durability. Its sturdy metal body is resilient to heavy usage, making it a trustworthy partner for all photographic endeavors.
The Leica R5 transcends being a mere camera; it’s a part of photographic heritage that consistently delivers superior performance and image quality. Its fusion of traditional artistry and modern innovation makes it an enduring tool for capturing memories.
This comprehensive analysis underlines that the Leica R5 is no ordinary camera but a photographic masterpiece in its league. Whether you’re a seasoned photographer seeking a dependable tool or an enthusiast looking to delve into photography, the Leica R5 offers an unmatched experience. Visit the remarkable features of leica v lux typ photographic brilliance for more insights.
For further reading about the Leica R5’s remarkable features, visit Wikipedia.


Optitune have been commissioned to create a carefully engineered optical grade light trapping material for use in next generation multi touch devices. The collaboration will run through 2019 and hopefully will culminate in working devices at a commercial scale during 2020.Read more
Optitune along with our fellow members of the Finland technology cluster will attend and exhibit our technology at IDTech. 13/11-15/11 San Jose.Read more
Optitune have been commissioned to provide an optical grade specifically tuned refractive index coating for wearable smart glasses. The Optitune material will enable the next generation products to offer lighter and brighter transmitted images whilst also allowing full optical clarity for traditional ‘seen through’ functionality.Read more
As part of an EU Funded initiative with other partners Optitune are providing the durable high transmission outer coating for what may be the World’s first fully working Solar Canopy. Results indicate that the Optitune coating significantly increase power generation and crucially extends the life of the device by offering enhanced protection from the elements.Read more
Optitune take a demonstration stand and presentation slot at the largest European printed electronics show 13/3-15/3 Munich.
Picture Messe MunchenRead more
After extensive testing and formulation. Work with our partner in Taiwan and Germany Optitune achieve an optical grade abrasion resistant coating that can be applied to metal surfaces at temperatures as low as 80 Celsius degrees. With hydrophobic properties and a water contact angle in excess of 100 degrees this material is ideally suited to high traffic metal areas as well as decorative surfaces and electronic device casings.Read more


Download Roccat Optical Mouse Gif
Download Roccat Optical Mouse Gif. General the roccat kone pure optical is an optical mouse with the a3090 sensor. Roccat know that a lot of gamers love optical sensors and would rather have one over crazy high dpi laser sensors, which is why they've released the pure optical mouse.
You rest your entire hand on your mouse, with your index and middle finger laying flat on the main buttons and your thumb and pinky resting on either side. Видео обзоры roccat savu mouse black usb product tour: Search newegg.com for roccat mouse.
The roccat kone xtd optical gaming mouse also features roccat®'s comprehensive driver suite that provides total control over your mouse.
Optical mice can help you achieve refined gaming movements and maneuvering without moving too quickly roccat gaming mice have ergonomic designs and are made with highly durable materials. The roccat kone xtd optical gaming mouse also features roccat®'s comprehensive driver suite that provides total control over your mouse. This is the fastest optical sensor currently in any mice and if you are an optical sensor purist, this is the best of the paperwork and cable sit underneath of this. Search newegg.com for roccat mouse.


CES Review, Part 2
January 19, 2011
Pollack Media Group President Tommy hadges continues his review of this year’s CES with a discussion of 3D TV.
The big new 3D TV development this year involves the use of passive glasses (lighter in weight & non-powered, exactly like the ones used in movie theaters), which utilize simple circularly-polarized filters (one clockwise & one counter-clockwise). Because each eye sees a constant image, it seemed much more comfortable while viewing this system.
Toshiba, JVC & LG had 3D sets on display using passive glasses that won’t be released until later this year, but Vizio had their XVT3D650SV 65” Theater 3D panel on display that had a soft launch at WalMart last month listing at $3699; the picture was excellent, with no crosstalk (shadow imaging of the 2 images on-screen), no flicker, high contrast & clarity. I believe this new system using passive glasses, if 3D TV does eventually achieve widespread acceptance, will eventually render the technology using active-shutter glasses obsolete.
