MIK-PTU100 Turbidity meter is based on the infrared absorption scattered light method, and the measurement of turbidity is not affected by chromaticity. The turbidity meter according to the use environment, it can be equipped with self-cleaning function to ensure the stability of data and the reliability of performance.
Based on ISO7027 infrared double scattering light technology will not be affected by chroma for the measurement of turbidity value.
With the built-in self-diagnosis function, it can make sure the accurate data be delivered; the installation and calibration is quite simple.
|Measure range||0.00 ~ 4000NTU|
|Indication resolution||Less than ± 2% of the measured value,|
|or ± 0.1 NTU Maximax criterion|
|Calibration||Sample Calibration, Slope Calibration|
|Cable length||Standard 10-Meter Cable, Max Length: 100 Meters|
|High voltage baffle||Aviation Connector, Cable Connector|
|Main materials||Main Body:SUS316L (Ordinary Version),|
|Titanium Alloy (Seawater Version)|
|Upper and Lower Cover: PVC; Cable: PVC|
|Power Supply||AC220V±10%,5W Max,50Hz/60Hz|
Waste water treatment
Sewage sedimentation tank


industrial design / software development
Illumination is crucial to properly view the reflection.
A two-way mirror allows an elegant integration of the source of light and the
reflective surface by the lamp disappearing when turned off.
By analysing user’s movements, Nimbo adjusts the intensity of light to enhance the overall experience.
Nimbo understands how the user is experiencing the product by
analysing his distance from the surface and his movements with two IR
sensors. It then uses a camera to extract the user’s silhouette from the surrounding environment.
Nimbo is the Thesis Project that I’ve done for my BSc in Industrial Design.
Besides designing the mirror, I developed the software that enables the interactivity described above.


HDTV 1080p and 30x zoom
AXIS P5635-E Mk II PTZ Dome Network Camera is a cost-effective, high-performance HDTV 1080p camera with 30x optical zoom. It enables high-definition video surveillance of large indoor and outdoor areas and provides great details when zooming in. Focus recall means it’s faster and easier for operators to find focus in a predefined area than with regular autofocus. Suitable applications include city surveillance.
Continuous 360° pan
AXIS P5635-E Mk II features a continuous 360° pan capability, with no mechanical stop, for fast camera repositioning and smooth, continuous tracking of an object.
Superb video in various lighting conditions
AXIS P5635-E Mk II has day/night functionality and good low light performance. It supports Axis’ unique Wide Dynamic Range – Forensic Capture (120 dB), which enables details in both very bright and dark areas of a scene to be visible.
AXIS P5635-E Mk II features Axis’ Zipstream technology, which lowers bandwidth and storage requirements by an average of 50% or more while keeping the resolution, frame rate and forensic details. Zipstream automatically adapts to PTZ camera movements.


Today, the US Patent and Trademark Office published a patent application from Apple that relates to the eventual elimination of the iPhone’s notch by repositioning the TrueDepth camera system behind the iPhone’s display.
Apple describes the iPhone as having a display with a front face and a back face. The display includes multiple pixel areas that emit light from the front surface to display a displayed image and multiple apertures that transmit light from the front surface to the back surface. The iPhone includes a camera located on one side of the back of the display. The camera is configured to take pictures.
iPhone includes a processor coupled to the display and camera. The processor is configured to receive the captured image and to apply a first digital filter to a first portion of the captured image and a second digital filter different from the first digital filter to a second portion of the captured image to provide a through reduce image distortion caused the screen.
Apple’s patent FIG. 2 below illustrates the current iPhone notch design and FIG. 3 shows a future iPhone design with the TrueDepth camera system hidden behind the back of the display images.
Apple’s patent FIG. 4 above illustrates a future operating environment #400 in which the camera system is located behind the display images. Apple notes that “although the #420 camera doesn’t necessarily contact the #410 display, the camera is closer to the back (#418) of the display than it is to the front #417.
One of the key aspects of Apple’s invention concerns the recovery optics that sit between the display and the camera. In Apple’s follow-up patent since issuance in April, they have updated their patent claims to protect this key aspect of the invention. Apple listed “recovery optics” 26 times in 20 new patent claims. Listed below are only the first 9 new claims that focus on “restoration optics”.
- An apparatus comprising: a display having a front surface and a back surface, the display including a plurality of pixel regions that emit light from the front surface of the display to display a displayed image, and a plurality of apertures that transmit light from the front surface to the back; a camera arranged on a side of the back side of the display, the camera configured to capture a captured image; restoration optics disposed between the display and the camera, the restoration optics configured to reduce image distortion caused by the display; and a processor coupled to the display and the camera, the processor configured to apply a digital filter to at least a portion of the captured image to further reduce image distortion caused by the display.
- Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the recovery optics enhance spatial frequencies corresponding to valleys in a point spread function of the display.
- The device of claim 1, wherein the recovery optics reduce spatial peaks in a point spread function of the display.
- The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the recovery optics include an optical filter.
- Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the recovery optics comprise a phase shift mask.
- Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the recovery optics comprises at least one of a lens or a bandpass filter.
- The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the camera includes a lens separate from the recovery optics.
- The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the camera includes a bandpass filter separate from the recovery optics.
- The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to control the restoration optics to change a point spread function of the restoration optics.
To review the other 11 patent claims supporting recovery optics see Apple’s patent application number 20220179452.
Patent 2: AirPods rendition of acoustic dosimetry
Apple notes in its patent background that consumer electronics headsets are becoming more popular with users because they play media like music, podcasts, and movie soundtracks with high fidelity while not disturbing others nearby. While the listening experience with a headset is comfortable and the maximum sound output of a headset is limited according to hearing health safety standards, there is still a need to monitor the sound output of the headset over relatively long periods of time, such as days and weeks, as part of personal Hearing health monitoring aimed at avoiding long-term exposure to loud noises.
One aspect of Apple’s invention relates to digital signal processing techniques for monitoring how much sound energy is generated by a headset during playback while worn by a user. Other aspects are also described, including how to monitor the audio that is in the user’s surrounding listening environment.
Apple’s patent FIG. 4 below is a flow chart of an ambient acoustic dosimetry process.
(Click to enlarge the image)
Apple’s patent FIG. 5 below illustrates an aggregated dosimetry process receiving multiple inputs from different devices.
In this important patent update, Apple adds 20 new patent claims to its invention entitled “Headset Playback Acoustic Dosimetry,” which you can see in patent 20220178738 here.


iLight is a leading UK based architectural lighting control specialist offering a complete suite of lighting source controllers. With iLights controllers and interfaces, you are able to control many different sources of light such as Fluorescent, LED, Tungsten Halogen and Incandescent lightfrom just one unit. As you would normally need one box for each type of light source, there are clear space savings and cost savings of up to 25% can be made versus traditional light control systems.
The control systems are complemented by push and touch-screen interfaces which can be either wall-mounted or be freestanding.
The correct lighting is an essential part of any effective design, but ensuring that the lighting setting is done correctly and consistently every day can be an issue. With iLight Controllers, you can easily create architectural or mood lighting as well as task lighting for different environments, scenes or times of day. For example, imagine you have a restaurant/bar/lounge that is open from breakfast until late night. iLight can easily program its units to ensure that you have the correct lighting, consistently.


As usual, today we went to work by car. I actually asked myself if I should carry my photo camera at work again, since there was nothing special happening anyway. Like every morning for the last 2 weeks, we were very happy about the beautiful sunrise that was about to become visible from behind the clouds. As we were watching the sunrise at an intersection of roads, suddenly a great pillar of light emerged from behind the clouds, with the sun being only partially visible, making the sky vibrate in a few thousands of yellow, red, orange, blue, even green nuances. I was breathless, and I am partially colorblind. I wanted to stop, but we were late at work. Still, I was watching in my back mirror this wonder, asking myself if I should abandon my worries and just stop and shoot.
Of course, I decide to stop. The clouds were already releasing the sun light fully, so I have kind of missed that special minute. Still, the pillar of light remained, which gave me the probably unique possibility to showing you this wonder.
The phenomenon is described by Wikipedia:
Light pillars are a kind of optical phenomenon which is formed by the reflection of sunlight or moonlight by ice crystals that are present in the Earth’s atmosphere.
The light pillar looks like a thin column that extends vertically above and/or below the source of light. The light pillar is prominently visible when the Sun is low or lies below the horizon. It normally forms an arc that extends from five to ten degrees beyond the solar disc. Light pillars can sometimes also be seen arising from the Moon.
Light pillars are formed by reflection from ice crystals with roughly horizontal faces.


