Written in EnglishRead online
|Statement||by Beryl Williams and Samuel Epstein. Foreword by Andrew G. Haley.|
|Contributions||Epstein, Sam, 1909- joint author.|
|LC Classifications||TL781 .E6|
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||241|
|LC Control Number||55006921|
Download The rocket pioneers on the road to space
The rocket pioneers on the road to space This edition published in by J. Messner in New by: 2. Genre/Form: Juvenile material: Additional Physical Format: Online version: Epstein, Beryl Williams, Rocket pioneers on the road to space. New York, J. Messner .
"Presents biographies of early rocket pioneers and the history of early rocket societies" (Ciancone). "This book by Mr. and Mrs.
Epstein, although classed as a 'juvenile' is well worth anybody's time. It tells the life stories of the rocket pioneers, beginning with William Congreve" (Ley). Ciancone Ley, Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, revised edition,p.
A fine copy in nearly fine pictorial. Get this from a library. The rocket pioneers on the road to space. [Beryl Epstein; Sam Epstein]. The Rocket Pioneers on the Road to Space - Beryl Williams & Samuel Epstein (3rd Printing Hardcover w/DJ) Copyrightpublished by Julian Messner, Inc.
(New York).End date: This is the story of the rocket pioneers in the days before the Mercury program and the Soviet space program.
The book opens with fictional dreams of traveling in space, including Jules Verne's FROM THE EARTH TO THE MOON, and the work of the early astronomers, leading into modern discussions about early Soviet efforts and the experiments of Robert s: 8.
Wernher Von Braun, Frederick Ira Ordway. Crowell, - Astronautics - pages. 0 Reviews. From Book Cover: This comprehensive, authoritative. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (Russian: Константин Эдуардович Циолковский; 17 September [O.S.
5 September] – 19 September ) was a Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautic with the French Robert Esnault-Pelterie, the Transylvanian German Hermann Oberth and the American Robert H.
Goddard, he is considered to be. The long-buried truth about the dawn of the Space Age: lies, spies, socialism, and sex magick. Los Angeles, s:Everyone knows that rockets are just toys, the stuff of cranks and pulp heless, an earnest engineering student named.
Welcome to the page with the answer to the clue Rocket pioneer Robert. This is just one of the 7 puzzles found on this level. You can make another search to find the answers to the other puzzles, or just go to the homepage of 7 Little Words daily puzzles and then select the date [ ].
The Rocket Pioneers. It was, of course, the 20th century that witnessed an explosion in the field of rocketry. By the end of the 19th century, the three men considered to be the primary pioneers of modern rocketry had been born and begun their studies.
THE ROCKET PIONEERS ON THE ROAD TO SPACE. By Beryl Williams and Samuel Epstein. Illustrated with photographs. New York: Julian Messner. $ "This book is still of interest today in the same manner that we still have an interest in Einstein's Theory of Relativity and Darwin's Origin of Species by Natural Selection - it places us at a critical moment in the development of a revolutionary concept that is firmly established s: 2.
(By Rocket to Space). The book explained the mathematics of spaceflight and proposed practical rocket designs and space stations. This and other books inspired a generation of rocketeers. Rocket societies sprang up around the world, including the German Verein fur Raumschiffart (Society for Space Travel) that led to the development of the V2.
Early 20th-century rocket pioneers Konstantin Tsiolkovsky published the first work on space travel, which was inspired by Russian cosmism and the writings of Jules Verne.
Inspired by the achievement of flight in the atmosphere arounddreamers of spaceflight drew on the physics of Isaac Newton and the science fiction of Jules Verne to imagine how it might be feasible to fly in space.
Rocket pioneers worked alone at first, theorizing, tinkering, and encouraging others in their quest. This was a time when theoreticians, scientists, and engineers strove to transform visionary concepts of space travel into realistic means of sending astronauts and cosmonauts into orbit and bringing them back safely to Earth.
In fact, some historians might regard the book's subtitle--The Rocket Pioneers--as descriptively too limited, because. The American Rocket Society tested the MG1 rocket engine in June From left: Hugh Pierce, John Shesta and Lovell Lawrence, who would.
Rockets as both weapons and entertainment are examined in this engaging history of how human beings acquired the ability to catapult themselves into Gainor's irresistible narrative introduces us to pioneers such as Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert Goddard, and Hermann Oberth, who pointed the way to the cosmos by generating the earliest wave of international enthusiasm for space exploration.