The other new 3D TV development in the last year involved glasses-free displays. For smaller images (3” to 10”), the technology worked quite well in demos by Hitachi & Sharp. For larger displays, despite the impressive picture quality achieved by some manufacturers, it was absolutely necessary to remain at the specified distance from the display to see the 3D images clearly, which became grossly distorted when I moved either too close or too far away from the screens. For big displays, glasses-free 3D viewing will require much more refinement.


The commercial launch of a device named Nomad by Bothell-based Microvision
Inc has turned fiction into reality. Nomad is a device based on the Virtual
Retinal Display (VRD), a new display technology that projects modulated low
energy laser light directly onto the viewerÂ´s retina, producing a rasterized
The viewer gets to see the source image as if he/she is standing two feet
away in front of a normal CRT monitor. In reality, the image is on the retina of
its eye and not on a screen. The quality of the image is excellent with stereo
view, full color, wide field of view and no flickering characteristics.
Microvision has the exclusive license to develop and market the
retinal-scanning technology, which was first patented by researchers at the
University of Washington’s Human Interface Technology Lab (HIT) in 1991.
Retinal scanning was the brainchild of Tom Furness, Founder of the HIT. The
development began in November 1993. The aim was to produce a full color, wide
field-of-view, high resolution, high brightness, low cost virtual display.
A laser light that shoots directly on to the retina sounds dangerous. But,
Microvision says the technology is a lot safer because of the very low strength
of the laser used. The power of the light is about a thousandth of a watt.
Besides, the laser light does not stay fixed on one location of the retina
and continuously sweeps across the retina at a very high rate both horizontally
and vertically, making it much more safer. Some experts say that staring at a
fluorescent bulb would be much more dangerous than the laser light in Nomad
which produces light levels much lower than nationally accepted standards.
HOW IT WORKS
VRD works very much like a CRT monitor. But, in a VRD, the source image is
projected directly onto the retina instead of the back of the screen. In a
conventional display, a real image is produced, which is either viewed directly
or projected through an optical system and the resulting virtual image is
With the VRD, no real image is ever produced. Instead, an image is formed
directly on the retina of the user’s eye. Unlike CRT monitors, the VRD has no
phosphorus persistence but, depends on the light-gathering properties of the
photo-receptors and the temporal integration properties of the visual system.
The device which looks more like a virtual reality gaming headset consists of
five components, namely: drive electronics, light sources, scanner assembly,
pupil expander and viewer optics. The electronics acquire and process signals
from data or an image source, say a graphic card or a video camera.
The signals contain vital information about the intensity and mix of the
colors which can be reproduced by the light source. The scanner then applies the
image to the retina. It is made up of a tiny mirror that sweeps the light beam
until a full image appears to the user. The scanned beam is focused onto an
optical element called an exit pupil expander.
The industry is in need of cost effective and portable devices that will
consume very lower energy and bandwidth and yet be powerful in all respects. The
Nomad Expert Technician System from Microvision is the first such device
currently being marketed commercially for the auto industry technician.
“It is a powerful, wearable information delivery tool that will help
your business achieve new levels of service productivity and customer
satisfaction,” says a dealer who sells this device for $3995 on the
With this device, technicians can read the detailed service information and
follow complex instructions directly at their point of task, head-up and
hands-free. “No guessing, no shortcuts, no waiting for printoutsÂ just
cars back in service faster, fixed right the first time. The Nomad Expert
Technician System is easy to set up and incredibly simple to use,” he adds.
Honda is probably the first automobile company which has brought this device in
to use among its dealers. The monocle is worn in front of the eye and reflects
scanned laser light to the eye allowing mechanics to view car diagnostics and
instructions superimposed on their field of vision.
According to Honda, it has found that technicians are saving about 40% in
terms of the time spent working on engines, saving the company an estimated
$2,000 per month, per technician.