The special application of fluorescent dyes
Exceptionally bright and illuminating, fluorescent colours have been attracting us for ages. An American invention, fluorescent pigments were the result of an experiment by Bob and Joe Switzer. Their attempt to produce colours far brighter than the normal that could glow in dark places led to an invention that has significantly impacted the pigment industry.
In the early days, fluorescent dyes were used in stage magic shows and movie posters. As time progressed, the applications grew by the hour. A combination of fluorescent dyes with new class polymers led to their effective use in printing and ink sectors. Due to their excellent stability, fluorescent dyes were then easily used in outdoor printing materials. One of the leading detergent products in the market switched to fluorescent packaging, thus grabbing eyeballs on the product shelves.
However, a major breakthrough for fluorescent dyes came in the safety applications. From traffic cones to safety vests and indicators used for road signs. Fluorescent dyes make it possible for the driver to see the signs from far, thus preventing mishaps and accidents on the road.
The uniforms of firefighters, constructions workers, and other safety personnel are designed in fluorescent fabrics to indicate their presence and ensure safety in the working area.
Apart from the safety applications, we see fluorescent colours being welcomingly accepted in the cosmetic market too. From fluorescent lipsticks to highlighters, people use shining colours that reflect their glimmering personality.
At Neelikon, the specialization lies in manufacturing speciality fluorescent colours under the brand name “NEELIGLOW”. The range of fluorescent dyes offered by Neelikon is recognized to give high colour strength and fluorescent intensity, with good stability & light fastness properties. Apart from fluorescent dyes, Neelikon also offers dye-Intermediates for fluorescent dyes, optical brighteners, and fluorescent brightening agents.
A complete range of fluorescent services? Take that as a sign of a dazzling relationship!
Below are some of the Fluorescent dyes under our brand name “NEELIGLOW”.


Fiber Optic Cabling Business Phone Systems Fort Smith
The advent of fiber optic cabling marks a revolutionary milestone in modern telecommunications, ushering in a transformative era. These state-of-the-art cables transmit data using light, endowing them with a clear advantage over traditional copper counterparts in terms of performance and efficiency. With significantly expanded bandwidth and minimal signal loss, fiber optic cables facilitate data transmission over extensive distances without noticeable degradation, making them indispensable for long-range communication. Their robust security features render them an ideal choice for transmitting sensitive information, ensuring data integrity and confidentiality. In our increasingly interconnected world, where rapid and reliable connectivity is imperative, fiber optic cabling emerges as the preferred solution for delivering high-speed internet, phone, and TV services. As technology continues to advance, fiber optic cabling is poised to maintain its pivotal role in supporting and enhancing advanced telecommunications infrastructure.
Two industry standards for Fiber Optic Cabling
Single-mode (100BaseBX standard)
The advent of single-mode fiber optics technology represents a significant paradigm shift in long-distance corporate communication and data transfer. Breakthroughs such as the 100BaseBX Standard empower businesses to efficiently transmit large data payloads over vast geographical expanses. This state-of-the-art technology not only ensures robust data security but also safeguards against potential third-party breaches. Furthermore, it guarantees uninterrupted connectivity, facilitating real-time updates and elevating the quality of decision-making to achieve operational excellence. In essence, single-mode fiber optics technology functions as a dependable and secure conduit for data communication, enabling organizations to foster global collaboration with unparalleled reliability and efficiency.
Multimode (100BaseSX standard)
Multimode fiber optic technology has experienced significant evolution, solidifying its reputation as a reliable and cost-effective solution for businesses. Recognized by its larger core, which supports multiple modes of light for data transmission, these cables excel in shorter-distance applications while maintaining high-speed data transfer capabilities. Recent advancements in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) technology and the introduction of new optical multimode (OM) standards have expanded their capabilities for longer-range connections. As a result, businesses can harness the potential of multimode fiber optics to strengthen their communication infrastructure and gain a competitive advantage. At Fort Smith Business Phone Systems, we specialize in the installation and maintenance of multimode fiber optic systems, providing customized solutions to meet our clients’ unique requirements. Contact us today to explore how multimode fiber optics can enhance your business operations.
With a storied history spanning over two decades, Fort Smith Business Phone Systems continues to set the pace in the telecommunications industry, catering to both individuals and businesses with state-of-the-art solutions. Our unwavering commitment to personalized service has earned us numerous accolades, underscoring our dedication to delivering exceptional customer experiences. Our comprehensive service offerings encompass installation, maintenance, training, and more, all meticulously tailored to align with the unique requirements of our clients. Backed by competitive pricing and an unwavering pursuit of excellence, we empower businesses to effortlessly navigate the ever-evolving landscape of modern communication technology. Whether your objective is to upgrade your phone system or optimize your existing infrastructure, our seasoned team stands ready to provide the most effective solutions. Contact Fort Smith Business Phone Systems today and explore how we can equip you to stay at the forefront of the dynamic world of communication.
Let's Discuss Now!
Get the best advice and answers to questions you need answers to about our VOIP services and technology. Request quotations on the go!


Perth Laser Vision was among the first in Australia to receive the AcrySof IQ ReSTOR intraocular lens implant (IOL), a revolutionary surgically implanted lens that results in patients ability to see more clearly at a wider range of distances without glasses or contacts.
AcrySof IQ ReSTOR Lens Implant Eye Laser Surgery
The AcrySof IQ ReSTOR lens is designed to enhance contrast sensitivity, reduce dependency on glasses, and improve functional vision. The lens offers multiple advantages over traditional intraocular lens implants:
- Provides better vision for near and far distances.
- Improved contrast sensitivity.
- Filters harmful UV and blue light.
- Rich, vibrant colour perception.
It’s a huge evolutionary step. This for of eye laser surgery reduces the need for reading glasses after cataract removal, without compromising distance vision, has been a goal of ophthalmology for many years. Until now, the vast majority of patients who undergo cataract eye laser surgery received a single-vision lens implant, which typically requires them to carry around reading glasses so they can read a newspaper, menu or medicine bottle, or do other things that require close vision.
Aspheric Design Advantage
Traditional lens implants are spherical, producing some peripheral distortion. AcrySof IQ ReSTOR lens is slightly flatter in the periphery and are designed to provide sharper focus and better contrast.
The AcrySof IQ ReSTOR lens is a permanent artificial lens used to replace the natural lens during cataract eye laser surgery. The ReSTOR lens is made of a soft plastic. It is folded and inserted into the eye through a tiny incision around 2mm across. After insertion, the lens gently unfolds to “ReSTOR” vision. The supporting arms of the lens maintain proper positioning within the eye.
Meeting the Challenge of Presbyopia With Eye Laser Surgery
The ability to focus at various distances is called “accommodation”, and is the normal condition of a youthful natural lens. However, as we age, this lens becomes more rigid and our ability to accommodate diminishes, usually starting around the age of forty. This inability to accommodate is called presbyopia. Presbyopia is the reason that reading glasses or bifocals are required as we age.
Aging also causes the eye’s natural lens to become more opaque, which scatters light and creates cloudy vision. The opaque lens is called a cataract. Traditionally, when a cataract develops, the natural lens inside the eye is replaced with an artificial lens. Standard Intra-Ocular Lenses (IOL’s) are single-vision lenses, which allow good vision without glasses for one distance only, usually for distance. Glasses would still be needed for near vision.
ReSTOR Intra-Ocular Lens Implant – An Entirely Unique Design
The ReSTOR lens has an uniquely shaped optic, called “apodization,” that is entirely new to the field of ophthalmology. The AcrySof IQ ReSTOR represents breakthrough technology because it treats the refractive problem of presbyopia. It delivers consistent high-quality accommodative-like vision across the entire visual spectrum due to its patented apodized design.
While other “accommodative” IOL’s have attempted to produce vision at various ranges by depending on the action of the older eye’s ciliary muscles to produce accommodation, the ReSTOR lens inserted during this type of eye laser surgery responds to how wide or small the eye’s pupil is to distribute light between near and far vision. Having both “refractive” and “diffractive” surfaces, the ReSTOR lens works like two lenses in one. The refractive surface is for distance and the diffractive surface is for near. This amazing combination renders a lens implant that is not dependent on the movement of the lens, making visual outcomes more highly predictable.
Apodization is the gradual tapering of the diffractive steps (illustrated below) from the centre to the outside edge of a lens. This unique design optimally manages light energy delivered to the retina because it distributes the appropriate amount of light to near and distant focal points, regardless of the lighting situation. Apodized diffractive optics are designed to improve image quality while minimizing visual disturbances. The result is an increased range of quality vision that delivers a high level of spectacle freedom.
Diffraction involves the diffusing or bending of light to multiple focal points as it passes through the lens. The centre diffractive area of the ReSTOR supports near vision. The centre of the lens surface consists of an “apodized” diffractive optic, a series of tiny steps in that centre area working together to focus light for a seamless transition of near through distance vision.
Refraction involves the redirection of light passing through the lens, to a single focus point on the retina. The outer ring of the ReSTOR is the refractive area that surrounds the apodized diffractive region and is what allows you to experience distance vision.
Previous attempts using various multifocal lenses often resulted in significant haloes and reduced contrast sensitivity in low light conditions. These issues are rarely a problem with the new Aspheric ReStor lens. Additionally, unlike monovision with monofocal implants; there is no loss of depth perception since both eyes are set equally. Reading ability, even for fine print, is markedly improved with the ReSTOR.
Health care is expensive, that’s why many families cannot order the medicines they need. There are various conditions when men prefer purchase medications from online pharmacy. US citizens get millions varied medicines online. For example Xylocaine causes loss of feeling in an area of your body. Given during surgery. Moreover treats emergency heart rhythm problems. Cialis is used to treat few types of health problems. What about dosage for cialis and sexual problems? Apparently every man has heard at least something about cialis for daily use dosage. The definition of erectile dysfunction the persistent inability to maintain an hard-on to the point of orgasm, influence an estimated 15 to 30 millions men in the United States only. Today for men of any age, it can be first sign for severe complaints, so it’s essential for your overall health, not just your sex existence, to see a health care vocational if you experience erection disfunction. Why it happen? What kinds of professionals treat sexual diseases in men? What is the most significant information you would like to know know about this? Ususally patients using this generic mostly do not have potentially serious side effects to Cialis. Store the generics away from excess heat. For example the liquid medicaments for preference have to be kept in the refrigerator, but other may be stored at room temperature.


