Foley Hoag LLP represented NODAR Inc., a maker of 3D vision software for autonomous vehicles, in a $12 million Series A funding led by global venture capital firm New Enterprise Associates with participation from existing investor Rhapsody Venture Partners. The funds will be used for research and development, and further productization of NODAR's core technology, as well as expanded sales and marketing initiatives.
Founded in 2018, NODAR is a provider of camera-based 3D vision technology and is a crucial safety component in the development of ADAS and autonomous vehicles, bringing safety, advanced performance, and cost-effectiveness to the automotive market. NODAR's award-winning 3D vision platform, called Hammerhead, delivers reliable, ultra-precise, and real-time 3D sensing at a ultra-long-range (up to 1000 meters), providing better-than-LiDAR 3D data at the price point of camera technology.
Foley Hoag attorneys Sara Mattern and Tiana Walden represented NODAR in the funding round.


ZEISS Anti-Fog Wipes (100 ct.)
These Anti-Fog Wipes are made by ZEISS, the industry leader in optical lens cleaning. They are suitable for all glass and plastic eyeglasses and sunglasses (particularly effective for high quality, coated precision lenses). They are safe for sports and safety goggles, plus other optics including cameras, binoculars, and microscopes. The wipes are individually wrapped so you can easily stash some at home, at work, in the car or anywhere else you might need them.


Two Important items Individuals Do Not Know About LASIK Eye Surgical OperationsThe eye can be examined with relative ease regarding both its function and its structure. A functional assessment consists of the ability to relocate the orbit and the response of the pupil to light and accommodation.
The function of the eye might be tested in a number of methods. The patient may be asked to recognize illuminated letter or items of varying sizes on what is called the Snellen chart.
Conversely, the evaluation of the structural part of the eye may be made in several ways. Tension within the eyeball is measured by a "tonometer." In certain illness, specifically in glaucoma, the stress in the eyeball is increased markedly.
It ought to be well remembered that a patient with an eye problem might have other issues. Frequently other physical conditions are main and impact the eye as a repercussion. The look of the eye can signal the patient and the doctor to difficulties in some disturbances of other parts of the body even prior to other signs present themselves.
One's reliance on sight is stressed when one deals with a temporary or possible long-term loss of this vital sense. When restorative procedures are looked for, certain forms of vision correction such as contact lenses or glasses are recommended.
On the other hand, some individuals are bothered with the truth that they have some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.
For this reason, advanced surgical operations were established to encourage decreased utilization of contact lenses or glasses. Among which is the now popular LASIK eye surgical treatment.
Generally, LASIK eye surgical treatment is the brief term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its concrete counterpart, LASIK eye surgery is another kind of vision correction. The only difference is that with this kind of surgical treatment, one's vision is fixed permanently.
With LASIK eye surgical treatment, the refractive mistakes in the cornea are completely changed. This can try this out be done utilizing an "excimer laser."
The main function of this surgery is to produce a threadlike, rounded "flap" in the cornea utilizing a blade referred to as "microkeratome." In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is finally reformed, enabling better the eye to direct more light into the retina.
Popularity vs. Disadvantages
Amidst the growing appeal of LASIK eye surgical treatment, there Go Here are still disadvantages that people should know. Most likely, the primary reason that this kind of eye surgical treatment has become well accepted is since many of its cases had been successful.
Nevertheless, in spite of its success, there are still some downsides. Here is the list:
1. It is an operation applied to the most sensitive part of the eye
Because LASIK eye surgical treatment involves the operation of the retina, which is among the most delicate portions of the eye, many people say that the operation can be very risky.
To puts it simply, a easy mistake might nearly trigger an person's life time blindness. It is essential to consider numerous aspects prior to choosing whether LASIK eye surgery is the right corrective measure one has to go through.
2. It is not a perfect treatment
LASIK eye surgical treatment might fix your vision but it does not necessarily indicate that it can give you a ideal vision. Even if analytical reports show that 70% of the clients may have 20/20 vision, this does not necessarily indicate they have perfect vision.
Provided all these things, it can be deduced that, check my reference in spite of the appeal of the operation, LASIK might not constantly be the perfect eye surgical treatment the way most people see it
Alternatively, the examination of the structural part of the eye might be made in several methods. It should be well remembered that a patient with an eye problem might have other issues. Often other physical conditions are primary and affect the eye as a effect. The look of the eye can inform the patient and the doctor to problems in some disturbances of other parts of the body even before other symptoms provide themselves.
Like its tangible equivalent, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another type of vision correction.


Start Here for New Lenses:
Quick and Easy Lens Replacement
1. Identify your frames
Send them to us
for a custom lens replacement
2. Choose new lenses
Polarized Sunglass Lenses,
Prescription Polarized Sunglass Lenses,
Prescription Clear Lenses,
Prescription Transitions Lenses
3. Place your order
Receive the lenses for your own installation*
or send them in for our experts to install
*Note: All prescription orders and
some frames must be sent in
Sustainably Focused. Promoting a Circular Economy.
By choosing to replace and upgrade your favorite eyewear with Tajima Direct Lenses,
you can reduce the impact you have on the planet by keeping your current frames out of the landfill.
By choosing to replace and
upgrade your favorite eyewear
with Tajima Direct Lenses,
you can reduce the impact you have
on the planet by keeping your
current frames out of the landfill.
Can I get custom lenses for my own frames?
Yes, you can get new sunglass lenses or prescription lenses custom-made for any frame you already own. You can search for your frame in our database to have the lenses shipped to you or send them to us to have our experts custom make and install them for you.
How much does it cost to put new lenses in old frames?
It costs $99 to get new polarized lenses put into any frame. Prescription lenses range from $249-$349 for clear, $325-$425 for polarized sun, and $375-$495 for light-adaptive Transitions lenses.
Can I replace the lenses in my sunglasses?
Yes, you can get new lenses for any pair of sunglasses through Tajima Direct. It costs $99 for any of our polarized lens colors to be put into any frame.
Can I get new prescription lenses in any frame?
Yes, you can get new prescription lenses custom-made for any frame. Tajima Direct has options for clear Rx lenses, polarized sunglass Rx lenses, or light-adaptive Transitions Rx lenses. Available in Single Vision or Progressive.
Why should I replace my lenses?
If your frames are in good shape, you should consider replacing your lenses to (1) Do your part for our planet by reusing frames you already have instead of adding them to the landfill. (2) Save money by avoiding spending more on a full new pair. (3) Upgrade your lens quality as Tajima lenses will be superior than your originals. (4) Extend the life of your favorite frames. Give yourself a new look with a different lens color or match your originals to keep the same style.
Why are Tajima Lenses the best in the industry?
There are many elements that go into crafting high quality lenses, specifically lens materials, coatings, and lens designs (for Rx lenses). We only offer one flat fee in each of our lens offerings that comes standard with the very best in all of those categories. We also possess unique patented lens technology that creates the world's sharpest polarized & prescription lenses. Learn more on our lens technology page.
Where is Tajima Direct located
Our lenses are custom cut, and orders are processed in our state-of-the-art lab in Southern California, United States.
When you send in your glasses for new lenses, they will go to our lab in Southern California.
Our polarized lenses are originally made in our lens making facility in Tajima, Japan.
What is the process for replacing my lenses?
1. Identify your frame or go for a custom lens replacement.
2. Select your lenses (clear vs. sunglass, prescription or not, colors, etc).
3. Add to cart and place your order.
4. If you identify your frame, you can receive the lenses for your own installation with the help of our video tutorial.
If you went for a custom lens replacement or opted to have us do the installation, we'll email you a shipping label or ship you a box to send us your glasses, make and install your new lenses, then ship them back to you.
*All prescription lens replacements must be sent in*
How long does it take to get new lenses?
Non Prescription Lenses take 2-4 business days.
Prescription Lenses take 7-10 business days.
What is Tajima Direct’s return policy?
If you’re not 100% satisfied with your new lenses, we’ll give you a full refund with free return shipping. You have 30 days from when you receive your new lenses to claim your return.