The evolution of the rocket has made it an indispensable tool in the exploration of space. For centuries, rockets have provided ceremonial and warfare uses starting with the ancient Chinese, the first to create rocket apparently made its debut on the pages of history as a fire arrow used by the Chin Tartars in AD for fighting off a Mongol assault on Kai-feng-fu.
The Rocket City Space Pioneers had two representatives (Janet Felts, RCSP Project Coordinator, and I) from Huntsville, Ala., in New Mexico last week for a big event featuring commercial space talk/presentations and exhibits, to include the New Mexico Spaceport Runway dedication and Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo flyover.
First launched successfully inthe V-2 was used on targets in Europe beginning in September Although built as a weapon of war, the V-2 later served as the predecessor of many of the rockets used in the early space programs of the United States and the Soviet Union.
Rocket Pioneers Wernher von Braun, Bernhard Tessmann and Karl Heimburg built early U.S. military rockets at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville. Inspired by Hermann Oberth’s ideas on rocket travel, the mathematics of spaceflight and the practical design of rockets published in his book “Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen” (The Rocket to Space), a number of rocket societies and research institutes were founded in Germany.
The German bicycle and car manufacturer Opel (now part of GM. (By Rocket to Space). The book explained the mathematics of spaceﬂight and proposed practical rocket designs and space stations. This and other books inspired a generation of rocketeers.
Rocket societies sprang up around the world, including the German Verein fur Raumschiffart (Society for Space Travel) that led to the development of the V2. These "rocket societies" especially flourished in Russia, Germany, and the United States. Most quickly moved toward developing the one technology that pointed a way into space: the liquid-fuel rocket.
The rocket societies spun off the first groups of professional rocket engineers in corporations and government laboratories. 31 Discussions of the principles of rocketry can be found in many places, but some of the most lucid explanations from the layman's standpoint are in Ley, Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, ; Erik Bergaust and Seabrook Hull, Rocket to the Moon (Princeton, N.J., ), ; Ralph S.
Cooper, "Rocket Propulsion," Report of the Smithsonian Institution for; and Andrew G. For general reading on rocketry during the period in which Goddard figured prominently see Willy Ley, Rockets Missiles, and Men in Space (; rev.
); Beryl Williams and Samuel Epstein, The Rocket Pioneers on the Road to Space (); and Wernher von Braun and Frederick I. Ordway III, History of Rocketry and Space Travel (). Useful. A booster that flew to space last year made the trip again and returned to Earth, marking a major step on the road to cheaper space travel.
Rocket, pioneer railway locomotive built by the English engineers George and Robert Stephenson. Following the success of the Stockton & Darlington Railway inthe cities of Liverpool and Manchester decided to build a mile (km) steam-operated line connecting them.
George Stephenson was entrusted with constructing the line, but a competition was held to choose a locomotive. Space pioneer Hermann Oberth was one of the most significant rocketry pioneers of the 20th-century, by birth a Romanian but by nationality a German.
Born on Jin Hermannstadt, Romania, Oberth's theories into practical space vehicles started German rocket clubs all over Germany as hardcore rocket enthusiasts tried to translate. Ten years ago today (Oct. 9), NASA slammed a hunk of space junk into the moon, forever changing our perception of Earth's nearest neighbor.
- Space Camp® launched in to inspire and motivate young people from around the country to join the ranks of space pioneers who persevere to push the boundaries of human exploration. Today, we host attendees from all 50 states, territories and more than 60 foreign countries.
With the U.S. Space & Rocket Center® as home base, trainees have an unparalleled environment to spur 30 pins. Pedro Paulet: Peruvian Space and Rocket Pioneer. by Sara Madueño Paulet de Vásquez (Full text of article from Winter – 21st Century) The inventor of the liquid fuel motor () and the first modern rocket propulsion system () was a Peruvian engineer and statesman.
His story is told here by his great niece. - Se opslagstavlen “Space Pioneer - Robert H. Goddard“, der følges af personer på Pinterest og tilhører Carsten Olsen. Se flere idéer til Rock pins.
Inside A Rocket Pioneer’s Lab Engineer Robert Goddard created and launched the world’s first liquid-propellant rocket on Ma In a recreation of Goddard’s laboratory, Marty Kelsey, host of STEM in 30, talked with Bill Siders, of the Roswell Museum and Arts Center, about Goddard’s legacy. The Problem of Space Travel.