Early Pipeline Inspection SystemsThe first experiments with an underwater pipeline inspection system started in 1988. The concept was based on line scan cameras. A feasibility study was conducted in 1993 and a development project took place in the period 1994 to 1995. This system was named XPLISIT and was an external imaging pipeline inspection system to be mounted on a ROV.
The next step was internal inspection of natural gas pipelines. A novel system based on line scan cameras and laser illumination in a self contained system was designed. Image data was stored on hard disks and the complete system was powered by Li batteries. This system was mounted on cleaning pig and was named Simplisit. In addition to images customers wanted 3D information as well: What is the depth of that cavity? was typical questions. This lead to the current pipeline inspection system Optopig.
Principle of operation
This figure shows a 3D view of the profiling concept. You can see the fan
shaped laser beam illuminate the pipe wall. Both an obstacle and a cavity are
present. The image formed on the image sensor represents the intersection line
between the laser beam and the pipe wall.
This figure illustrates the principle of optical triangulation. A fan shaped
laser beam perpendicular to the pipe wall illuminates a thin stripe on the
wall. This stripe is depicted by the the camera and an image is formed on the
sensor. Since the angles and distances are constant, the image on the sensor
will move depending on the distance between the laser/camera unit and the pipe
This figure gives a coarse schematic overview of the Optopic inspection tool
and its different parts. The system is based on custom, high speed cameras,
storage media, lasers, batteries and complex, custom electronics.
The Optopig Hardware
A peek into the hidden inner parts of the 10"-16" Optopig showing the main camera module. In a ring we can see the 8 CMOS image sensors packed in custom chip scale packages. Each sensor has a programmable logic chip that controls the acquisition and processing of images at 500MB/s.
A close-up of the camera system for the 40"-42" Optopig. The right part of the image shows the ring of 8 lasers, while the left part shows the ring of 8 cameras, looking forward at an angle of 45 degrees.
Departure of the 40"-42" Optopig. The compact inspection unit is mounted onto a rugged carrier and inserted into the pig trap. The carrier is wheel based to allow the best possible centring of the camera unit. The sealing disks provides the necessary drive force. This version of Optopig can run at velocities up to 5m/s.
Results from the Use of Optopig
Who wouldn't feel some need for celebration when time finally has come to paint the number of 1000 onto a pipe. The chances of getting "caught" was extremely low before the arrival of Optopig.
2D image of a normal field joint area. To the left we can se the vertical welding seam, with uncoated, dark, pipe surface both before and after. Running through the image horizontally we can see the longitudinal weld. This weld is done before the coating, so we can see that it is covered by coating. We can also see that the weld is ground down towards the field joint.
3D close-up of a small part of a ball valve that is not completely open. The right part of the image shows the glossy inner of the steel ball. The step we can see was measured to 10mm.
2D image of a machined defect in a test pipe. Around the defect we can see some text that tells us that this is a 2.5cm wide and 10% deep defect.
A 3D close-up of the defect. The dark colour indicates that the coating is missing, and possibly that the surface is quite rough.
In a 3D wire frame plot we can clearly see the shape of the defect. By using measurement tools we can determine the size, and depth of the defect.
The Optopig SoftwareA comprehensive software system is available for use on Optopig data. This software will be used by personnel performing manual or semiautomatic inspection of the pipeline. Data can be displayed in 2D or 3D in any thinkable way, measurement can be done and findings can be logged in a "bookmark" system.
More details on the Optopig system can be found on these pages : optopig.com.
Automatic Anomaly Detection in Pipeline DataA system for automatic and semi-automatic detection of anomalies is available.
Co-operation with Stanford University has taken place in this part of the project.


The Rudy Project SENSOR Lead Glasses are entirely designed, engineered, and made in Italy. This frame blends cutting-edge ergonomic features for superior fit with advanced ultralight materials such as Hybrid Titanium and Kynetium.
The Rudy Project SENSOR X-Ray Glasses are part of our Low-Bridge-Fit Collection and are designed to fit comfortably on faces with a lower nose. The frame sits higher on the nose and away from cheekbones.
With a weight of only 54g, the Rudy Project SENSOR X-Ray Glasses are one of the LIGHTEST radiation glasses available in Australia. This model is therefore ideal for use during mid to long-term interventional procedures.
This model features Med-X Corning 0.75mm Pb protective lenses which offer you the clearest vision possible while providing maximum protection.
The SENSOR frame allows for high-index prescription, offering all three prescription types with total powers of up to +/-8.00. By adding the option of anti-reflective fog-free coating - a new generation multi-part coating - your vision performance improves by reducing lens reflections and fogging. The anti-fog component of the coating actually absorbs moisture, thereby reducing lens fogging.
- Radiation Protection Standards: AS/NZS4543.3; IEC61331.3-2014 -> tested and certified against a full range of x-ray energies: 50-150kVp
- Radiation Safety Level I: Lead Glasses provide front protection
- Front Lens Protection: 0.75mmPb Leaded Glass
- Lens Material: Med-X Corning 0.75mmPb Leaded Lenses (no yellow tinge)
- Prescription Frame: Single vision (+/-8.00), bifocal vision (+/-4.00), progressive vision (+/-8.00)
- Optional Lens Coatings: 2-in-1 anti-reflective fog-free coating
- Frame Material: Hybrid Titanium and Kynetium
- Weight: 54g
- Colour: Carbon Silver
- Manufacturer/ Brand: Barrier Technologies/ Rudy Project
- Certification: CE 0120
- Face Shapes: Small
- Low-Bridge-Fit: Ideal for low or narrow nose bridges, flat facial features and/ or high check bones.
Included with Every Pair of Eyewear
- Hard Case
- Soft Microfibre Cloth
- Adjustable Strap/ Retainer Cord


The smallest unit of light is a “photon”. Generation, manipulation and measurement of light at or near the fundamental limit of a photon can enhance the performance of many optical systems. Remote sensing, long-distance communications, biological imaging, and quantum information science are some near-term applications that would benefit immensely from better optical components and techniques that work efficiently at few or single photon levels. However, the technologies to generate, manipulate, and detect these states of light are inadequate for the emerging applications. We are developing new light sources, detectors, and measurement techniques to address these needs.
One of the activities in this group is the development of single photon technologies for quantum information science and technology. We work closely with the Nanostructure Fabrication and Metrology Project on the generation of novel non-classical states of light and the detection of single photons. Currently, we are investigating the use of nonlinear fibers and nonlinear crystals as a source of correlated photon pairs or squeezed light. We are also manipulating the squeezed light to make Schroedinger "Cat" states of light. In addition to making non-classical states of light, we build detector systems that are the best in the world at operating at the single photon level. Presently, our project is primarily focused on using two different superconducting detector technologies -- transistion-edge sensors (TES) and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPD).
Using our sources and detectors, we also are actively involved in characterizing optical compoments at the few photon level, demonstrating new optical devices that function at the single photon level, demonstrating of new measurements at faint light levels, and demonstrating new applications that require single photons.