Ultraviolet (UV) light technologies are used for multiple purposes in forensic investigations, including authenticating paintings and other fine art, authenticating signatures, analyzing questioned documents , illuminating latent fingerprints at crime scenes and trace evidence on clothing, analyzing ink stains, and …
How do forensic scientists use light to collect evidence?
The primary application of a Forensic Light Source is for enhancing the detection of latent fingerprints. The use of fluorescent enhancement processes that compliment a light source greatly increases the types of surfaces from which a latent fingerprint can be detected.
How important is light in forensic photography?
It is most important for forensic photographers to understand the physiological changes that take place during a skin injury. These changes from a normal state to an injured state to a healing state permit us to differentiate among the contusions illuminated by light sources of various wavelengths.
What is ultraviolet light used for in forensics?
Ultraviolet (UV) light allows investigators and forensic researchers to examine clues and recover evidence that could not have been previously detected. UV light provides more detail and contrast to an injured area, including bite marks, than standard lighting techniques.
What are the forensic light sources?
- Forensic Light Sources.
- Reflective Ultra-Violet Imaging System [RUVIS]
- Fingerprint imaging systems and software.
- Automated Fingerprint / Palmprint Identification Systems [AFIS/APIS]
- Raman microscopes.
- X-Ray Fluorescence.
Does female discharge glow under black light?
The answer is yes, and no. Female discharge is not as bright under a blacklight as come. Because of the particular chemical composition male bodily sexual fluid is the brightest. As for female fluids, unfortunately, we can only say that it’s not going to glow as bright.
What color is blood under UV light?
Beneath a black light, blood turns black, unless sprayed with luminol which gives it a blue-glow. Saliva, semen and urine also glow when hit with a black light. Most biological fluids contain fluorescent molecules to help them glow.
Does lighting matter in pictures?
Lighting is a key factor in creating a successful image. Lighting determines not only brightness and darkness, but also tone, mood, and atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to control and manipulate light correctly in order to get the best texture, vibrancy of colour, and luminosity on your subjects.
What are the 3 types of photographs that need to be taken at a crime scene?
To accomplish this, all crime scene photography consists of three basic types of photographs: overall, mid-range, and close-up.
Which light is used in photography?
The main sources of light for photography are: Daylight, which varies with the weather and the time of day. Different techniques are necessary to take best advantage of bright sunshine and an overcast evening. Continuous artificial light, which may be normal lighting, or produced by special photoflood lights.
What color is urine under black light?
Urine fluoresces as a pale yellow color. The best way to see urine under a blacklight is to wait until evening when it is dark.
How much UV light is in sunlight?
Most of the natural UV light people encounter comes from the sun. However, only about 10 percent of sunlight is UV, and only about one-third of this penetrates the atmosphere to reach the ground, according to the National Toxicology Program (NTP).
What will a UV light show?
The lights cause materials such as bacteria, urine, seminal fluids and blood, to “fluoresce,” so that the naked eye can detect them. Typically, UV lights are used to test surfaces especially when there is a disease outbreak or any sudden increase in occurrences of a specific disease at a particular time or place.
What is light in forensic?
A forensic light source is a crime scene investigator’s and lab technician’s tool for enhancing observation, photography and collection of evidence including latent fingerprints, body fluids, hair and fibers, bruises, bite marks, wound patterns, shoe and foot imprints, gun shot residues, drug traces, questioned …
Does blood glow under UV light?
You see, blood does not fluoresce by applying UV or visible blue light. … Although blood does not fluoresce, certain other physiological fluids will. UV alternate light sources can reveal the following: seminal fluid, saliva and urine stains.
What light can detect blood?
One very easy and quick way to detect blood is to use UV light. Reduce the risk of collecting unnecessary stains By using ultraviolet light it is possible to do an effective and quick check for possible bloodstains.


2 Points Individuals Do Not Really Figure Out Regarding LASIK Eye ProceduresThe eye can be taken a look at with relative ease as to both its function and its structure. A functional assessment consists of the ability to relocate the orbit and the reaction of the student to light and accommodation.
The function of the eye might be evaluated in a number of methods. The patient might be asked to identify illuminated letter or objects of differing sizes on exactly what is called the Snellen chart.
On the other hand, the evaluation of the structural part of the eye may be made in several methods. Stress within the eyeball is determined by a "tonometer." In particular diseases, specifically in glaucoma, the tension in the eyeball is increased significantly.
Nevertheless, it should be well remembered that a client with an eye issue may have other issues too. Frequently other physical conditions are primary and impact the eye as a repercussion. The look of the eye can notify the doctor and the patient to difficulties in some disruptions of other parts of the body even prior to other symptoms provide themselves.
One's dependence on sight is emphasized when one faces a short-term or possible long-term loss of this crucial sense. For this reason, when restorative steps are sought, particular kinds of vision correction such as contact lenses or eyeglasses are recommended.
On the other hand, some people are bothered with that they have some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.
For this reason, advanced surgical operations were established to motivate decreased utilization of contact lenses or glasses. One of which is the now popular LASIK eye surgery.
Basically, LASIK eye surgical treatment is the short-term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its tangible counterpart, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another kind of vision correction. The only difference is that with this type of surgery, one's vision is corrected completely.
With LASIK eye surgery, the refractive errors in the cornea are completely transformed. This can be done utilizing an "excimer laser."
The primary purpose of this surgical treatment is to create a threadlike, rounded "flap" in the cornea utilizing a blade called "microkeratome." In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is lastly reformed, allowing better the eye to direct more light into the retina.
Popularity vs. Disadvantages
In the middle of the growing popularity of LASIK eye surgical treatment, there are still disadvantages that people need to know. Most likely, the main reason that this kind of eye surgical treatment has actually become well accepted is because the majority of its cases had been successful.
his explanation Nevertheless, in spite of its success, there are still some disadvantages. Here is the list:
1. It is an operation applied to the most delicate part of the eye
Since LASIK eye surgery involves the operation of the retina, which is among the most delicate portions of the eye, many people state that the operation can be extremely dangerous.
Simply puts, a simple mistake could almost cause an individual's life time great post to read blindness. It is crucial to think about lots of elements prior to choosing whether LASIK eye surgical treatment is the best restorative procedure one has to undergo.
2. It is not a ideal procedure
LASIK eye surgical treatment may fix your vision but it does not necessarily indicate that it can provide you a perfect vision. Even if statistical reports show that 70% of the patients may have 20/20 vision, this does not necessarily mean they have ideal vision.
Provided all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the appeal of the operation, LASIK may not always internet be the ideal eye surgery the way the majority of people see it
Conversely, the examination of the structural part of the eye may be made in numerous methods. It needs to be well kept in mind that a client with an eye problem might have other issues. Typically other physical conditions are primary and affect the eye as a consequence. The look of the eye can alert the physician and the patient to troubles in some disruptions of other parts of the body even prior to other symptoms present themselves.
Like its concrete counterpart, LASIK eye surgery is another kind of vision correction.


Fluorescence intensity is detected in the epidermis and dermis as shown in the picture above. It shows nanoparticles can penetrate the skin. By Investigating new formulation, nanoparticles can be applied to further applications through topical delivery. Topical delivery has the advantage of reducing the dose of drug and minimizing side effects.
<Example for application>
It is expected to be applicable to joint-related disease such as arthritis by applying nanoparticles to joints. To confirm if nanoparticles pass through the skin to the joints, nanoparticles were applied to the knee of mouse. As you can see from the above figure, the fluorescence intensity is detected at cartilage and can be applicable to joint-related disease as expected.


Do you ever wonder how you get to access the internet or watch TV shows with just a click of a button? It's all thanks to the marvels of fiber optics. Fiber optic cables have silently revolutionized the world of telecommunications, transforming the way you transfer data, voice, and video. This blog will explore the many advantages of fiber optic technology, its applications, and the crucial role it plays in this constantly evolving digital era.
Unmatched Speed and Bandwidth
Fiber optic technology tops the list when it comes to speed and bandwidth. Unlike traditional copper cables, which use electrical signals to transfer data, fiber optics use light pulses through glass fibers. This fast and efficient connectivity enables users to enjoy blisteringly fast internet speed and reliable connections. Fiber optics technology provides high-quality video streaming, fast data transfer, and uninterrupted VoIP voice calls.
Reliability and Durability
Fiber optic cables are incredibly reliable and durable compared to their copper counterparts. Due to their robustness, fiber optic cables are less vulnerable to electrical interference and radio frequency interference. They also offer better resistance to inclement weather and natural elements such as moisture and temperature fluctuations. Therefore, fibers are less prone to damage or disruption, making them ideal for long-distance and underwater communications.
In addition to speed and reliability, fiber optic technology takes security to a whole new level. The inability of traditional copper cables to prevent eavesdropping or unauthorized access has always been a significant vulnerability. Fiber optic cables, on the other hand, offer greater security, as they do not emit signals that can be easily intercepted. These cables also have tighter encryption standards and are much harder to tap, making fiber optics technology an excellent tool for private and government institutions.
Applications in Industries
Fiber optic technology has far-reaching applications and is widely used in multiple industries, from telecommunications, healthcare, and transportation to data storage and security. Health institutions, for example, use fiber optics for non-invasive medical surgeries, while the automotive industry uses fiber optic technology in braking systems. In addition, fiber optics are highly demanded in the music industry, providing high-quality recording and reproductions of sound.
Fiber optic technology has transformed the way you communicate and revolutionized the world of telecommunications, providing fast, reliable, and secure communication. Its unmatched speed, bandwidth, durability, and security have made it a favorite of industry experts and consumers alike.
Contact a professional to learn more about fiber optics.


|We are leading Manufacturer and Supplier of Electroluminescent Keyboard.|
|Minimum Order Quantity||25 Piece|
|Color||As per Requirement|
|Keyboard Type||With Wire|
|Size||As per Requirement|
We provide a wide range of Electroluminescent Lamps (EL lamps), which is used to convert electrical energy into lighter luminescence. Generally, the term luminescence is generally associated with solids that is used to generate light. This type of technology is used in an electric field (voltage), where it is applied to a thin phosphor layer to produce light. The typical lamp consists of light emitting phosphor sandwiched between two conductive electrodes (one of the electrodes is optically clear allowing light to escape). Further, an AC voltage is applied to the electrodes in the electric field, which can cause the phosphor to rapidly charge and discharge, resulting in the emission of light during each cycle. Since, the number of light pulses usually depend on the magnitude of applied voltage, the brightness of EL lamps can generally be controlled by varying the operating voltage and frequency. We provide an innovative service,which can give that special touch to the EL lamp of processing the personal memories as a transitive on polycarbonate that provides the subtle soft touch forever to the memories.