Surgeons have also tested a version of the system which gives them vital
patient data, such as heart rate and blood pressure, as they operate. According
to some reports on the Internet, around 100 of the see-through laser-based
displays have been shipped to Iraq for use by the US Army’s Stryker Brigade.
APPLICATIONS IN THE OFFING
VRD technology has many potential applications, from head-mounted displays for
military, aerospace, automobile applications to medical use. If you want data
right in front of you, while on the move, this is the technology.
It could provide three dimensional realistic images in gaming applications.
Within few years, such systems may find a place in mobile phones, hand-held
computers and digital cameras.
The present VRD devices are a little bulkier in size. The ultimate aim is to
get this technology in form of lightweight eyewear. The device is for
professionals from any industry who need data quickly and easily and are willing
to pay the current high cost.
But over the year, the device is expected to be more affordable just like the
home computers. One day it could even replace the regular CRT or LCD monitors
attached to our personal computers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF VRD
- Very small and lightweight, glasses mountable
- Large field of view, greater than 120 degrees
- High resolution, approaching that of human vision
- Full color with better color resolution than standard displays
- Brightness sufficient for outdoor use
- Very low power consumption
- True stereo display with depth modulation
- Capable of fully inclusive or see through display modes
- Does not block the user’s vision
Source: Human Interface Technology Lab


In our technologically advanced world, certain innovations remain unsung heroes, quietly transforming industries and enhancing our lives. Among these, Infrared Inventions stand out as marvels that illuminate the unseen world around us. From healthcare to astronomy, the applications of infrared technology are vast and continually expanding.
Infrared technology involves the utilization of infrared radiation, a type of electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than visible light. Its applications are diverse, spanning various fields and contributing to advancements that were once unimaginable.
History of Infrared Technology
The journey of infrared technology began with early experiments in the 19th century. Scientists discovered that certain materials could emit and detect infrared radiation, laying the foundation for future innovations. Milestones in the 20th century, such as the development of infrared cameras, marked significant progress in practical applications.
How Infrared Inventions Work
Understanding the basics of infrared light and its wavelength is crucial. Devices like infrared cameras and sensors operate by detecting and interpreting the heat emitted by objects, revealing a world invisible to the naked eye.
Applications in Healthcare
Infrared imaging plays a pivotal role in medical diagnostics, enabling non-invasive examinations. From identifying abnormalities in blood flow to detecting tumors, healthcare professionals harness the power of infrared inventions for more accurate diagnoses. Physiotherapy also benefits from infrared technology, with devices aiding in pain relief and tissue repair.
Infrared in Security Systems
Security systems worldwide rely on infrared technology for surveillance and protection. Infrared cameras provide clear images in low-light conditions, contributing to effective monitoring. Infrared sensors trigger alarms and control access, adding an extra layer of security to homes and businesses.
Infrared in Consumer Electronics
While often unnoticed, infrared technology is present in our daily lives. Remote controls, a ubiquitous gadget, operate using infrared signals. Smartphones and various smart devices also incorporate infrared communication, allowing for seamless connectivity.
Infrared in Agriculture
Agriculture embraces infrared technology for crop monitoring and pest control. Infrared sensors detect subtle changes in plant health, enabling timely interventions. Precision agriculture, driven by infrared innovations, maximizes crop yield while minimizing environmental impact.
Environmental Monitoring with Infrared
Infrared sensors contribute to climate studies by monitoring temperature variations and atmospheric conditions. They also play a crucial role in detecting pollution and natural disasters, aiding in timely responses to environmental challenges.
Infrared in Automotive Technology
Night vision systems in automobiles leverage infrared technology for enhanced safety during nighttime driving. Infrared sensors assist in parking, reducing the likelihood of collisions. These applications showcase how infrared inventions are integral to modern automotive technology.
Infrared in Astronomy
Astronomers utilize infrared telescopes to observe celestial bodies obscured by dust clouds. Infrared technology unveils details otherwise invisible, leading to groundbreaking discoveries about the universe’s vastness and complexity.