The Rocket Motor | Hermann Noordung, Herman Potočnik | download | B–OK. Download books for free. Find books. Save 84% off the newsstand price. “Rocket science” is synonymous with intellectual complexity, but new research shows that rocketry owes its existence to baffled Chinese alchemists and a party.
Blue Origin says it wants this heavy-lift, recyclable rocket to “build a road to space.” This launcher will likely debut in The flight of SpaceShipTwo did not go as planned. The history, development and testing, specifications, accomplishments, and launch footage of the world's largest heavy-lift space launch vehicle, the Saturn V moon rocket.
Stars: John Willyard, Ed. Rocket Pioneer book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers.4/5(1).SLS takes advantage of some of the best concepts and systems from its predecessors. Like the Saturn V, SLS is a massive, staged rocket.
Like the space shuttle, it uses solid rocket boosters and RS engines. But unlike either of those vehicles, SLS will be able to support human missions to Mars.The evolution of the rocket has made it an indispensable tool in the exploration of space. For centuries, rockets have provided ceremonial and warfare uses starting with the ancient Chinese, the first to create rocket apparently made its debut on the pages of history as a fire arrow used by the Chin Tartars in AD for fighting off a Mongol assault on Kai-feng-fu.


After a few days of bad weather, it was the rockets red glare of the space shuttle Discovery that illuminated the skyline on this 4th of July. The successful launch of the mission dubbed STS-121 is only the second shuttle launch since the space shuttle Columbia disaster several years ago and the first since the shuttles were grounded about a year ago after a piece of foam from the external fuel tank broke off during takeoff. Modifications were ordered and completed as part of the requirements. Yet, despite the changes to ensure safety of the crew, concerns arose late Monday afternoon about a 5 inch crack in the foam on the fuel tank of Discovery....just 24 hours before scheduled liftoff. Crews worked hard through the night and Tuesday afternoon STS-121 got underway with several space walks and much needed supplies being delivered to the International Space Station.
Yet, today's launch brings up the big question on everyones mind....Is the space shuttle program safe? Should the program be grounded? Are the space shuttles too old to fly?


Professor Simon Collinson and Julia Goldsworthy discuss the development of a West Midlands Space Cluster and what it might mean for the region and the wider UK economy.
This blog has been produced to provide insight into a City-REDI / WMREDI project looking at the development of a Space Cluster in the West Midlands. The project is led by Dr Chloe Billing and colleagues:
The Space Sector in the UK
In the last decade, space has transformed into one of the UK’s fastest growing and most promising sectors. Trebling in size since 2010, the UK space industry now employs close to 42,000 people across the country and generates an income of nearly £15 billion every year. Space has the potential to drive growth and productivity across many areas of the wider UK economy, as a strategic “enabler of growth in other sectors” (Gov.uk, 2015) and ‘critical national infrastructure’. In response to this, the UK Space Agency ‘Local Space Sector Cluster and Supply Chain Development’ Fund was established to develop the maturity of ‘early-stage’ local space clusters across the UK. This ‘seed corn funding’ focussed on providing evidence and analysis of local ecosystems in order to stimulate local advocacy and investment in Space and increase the uptake of space data and technologies. The 2020 funding was awarded to seven locations – including the West Midlands – to ensure space is a priority for regional economic growth and attract commercial investment from space companies to these areas.
The Development of a West Midlands Space Cluster
The main outcome of this work is a proposed route to increase the maturity of the West Midlands space cluster. Our research has revealed the latent competitive advantages, through new combinations of assets, technologies, skills, knowledge, and expertise that are present in the West Midlands region now, as the building blocks of a future West Midlands space cluster. We now have a deeper understanding of the foundations available for attracting further investment and talent to drive the evolution of this cluster, as part of a wider regional economic growth plan.