Top Brands, Top Quality Lenses
Our lenses only come from leading manufacturers that have pioneered and introduced the leading optical products that we take for granted today.
These are 100% UV absorbing which eliminates a known contributor to cataract and macular degeneration in older age.
They adjust to light – darkening when outdoors and clearing when indoors or in the dark.
TRANSITIONS™ are the premier photochromic lens and are now in their 7th generation of development plus they have recently become available in an EXTRActive darker version. Ask about ‘Love them or Leave them’ if you are unsure you will like them.
Transitions Brown Transitions Grey Transitions Green Transitions XTRActive
You can have TRANSITIONS™ in single vision, bifocal or VARILUX™ lenses and in high index designs for lighter, thinner lenses. Available in most prescriptions.
VARILUX™ was the first varifocal lens and are still the most innovative maker of this type of lens.
We trust GENUINE VARILUX™ lenses to provide you with the correct solution whatever you visual requirements whether for general use, occupation requirements or sport. They are available for shallow or deep frames, in rimless or full frames, TRANSITIONS™ or polaroid, and in a variety of index to give you the thin, light and comfortable frames you deserve.
BIFOCAL/TRIFOCAL – unlike varifocals, these lenses have a division in the lens that you can see. But they are worn happily by millions of users. While varifocals have made huge developmental strides in the last twenty years, bifocals are still the preferred choice for many. Unlike varifocals, they don’t have a middle vision zone which is fine if you don’t use a computer much. Bifocals lenses are available in most material and tint options. Trifocals do provide a far, middle and near viewing zone and give good all vision at all distances. Often people are surprised to hear of trifocals but wearers like them and adjust to them easily. I still think of them as an essential part of the lens armoury even though you’d not find them in most ‘popular opticians’.


The ShapeGrabber 3D laser inspection and measurement systems are ideal for measuring complex shapes that are otherwise too time consuming, costly, or simply impossible to measure. They are both very fast and very easy to use in comparison to traditional Coordinate Machines (CMMs).
Their 3D scanning systems utilize the accuracy and speed of lasers to precisely render every feature of an object into a three dimensional model. The model can then be inspected for defects, further augmented or reproduced as is. Regardless of how complex the object's shape may be, our laser scanners are guaranteed to capture every metric. Applications for our scanning systems can range from part inspection to prototyping to critical component reproduction. If your requirements call for precise shape modeling, ShapeGrabber is the laser scanning solution that will meet your needs.
Automated 3D Scanners
ShapeGrabber's Ai Series automated 3D laser scanners can bring speed, accuracy, ease-of-use and complete coverage to 3D laser inspection systems. Using multiple motion axes, our laser scanners eliminate the need for software alignment and registration and ensure fast, accurate results. Our automated laser scanning solutions are ideal for situations in which speed and ease of use are important.
Fast, accurate scanning enables manufacturers to improve product quality and compliance without slowing down production. With a ShapeGrabber laser scanner, there is no need to write special code to scan each object. And, it is fast and simple to scan the object without complicated, time consuming orientation and alignment processes. Our laser scanning systems yield a significant reduction in the time required to completely scan a shape, leading to a reduction in the cost associated with executing the job.
Here are the laser solutions we offer:
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Enjoy compelling images from a wide array of industries from around the globe. Using Siemens PLM Software products, customers tackled issues of aesthetics, complexity, clarity and uniqueness in delivering absolute excellence.
This month's featured image comes from Apache Sprayers.
CAM Logic, Inc.
38 S. Washington St.
Oxford, MI 48371


Like a 150W HMI
This ReLamp LED fits the Arri 300-Plus Fresnel. It dims the same as a halogen lamp on an AC dimmer of your choice: even a $10 ‘lamp dimmer’ works great.
One of your favorite little location lights is now a heat-free daylight source.
The upgraded light draws only 50 watts and supports external legacy AC dimmers. It focuses from 20 to 40 degrees using the fixture’s existing mechanism. It produces high-quality, daylight-balanced light with smooth, natural, spectral distribution – 94 CRI for Daylight, 98 CRI for Tungsten.
The LED Fresnel Solution
- Ultra-High Quality: 98CRI – matches Tungsten or Daylight without correction
- Less than half the cost of any comparable LED Fresnel solution
- Brighter: 50W LED is brighter than a 300W Halogen
- Full-range dimming on your existing AC Dimmers – without color shift!
- Flicker-Free at any frame-rate
- Safe: No burns, no gloves, no fire hazard, does not explode like Halogen
- No heat on subject or talent
- Green: Easiest way to make your business sustainable
- Reliable: Fully self-protected for a very long life
In a few minutes, your upgraded Fresnel will:
- Only draw 50 watts
- Cast no heat on the subject
- Dim without color shift on the same dimmers you are using now
- Be brighter than the stock Tungsten fixture
- Be the highest-quality, Daylight 300 LED Fresnel available
- Be 1/4 the cost of any comparable LED Fresnel


Pattern laser engraving
is Laser Engraving?
Using a powerful laser beam, laser carving
is a precision technique that etches or carves various materials such as wood,
metal, glass, plastic, and fabric with intricate logos, text, designs, and
patterns that are readily visible or tactile.
Does Laser Carving Work?
Utilizing sublimation - the transition of a
material from the solid to the vapor state, without passing through liquid -
laser engraving works by using a powerful beam of energy to vaporize the
material's surface. The laser module, mounted on a moving mechanism, travels
across the material, raising its temperature to the point of vaporization and
thus engraving the desired design onto the material's surface.
of Laser Carving
Laser engraving offers numerous advantages
over traditional engraving methods, including:
Precision: Laser engraving yields superior
precision and accuracy, thereby enabling one to engrave intricate designs on
materials. Moreover, the laser beam can be steered precisely through the
engraving software, rendering it perfect for engraving minuscule yet intricate
Speed: Laser engraving is the perfect
solution when rapid production or swift completion of numerous designs is
required; the whole process is accomplished quickly, often taking only a few
Versatility: Laser engraving offers a high
degree of precision for inscribing intricate designs, serial numbers, symbols,
and other information onto various materials such as wood, metal, glass,
plastic, and many others.
Durability: Through laser engraving,
long-lasting, impervious markings can be achieved, making it perfect for
objects which will endure constant use or external elements.
Non-contact: Through laser engraving, no
contact between the material being engraved and the engraving machine is made.
This process decreases the chance of any potential harm being done to more
fragile objects, making it the ideal choice for objects that cannot be engraved
with traditional techniques.
Cost-effective: Cost efficiency and
high-speed production capabilities make laser engraving an ideal choice for
large-scale projects. This process is much more cost-effective than traditional
Customizable: Through the use of laser engraving, individualized designs and inscriptions can be inscribed on an assortment of products, providing immense customization.
With over 20-year experience of rapid prototype manufacturing, Honpe is able to perform the pattern laser carving on both metal and plastic prototype surface, which marks the prototype, illustrating the company profile and giving unforgettable impression on consumers. CMF (Color, Material, Finish), including laser engraving, is one of the superior advantages for rapid prototyping in Honpe Technology, from small to large-size prototypes.


Chip Diagnostics is developing the microDroplet Fluorescence Detector platform that can enable digital assays without bulky lab equipment
Formed in 2016, Chip Diagonostics is a diagnostic device company based on David Issadore's groundbreaking research combining microelectronics, microfluidics, and nanomaterials that will enable digital assays with mobile devices.
Digital assays have enormous untapped potential for disease diagnostics, environmental surveillance, and biosafety monitoring, but are currently confined to laboratory settings due to the instrumentation necessary to generate, control, and measure tens of millions of independent droplets. Chip Diagnostics is developing the microDroplet Fluorescence Detector (µDFD), a mobile compatible device enabling digital assays by using an original microfluidic droplet production process, a high bandwidth of electronics, new sensing technology, and ubiquitously available cloud computing.
Chip Diagnostics' microDroplet Fluorescence Detector (µDFD) is a hybrid microelectronic/microfluidic chip that 'unlocks' droplet based assays for mobile use, recording ultra-sensitive molecular measurements by performing millions of parallel experiments in picoliter droplets.
Current microfludic cell sensors are too slow by 100x to be meaningful in detecting the billions of cells in a sample of blood. Our µDFD platform increases microfluidic droplet production rate by 104x by incorporating thousands of droplet generators onto a single chip and by using on-chip delay lines to perform droplet PCR on >107 droplets/minute.
Our µDFD platform generates and detects the fluorescence of millions of droplets per second (1000x faster than conventional approaches) only using a cell phone camera. Our key innovation is amplitude modulation of the signal from fluorescent droplets using distinct micro-patterning of the droplet signal, akin to the carrier frequency modulation used in cellular networks.
The detection of diseases or pathogen contamination is inherently challenging due to the complex, heterogeneous nature of disease and contaminations. To solve this challenge, our µDFD platform allows measurement of multiple molecular biomarkers for little marginal increase in cost with a sensitivity that matches gold standard technologies.