Challenges and Innovations
Despite its widespread use, infrared technology faces challenges such as limited resolution and potential interference. Innovations, however, continually address these issues, pushing the boundaries of what is achievable with infrared inventions.
Future Prospects of Infrared Inventions
The future of infrared technology holds exciting possibilities. Predictions include advancements in imaging quality, expanded applications in various industries, and breakthroughs in materials enhancing infrared devices’ efficiency.
In conclusion, the world of infrared inventions is a fascinating realm where the invisible becomes visible. From healthcare to astronomy, the impact of infrared technology is profound and multifaceted. As we continue to unlock new potentials, exploring the diverse applications of infrared inventions promises a future filled with innovation and discovery.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- What is the main principle behind infrared technology?
- Infrared technology operates by detecting and interpreting the heat emitted by objects, revealing details invisible to the naked eye.
- How is infrared used in medical diagnostics?
- Infrared imaging in medical diagnostics allows for non-invasive examinations, aiding in the identification of abnormalities and early detection of diseases.
- What role does infrared play in security systems?
- Infrared technology enhances security systems by providing clear images in low-light conditions, and sensors trigger alarms and control access.
- Can infrared technology be found in consumer electronics?
- Yes, infrared is present in everyday devices like remote controls and smartphones, facilitating seamless connectivity.
- What challenges does infrared technology face, and how are they addressed?
- Challenges include limited resolution and potential interference, but ongoing innovations continually address these issues.


Contact lenses are an alternative option to spectacles for providing clear vision. At our Adelaide and Henley Beach branches, an optometrist can advise you on whether contact lenses are right for you. The following information will answer some of the questions you may have about contact lenses before your appointment.
There are several different types of soft disposable lenses. Typically spherical and spherico-cylindrical soft lenses are available to correct basic prescriptions like hyperopia, myopia and astigmatism, while more optically-complex multifocal soft lenses are available for prescriptions like presbyopia, as well as for myopia control. Soft contact lenses come in daily and monthly modalities, where the former requires replacement after every wear and the latter is discarded after a month of wear but requires cleaning and maintenance after each wear. There are also variations in size, shape and material between soft contact lens brands. Innovative Eye Care recommends Alcon soft contact lenses, which can be purchased through our practice, because of their superior clarity and wearability.1
Click here to find out more about soft contact lenses.
RGP lenses are made from a stiffer material. Because of this, careful fitting is required. Rigid lenses are generally reserved for very high prescriptions or precision fits, including for irregular corneal surfaces (like keratoconus) or following injury and surgery.4 They provide a clarity of vision in these cases that isn’t possible in conventional soft lenses, which makes them perfect for things like sport. Depending on how well they’re looked after, they can last up to 2 years before needing to be replaced, although they have some potential for loss even when on-eye due to their small size.
Innovative Eye Care practitioners have had a keen interest in rigid lens fitting for a number of years and use a pioneering lens design software called EyeSpace to custom-design every hard lens used in the practice. Often during the fitting process, the lenses may feel slightly uncomfortable but this subsides with regular wear. Learn about proper care of RGP lenses here to prevent the risk of infection, although this risk is lowest across the entire range of contact lenses, particularly with EyeSpace’s manufacturing process.2, 5
Click here to find out more about RGP lenses.
Orthokeratology (ortho-K for short) is an exciting new treatment in vision correction. Ortho-K works while you sleep by gently reshaping the centre of the cornea (the transparent optical surface at the front of the eye) with custom-designed contact lenses, using the hydrostatic forces of your own tears underneath the lens to redistribute the most superficial cells. When the lenses are removed in the morning, the change in the cornea’s optical structure gives clear vision without the need for any spectacles or contact lenses.