A unique strength for the future development of a West Midlands space cluster is our manufacturing sector (aerospace, automotive, and rail). The West Midlands is a globally significant sector for advanced manufacturing, assembling a critical mass of globally competitive business and high-tech Small Medium Enterprises (SME’s) operating across a range of transport-related sectors, and in particular aerospace, automotive, and rail. Within the region we have strong supply-chains mobilised around key capabilities (such as engines, electromechanical systems etc.). These industries (and in particular aerospace) share close similarities with space and thus demonstrate strong latent space potential. Furthermore, whilst the West Midlands is home to only a handful of downstream space application businesses, the region combines space application capabilities with important end-user sectors for space data/services, creating a powerful value-chain ecosystem for innovation, business growth, and end-user benefit. Our space application capabilities include data analytics, image analysis, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and gaming technologies. The West Midlands holds particular strengths in key user sectors that have the potential to benefit significantly from space enabled data and services, including future transport (connected and autonomous vehicles, digital rail etc.), modern services, health and life sciences (connected data driven services), and agriculture 4.0 (precision agriculture and autonomous farming systems). Combining satellite-enabled applications (including, ubiquitous connectivity, remote sensing, and precision navigation and time), space-enabled systems and services have the potential to transform these end-user sectors, addressing major industrial and societal challenges and driving innovation, competitiveness, and growth.
Helping the Region Rebuild
This is an important national initiative to both enhance the UK’s position in the global space technology sector and promote regional growth. These will translate leading R&D into applied technologies and better job opportunities for the region as a whole. Exploration of the global space technology sector is especially welcome at this challenging time as we start plotting our region’s economic recovery from the coronavirus pandemic.
The views expressed in this analysis post are those of the authors and not necessarily those of City-REDI / WMREDI or the University of Birmingham.


After the success of Joure, Holland in July earlier this year, September 2016 saw Buddy take part at his second European event in Warstein, Germany.
Buddy was once again well received by balloonists and the public alike throughout the event, as the rare balloon made 2 beautiful free flights and 2 ‘stand ups’ for the large gathered crowds.
During Buddy’s first flight of the event, pilot Chris Freeman was joined in the basket by Uwe Nutsch, a report for the local newspaper Westfalen Post. The article that was written by Uwe can be found here.
We look forward to seeing all our friends in Warstein again in 2017.


|| CF Correspondent ||
Bangladesh Cricket Board used drones as test case in the ongoing Bangabandhu T20 Cup.
BCB were trying to use drones from the opening day but failed to so as they did not have the approval of civil aviation authority.
Eventually, BCB managed to use the drone during the match on Friday at the Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium.
‘We are yet to get the permission and so we are using it as a test case. Hopefully we will get the permission soon and you will see it using us in compition,’’ said an official broadcaster team Real Impect on Friday.
Usually if anyone wants to bring drone in the country they have to apply 60 days but as the competition was planned abruptly they did not find time to apply it.


Perth, Australia – Monday 23rd October
(Photo: Hon. Stephen Dawson MLC, Minister for Science)
The Indo-Pacific Space and Earth Conference 2023 formally commenced with a Welcome Reception atop the Art Gallery of Western Australia yesterday evening, attended by senior representatives from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and Australian Space Agency.
The space agencies are in Perth this week to meet with local, national and international cross sector industry and commercial representatives in mining, resources, robotics, trade and sustainability.
The Welcome Reception displayed telescopes observing Saturn and the Moon, courtesy of the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) and opening speeches from the Hon. Stephen Dawson MLC, WA Minister for Science, Professor Peter Klinken, WA Chief Scientist and Board Member to the Australian Space Agency and Timothy Marney, Chief Economist with the Chamber of Minerals and Energy.
The opening plenary session will hear from Jim Free, NASA’s Associate Administrator – Exploration Systems Development, speaking on “The Artemis Mission” and NASA’s ambitious international program which aims to return humans to the Moon and lay the groundwork for future missions to Mars.
About the Indo-Pacific Space and Earth Conference:
The Indo-Pacific Space and Earth Conference is an inaugural conference being held at the Pan Pacific Hotel, Perth, Western Australia on Monday 23rd and Tuesday 24th October 2023. Bringing together over 90 speakers nationally and internationally, the mission is to explore the limitless potential of space technologies and their profound impact on our industries, here on Earth. By fostering collaboration and trade and commercial opportunities amongst industry leaders, scientists, and visionaries, the conference aims to shape the future of these industries, bringing together the future technologies of space and earth and paving the way for transformative developments.