HAVIT HV-MS745 Adjustable 2800 DPI with 4 LED Lights Optical Wired Gaming Mouse for PC and Mac (Black+R
HAVIT HV-MS745 Wired Gaming Mouse USB Optical 2800 DPI 4 LED Lights with 6 Button For PC Laptop Desktop Computer Mouse Gamer
1. [Easy to use]:The optical wired gaming mouse is plug and play, no driver needed;
2. [Adjustable DPI and LED backlits]:4 breathing lighting settings, 800DPI-green, 1200DPI-red,2000DPI-blue, 2800DPI-purple;Light-off mode: long pressing DPI key for 10 seconds
3. [Professional gaming chip]:Adopting AVAGO 5050 high-end optical gaming engine,designed for gamer;
4. [High quality material]:Anti-interference magnetic ring can to a large degree guarantees stable data transmitting;
5. [Strong compatibility]:Compatible with Windows:2000/ME/XP/Vista/7/8/10/MAC/Linux.
USD 16.29-18.99/pieceUSD 46.99-61.99/setUSD 18.99/pieceUSD 59.99/pieceUSD 17.99-19.99/pieceUSD 10.99/pieceUSD 27.99/pieceUSD 82.99-109.99/piece


Friday, March 25, 2011
A Spectrum Analyzer on your Face
Every time I see another pal get laser eye correction, I get a little sad. Not only are eyeglasses a tremendous fashion statement, but they are super handy as well. If you wear glasses, you are likely also wearing a handy optical spectral analyzer. Yes, it's true: observed at the right angle, the edge of your glasses works like a prism and refracts incident light into its component spectral colors. In optics this is called "chromatic aberration" and it's generally considered a bad thing, but in this case I consider it a feature instead of a bug. Here's an example looking at a mercury discharge lamp (like from a street light) through the edge of my glasses:
Let's zoom into the colored smudge on the edge of the glasses. See the distinct blue and the green? Those are the spectral lines of mercury!
Here's a better-resolution spectrum, from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/atspect2.html
Note the blue and green lines (and a faint orangeish line not discernable in the glasses).
Here's a white LED. White LEDs are a mixture of light from a very bright blue LED driving a yellowish phosphor. Early LEDs had a ghastly bluish color but advances in phosphors have made them sometimes hard to tell from more conventional light sources. The giveaway is the bright smear of blue in their spectrum:
Zoomed in, you can clearly see it. The camera only captures it approximately, it's much more obvious in your glasses, try it sometime.
One more example, a neon discharge like in small indicator lamps and flicker bulbs. This is a decorative light fixture I made for my dining table.
Zooming into the spectrum, you can clearly see the telltale green and orange spectral lines of neon:
These are the spectral lines in higher resolution:
As a semi-pro lighting designer, I use this trick all the time to discern what kind of light sources are being used. Try it yourself! It's probably most obvious on magenta light (from theater gels or LEDs), as magenta is a mix of low-frequency red and high-frequency blue light which spreads out nicely. Of course, if you are cursed with perfect vision you will need some equipment for the same results.


DE-Speckling of Risat-1 Data Using Compressive Sensing theory
In this paper, we propose a method for Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1)) image de-speckling with compressive
sensing (CS) theory. The compressive sensing theory proved that any image can be reconstructed from samples fewer than
number of elements in an image. This technique is tested on single look complex RISAT-1 (MRS and CRS) data set, and
experimental results exhibit that our technique is the best in terms of visual quality and de-speckling quality factors.


Our single-atom sensitive optical microscope provides us with a tool to directly investigate quantum processes. Using laser cooled atoms, we exploit the fundamental wave-nature of matter to build an interferometer that uses atoms as the interfering waves. We put each atom into a coherent superposition of different momentum states which then simultaneously traverse the different paths in the interferometer. The sinsitivity of atomic interferometers plays an essential role in many high precision measurements. Watching how small groups of atoms behave when exposed to externally controlled laser pulses gives us new knowledge about the quantum world, that we use to understand complex systems, and for the development of future technologies such as quantum computers.
Our experiments use an ultracold atom machine that produces atomic gas samples at nanokelvin temperatures - temperatures where the wave nature of particles becomes dominant, and particles separate into two classes that behave socially (Bosons) or anti-socially (Fermions), due to their quantum statistics.
Our machine can produce Bose-Einstein condensates of Rb-87 atoms as well as quantum degenerate Fermi gases of K-40 atoms. Using laser beams to accelerate clouds of ultra-cold atoms, we can observe collisions between degenerate quantum systems with exquisite resolution.
Quantum Optics techniques allow quantum states of light and atoms to be controlled and studied using lasers and high quality optical resonators. Quantum states can also be efficiently transferred between atoms and light, setting the scene for quantum information processing, involving storage, retrieval, transmission and computation. Rare-earth atoms such as Lanthanum are essential for consumer electronics, but they also have excellent properties for quantum information processing. We specialise in the application of rare-earth-ion doped solids to quantum information, quantum computing and signal processing optics. Currently our areas of research focus are whispering gallery mode resonators, the optical detection of ultrasound, quantum memories and the generation of entangled light.
By utilizing continued total internal reflection, whispering gallery mode resonators can confine light tightly and provide access to strong non-linear interactions even at low input powers.
Our research focuses on using such resonators to achieve efficient non-linear interactions between far removed frequency ranges, mixing microwave radiation with optical light to generate light of different colour. Such conversion can in principle be perfect and therefore be used in schemes where quantum information of light in the microwave domain can be transferred into the optical domain - opening a route towards future quantum networks. Such high quality resonators can also be used in classical optics where they are used as sensors to detect the smallest changes in the environment.
The Centre for Quantum Science is a University of Otago Research Centre hosted by the Department of Physics.
ashton.bradley [at] otago.ac.nz
niels.kjaergaard [at] otago.ac.nz


Lens replacement surgery has a rich history of innovation and evolution, transforming from a concept to a sophisticated procedure that has revolutionized vision correction. In this article, we explore the journey of lens replacement surgery, from its early beginnings to the modern advancements that have made it a highly effective and widely performed procedure.
Early Concepts and Developments
The idea of replacing the eye’s natural lens dates back centuries, with early attempts made by pioneers like Sir Harold Ridley. In the 1940s, Ridley introduced the concept of using an artificial lens made of plastic to replace the natural lens after cataract removal. His innovative idea laid the foundation for modern lens replacement surgery.
Introduction of Intraocular Lenses (IOLs)
The 1960s marked a significant milestone with the introduction of the first intraocular lenses (IOLs). These lenses were initially implanted after cataract removal to restore vision. The concept of IOLs evolved over the years to address various vision issues beyond cataracts, including nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
Advancements in Surgical Techniques
In the 1970s and 1980s, surgical techniques for lens replacement surgery improved significantly. Phacoemulsification, a technique that uses ultrasonic energy to break up the natural lens for easier removal, replaced the need for larger incisions and more invasive procedures.
Introduction of Premium IOLs
The 1990s and early 2000s saw the introduction of premium IOLs, such as multifocal and accommodating lenses. These lenses offered patients the possibility of improved vision at multiple distances and reduced dependence on glasses or contact lenses.
The integration of laser technology in the 21st century brought further advancements to lens replacement surgery. Laser-assisted procedures allowed for more precise incisions, accurate IOL placement, and reduced reliance on manual techniques.
Personalized Treatment Plans
Modern advancements in diagnostic tools, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and corneal topography, enable surgeons to create personalized treatment plans. Surgeons can now determine the most suitable IOL power, type, and placement based on each patient’s unique eye structure and visual needs.
Enhanced Visual Outcomes
Advancements in IOL materials and designs have led to enhanced visual outcomes. Premium IOLs, such as extended depth of focus (EDOF) lenses, provide a continuous range of clear vision at different distances, reducing the need for glasses in various scenarios.
The evolution of lens replacement surgery is a testament to the relentless pursuit of improving vision correction techniques. From early concepts to modern advancements, the procedure has undergone a remarkable journey that has transformed the lives of countless individuals worldwide. As technology continues to advance, lens replacement surgery holds the promise of even more precise, personalized, and effective outcomes in the future.


Unlike the conventional liquid crystal twisting technology for TN/STN-LCD, vertically aligned liquid crystal technology offers superior optical performance on contrast ratio and viewing angle over wide temperature range.
Different variant of vertical alignment LCD is offered by Unicorn to meet various applications, including high reliability automotive application:
a) High contrast version offers high contrast ratio up to 2000:1.
b) Wide view version offers wide viewing angle up to 55o/55o/50o/20o (L/R/T/B) at contrast ratio 200:1, without any color shift and ghost segment when display is viewed off angle.
c) MCG-PMVA technology offers the LCD product with high contrast & multi color to achieve true color display effect.
Please kindly contact our sales person if you have any enquiry.


From Tifosi Optics:
Eliminate Glare. Enliven your Vision.
Think of sunglasses as your music player. Sunglasses have one control feature, they turn down the volume of brightness of your environment. Just as an added bass and treble control to your music player adds more depth, Enliven lens technology adds bold contrasts and fine details to enhance the visual experience.
Enliven™ Color Capture technology adjusts the wavelengths of light that matter most; making greens, blues, and reds pop with definition. Enhanced contrast reveals changes in surfaces and maximizes color separation to enhance depth perception. The added contrast and glare reduction of polarization makes it easier to distinguish objects in the sky, ground and water.
Two versions of Enliven Polarized are available. Enliven On-Shore™ is designed for fishing on lakes and rivers. It filters more green light to enhance contrast and blocks glare to assist in seeing targets where there is reflection of green light from grass or water. Finally, a green mirror is added to reflect glare and additional green light so that contrast and visual acuity is enhanced.
Enliven Off-Shore™ is designed for fishing on the ocean. It filters out the high energy of blue light to protect your eyes and avoid eyestrain, giving many hours of wearing comfort. It enhances color separation and blocks glare on the ocean surface to allow for better visibility of targets under the water. A final blue mirror is added to the lens to reflect strong blue light, glare and additional blue light to enhance contrast and visual acuity.
Enliven lens technology is available in a wide range of already popular Tifosi frame styles including Crit, Dolomite, Vero and the new Amok, each at $79.95 MSRP.
Tifosi is the word for Super-fan. That is exactly who we are and for whom we make our eyewear. Our mission is to provide technically advanced eyewear to enthusiasts of all sports and outdoor activities. We design, test, and torture our product to enhance your sport whether you’re running a 5k, riding your first century or playing 18 holes on Sunday. Tifosi defines us. We are enthusiasts about our product, our sport, and our fun.