Distributing Glass Tubes and Rods: A Technical Perspective
The distribution of glass tubes and rods is a crucial aspect of various industries, ranging from scientific research and laboratory applications to manufacturing and construction. These glass components serve a multitude of purposes, including chemical analysis, optical instrument production, and architectural design. In this technical article, we will delve into the intricacies of distributing glass tubes and rods, focusing on the processes, considerations, and challenges involved in ensuring their quality and integrity reach end-users.
Types of Glass Tubes and Rods
Before delving into the distribution process, it's essential to understand the types and varieties of glass tubes and rods available. These components come in various forms, including:
Borosilicate Glass Tubes: Known for their exceptional thermal resistance and chemical durability, borosilicate glass tubes are widely used in laboratories for applications such as chemical reactions, distillation, and the creation of custom glassware.
Quartz Glass Tubes: Quartz glass tubes are prized for their high purity and ability to withstand extreme temperatures, making them ideal for use in semiconductor manufacturing, UV and IR applications, and optical components.
Soda-Lime Glass Tubes: These tubes are common in everyday applications and are often used in the production of lighting, packaging, and household items. They are known for their transparency and ease of manufacturing.
Optical Glass Rods: Optical glass rods are used in the production of lenses, prisms, and other optical components. They must meet stringent quality standards to ensure optical clarity and precision.
The Distribution Process
The distribution process for glass tubes and rods is complex, involving multiple stages to ensure the safe and efficient delivery of these delicate products.
1. Manufacturing and Quality Control
The process begins with the manufacturing of the glass tubes and rods. Manufacturers must adhere to strict quality control measures to ensure that the products meet industry standards and specifications. This includes checking for defects, ensuring dimensional accuracy, and verifying the glass's optical properties if it is intended for optical use.
Proper packaging is critical to protect glass tubes and rods during transportation. Tubes and rods are often fragile and susceptible to breakage if mishandled. They are typically packaged in individual containers, such as cardboard tubes or plastic sleeves, with cushioning materials to prevent contact and reduce the risk of damage.
3. Inventory Management
Distributors must maintain accurate inventory records to track the availability of different types and sizes of glass tubes and rods. An efficient inventory management system ensures that customers can access the products they need promptly.
4. Order Processing
Customers place orders for specific quantities and types of glass tubes and rods. Distributors must accurately process these orders, verify product availability, and coordinate shipping logistics. This step involves meticulous attention to detail to prevent errors in order fulfillment.
5. Shipping and Handling
Shipping glass tubes and rods requires careful handling to minimize the risk of breakage during transit. Distributors work closely with carriers to choose appropriate shipping methods and packaging materials that provide adequate protection. Fragile labels and handling instructions are often included on packages to alert carriers to the delicate nature of the contents.
6. Quality Assurance upon Receipt
Upon receiving glass tubes and rods, customers should conduct a thorough inspection to ensure that the products meet their specifications and are free from defects or damage incurred during transit. Distributors should provide a clear process for customers to report any issues and request replacements if necessary.
Considerations and Challenges
Distributing glass tubes and rods presents specific considerations and challenges:
Fragility: Glass tubes and rods are inherently fragile, and any mishandling can lead to breakage. Distributors must take extra precautions to minimize the risk of damage during transit.
Custom Orders: Customers often require customized lengths, diameters, or types of glass tubes and rods. Distributors must be equipped to handle custom orders efficiently.
Quality Assurance: Ensuring the quality of glass products is paramount. Distributors should maintain strong relationships with reputable manufacturers and conduct periodic quality audits.
Regulatory Compliance: Depending on the industry and application, glass tubes and rods may need to meet specific regulatory standards. Distributors should stay informed about relevant regulations and certifications.
Inventory Management: Managing a diverse inventory of glass tubes and rods can be complex. Effective inventory management software can streamline this process.
The distribution of glass tubes and rods is a multifaceted process that demands careful handling, rigorous quality control, and strong customer support. Whether used in scientific research, manufacturing, or architectural applications, these glass components play a vital role in a wide range of industries. Distributors that prioritize quality, precision, and customer satisfaction are essential in ensuring that end-users receive glass tubes and rods that meet their exacting requirements, enabling them to excel in their respective fields.


Large Laser Engraving Machine
Our customer required a laser marking system for a variety of large components. We designed and built a suitable enclosure, enabling easy and accurate loading of a variety of components.
The enclosure is fully light sealed to ensure safe laser marking, and features an automatic door for operator speed and ease.
- Easy loading of large components
- Large marking area
- Intuitive operator controls
- High quality laser mark
Large Laser Marking Cabinet from Pryor
“An extremely versatile and flexible laser marking solution for small to medium sized components”
Dan | Head of Sales


The Infrared remote control receiver extender is suitable for home IR controlled appliances with IR receiver jack such as STBs and any other equipment that has a 3.5mm / 2.5mm ir receiver jack.
It allows you to mount it near your TV and hide the STB in a cabinet or install the STB behind the TV set.It’s high sensitivity IR receiver module provides 120 degree IR remote control range and improves IR remote control signal reception.
- – High sensitivity IR receiver
- – 3.5mm / 2.5mm IR receiver jack
- – 1.5m cable length
- – 3M mounting sticker


ChromaLit Linear remote phosphor optics appear white in the off state and enable LED-based linear lighting systems that can produce 2000 lm per foot in CCTs ranging from 3000K to 5000K.
Nichia and Everlight continue to scrap over intellectual property with the former taking new action, while Cree and Osram make executive appointments and The Connected Lighting Alliance will study commercial indoor SSL.
OSA Opto Light - your partner for customized and special LED solutions
We develop and manufacture special, custom designed and standard High Brightness & High Power LED-Chips , SMD-LEDs and LED-Lamps in the colors white, uv 350-420nm ,vis 420-660nm and ir 660-1080nm. Our custom designed LED-Modules for OEMs are an efficient way for luminaries and other lighting applications.
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2nd 'Berlin WideBaSe' Conference on Technology and Applications of Nitride Semiconductors
Three years ago, thirteen Berlin-based companies and research institutions founded the 'Berlin WideBaSe' consortium with the aim to combine technological potentials in the field of wide band gap (AlGaIn)N semiconductor materials and devices. Their work was supported and partly funded by the German ministry of education and research (BMBF). Besides of the development of nitride-based device technologies, the collaboration also includes related activities in crystal growth and characterization techniques
The program of this conference covers:
- the results of the joint efforts
- the full spectrum of materials and technology research and development
- the application of nitride semiconductor based devices
When: September 19 – 20, 2013
new "black" blue LED
Updated IR Series 440
We continue our development to expand the wavelength range of our products with the introduction of the Power-LED emitting 970nm, 1020nm and 1050nm Peak-Wavelength. These high reliable, 0.8mm thin devices are the most powerful LED source for this wavelength in the market. Our test board services and secondary optics are available.
Productpage, new Data-sheet
new UV Module Serie OLM-018
Based on the requests of our customers OSA Opto Light GmbH has developed an UV–LED Module. Using high efficiency UV LED-Chips, the requirements on radiant densities for photochemical processes in the medium range are met. The UV Modules is available between 365nm and 400nm with high radiant density for photochemical processes.
OSA Opto Light is a member of the research and development platform for nitride base semiconductors, Berlin WideBaSe. This platform is supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The main target of our company is the development of UV optoelectronic devices.


Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
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من سال پیش یرای کاری یک دایرت المعارف فیزیک لیزر را از روی اینترنت جمع آوری کردم. و به صورت یک کتاب در آوردم. این مجموعه می تونه به کار خیلی از شماها بیاد. چون مطالب متنوع و جامعی را در زمینه فیزیک لیزر داره. از این جهت این فایل را به صورت پست های جداگانه براتون در وبلاگ قرار می دهم . همچنین در پست های آینده کل اون را براتون آپلود می کنم تا یکجا از اون استفاده کنید.
امیدوارم که به کارتون بیاد. در ضمن زبانتون هم خوب می شه.
اگر کسی از دوستان بخشی از کار را ترجمه کرد لطف کنه تا با گذاشتن ترجمه اون در وبلاگ به دیگران هم کمک کرده باشه.
Definition: optical modulators based on the acousto-optic effect
An acousto-optic modulator (AOM) is a device which allows to control the power, frequency or spatial direction of a laser beam with an electrical drive signal. It is based on the acousto-optic effect, i.e., the modification of the refractive index by the oscillating mechanical pressure of a sound wave.
The key element of an AOM is a transparent crystal (or piece of glass) through which the light propagates. A piezoelectric transducer attached to the crystal is used to excite a high-frequency sound wave (with a frequency in the order of 100 MHz). Light can then experience Bragg diffraction at the periodic refractive index grating generated by the sound wave; therefore, AOMs are sometimes called Bragg cells. The scattered beam has a slightly modified optical frequency (increased or decreased by the frequency of the sound wave) and a slightly different direction. The frequency and direction of the scattered beam can be controlled via the frequency of the sound wave, while the acoustic power allows to control the optical powers. For sufficiently high acoustic power, more than 50% of the optical power can be diffracted.
The acoustic wave may be absorbed at the other end of the crystal. Such a traveling-wave geometry allows to achieve a broad modulation bandwidth of many megahertz. Other devices are resonant for the sound wave, exploiting the strong reflection of the acoustic wave at the other end of the crystal. The resonant enhancement can greatly increase the modulation strength (or decrease the required acoustic power), but reduces the modulation bandwidth.
Some applications of acousto-optic modulators are:
2. active mode locking (where the AOM modulates the cavity losses with the round-trip frequency or a multiple thereof)
3. modulating the power of a laser beam, e.g. for laser printing
4. shifting the frequency of a laser beam, e.g. in various measurement schemes
Adiabatic soliton compression
efinition: a pulse compression technique based on the adaptation of solitons to slowly varying propagation parameters
Adiabatic soliton compression is a technique for the temporal compression of ultrashort pulses in a fiber. The principle is as follows. For a fundamental soliton pulse in a fiber, the product of pulse energy and pulse duration is proportional to the dispersion divided by the nonlinearity of the fiber. Thus, the pulse duration must be reduced if the dispersion is reduced while keeping constant the pulse energy. Significant pulse compression can thus be obtained by propagating the pulses through a dispersion-decreasing fiber. However, the following conditions must be fulfilled:
1. The initial pulses must fulfill the soliton condition at the input fiber end.
2. The fiber dispersion must be varied sufficiently slowly to allow adiabatic adaptation of the pulses to the fiber parameters. (Otherwise, the pulses can get distorted.) More precisely stated, the dispersion must not vary significantly over a length scale of a soliton period. As the latter scales with the square of the pulse duration, rather long fibers are required if the initial pulses are longer than e.g. a picosecond.
3. The fiber dispersion must stay sufficiently constant over the whole bandwidth range of the compressed pulses. (However, it has been shown that slightly normal dispersion in the wings of the generated pulse spectrum can be beneficial.)
Even though the method is rather elegant and powerful, it suffers from the need to use a dispersion-decreasing fiber. The latter requirement is eliminated by a variant of the method, where the fiber has constant dispersion but contains a laser-active dopant which allows to amplify the pulses: an increasing pulse energy for constant dispersion also results in a temporal compression.
The amplification factor (or gain factor) of an optical amplifier is the factor by which the input power is amplified. An alternative specification of gain is in terms of decibels, calculated as 10 times the logarithm of base ten of the amplification factor.
Amplified spontaneous emission
Definition: a process where spontaneously emitted radiation (fluorescence) is amplified
In a laser medium with large gain, the fluorescence from spontaneous emission can be amplified to high levels. This amplified fluorescence may be used in applications where light with low temporal coherence but good spatial coherence is required.
In lasers and particularly in high gain amplifiers, amplified spontaneous emission is usually an unwanted effect. It tends to limit the achievable gain in a single stage of a fiber amplifier to the order of 40 dB; higher gains are possible e.g. for amplification of pulses, if several amplifier stages are used, which are separated by filters, isolators, and/or optical modulators.
Even if amplified spontaneous emission in an amplifier is not strong enough to extract significant power, it can significantly contribute to the noise of the amplified signal.
Definition: amplifiers consisting of several stages
An amplifier chain is a sequence of several amplifiers, which can subsequently amplifiy some signal. In case of just two amplifiers, one often calls the first one a preamplifier and the second one a power amplifier. Such schemes are common in electronics, but also in optics (as considered here), because the concept of an amplifier chain can have advantages compared to an approach where one tries to obtain the full performance in a single amplifier stage:
There are certain trade-offs, for example between obtaining a high saturated output power and a high gain. For example, a high saturated output power calls for a large mode area in the last section of the amplifier, while the preamplifier can have a better gain efficiency when the mode area is chosen small. Thus one can obtain better overall performance by splitting the amplifier into different amplifier stages which can be independently optimized. In ultrashort pulse amplifiers, the power amplifier may also need increased mode areas for reducing nonlinear effects. One can even use different kinds of amplifiers, e.g. a regenerative amplifier as a high-gain preamplifier and a multipass amplifier as power amplifier with moderate gain, or one can combine an optical parametric amplifier with a laser amplifier.
Sometimes it is necessary to insert certain optical elements between different stages of an amplifier chain. For example, in high gain amplifiers one often uses an optical isolator between the stages in order to reduce the sensitivity to amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and back reflections. In amplifiers for pulse amplification, one sometimes uses an optical gain (e.g. an acousto-optic modulator) between the stages, which is opened only for some short time interval around that of the pulse passage.
The use of amplifier chains allows for a more modular approach where different performance numbers can be obtained simply by differently combining existing amplifier stages (modules).
Definition: noise introduced to a signal in an amplifier
Apart from amplifying the input, every optical amplifier also adds some excess noise to the output. This is often quantified with the so-called noise figure.
At least for phase-insensitive amplifiers (i.e., those where the gain does not depend on the phase of the input), quantum optics dictates some minimum level of the added noise. For example, for high gain applied to a shot-noise limited input, the output noise power must be at least twice that of a hypothetical noiseless amplifier, i.e., the minimum noise figure is 2, corresponding to 3 dB. For laser amplifiers, the unavoidable excess noise comes from spontaneous emission of the gain medium into the laser mode. For a four-level gain medium with a low-noise pump, the excess noise can approach the minimum quantum-mechanically allowed level. (Note that the gain medium acts as an energy reservoir, effectively damping the influence of high frequency pump noise.) In a non-degenerate optical parametric amplifier, the excess noise comes from vacuum fluctuations entering the idler port, and possibly also from the pump wave. A degenerate parametric amplifier does not need to add excess noise (it has no idler!), but its amplification is phase-sensitive.
Definition: devices for amplifying the power of light beams
Most amplifiers are laser amplifiers, where the optical amplification is based on stimulated emission in a gain medium such as a crystal or glass material which is doped with laser-active ions, or an electrically pumped semiconductor. However, there exist other physical mechanisms for optical amplification, namely mechanisms based on optical nonlinearities, such as e.g. parametric gain or Raman gain (→ Raman amplifiers).


[See another image about this article]The “400-SSA003” is a network camera that allows you to check your home with the camera installed from outside using your smartphone. You can watch the camera image from your smartphone with the dedicated app. You can check the video in high-definition image quality, and you can switch between “low image quality mode: SD” and “high image quality mode: HD” with reduced communication volume on the application side. In addition, it is equipped with an infrared night vision mode that allows you to take clear pictures even in dark places or at night. With motion detection and voice detection functions, a notification will be sent to your smartphone when it is detected. In addition, you can make a two-way call with the camera and smartphone, and you can talk in real time. A microSD card can be built into the camera for continuous recording. In addition, camera images can be shared by up to 6 people. The main body size is about W630 x D580 x H960 mm, and the weight is about 146 g. It can be used while being powered by USB with the attached cable.