Thanks to IPSEC2023 principal partner Department of Jobs, Tourism, Science and Innovation, foundation sponsor Business Events Perth and founding supporters AROSE | Curtin University | Fugro SpAARC | The University of Western Australia


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The beautiful sterling silver jet airplane charm is strung on an Italian made 18" sterling silver box chain. It will make a perfect gift for pilots or flight attendants, Also great for anyone works in the airline industry or who is a frequent traveler. One of the great things about custom jewelry is that you can have something made just as you would like it. Do not hesitate to convo me before you place the order if you would like something different. Measurements (inches): Jet is approximately 20mm x 23.5mm. Please see the second and third pictures for our new packaging! We are so excited about our new gift envelope and the sticker that reads "Handmade With Love, Especially for You"! That says it all! You cared enough to have something made especially for a loved one (or yourself)!
Jet Airplane Charm necklace on 18 sterling silver box chain featuring an jet airplane charm. Pilot gift. Flight attendant gift. Handmade - EX2YC12HZ


In November 2020, Vodafone and Ericsson successfully tested sky corridors for drones at Vodafone’s 5G Mobility Lab in Aldenhoven, Germany, as the two companies moved a step closer to enabling real-world use cases for 5G drones.
Today, though, BT has gone a step further, announcing the UK’s first commercial drone corridor, working alongside a new consortium of companies and organisations with a view to delivering 5G use cases for drone technology.
“As drone numbers continue to rise, there is an urgent need to safely integrate commercial drones into global airspace alongside manned aviation,” said Gerry McQuade, CEO of BT’s enterprise unit. “In showing how drones can deliver improved, potentially life-saving services to the public, we’re aiming to accelerate the adoption of fully automated drones in unrestricted UK airspace in a safe and responsible way.”
BT and drone partners
BT, alongside partners such as Altitude Angel and a number of UK tech start-ups, announced that it has been selected by UK Research and Innovation to deliver Project XCelerate. Project XCelerate will make up part of the wider Future Flight Challenge project, with the aim of establishing the UK’s first commercial drone corridor in open and unrestricted airspace, located south of Reading, Berkshire.
“Project XCelerate is bringing together experts and world leaders in their respective fields, something we’re very proud and excited to be a part of,” explained Richard Parker, Altitude Angel CEO and founder. “Our Arrow technology is truly ground-breaking and the key enabler to the project and we’re pleased to be deploying it for maximum benefit in the UK first.”
The project will conduct flight trials along an 8km-long corridor during the summer of 2021, and it hopes to demonstrate how drones can operate safely in the same airspace as manned aviation.
“BT’s role in the consortium is to bring world-leading drone expertise together and to provide the secure and resilient mobile network connectivity, as well as our drone detection services,” McQuade said. “The power of EE’s 4G and 5G networks will ensure commercial drones remain connected for greater situational awareness, accurate positioning and to avoid collisions – ensuring that they can be operated safely and responsibly across UK skies.”
Beyond visual line of sight
Other companies included in the Project include Dronecloud, HeroTech8, Skyports, and DroneStream. And together they will aim to develop a system where drones can operate Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS).
“The Project’s ambitions are clear, we are making the technology, safety and commercial cases for delivering real-world BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line of Sight) drone flights, at scale,” said Jan Domaradzki, Dronecloud CEO. “Dronecloud will help integrate the complex components required into a centralised, command and control platform for Enterprise Drone Fleets.”
The key use cases will include the use of drones to assist the emergency services, to carry out 3D mapping, to aid the police force, to undergo safety inspections, and to make deliveries.
“Skyports is already working with the NHS in Scotland to assist with the response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic by transporting medical supplies and samples between healthcare sites and integrating our drone delivery service into their supply chain, “ explained Duncan Walker, Skyports CEO. “In Project XCelerate, we will be able to contribute our expertise and experience of flying BVLOS missions and benefit from the means to operate in non-segregated airspace – essential to achieving permanent, full-scale commercial drone delivery operations.”
The Project will operate on the EE mobile network – which also delivers the Emergency Services Network (ESN) in the UK - which will enable BT to provide the communications for BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line of Sight) environments, such as GPS location and remote identification, command and control, redundant geo-awareness, and live notifications (NOTAMs) sent directly to drones in-flight.


A British company has developed a ground-breaking drone prototype.
The unmanned ‘Pouncer’ is gaining a lot of coverage in the technology world due to its unique and novel design. Windhorse Aerospace’s nine foot wingspan drone will be entirely constructed with “foodstuff” or edible materials.
Honeycomb, compressed vegetables and salami are all possible resources being considered in the design.