CBSE Class 10 Science Practical Skills – Refraction Through Prism
BASIC BUILDING CONCEPTS
Prism is a homogeneous, transparent, refracting material (such as glass) enclosed by two inclined plane refracting surfaces at some fixed angle called refracting angle or angle of the prism.
It has two triangular bases and three rectangular lateral surfaces which are inclined to each other as shown in the given figure. It has six vertices and nine edges. Since base of this prism is in triangular shape, it is called a triangular prism.
You can also download Class 10 Science NCERT Solutions to help you to revise complete syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.
In the given figure of prism:
- Triangular bases are PQR and TUS.
- Three rectangular lateral surfaces are PQUT, PTSR, QRSU.
- Six vertices are P, Q, R, S, T and U.
- Nine edges are RS, PT, QU, UT, ST, US, QR, QP and RP.
Some Important Facts About The Triangular Prism:
- It is a polyhedron, with two parallel faces called bases. The other faces are always parallelograms. It is named by the shape of its base.
- An oblique ray of light suffers two refractions on passing through a triangular prism and hence, deviates through a certain angle from its original path.
- The angle between the incident ray and emergent ray is called the angle of deviation.
- Angle of deviation depends upon the
- angle of prism,
- angle of incidence, and
- nature of material of the prism.
- When angle of incidence increases, angle of deviation decreases, till it becomes minimum at a particular angle of incidence. The minimum value of the angle of deviation for a triangular prism is called the angle of minimum deviation.
- The refracted ray becomes parallel to the base of the prism under the minimum deviation position.
- When a beam of white light is incident on one of refracting surfaces of the prism, it splits into a band of seven colours. This phenomenon exhibited by the prism is called dispersion of light. The band of coloured components of a light beam is called its spectrum.
- Glass prism shows different refractive indices for different colour components of white light due to varying speed of different colours. Therefore, different colours emerge out through the prism along different directions and becomes distinct.
- The order of colours from the base of the prism is Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red. It can be learnt by the word VTBGYOR.
- Violet colour deviates through the maximum angle and red colour deviates through the minimum angle.
- The combination of two inverted prisms placed together shows the recombination spectrum of white light.
To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism.
A drawing board, few drawing pins or cello-tape, a glass prism, a few sharp pointed alpins, three sheets of white paper, a measuring scale, a pencil and a protractor.
- Let ABC be the principal section of a glass prism of refractive index ‘n’ The angle ‘A’ is the refracting angle of the prism.
- When a ray of light PQ from rarer medium (such as air) is incident on a refracting surface AB, it gets refracted and bends towards the normal to the plane of face AB. Here, ray of light is entering from air to glass and refracted along QR.
- At the second surface AC, the refracted light ray QR has entered from glass to air, i.e. denser to rarer medium and emerges out, along RS as it has bent away from the normal i.e. bends towards the base of prism shown in the adjacent figure.
- In the figure:
PQ – Incident ray
QR – Refracted ray
RS – Emergent ray
∠A – Angle of prism
∠i – Angle of incidence
∠r – Angle of refraction
∠e – Angle of emergence
∠δ – Angle of deviation
Thus, the incident ray PQ suffers two refractions in passing through the prism.
- Take a sheet of white paper and fix it on the drawing board with the help of a drawing pins or cello- tape.
- Place a glass prism along its triangular base at middle on the paper. Mark the boundary ABC of the glass prism and then remove the prism.
- Draw a thin dotted line XY along one of the refracting surfaces (say AB) as shown in the figure given below.
- Draw a normal NFN1, i.e. perpendicular to line AB at F. Also, draw a line EF making an angle 30° to the normal. EF will act as the incident ray.
- Place the glass prism back to its original position ABC.
- Fix two alpins P1 and Q1 on line EF vertically by gently pressing their heads with thumb into the drawing board about 6 cm apart from each other.
- Look the images of P1 and Q1 from the other refracting face AC. The images of pins P1 and Q1 appear to be at I1 and I2.
- Fix two more alpins P2 and Q2 vertically such that the feet of the pins P2 and Q2 appear to be on the same straight line as the feet of the images I1 and I2 respectively. Confirm it by moving the head slightly to either side while looking them. All the pins P2, Q2 and image of P1 and Q1 would appear to move together if they are on the same straight line.
- Remove the prism and all alpins. Mark the position of feet P2 and Q2 and also P1 and Q1 [like Θ],
- Join the pin pricks P2 and Q2 and produce P2Q2 so that it meets the refracting side AC of the prism boundary at G. The line HG represents the path of the emergent ray.
- Join F and G. The line FG represents the path of the refracted ray.
- Repeat the experiment on different paper sheets by taking different values of angle of incidence, viz. 35°, 45°, 50° and 55°.
- The ray of light entering from air to glass at the first refracting surface bends towards the normal after refraction. At the second refracting surface, the ray of light entering from glass to air bends away from the normal.
- Thus, the ray of light suffers two refractions on passing through a prism and hence deviates through a certain angle from its original path.
EFGH represents the path of light through the prism as shown in the figure drawn.
- The refracting faces of the glass prism should be smooth, transparent and without any air bubble or broken edge. It must be a triangular.
- Use a sharp pencil to draw boundary of the prism and rays of light.
- The alpins should have sharp tip and should be fixed exactly vertical to the plane of the paper.
- The distance between the alpins should be atleast 6 cm. It provides the greater accuracy in finding the direction of incident ray and refracted ray.
- Always adjust the feet and not the heads of alpins to lie along the same straight line.
- The pin pricks should always be dotted and circled.
- The angle of incidence should be in between 30° and 60°.
- Proper arrows should be drawn to indicate direction of the incident ray, the refracted ray and the emergent ray.
SOURCES OF ERROR
- The feet of alpins may not lie on the same line.
- The alpins may not be exactly vertical.
- The pin pricks may not be marked properly.
- The lines which indicate the path of ray of light may not be drawn with accuracy.
To measure the angle of deviation.
- The student will follow the following procedure in continuation with the previous one (steps 1 to 12).
- Draw a normal N2GN3 to the refracting surface AC at point G.
- Mark the angle of incidence (∠i), angle of refraction (∠r) and angle of emergence (∠e) as shown.
- Now, produce EF to M and GH to O which will meet at point J.
- Measure ∠GJM as the angle of deviation ∠δ.
- Repeat the experiment for different values of angle of incidence, viz. 35°, 40°, 45°, 50° and 55° and measure corresponding angle of deviation each time. Record these observations in an observation table.
- Plot a graph between the angle of incidence (i) on x-axis and angle of deviation (b) on y-axis.
- As the angle of incidence increases gradually, the angle of deviation decreases, it becomes minimum and further increases with the increase in the angle of incidence.
- From the graph, the angle of minimum deviation, b = ………..°
What is a triangular prism?
It is a piece of homogeneous, transparent refracting material enclosed by three rectangular refracting faces and two triangular bases.
What is meant by the angle of prism?
It is the angle of inclination between the two rectangular refracting faces of the prism.
What do you mean by the refracting edge of the prism?
It is the edge where two rectangular refracting faces of the prism meet.
What is the angle of refraction?
The angle between the refracted ray and the normal at the first refracting face of the prism is called the angle of refraction (∠r).
What is the angle of emergence?
The angle between the emergent ray and normal at the second refracting face of the prism is called the angle of emergence.
If the emergent ray makes an angle of 40° with the second refracting surface of the prism, what is the angle of emergence?
∠e = 90° – 40° = 50°
How many faces are there in a prism?
Three rectangular faces and two triangular bases.
Which property of light is used by the prism to form a spectrum?
Refraction of light.
Who was the first scientist to use a glass prism to obtain the spectrum of sunlight?
Sir Isaac Newton
Which exciting phenomenon is shown by the inclined refracting surfaces of glass prism?
The inclined refracting surfaces show the phenomenon of dispersion of light, i.e. they split the incident white light into its components.
How does the ray of light get refracted through a transparent prism?
The ray of light suffers two refractions on passing through a prism and deviates towards the base through a certain angle from its original path.
NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS
Define angle of deviation.
The angle formed between the incident ray produced in the forward direction and the emergent ray produced in the backward direction is called the angle of deviation.
List the factors on which the angle of deviation through a prism depends.
The angle of deviation through a prism depends on
- angle of prism,
- nature of material of the prism and
- angle of incidence.
Why does a ray of light bend towards the base when it passes through a glass prism?
When the ray of light goes from optically rarer medium (air) to optically denser medium (glass) at the first surface, it bends towards the normal. At the second refractive surface, the light ray enters from denser medium (glass) to rarer medium (air). Hence, it bends towards the base of the prism i.e. it bends away from the normal.
Why does the white light split into different colours when passes through a glass prism?
In a material medium, the light rays of different colours travel with different speed hence, the material shows different refractive indices for different colours of light. Therefore, different colours of light bend through different angles with respect to the incident ray. So, they emerge along different paths.
Why does the white light not split into different colours when it passes through a glass slab?
A glass slab whose faces are parallel can be considered as comprising two prisms of same refractive angle. The second identical prism can be considered in an inverted position with respect to the first prism. When a beam of white light passes through one prism, it gets dispersed, but on passing through the second inverted prism, the spectrum recombines to form a beam of white light again. Therefore, white light does not split into different colours when it passes through a glass slab.
PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice Questions /VSA (1 mark)
In an experiment on tracing the path of the rays of light passing through a glass prism, the correct setting of protractor (D) for measuring the angle of incidence ∠i in diagram is
To trace the path of the ray of light through a glass prism, four students A, B, C and D did the following:
A: Kept the eyes at certain moderate distance from the glass prism while placing both the image pins.
B: Kept the eyes close to the glass prism while placing both the image pins.
C: Kept the eyes close to the glass prism while placing first image pin and far from the prism while placing the second image pin.
D: Kept the eyes at 45° angle while placing both the image pins on a line which makes an angle of 30° with the normal.
The correct procedure is that of the student
A student showed the following traces of the path of a ray of lighjt passing through a glass prism:
The trace most likely to have been done correctly by her, is
Which of the following is the best set-up for tracing the path of ray of light through a glass prism?
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) only
(c) (iii) only
(d) (iv) only
Four students A, B, C and D perform experiment on tracing the path of light ray through a glass prism. The correct position of the pins used to describe incident ray is shown on paper by four of them, respectively as
The correct result is obtained by
(a) A and B both
(b) B and C both
(c) A and D both
(d) A only
For the refraction of a ray of light through a glass prism, the path of a ray of light is shown below. [AI2013]
The angle of incidence, the angle of emergence and the angle of deviation respectively have been represented by
(a) Y, N, Z
(b) X, Z, M
(c) X, N, Z
(d) X, M, Z
While performing experiment to trace the ray of light through a triangular glass prism, a student is asked to draw the boundary of a prism on a paper. This is done to
(a) see whether the given prism is triangular or not.
(b) ensure that the prism is always kept within the boundary during experiment.
(c) check whether the edges of the prism are broken or not.
(d) make the diagram more clear.
A student traces the path of a ray of light passing through a triangular glass prism. For measuring the angle of emergence, the correct setting of the protractor (D) corresponds to diagram
In an experiment to trace the path of a ray of light through a glass prism for different values of angle of incidence, a student would find that the emergent ray [Delhi 2013]
(a) is parallel to the incident ray.
(b) perpendicular to the incident ray.
(c) is parallel to the refracted ray.
(d) bend at an angle to the direction of incident ray.
For tracing the path of a ray of light through a glass prism, the ideal distance between two pins is [Foreign 2013]
(a) 2-3 cm
(b) 3-5 cm
(c) 6-8 cm
(d) 10 – 15 cm
The following figure depicts the bending of a ray of light on passing through a prism. Identify the angle of deviation from the given choices.
For the refraction of a ray of light through a glass prism, the path of ray of light is shown.
Sumitra was given two glass prisms. One was made of ordinary glass and other one was of flint glass (Given that refractive index of flint glass is more than that of ordinary glass). She traced the path of rays through both and after observing the diagram and concluded that bending of light for the given angle of incidence was
(a) more in the prism made of flint glass.
(b) more in the prism made of ordinary glass.
(c) same in both the glass prisms.
(d) independent of the nature of glass of which the prism was made.
While performing the experiment on tracing the path of a ray of light through a glass prism as shown in the given diagram, four students interpreted the result as given below. At the minimum deviation position of the prism, which one of the four interpretations is correct?
(a) θ1 = θ3
(b) θ1 = θ2
(c) θ1 = θ4
(d) θ1 > θ3
In an experiment on tracing the path of ray of light passing through a glass prism, three students A, B, C performed the experiment for three different sets of angles of incidence. The set taken by them, were respectively as (15 , 25 , 45 ), (30 , 45 , 60 ) and (65 , 75 , 85 ). The student/students who is/are likely to get best results is/are
(a) A only
(b) B only
(c) C only
(d) all of them
While performing the experiment to trace the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism, four students marked the incident ray and the emergent ray in their diagrams in the manner shown below:
The correct figure is given in
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)
Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of light through a triangular glass prism and show angle of incidence, angle of deviation, emergent ray and emergent angle in it.
PQ = incident ray
RS = emergent ray
∠i = angle of incidence
∠r = angle of refraction
∠e = angle of emergence
∠8 = angle of deviation
In the experiment to trace the path of a ray of light through a triangular glass prism,
- a student is asked to draw the boundary of prism on the paper, why?
- if the angle of incidence is 30°, what can be the measure of angle of emergence at the minimum deviation condition of the prism?
- It ensures that prism is always kept within this boundary during the experiment.
- At the minimum deviation condition,
∴ angle of emergence = angle of incidence
∠e = ∠i = 30°
In the experiment to trace the path of a ray of light through a triangular glass prism,
- if the emergent ray makes an angle of 35° with the second face of prism, then what is the angle of emergence?
- can the angle of deviation be zero and why?
- The angle of emergence ∠e, = 90° – 35° = 55°
- No, because at the second refracting surface of the prism, ray of light moves from denser to rarer medium; it bends away from the normal, i.e. bends towards the base of the prism.
When we place a glass prism in the path of a narrow beam of white light, a spectrum is obtained. What happens when a second identical prism is placed in an inverted position with respect to the first prism? Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate it.
Second prism recombines the spectrum obtained by the first prism. So, from the other side of the second prism, a beam of white light is again obtained as shown in figure given below:
A very thin narrow beam of white light is made incident on one face of rectangular glass slab and one face of the combination of two prisms, one up and one down in contact .Comment on the nature of the behaviour of the emergent beam in the above two cases.
Case 1: The emergent beam refracted through a rectangular glass slab emerges parallel to the incident ray and is shifted sideward slightly. No dispersion occurs.
Case 2: The emergent beam from the second inverted identical prism is again white light and emerges parallel to the incident beam and shifted sideward slightly. Overall no dispersion occurs due to the coipbination of two prisms placed inverted to each other.
Thus emergent ray in both the cases emerges from the opposite parallel faces and is parallel to the incident ray.