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You will probably find the largest assortment of binoculars and monoculars on these pages. Whether for nightly stargazing, hunting, sailing, bird watching or just to discover nature or maybe for the opera – you will find your binoculars here! Binoculars are particularly useful when you are out in nature, for example when hiking. This means that you can also perceive distant targets or objects from a great distance. Binoculars are also part of the basic equipment of every camper or hiker.
BINOCULARS: CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNICAL DATA
Basics of a binocular
The optical performance of binoculars depends on the interaction of a whole range of factors. Only when each and every one of these factors has been optimized is the result a ferroglass of excellent performance. Razor-sharp and brilliant images without color distortion always bring joy to every observation.
Inferior binoculars of lower quality are not only less fun or, if the details are not sufficiently recognizable, lead to e.g. one species cannot be determined correctly: the eyes also suffer, and headaches can result from prolonged use. In addition to the quality of the binoculars and the price, the planned application of course also plays a role in the purchase decision. For this, however, it is necessary to be able to evaluate the basic technical data of binoculars. You can find out what the individual data should tell you here.
To better understand the technical facts, you should first familiarize yourself with the structure and basic functionality of binoculars. A pair of binoculars is basically nothing more than a combination of two telescopes that are connected to one another by a common focusing mechanism via a bridge. Each of these telescopes consists of an objective (the front lenses), prisms and an eyepiece (the eye pieces).
The eyepieces are moved with the help of the focusing wheel (focus = focus) towards or away from the objective. By changing this distance, the focus is on objects at different distances. It is important that the distance between the eyepiece and the objective is identical for both binocular halves. Therefore, the eyepieces of both telescopes are connected to the focusing wheel via a common eyepiece bridge (with some binoculars, each half of the binoculars must be focused separately).
Spectacle wearers with poor visual acuity in both eyes who want to use the binoculars without visual aids can adjust the distance between the eyepiece and the lens separately from just one half of the binoculars using the so-called diopter compensation. This is done either directly on one of the eyepieces or centrally on the focusing wheel.
The prisms ensure that the image is not “upside down” and mirrored. Through various diversions, they also shorten the length of the binoculars.
The basic data in the name designation of the binoculars:
Magnification and lens diameter
The first value – the magnification – is the degree by which an object appears larger or closer than when observed with the naked eye. When using 10×42 binoculars, for example, the object appears 10x closer to you than when observing without glass. Only the eyepieces are responsible for the degree of magnification. A glass with a high magnification does not have to be large! Magnifying binoculars is perhaps the most misunderstood feature. High magnifications can be useful, but the magnification itself is not a criterion for the quality, image quality or detail recognition ability of binoculars! The lens diameter, the glass material, the coating and the quality of the overall optics determine the ability to resolve small details. The disadvantages of binoculars with a high magnification are: it is very difficult to produce a calm image over a long period of time during observation and the field of view is relatively small. For free-field observations, we therefore only recommend magnifications up to a maximum of 10 times, actually 8 times is actually the better choice!
The second value, here 42, describes the diameter of the objective lenses (front lenses) in mm. The larger these are, the more light can enter the glass and the brighter the image appears (and the larger and heavier the binoculars become). One also speaks of the entrance pupil. The light intensity of binoculars (usually given as the twilight factor) and the size of the exit pupils result from the lens diameter and magnification.
The exit pupil describes the size of the image point (in mm) that hits the eyes at the end of the binoculars facing you, the eyepieces. The larger the exit pupil, the brighter the image appears. The exit pupil is the most important and easiest to compare indicator for the twilight performance of binoculars.
You should be able to see the exit pupils as a sharply delineated bright circle from a few cm away (a soft edge indicates poor quality). You can calculate the size of the exit pupils by dividing the lens diameter by the magnification. The exit pupils of a glass with the data 10×42 have a diameter of 4.2mm.
How useful a large exit pupil is depends, among other things, on the eyes and the age of the observer, because the ability of the pupils of the human eye to enlarge in the dark decreases with age: while the pupils of a young observer still have a diameter of up to can assume to 7mm, the maximum expansion is limited to only 5mm for a 50-year-old. For example, the eyes of an older nature lover can no longer fully use the light from a 6.5mm exit pupil if the pupils of his eyes are only 5mm large. A (then lighter) glass with smaller exit pupils would be a more sensible purchase because it does not “waste” light.
The exit pupil distance indicates how far away your eyes can be from the eyepieces without losing sight of the complete field of view of the lens.
With most binoculars, the distance between the eyes and the eyepieces can be adjusted by eyecups, which means that the binoculars can also be used with glasses. So that binoculars are really suitable for glasses wearers, the most important thing is that the exit pupils are moved as far back as possible (optimally 15-20mm). This ensures that the focused image is not already shown in front of the eyes. Here one speaks of real glasses eyepieces.
In addition to the traditional slip-on rubber eyecups, some binoculars now have more robust plastic eyecups that can be pushed in or out or twisted. When using glasses, the eyecups are retracted or turned inside out.
Not to be confused with the exit pupil distance!
This is the distance between the two eyepieces, more precisely: the exit pupils of the two eyepieces. The pupil distance can be adjusted by “kinking” the binoculars at the joint between the two binocular halves and thus adapted to every face shape (the user’s eye relief).
Field of view
The size of the field of view is usually given in m at 1000m or as an angle. If the field of view is e.g. 118m / 1000m so you can see a 118m wide picture in a kilometer distance. You can easily calculate the size of the field of view by multiplying the angle by 17.45. You can calculate the angle accordingly by dividing the size of the field of view by 17.45.
The size of the field of view depends on the interplay between magnification and lens diameter and the construction of the binoculars. With the same construction, the size of the field of view decreases with increasing magnification, while larger lenses, on the other hand, enlarge the field of view.
The larger the field of view, the easier it is to survey a large area or to track a moving object.
The twilight factor serves as a standardized value for comparing the performance of optical devices with regard to the detail recognition, especially under poor lighting conditions
The twilight number is calculated from the square root of the product of magnification and lens diameter. So with 10×42 binoculars: 12×50 binoculars have a twilight factor of 24.5. The whole thing then means arithmetically that with 10×42 binoculars (twilight number 20.5) you can still see an object at a distance of 205m, with 12×50 binoculars (twilight number 24.5) you can still see them at a distance of 245m. The twilight factor of the binoculars alone is not sufficient to assess the twilight performance of binoculars; the size of the exit pupils is also used for this.
Focusing area / close focus
The design-related options do not allow binoculars to focus at distances from 0 meters to infinity. In order to be able to see from a long distance, which is the primary task of binoculars, the possibility of close focus is limited to a few meters. If, for example, a pair of binoculars has a close-up range of 3.25 meters, you can no longer focus on objects that are closer. The close-range data of binoculars mainly play a role for those who like small and close objects, e.g. Butterflies, want to watch. However, the close range should not be too small in many other applications either, think e.g. to a bird by the wayside! For others, on the other hand, the close-up area plays a subordinate role, here a glass with Fix-Focus may be more comfortable:
Fix focus: Some binoculars do not have a focusing device at all. They are set once and are then always in focus from a certain close range to infinity. Here, however, the close-range limit is very high (often around 20 meters). Such glasses are therefore mainly recommended for landscape exploration, at sea or e.g. for the observation of big game. Terms such as “Sports-Auto-Focus” (Steiner) or simply “Auto-Focus” are often used as synonyms for the fix focus. However, these terms are misleading, since this system has nothing to do with autofocus as known from cameras etc. (distance measurement or the like and motorized focusing).
Another focus variant is the separate focusing of both eyepieces. This system is mainly used for cheaper glasses for “harsh conditions”, since water and dust tightness is very easy to achieve.
Prism systems of the binoculars
The most frequently used prism systems are the more modern roof edge and the classic Porro prism system.
Porro binoculars (named after the Italian inventor Ignazio Porro) can be recognized at first glance by the fact that the lenses are much further apart than the eyepieces. In addition to this disadvantage in terms of compactness, there is also a small advantage in the imaging performance: The larger distance between the lenses makes the image appear more stereoscopic (better 3D representation).
Lenses and eyepieces form a line in roof prism binoculars. This system is more complex to construct, which usually also means a higher price. However, the result is a much more compact design. Only under the roof edge glasses are there those with real inner focus.
Inner focusing for Porro prism binoculars
the eyepieces are connected to each other by a bridge that can be moved back and forth by turning the focusing wheel. However, this eyepiece bridge is very fragile. At the slightest bend, the distances between the two eyepieces and the objectives no longer match. The result is two differently sharp images.
Most roof prism glasses, however, have an inner focus. The focus (focusing) is done by moving lenses inside the device. There are no moving parts on the outside of the glass. The mechanics are thus protected. Only with this system can real waterproofness be achieved without any problems.
Best and easiest to implement with roof prism binoculars. Devices with a Porro system are much more complex. Options include sealing with O-rings and filling with nitrogen to prevent the optical elements from fogging up inside the device. The whole works so well with the corresponding effort that you can e.g. can even go swimming with a Leica glass!
Binoculars – types of glass, finishing and surface coating
Optical systems refract light of different colors (wavelengths) to different extents. If you only used simple window glass for the construction of binoculars, the result would be an image with an unsightly variety of color borders.
This phenomenon can be almost completely eliminated by using special types of glass and coatings. Without this processing, the image quality, especially in the case of roof edge glass (which makes this system again more complex and expensive) would leave a lot to be desired.
Another important refinement of the optical glasses is the anti-reflective coating on the outer surfaces of the lenses and the coating of all glass / air surfaces:
Conventional lenses and prisms have the property of reflecting part of the incident light. There is a loss of light and a reduction in the contrast due to stray light. By coating the lenses (vapor deposition of a reflection-reducing mineral layer), reflections are considerably reduced and the light transmission is increased. Fully coated binoculars allow approx. 60% more light into the beam path compared to non-coated glass. The light intensity is further increased by using special coatings (UV coating, multi-layer coating etc.). So modern glasses let in up to 95% of the incident light!…


For more about their differences, please see the following table What’s more, in the data center fiber infrastructure, the patch panel has to be changed to accommodate MTP cables. This would cost more than LC connectors and regular single mode fiber cables. Besides, it’s not easy to clean MTP connectors. So coarse wavelength division multiplexing is more profitable and popular for 40GBASE-LR4 QSFP+ link.
For 40GBASE-LR4 QSFP+ transceivers, both coarse wavelength division multiplexing link and parallel single mode link can reach the transmission distance of 10 km. 40GBASE-LR4 CWDM QSFP+ transceivers use a duplex LC connector via 2 optical sm fibers. And 40GBASE-LR4 parallel single mode QSFP+ transceivers use an MTP/MPO fiber ribbon connector via 8 optical sm fibers.