Ortho-K can treat mild to moderate myopia (short-sightedness), mild hyperopia (long-sightedness), mild astigmatism and even presbyopia. Best of all, the ortho-K vision correction process is completely reversible, unlike laser eye surgery. It has recently been shown to reduce the progression of short-sightedness in younger patients, which is extremely important in preventing complications with age including retinal detachment and glaucoma.6 When cared for correctly, the risk of infection with ortho-K lenses is similarly low as in overnight wear soft lenses.7
Click here to find out more about orthokeratology lenses.
Scleral lenses are larger diameter RGP lenses commonly used in extreme corneal irregularity and dry eye disease.8 Their larger size means they rest on the white of the eye (sclera) rather than on the clear, sensitive part of the eye (cornea), unlike conventional RGPs. This makes them very stable on eye, and as the tear film under the lens fills in the irregular gaps of the corneal surface, it provides extremely clear vision. It also makes them incredibly comfortable because the lens vaults over the sensitive part of the eye and bathes it in fluid, reducing the sensation of dryness that can be common with contact lens wear.
Click here to find out more about scleral lenses.
You need to see your optometrist to determine if contact lenses are right for you, or to obtain a script for your contact lenses.
Careful fitting of all contact lenses is required to offer the clearest and most comfortable vision without compromising the health of the eye. The costs of being fitted into contact lenses varies depending on the type of lens used and the complexity of the fitting process. For most contact lens designs, additional specialized technology needs to be used, such as corneal topography, tomography and wavefront aberrometry, which can attract additional charges. We conduct these measurements at half price for concession card holders.
Daily replacement soft lenses tend to be priced at around $1 per lens, although depending on wearing schedule monthly and fortnightly replacement lenses can be around 2 thirds of the cost. However, cleaning and storage solutions are also required for these lenses. More complex soft lenses, like torics to correct astigmatism or multifocal lenses for patients with presbyopia, will be more expensive than standard spherical soft lenses.
The cost of RGP, ortho-K and scleral lenses is dependent on the complexity of the design. Scleral lenses take longer to manufacture and use a larger quantity of material, which is translated into a slightly higher cost than RGP lenses. Despite this, the cost of rigid and scleral lenses is cheaper than soft lenses in that they last much longer, and back-up lenses of identical parameters may be ordered at half price within 12 months of the original order depending on the warranty.
Please feel free to contact our team for more details about the costs of different contact lenses.


The invites are out and we’re set. Sony has confirmed that it will be holding at event in Malaysia this September 5 presumably to announce its latest mobile offerings. And judging by the many leaks are rumours, you can expect to see the Honami (aka Xperia i1) together with what we think is the most innovative mobile product to be released this year, the Sony G series lens camera.
Here’s what we know so far. Sony wants to dominate smartphone photography and its working on a number of devices to achieve this. First, we have the Honami, a devices that’s expected to feature a 5-inch Full HD Triluminous display with X-Reality and a Quadcore Snapdragon 800 processor. The device’s calling card is its purported 20.7MP sensor with a large — for a smartphone — 1/2.3″ sensor mated to a new lens element bearing the same name as Sony’s top-line G Lens series.
Next, Sony is working on something that we’re really excited about and something that could very well create a new market for smartphone peripherals — the Sony G series lens camera.
The lens camera has all the imaging power of a prosumer camera housed in a compact lens body that can be bolted on to your existing smartphone. When taking a picture of video, the lens camera does all the heavy lifting while the smartphone acts as a viewfinder, shutter and storage. Expected specs include Sony’s Bionz imaging processor along with WiFi and NFC connectivity to interface with the host smartphone.
Sony is rumoured to be working on two models – DSC-QX10 and DSC-QX100. The QX10 lens is said to house a 1-inch sensor that is reportedly similar to the one used in the Nikon 1 while the second model QX100 comes with a 10X Zoom lens and a 1/2.3-inch sensor.
Those are pretty impressive specs for a lens that you’re going to stick on a phone and were very excited with the possibility. Essentially, with the lens camera, almost any smartphone can be an awesome camera phone. It’s an amazing prospect and if Sony can price this attractively, they will have another amazing product in their hands.