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See how Double Helix Light Engineering is
Combining 3D single-molecule tracking with super-resolution microscopy, K. Lasker observed the trajectory and co-localization of individual proteins in membraneless compartments in asymmetrically dividing Caulobacter crescentus bacteria at each pole of the cell during cell division.
E. Nehme et al. trained a neural network to localize multiple emitters with overlapping tetrapod point spread functions over a large axial range and then to design the optimal point spread function for such a multi-emitter case. This approach was used to image mitochondria and telomeres in cells.
Using 3D single-particle tracking to map the transport of self-propelled Janus nanoparticles in an inverse opal matrix, H. Wu et al. found that these nanoswimmers escaped from cavities more than an order faster than expected when compared with Brownian particles.
Using 3D single-particle tracking with nanobody arrays and light sheet, to gently track live cell multiple chromosomal loci throughout the mammalian cell nucleus, Gustavson et al. identify a method to advance fundamental understanding of chromatin dynamics and how it is altered during disease progression.
A.R. Roy et al. used a double-helix point spread function to enable 3D single-molecule super-resolution localization microscopy at the nano-bio interface, determining the relative spatial position and distribution of proteins with 10-20 nm precision.
Tilted light sheet microscopy with 3D point spread functions (TILT3D) combines a novel, tilted light sheet illumination strategy with long axial range point spread functions (PSFs) for low-background, 3D super-localization of single molecules as well as 3D super-resolution imaging in thick cells
Carr et al. quantify the dynamics of T- cell receptors using extended depth 3D super-resolution imaging with Double Helix. This creative study combines the high-depth, high-precision Double Helix with multi-plane super-resolution imaging and single particle tracking to visualize the cell surface of entire live Eukaryotic cells.
Using the SPINDLE®, Wang et al showed that combining the Double Helix-PSF with variable-angle illumination epifluorescence microscopy (aka pseudo-TIRF), the signal to noise ratio, and hence, the localization precision of point emitters can be improved up to five-fold. This study will allow users of the SPINDLE™ to improve the accuracy of their image and track reconstructions with their current microscope set-up.
Jain and Wheeler et al. utilize the SPINDLE™ to visualize and characterize previously unseen stress granule cores. Stress granules are sub-cellular aggregates associated with ALS and Dementia. This ground-breaking study proposes a new model for the formation and dynamics of stress granules based on proteomic studies, in vitro isolation, and in vivo 3D Double Helix super-resolution imaging.
Gahlmann et al. utilize Double Helix with super-resolution to reconstruct three dimensional, three color super-resolution images of live bacteria using fluorescent proteins and a lipophilic dye. This innovative study quantitatively describes the sub-cellular structure of Caulobacter crescentus bacteria.
Grover et al. describe the Double Helix SPINDLE method and utilize super-resolution microscopy to reconstruct sub-diffraction 3D images of microtubules. This influential paper utilizes the Double Helix point spread function for high precision 3D sub diffraction super-resolution imaging.


Many companies have been racing to ever smaller feature sizes for electronics, and Samsung has just made a significant stride in the competition as it announces its EUV process node has begun wafer production. The various circuits and transistors in modern electronics are made by a process called photolithography, which involves light being used to etch away layers of silicon. The wavelength of the light directly impacts how small a feature can be etched, so to reach smaller sizes the various manufacturers have been working to shift from ultraviolet to so-called extreme ultraviolet, or EUV. According to Samsung its EUV process uses light with a wavelength of 13.5 nm, while the conventional argon fluoride (ArF) technology uses light with a wavelength of 193 nm and multi-patterning mask sets to achieve the feature sizes we have today. With EUV a single mask can be used while ArF would take four masks to make the same layer, so both time and money can be saved by using EUV here.
The new process Samsung will be making with this technology will be its 7LPP, or Low Power Plus, and compared to its current 10 nm FinFET process it will offer up to a 40% increase in area efficiency and either up to 20% higher performance or 50% lower power consumption.
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How Tobii Dynavox Eye Tracking Works?
Tobii eye tracker uses Near Infra-red light to illuminate the eyes. From there, two extremely high quality camera sensors capture the reflection off of the retina and the cornea of the eyes, commonly referred to as “red eye” and the glint, respectively. The eye tracker then uses these two points to build a 3D model of the user’s eyes to determine two things: where the user is looking (gaze point) and where the user’s eyes are in space, relative to the location of the computer (track box).
This information is then paired with Tobii Windows Control to allow the computer to know exactly where the user is looking with an accuracy of 1cm. The computer can then track the user’s gaze point and, ultimately, tell the computer where their eyes are looking at all times. By knowing where the user’s eyes are looking, the eye tracking device then can control the computer, similar to the way a mouse lets you control it with your hand.
Gaze interaction is a computer access method that allows those with disabilities to navigate and control their computer with their eyes, similarly as an everyday computer user uses a mouse (e.g., activate, select, zoom, scroll, etc.) to control their computer. Gaze interaction only requires the movement of the eye itself—the movement of other muscles is not required, making it a perfect solution for those with rehabilitative disabilities (paralysis, spinal cord injury, repetitive strain injury, severe carpal tunnel) and motor disabilities (Lou Gehrig’s, cerebral palsy, autism, etc.).
Tobii Windows Control provides a more natural, efficient and precise computer interaction method, superior to any other computer control device used today.