Laser CNC Cutting CO2 Laser Cutter For Sale
|Terms of Trade:||FOB,CFR,CIF,FCA,CPT,CIP|
|Min. Order:||1 Set/Sets|
|Delivery Time:||7 Days|
|Place of Origin:||China|
|Certificate:||CE / ISO|
Model No.: VF-1610F
Type for Cutting Machine: Laser Cutting Machine
Type for Fold-bending Machine: CNC Fold-bend Machine
Certification: CE, ISO 9001:2000
Type for Pipe and Tube Bending Machine: Electric Hydraulic Pipe Bender
Laser Power: 60w/80w/100w/120w/150w
Positioning Accuracy: ≤ ± 0.01mm
Support Software: CORELDRAW/PHOTOSHOP/AUTOCAD/All Kinds Of Clothing
Support Format: PLT,AL,BMP,DST,DXF,DWJ , Ect.
Type: VF - 1610
Work Area: 1600×1000mm
Cutting Speed: 1-30000mm/min
Engraving Speed: 1-60000mm/min
VF - 1610F Laser CNC Cutting CO2 Laser Cutter For Sale
Machine use RECI laser tube, working life is 10000 hours. Ruida or Leetro control system, Hiwin square rails and high quality belt transmission. USB interface can support data transmitting to be quickly finished. Lens and mirror imported from Singapore Transmit files directly from CorelDraw, AutoCAD, high-speed USB2.0 interace output can support off-line working. Working resume from power break point when power on. Electrical drive up-down table, rotary device, red dot spot, vacuum, etc are to option.
Real silk fabrics,cotton fabric, decorative fabrics,polyester fabrics, chemical fiber fabrics, felt, pure ramie fabrics, genuine leather, artificial leather,decorative leather,soft leather, rubber, acrylic, wood, paper and all kinds of garment accessories and so on.
Grilles paper cutting, clothing, leather, staff toys, luggage, medical, leather toys, computer embroidery cutting, cloth art crafts, felt, paper products industry, etc..
| Type || 1610F |
| Laser Power || 60w/80w/100w/120w/150w |
| Work Area || 1600*1000mm |
| Cutting Speed || |
| Engraving Speed || |
| Positioning Accuracy || |
≤ ± 0.01mm
| Support Software || CORELDRAW/PHOTOSHOP/AUTOCAD |
| Support Format || DST/PLT/BMP/DXF/AL ect. |
Q: How long is the delivery time ?
A: For standard machines, it would be 7-10 days; For non-standard machines and customized machines according to client s specific requirements, it would be 15 to 30 days.
Q: How to arrange shipment of the machine ?
A: We will arrange shipment for you for FOB or CIF price. Clients need to arrange shipment by themselves or their agents.
Q: How about Sales Service ?
1. We will provide you with relevant technical support and product industry information within half a working day.
2. Welcome you at any time to visit our company site visits, we will provide you with free samples and Other related facilities.
3. Factory direct sales, customized any models.
2. Hand in charge of the whole process to pay the entire process, the service is also productivity.
3. Free installation, commissioning and operation, maintenance personnel training.
2. Free control software upgrade, upgrade board, and related functions to enhance the service.
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4. 24 hours outside the Chinese border to provide telephone technical support or directly from the country after sales offices, agents Services
Guangdong VIFA Laser Technology Co., Ltd. is a high-technology laser surgery as a guide, set design, development, manufacturing as one of the laser equipment and accessories professional production companies. Sophisticated equipment company, factory in strict accordance with ISO9001: 2000 quality system independent production. Equipment manufacturing speed and quality ranks with the industry-leading position.
The company is located in Dongguan, Guangdong Province, covering 30,000 square meters. Founded in 1998, pre-order for each laser equipment manufacturers to provide high-quality laser machine parts for the main business projects, having taken advantage of a strong independent laser machine parts into the laser machine manufacturing industries. At present products have been sold to more than 70 countries and regions. Especially since 2013, the company based on customer demand at home and abroad, expanding the processing capacity of laser equipment, high-tech laser absorption of scientific research personnel, research and development to produce 17 kinds of new laser equipment, basic to effectively solve a variety of non-metallic materials difficult processing problems. Achieve a number of independent intellectual property rights owned laser cutting and engraving technology. The company ranks among the leading Chinese manufacturer of laser equipment ranks.
VIFA Laser Main products: CO2 laser cutting machine, CO2 laser engraving machine, CO2 laser cutting machine camera, linear guide laser machines, automatic lifting rotary engraving laser machine, laser machine screw, automatic feeding laser cutting machine, automatic large format laser cutting, laser die cutter headed for machines, laser marking machine, CO2 laser marking machine, fiber laser marking machine, laser cutting machine burning flowers fabric, PU leather laser cutting machine, acrylic plexiglass laser engraving cutting machine, laser engraving rubber sheet and Other comprehensive wealth of laser equipment. Support various types of customized non-standard laser equipment (function, color, size, shape and so can be customized).
VIFA laser equipment widely used: leather leather, apparel fabrics, wood products, stone, glass, furniture making, model making, advertising, gifts, plastic, rubber, printing and engraving, packaging paper, decoration, metal materials , electronics, electrical, instrumentation, hardware, auto parts and Other fields.
And the era of convergence, in early 2015 the company launched the network marketing - "factory outlets, cut channels, sharing client." Give customers the best price to buy the most suitable machine. Growing together with customers, to provide the community with excellent products and services. VIFA electromechanical: outstanding laser equipment and accessories supplier!
- Company Name: Guangdong ViFa Laser Technology Co., Ltd.
- Representative: Xuefeng Zhou
- Product/Service: Laser Cutting Machine , Laser Engraving Machine , Laser Cutting Bed , Laser Marking Machine , Laser Equipment Parts , CNC Cutting Machine
- Capital (Million US $): 10000000RMB
- Year Established: 2013
- Total Annual Sales Volume (Million US $): US$5 Million - US$10 Million
- Export Percentage: 31% - 40%
- Total Annual Purchase Volume (Million US $): US$1 Million - US$2.5 Million
- No. of Production Lines: 15
- No. of R&D Staff: 5 -10 People
- No. of QC Staff: 5 -10 People
- OEM Services Provided: yes
- Factory Size (Sq.meters): 1,000-3,000 square meters
- Factory Location: Building A,Changming Changmao Industrial Park,Liu Yong Wei Community ,Wanjiang Area
- Contact Person: Ms. ying zhou
- Tel: 86-0769-28826357
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Put on a show and leave your guests in awe when you entertain using this Laser Star Fog Machine. This amazing fogger combines laser lights and fog to create a one of a kind display!
Egg Harbor Township, NJ 08234


SMD LED stands for surface mount LED. Specifically, it's a light-emitting diode that is mounted onto and soldered onto a circuit board. An SMD LED is quite small since it has no leads or surrounding packaging that comes with a standard LED. SMD LED also has a wide viewing angle, thanks to the fact that it does not have the standard LED's epoxy enclosure that focuses the beam. The SMD LED gives off very little heat. It also has a low voltage and current requirements. Like a standard light emitting diode, a surface mount LED gives off almost no heat. It also typically has similar low voltage and low current requirements.


Visionking 6x25 Laser Rnage Finder. Attention: Our trade mark " Visionking" has been registered in European Union!
This High-tech professional Laser rangefinder Telescope is able to rapidly and accurately measure the range of the target by emitting invisible, eye safe, and infrared energy pulses. Apart from the advanced technical property, the device is superior to the similar products on account of it's compact, light and artistic design. Item 6x25 SCH range finder. Field of View at 1000 m 122m at 1000 m:122 yad at 1000yard. Distance measured 15 m to 600 m(for vertical object can measure further).Accuracy Normal condition +/- 1 m +/- 0.1%. Power Source CR2 3V battary(not include).
Measurement Pattern Semiconductor laser measurement(harmless for eyes). Laser Peak Output Power 33W max. Antomatic shut-off after 10 seconds unattended. A Visionking 6x25 range finder; a soft carrying case.
Please give us the opportunity to reasonably rectify in a reasonable amount of time, Thank you very much! We accept return within 30 days after consumer receive item.
We are Visionking Optical Technology CO. If you are interesting in our products, please Check out my other items. The item "Visionking 6x25 Laser Range Finder Outdoor Hunt Golf Rain 600m Distance Measure" is in sale since Wednesday, October 14, 2020.This item is in the category "Sporting Goods\Hunting\Scopes, Optics, Lasers\Range Finders". The seller is "visionking-uk" and is located in SHENZHEN. This item can be shipped worldwide.


Free GROUND shipping on ONLINE orders over $199! No code necessary.
Free UPS Ground shipping for online orders over $199 USD when shipping within the contiguous 48 states. Minimum is before taxes and shipping.
Laser Stakes mount in the ceiling of covered and enclosed arenas. They cannot be used in outdoor arenas without an overhead structure. One laser is required for each barrel, pole, or electric eye that will be positioned by the Laser Stakes system.
The lasers attach to metal supports in the arena ceiling using a strong magnet (other attachments options are available). The adjustable mount allows the laser to be pointed precisely at the target on the arena floor.
Power for all lasers is provided by a single AC adapter. Low-voltage DC power runs from the AC adapter to the closest laser, and then from laser to laser to laser (see illustration below).
Connections are made using readily available 18 gauge speaker wire, lamp wire, or similar two-conductor cable. You can purchase this wire at your local Home Depot or Lowes.
Wires attach to each Laser Stake with an easy to use terminal block. The terminal block provides room for an incoming wire pair and an outgoing wire pair. Wiring is polarity-independent meaning you don't have to worry about "plus" and "minus."
For additional information, you can view the user's manual for laser stakes here.
Typical Wiring Diagram
This illustration shows wiring for three Laser Stake units (one for each barrel). The terminal block is on the back side of the laser near where the unit attaches to the adjustable mount.


EP-TRACER 2 Stationary
EP recording system with built-in stimulator
The EP-TRACER 2* Stationary setup generally has two high resolution displays inside the EP lab and two in the control room. One display shows the real-time signals, while the other displays the EP-TRACER special presentation modes.
The physician handling the catheters gets the same visual information as the operator at the control desk.
The EP-TRACER device is installed below or close to the patient table using a fiber optic connection to the control desk PC.


TATTOO REMOVAL EQUIPMENT
Unlike other laser machines which pulse lasers at a much lower frequency, our state-of-the-art laser system uses innovative laser frequencies which rapidly pulses laser energy into the skin. This new method of laser removal is significantly better for the health of your skin as the laser energy causes the ink particles in a tattoo to break and disperse more so than any other laser technology used for tattoo removal, causing very little heat build-up which can lead to burning.
Older laser machines use photo-thermal energy to target the tattoo, which is slower, requires more sessions and in most circumstances can’t remove colour tattoos.
Our laser system uses photo-mechanical energy combined with ultra-short bursts which are more energy-efficient and requires less heat. This process means a tattoo can be removed in significantly fewer sessions, cause little to no damage to your skin and allows us to remove all colours.
The different frequencies and wavelengths also allow us to remove almost all tattoo colours, whereas older and more traditional laser systems are unable to remove colour tattoos. The Pico breaks up using pressure waves creating smaller particles which is easier for body to remove.
The Q-Switched neodymium YAG Laser is a crystal which is used as a laser medium. The neodymium ion provides the laser activity and the Nd: YAG laser carries the capability of reaching much deeper layers of skin as compared to other types of lasers. The Q-Switched neodymium YAG Laser is perfect for removing tattoos, age spots, sunspots, and freckles. The technology is also used for skin rejuvenation, oil control, and skin pore improvement. YAG laser can be used for hair removal in any location.
Light blasting principle is used here when the high peak energy pulses of light of specific wavelengths get absorbed by the pigments in the skin. An instantaneous blast shatters the pigmentation particles into fragments which are eliminated from the body by the lymphatic system.
With adjustable wavelengths, brightness and zoom spot size, Q Switched neodymium YAG Laser is a safe and effective technique to use. Advantages include a variety of wavelengths, high peak power and a perfect aiming beam with a high-quality laser source. These laser techniques carry the unmatched ability to target skin pigment.
The Newest Generation of Cryotherapy System unlike other cooling methods, such as contact cooling, cryogen spray or icepacks, the Cool plus can cool the epidermis before, during and after the laser energy has been applied, without interfering with the laser beam. The Cool plus decreases the skin temperature quicker, with less risk of skin burns and keeps a constant dosage throughout the entire treatment time.
The cool plus features cooled air for efficient pain treatment, swelling reduction and muscle re -laxation. The system enables Cryotherapy with precise placement and at a constant dosage every time. The device uses no consumables and delivers high power. This enables a quick decrease in superficial skin temperature, while maintaining the ability to operate all day.