1 edition of Scientific importance of high angular resolution at infrared and optical wavelengths found in the catalog.
Scientific importance of high angular resolution at infrared and optical wavelengths
|Statement||edited by M. H. Ulrich and K. Kjar.|
|Series||Proceedings / ESO Conference|
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves. Chapter 1: Optical Turbulence in High Angular Resolution Techniques in Astronomy ( KB) Contents: Optical Turbulence in High Angular Resolution Techniques in Astronomy (J M Beckers) Optical Turbulence Profiles at CTIO from a Element Lunar Scintillometer (P Hickson et al.) High Resolution SLODAR Measurements on Mauna Kea (T Butterley et al.).
A scanning angle (SA) Raman microscope with nm excitation is reported for probing chemical content perpendicular to a sample interface. The instrument is fully automated to collect Raman spectra across a range of incident angles from to ° with an angular spread of ± ° and an angular uncertainty of °.Cited by: 4. – an angular resolution of 60 and micro-arcsec at Å and Å – ~ pixels of resolution over the surface of nearby dwarf stars – observations in • ~Ångstrom UV pass bands around, e.g., C IV (, K), Mg II h&k (10, K) • broadband, near .
1. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), through its Radiocommunication Sector, has formally recognized the scientific importance of lunar radio astronomy, especially below 30 MHz, in its recommendation ITU-RA “Protection of frequencies for radioastronomical measurements in the shielded zone of the Moon.”. A space-based telescope can achieve a diffraction-limited angular resolution of ′′ for red light (wavelength nm). What would the resolution of the instrument be in the infrared, at μm?
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Get this from a library. Scientific importance of high angular resolution at infrared and optical wavelengths: ESO conference, Garching, March proceedings. [M H. Book-Review - Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at Infrared and Optical WavelengthsAuthor: A.
Tokovinin. Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at Infrared and Optical Wavelengths IV. Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution 1. Planets and Asteroids T. Encrenaz (Paris) 2. Stars and Star Formation The European Southern Observatory is organizing an international conference on the subject "SCIENTIFIC IMPORTANCE OF HIGH ANGULAR.
Title: Book-Review - ESO Conference on Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at Infrared and Optical Wavelengths Journal: The Messenger, No, P. 21, DIVISION VIII OPTICAL and INFRARED TECHNIQUES.
Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at Infrared and Optical Wavelengths. Scientific importance of high angular resolution at infrared and optical wavelengths, Ulrich, M.H.&Kjaer, K.
Eds., Proceedings of an ESO Conference, Garching, March Google Scholar by: 3. Angular Resolution and Wavelength 45 Because like is a wave-like phenomenon, it causes interference when it is reflected and concentrated in an optical system. This pattern of interference makes it impossible to clearly see details that are smaller than this interference pattern.
There is a geometric relationship between the resolution ofFile Size: 64KB. Optical long-baseline interferometry with the VLT interferometer will yield the fantastic resolution of 1 milli-arcsec. We discuss scientific objectives, examples of previous speckle observations, and computer simulations of optical erometry in the multi-speckle : Gerd Weigelt.
Blaauw, A.in Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at Infrared and Optical Wavelengths, ed. M.H. Ulrich, K. Kjär M.J.in Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at Infrared and Optical Wavelengths Ridgway S.T. () Astrophysical Programs for High Angular Resolution Optical Interferometry.
In: Alloin D Cited by: 2. Abstract. High angular resolution techniques applied in space should allow a real scientific breakthrough: production of high dynamic range stellar images at optical and UV wavelenghts, resolution of Be star envelopes using spectral information, understanding of internal dynamics in active galaxies with accuracies much larger than achievable from the by: 2.
High-resolution images and simultaneously the spectrum of each resolution element can be obtained by objective prism speckle spectroscopy and projection speckle spectroscopy methods. Finally, we will discuss the application of speckle masking to coherent arrays of by: 2.
ABSTRACT. The Balloon Experimental Twin Telescope for Infrared Interferometry (BETTII) is a new balloon-borne far-infrared interferometer, being designed to provide spatially-resolved spectroscopy in the far infrared (30–90 μm). The combination of an 8-meter baseline with a double-Fourier Michelson interferometer allows.
Coherence and interferometry through optical fibers C. Froehly (in Scientific Importance of High Angular Resolution at Infrared and Optical Wavelengths, M.H.
Ulrich and K. Kjar, editors, ) Single-mode fiber optics in a long-baseline interferometer S.B. Shaklan, F. Roddier (Applied Optics ). New ground-based instruments operating at infrared, optical, and radio wavelengths will map the three-dimensional distribution of matter in the universe out to distances of a billion light-years and may reveal the physical processes that create such unexpected patterns.
rapid and high-angular-resolution measurements of solar flares, the. One of the primary advantages of CCD's over photographic plates is the former's high efficiency in detecting light.
True Radio telescopes are large in part to improve their angular resolution, which is poor because of the long wavelengths at which they are used to observe the skies. Adaptive optics: A breakthrough in astronomy. Scientific importance of high angular resolution at infrared and optical wavelengths.
In: Proceedings of an ESO Conference, ESO, Garching, March. Infrared radiation (IR), sometimes called infrared light, is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible is therefore generally invisible to the human eye, although IR at wavelengths up to nanometers (nm)s from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions.
IR wavelengths extend from the nominal red edge of the visible. The angular resolution of ground-based optical telescopes is more seriously limited by Earth's _____ than by diffraction.
infrared, ultraviolet, and high-energy (gamma) Use the nanometer wavelengths of light to explain a rainbow, why the sky is blue or why the sun looks red in the morning and night.
We are often told in planetary imaging that the images are best resolved in red light. Indeed, most of our image look best through longer wavelengths (red or near-infrared). However, we are also teached by the laws of optic that in theory, the resolving power of a telescope is, on the contrary, better in the short wavelengths (blue light).
One of the primary advantages of CCD's over photographic plates is the formers high efficiency in detecting light True Radio Telescopes are large in part to improve their angular resolution, which is poor because of the long wavelengths at which they are used to observe the skies.
A far-infrared (FIR) space-based interferometer such as SHARP-IR would provide new capabilities for high angular resolution in the FIR; these capabilities, in turn, would enable a wide range of new scientific inquiry.
While the science case for SHARP-IR is still in development, one key .Start studying Astronomy test (telescopes).
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. the angular resolution of ground-based optical telescopes is more seriously limited by earths _____ than by diffraction. infrared, ultraviolent & high-energy(gamma).Abstract.
Infrared and visible cirrus cloud optical properties were measured using ground-based high spectral resolution remote sensing data. The optical properties include: downwelling atmospheric radiance at infrared wavelengths and atmospheric aerosol backscatter cross-section and depolarization at a visible wavelength.


Discussion: You know that light, when passing from one medium to another, will refract or bend. We learned that occurs because light bends when it passes through substances, such as water and plastic. The teacher will pose probing questions to get an understanding of how much each pair grasps the idea of refraction: What do you see? The refractive index for red light in glass is slightly different than for violet light. This experiment showed that white light is actually made of all the colours of the rainbow. This is the kind of lens used for a magnifying glass.
Likewise, the room in which the experiment is being carried out could be also darker. This change of direction is caused by a change in speed. Depending on how gradual the change, you may have seen light curve! They will also receive feedback during the explain discussion portion. Step 3: Draw a large cross on the paper, in front of the mirror, but towards one side of the paper meaning not right in the middle. Since water is denser than air, when the light passed through the water it bent allowing you to see the penny at the bottom of the cup. A biconvex lens is called a converging lens. The teacher will ask the students to discuss their answers to the questions on the worksheet.
During the Elaborate portion of the lesson, the teacher will ask the students to use what they learned about light refraction to answer the question: If you are spearfishing from a riverbank and you see a fish in the water, do you need to aim above, at, or below the fish that you see in order to hit it? Does this match your prediction? If light enters any substance with a higher refractive index such as from air into glass it slows down. The teacher should elicit the prior knowledge by asking them to use what they know about light to try to explain why the pencil appears distorted. Parallel rays of light can be focused in to a focal point. For the elaborate portion of the lesson students are asked to explain how to spearfish from a riverbank. To obtain these values I used the index of refraction of crown glass because it is more likely close to the glass plexiglass that we are using. Put the angle in air on the horizontal axis. It bends toward the normal line if the light slows down in the new medium, and it bends away from the normal if it speeds up in the new medium.
Lesson Summary Reflection is where light bounces off shiny, reflective surface. There is a short quiz for the summative assessment. Since the frequency of a wave cannot change, independent of the source changing its frequency when it originally emits a wave, this change in wave velocity must result from a change in its wavelength in the second medium. But how is the angle of refraction related to the angle of incidence? When light touches the surface of the prism, refraction takes place at the boundary of the prism i. Another point to be noted here is that the angle of refraction is different for these colors as they have different wavelength. Experiment 2: Reviewing Refraction Step 1: Fill the aquarium half way with water. Introduction This laboratory was designed to investigate the behaviour of light as it travels through a less dense into a denser medium.
Based on what we saw in the experiment, this bending must be based on density, because when density changed gradually, the light bent gradually, producing a curve. They appear in the same order , just like in the rainbow. The secondary rainbow that can sometimes be seen is caused by each ray of light reflecting twice on the inside of each droplet before it leaves. Let the kids gradually move the water-filled bottle in front of the sticky note. Try to have at least 15 data points for each substance. We can see in my data that this law is true. The teacher will provide more formal written feedback when they answer the written elaborate question.
This is called the law of reflection, which says that the incident angle is equal to the reflected angle. This is due to refraction. In refraction, the characteristics of light change. These different wavelengths travel at different speeds in glass. Also we can say Sources of error could have appeared when fiddling with the pins and the lamp during the experimental procedure. Each color represents a different wavelength of light.
Explanation: Prism is made up of glass. Furthermore we are also aware of another relationship which links the angles of incidence and refraction to the refractive index of the substance used. The refractive index of violet light is 1. After answering a few questions the students are split into partners for the explore portion of the lesson. The students will be able to distinguish between reflection, refraction, and absorption, and be able to apply the information they learned about refraction to a real life situation. Since water is denser than air, when the light passed through the water it bent allowing you to see the penny at the bottom of the cup. A higher refractive index shows that light will slow down and change direction more as it enters the substance.
In this lesson plan students learn about the property of light: refraction. Use the pencil and ruler to draw the path of the light, from the laser pointer all the way to the cross. Suggested improvements to the experimental procedure include perhaps using a stronger beam of light maybe laser so as to better see the angle of refraction. Have you ever noticed that diamonds sparkle in sunlight? Continue in this manner until you have gathered data over as wide a range of angles as possible. Use an entire sheet of graph paper for each graph, and make the graph as large as is reasonable convenient.


By transfer printing instead of etching, the new method developed by Lee and his colleagues may be used to make very flexible photovoltaics with a smaller amount of materials. The thin cells can be integrated onto glasses frames or fabric and might power the next wave of wearable electronics.
Scientists have developed solar cells of 1 micrometer thick. That’s 100 times thinner than a human hair. Interesting isn’t it?
The solar cells at the second side are are almost as efficient as the cells in the front end. As a result, the panels can also utilize the light that is reflected by the surface of the water or the ground, which normally is lost.
By applying double-sided panels – working on water – the yield of solar power can be increased by 20% on average and expand the potential to generate solar energy even more.
So why not use both sides?
Double-sided solar panel
This week, Energy Research Centre (ECN) is demonstrating ‘floating double-sided solar panels on the ‘River IJ’ in Amsterdam. By also using the back of the solar panels, the reflected light from the surface of the water, can be catched to generate electric power. Read More


Why You Should Know What Focal Length Means
Knowing what the focal length means, especially in relation to your camera, is very important when it comes to buying lenses. This post will leave you well informed with the correct information at to what the lenses do, which ones are right for you, how to use them creatively, and all the technical speak you’ll need.
Section 1 – What does it actually mean?
The focal length of your lens essentially determines how ‘zoomed in’ your photos are; the higher the number, the more zoomed your lens will be.
It is often misunderstood that the focal length is measured from the front or rear of the lens, when in reality it’s the distance between the point of convergence in your lens to the sensor or film in your camera. Take a look at the diagram below that explains this.
Section 2 – Different focal ranges and what they’re used for.
Ultra Wide Angle 14-24mm
These lenses are often considered specialty items and the range is not often included as part of a kit lens. They create such a wide angle of view that they can look distorted as our eyes aren’t used to seeing that sort of range. They’re often used in event and architectural photography for getting a lot into a photo when shooting in a confined space. Wide and ultra wide lenses are about putting yourself in the middle of it all, not just about getting the whole of a scene in. These lenses are not particularly suitable for portraits as they enhance the perspective so much that the facial features can look unnatural.
Wide Angle 24-35mm
This is where you’ll find most kit lenses for full frame cameras will start at. 24mm is roughly the point at which the distortion that appears to stretch the side of the image stops appearing unnatural. They are used widely by photojournalists for documenting situations as they are wide enough to include a lot of the context and still look realistic.
It’s in this range at about 45-50mm that the lens will reproduce what our eyes will see (excluding peripheral vision). I personally like to use this range when shooting on the street or in situations with friends in a close setting such as at a dinner table or the pub. A standard lens such as a 50mm f1.8 is an excellent, inexpensive addition for a camera and will provide excellent results. Prime lenses (lenses with a fixed focal length – can’t zoom) will always provide better results than your kit lens as the lens is built with a single purpose in mind. It does one job well rather than multiple jobs poorly.
Mild Telephoto 70-105mm
This range is often where kit lenses will stop and you’ll start to get into the range of telephoto lenses and portrait primes (around 85mm). This is a good range for portrait lenses as the natural perspective of the lens will separate the face from the background without completely isolating the face.
Lenses in this range are often used for distant scenes such as buildings or mountains. They’re not suitable for landscapes because of the way they will flatten the perspective of a scene. Lenses higher than this range are mostly used for sport and animal photography.
Section 3 – How does the focal length affect the perspective of a photo?
I’ve tackled most of this in the previous section, but to give you a better idea of how the focal length affects the perspective of a photo, I’ve taken 4 photos of the same subject at different focal lengths and compared them below. The subjects (3 soup cans) are kept in the same position (about 10 inches apart from one another) in every photo. It’s worth noting that these photos are shot with a crop sensor so the actual focal length will be higher then listed – something I explain below in Section 4.
To say that it’s the focal length that is changing the perspective is however, quite misleading. You see, it’s actually the distance from the subject. The focal length is an indicator to the distance from the subject, so they stay framed mostly the same, it’s because the focal length is getting longer (zooming in), as the camera moves further away. Remember, it’s the distance from the subject, and the focal length is just used to compensate for this.
Section 4 – What about my crop sensor?
Shooting on a crop sensor has what’s known as the ‘crop factor’. This essentially means that any full frame lenses (EF, FX, etc.) that you put onto a crop sensor body will have a cropping effect. The actual factor is approximately 1.6. In real terms, this means that if you to shoot at 35mm, the actual result you’ll get will be close to a 50mm image.
The way this works is demonstrated in the diagrams below. What you’re effectively doing is zooming in on an image and avoiding the widest parts of the scene.
Even lenses built for crop cameras such as the EF-S range and DX range will still have this effect, that’s because lenses are listed by their actual length, not their field of view. These lenses will not work on a full frame body without a heavy vignetting effect as the image will not project onto the whole of the sensor.


AR tracking takes an object or a medium in the real world as the reference, fixes the AR content to the relative position of the reference, and changes the relative position along with the movement of the reference. The common types of AR tracking include: AR plane tracking, AR image tracking, and AR physical tracking.
AR Plane Tracking: Tracking effect with any plane of the real world as a reference.
AR Image Tracking: Tracking effect with realistic image as reference.
AR Physical Tracking: Tracking effect with a three-dimensional object as a reference.
AR Tracking Technology Core Algorithm:
Feature detection: image local feature detection can extract scale invariant and rotation invariant features.
Feature point matching: A data structure algorithm using a high-dimensional feature space, rather than simple linear matching.
Object Tracking and 3D pose estimation: Each tracking relies on the aforementioned feature point extraction, matching and computation to obtain the homograph transform (the set of 3D realistic coordinate points of the subject and the set of 2D screen imaging coordinates).
With the resulting set of matched points and in-camera parameters obtained by calibration, the algorithm for solving the perspective N-point problem can be used to accurately find the out-camera parameters - i.e., the exact camera poses in real time, allowing efficient estimation of the subject's 3D pose.


Of the three lenses Fujifilm launched with their original interchangeable X cameras the Fuji XF 35mm F/1.4 was probably the best optically of them all. I reviewed the XF 18mm f/2 here, a lens that I really like despite it’s quirks, but the 35/1.4 had a little bit of magic to the look it helps create. The 35mm gives a field of view that is close to what you will get using a 50mm on a full frame camera. A true classic focal length and many photographers first foray past the kit lens that came with their camera. This lens is a step above the usual.


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A second demonstration of chroma-keying,
this time with a smoothed-out transition between the foreground
and background areas.
This makes the decision more tolerant against slight lightning differences
and possible color variations of the bluescreen itself,
but at the cost of a slight blurring of the outline.
The algorithm then proceeds as follows. The input image is compared with an image of the background (bluescreen) color, and a mask image (white/black) is contructed from this. Unlike a simple pixel equality test, class EqualsWithinFilter will accept all pixels up to a certain absolute difference level (currently 100) as equal, and up to twice the level as almost equal. It constructs a mask output image that has white for all pixels determined equal between the input images, and gray for pixels inside the 'almost equals' range.
The positive mask has white for all blue pixels, while the inverted negative mask has white for all 'person' pixels. A multiplication of the positive mask and the background mask leaves background pixels for all originally bluescreen pixels, while the corresponding multiplication of the negative mask and the original input image leaves only the 'person' pixels. Again, click on the corresponding image viewer components in the schematics to view those intermediate images.
A final add operation is then used to merge the intermediate image into the single combined output image. The following three images show the original input image (girl in front of bluescreen, image provided courtesy of chroma-key), the background image, and the resulting combined output image:
As you can see, the algorithm as implemented here is less sensitive to an absolutely exact lightning of the background.
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