Für alle Anwendungen in Abwasser, egal ob Zulauf, Schlamm oder Ablauf.
A single sensor with a large dynamic range which utilises measurement technology that eliminates the need for a “zero” and also eliminates the effect of background light. For multiple measuring ranges, the suspended solids sensor can monitor turbidity and suspended solids from 2 NTU (1mg/l) to 8%* solids.
The sensor uses lifetime optical technology to provide a stable, reliable low-maintenance sensor with no moving parts and no consumables. The sensor determines the suspended solids concentration or the turbidity in the water using a measurement of the backscattered light.
Each sensor is fitted with an infra-red LED emitter light source and two matched photodiodes detectors for making the measurements. Having two detectors, positioned at different distances from the light source, allows the sensor to be used over a wide range of suspended solids concentrations.
The detectors are positioned to detect backscattered light (light that is scattered by <90°). By measuring back scattered light, the sensor can be used to detect low and high concentrations of solids. The ORAKEL takes readings at four different light levels and uses the gradient between the readings to produce the sensor output, allowing for more accurate measurements of suspended solids and turbidity.
The sensor can be mounted on the end of a pole for dip mounting in the channel or tank, or inserted into a pipe via a valve which allows for retraction and removal of the sensor without shutting down the process.
The sensor is fitted with a cleaning nozzle to keep it clean. This can be used to clean the optical windows with a jet of water. The procedure can be programmed to be automated at predefined intervals.
Calibration for turbidity measurements or measurements of samples with low concentrations of solids is very easy only requiring a single calibration sample. This sample can either be a reading from another method or a suitable standard.
The ORAKEL control unit calibrates the sensor by reducing the light output through four stages, taking measurements at each. This process provides an accurate and reliable zero and span without the requirement to use a ‘0’ NTU/solids sample.
Calibration of the sensor for measurement of samples with high concentration of solids uses a multipoint procedure. Up to 5 calibration points can be used to give accurate performance across a wide range of sample concentrations.
Selectable g/l, mg/l, ppm, ppt or % (suspended solids) NTU or FNU (turbidity)
<2% of measured value or 0.01g/l or 0.8 NTU (whichever is greater)
<1% of measured value or 0.001g/l or 0.8 NTU (whichever is greater)
Limit of detection:
0.001g/l or 2.4 NTU
Up to 0.0001g/l or NTU
T90 ≥ 10sec (adjustable based on averaging)
IR LED (860nm)
Approximately 1kg (35oz)
10 bar (145psi) [maximum]
Mounting thread (for dip installation):
Max. power consumption:
70mA at 12 VDC
6m (20ft) as standard. (Talk to us if you need a longer length)
316 Stainless steel, sapphire
*8% in typical municipal waste water slurries. This value will vary depending on the optical properties of the sample.


Bifacial solar cells have emerged as a promising technology that has the potential to produce more energy at lower costs compared to traditional solar cells. This innovative design allows solar panels to capture sunlight from both sides, maximizing energy generation and efficiency.
The conventional solar cells predominantly capture sunlight on one side, limiting their ability to utilize the light reflected from the ground or surrounding surfaces. Bifacial solar cells, on the other hand, are designed to absorb sunlight from both the front and back sides, making them more efficient in converting solar energy into electricity.
One of the primary advantages of bifacial solar cells is their ability to harness additional light reflected from the ground, especially in environments with high albedo, such as snowy landscapes or light-colored surfaces. This reflected light, which is typically lost in traditional solar cells, significantly enhances the overall energy yield of bifacial panels.
Moreover, the cost-effectiveness of bifacial solar cells stems from their higher energy production per unit area. As these cells generate more electricity, fewer panels are required to achieve a desired energy output, resulting in reduced installation and balance-of-system costs.
Bifacial solar panels also offer flexibility in installation, allowing them to be mounted vertically, horizontally, or even as canopies, maximizing their exposure to sunlight. This versatility makes them ideal for various applications, including rooftop installations, ground-mounted arrays, and solar farms.
As the demand for renewable energy continues to grow, the adoption of bifacial solar cells is expected to increase, leading to advancements in manufacturing processes and further cost reductions. With research and development ongoing in the field, the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of bifacial solar cells are expected to improve even further in the future.
In conclusion, bifacial solar cells represent a significant advancement in solar technology, promising to produce more energy at lower costs compared to traditional solar cells. Their ability to capture sunlight from both sides, coupled with the utilization of reflected light, results in higher energy yields and increased cost savings. As the world moves towards a more sustainable energy future, bifacial solar cells play a vital role in driving the adoption of solar power and contributing to a greener and cleaner environment.


PON (Passive Optical Network) and Wi-Fi are two different technologies that can be used together to provide high-speed internet access to homes and businesses.
PON is a fiber-optic network technology that delivers data through optical fiber cables. It is called passive because it does not require active electronic components, such as amplifiers, to transmit the data. Instead, the data is transmitted through the fiber optic cables using passive splitters.
Wi-Fi, on the other hand, is a wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to transmit data over short distances.
To provide PON+WIFI solutions, internet service providers (ISPs) typically install a PON network in the area and then use a router or gateway device to convert the optical signal into a Wi-Fi signal that can be transmitted wirelessly to users' devices.
One advantage of PON+WIFI solutions is that they can provide high-speed internet access to areas where traditional broadband technologies may not be available or where the existing infrastructure is outdated or insufficient. PON can provide fast and reliable internet access, while Wi-Fi allows users to connect to the network wirelessly, providing more flexibility and convenience.
Overall, PON+WIFI solutions are becoming increasingly popular as demand for high-speed internet access continues to grow, and as more people rely on wireless devices to connect to the internet.


Engineers from Yale University, United States, have shown that it is possible to harness the force of light to drive nanomachines. The result of their research could lead to fully optical mechanical devices made of nano-sized photonic circuits.
The work, published in the journal Nature, successfully combines two important emerging fields of research: nanophotonics and nanomechanics; and it could make it possible to manufacture tiny mechanical and optical parts on the same silicon chip.
Although the force exerted by photons is too weak to be felt in everyday life, it can be greatly enhanced by concentrating the light into nano-sized photonic circuits.
Until now, the force of light has only been used to move small objects using a technique called "optical tweezers." These tweezers work by catching micrometer-sized objects near the focus of a laser beam. The technique allows grabbing objects and moving them to another place using only light. Now, Hong Tang and his colleagues have taken this concept a step further, showing that optical forces can be harnessed to move an entire semiconductor device.
The researchers showed that as concentrated light passes through a separate nanomechanical photon resonator, which also acts as a waveguide for the light, the resonator folds. The optical force causing this displacement can be measured as the change in coupling between the resonator and the underlying substrate. The force (which can be as high as 8 pN per micrometer per milliwatt) would be large enough to move nanoscale machinery on a chip, Tang and his colleagues note.
The optical force produced by the new method actually acts perpendicular to the direction of the light beam; something different from what happened in previous systems, in which the optical force was parallel to the direction of light propagation. This means that the configuration of mirrors or cavities, difficult to implement in systems at scale of integrated circuits, is no longer necessary. And that's not all: the force of light is inherently fast and can therefore direct nanomechanical devices at very high frequencies, possibly exceeding the current milestone of a few gigahertz, Tang notes.
According to him, the magnitude of the force is roughly the same size as other forces commonly used to actuate nanodevices, such as magnetic or electrostatic forces, but without the need for external fields. "All this implies that, in the near future, it will be possible to develop a fully photonic nanoelectromechanical system, with integrated optical detection and activation." On the other hand, all optical devices would also require much less energy than those that use electrons.
Source: Nanotech Web


Prysmian Group’s multimode optical fibres for the Datacom, enterprises and premises cabling industries are based on our Plasma-activated Chemical Vapour Deposition Process (PCVD), acknowledged worldwide as offering the best core profile accuracy in multimode fibres.
The result is a complete portfolio covering the full range of application standards, from OM1 and OM2 optical fibres up to high data rate OM3 and OM4, all supported by dedicated customer service that guarantees premium quality of deliveries. All multimode optical fibres produced by Prysmian Group are coated with the microbending reducing DLPC9 coating. Our products cover Local Access Networks (LAN), data centers and server farms, central offices, and Storage Area Networks (SAN).
For all these different fibre types, Prysmian Group associate its fully dedicated customer service, which is warrant for premium quality of deliveries.