Although the prototype may sound like a bit of a publicity stunt, there is sounds science and motivation behind the project. The team hope that the drone may help in solving a key humanitarian crisis, being food sources and availability. The drone could not only be used to drop supplies in the most needed areas, but then can also be ‘recycled’ itself, acting as a high-tech meal for those in need.
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has served as President of Trotti and Associates, Inc. since 1996, providing
consulting services to a wide variety of organizations. He provides
management, design, and research services in the areas of Systems Architecture,
and Industrial Design.
Guillermo has taught undergraduate industrial design
studies focusing on human factors, design process, and technology development
focusing on curricula for extreme environments, such as Space and the
Antarctic, at the Rhode Island School of Design. He was also the co-founder
and President of Bell and Trotti, Inc. (BTI) from 1985 until 1993.
BTI was an internationally recognized architecture and fabrication
firm specializing in Systems Architecture, Human Factors, Industrial
Design, and Exhibit Design. Since its inception the company had a key
role in designing several elements of the International Space Station
for NASA and leading aerospace companies. Mr. Trotti was the partner
in charge of NASA projects for human factors, crew quarters, galley
and wardroom, workstations, and restraint systems design. BTI designed
and developed interactive exhibits for education and entertainment purposes.
In addition, BTI designed sets for the movie industry and major theme
Guilermo was also the co-founder and is a member of
the International Design for Extreme Environments Association (IDEEA).
Formally established in 1991, IDEEA USA and the IDEEA Federation
are nonprofit organizations that address critical human and technological
challenges exemplified in extreme environments. As a national member
organization of the IDEEA Federation, IDEEA USA joined IDEEA Russia
and other IDEEA member organizations (UK, Canada, and Mexico) in the
initiation and support of peaceful and beneficial activities dedicated
to global cooperation, environmental sustainability, and peace.
Guillermo was educated at Rice University in Houston,
TX, where he received both his Bachelors and Masters degree in Architecture.
He has also studied at the Universidad de Buenos Aires. He has received
numerous honors and was the winner of the National Science Foundation
and the American Institute of Architects competition for the design
and master plan of the South Pole Station in 1990. Guillermo's work
has been published in national and international professional publications
and he has presented many papers/lectures at national and international
conferences and Universities.
Projects have included Interior Design Configuration,
Habitation Module of the NASA Space Station- Boeing Aerospace, Huntsville,
AL; Galley Design for the NASA Space Station -ILC Space Systems,
Houston, TX; Human Factors Restraint & Mobility System Design
- NASA Manned Systems & ILC Space, Houston, TX; Design and
Human Factors Study, Crew quarters and hygiene facility, NASA Space
Station - Grumman Aerospace; Black Bird Resort - Blackbird
Island, Belize; Asturiano Country Club and Eco-Park - Cuautla,
Mexico; The Batman Escape Rollercoaster and Preshow - Six Flags,
Houston, TX; Cosmic Journey - Ringling Brothers Burnam and Baily,
Orlando, FL; The Challenger Center - Museum of Natural Sciences,
Houston, TX; Cosmic Pavilion - Sapporo, Japan; Riyadh Science
Complex - Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Competition, Second Prize); and
the Housing Pavilion and Fountain Park - Tokyo, Japan.


DescriptionColor photograph of a new space color TV camera that can function under lunar lighting conditions ranging from dawn to high noon is displayed at RCA's Astro-Electronics Division, Princeton, N.J. RCA is under contract to NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center to build two of the cameras, which are immune to damage from bright light, even when pointed directly at the sun. The foil-like material on the side of the camera is thermal blanket designed to help protect the camera against extremes of heat and cold encountered in space.
RightsThis resource may be copyright protected. You may make use of this resource, with proper attribution, for educational and other non-commercial uses only. Contact the contributing organization to obtain permission for reproduction, publication, and commercial use.


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Boeing's Starliner passenger spacecraft has successfully returned to Earth. At 5:49 pm CDT, the uncrewed capsule landed at the US Army's White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico at the end of a six-day mission to the International Space Station (ISS).Continue …
Boeing's crew taxi returned to Earth from the International Space Station on Wednesday, nearly two-and-a-half years after its first botched attempt. The Starliner mission moves NASA closer to a new option for rides to and from the ISS.
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Dr.Carmel and his Staff are amazing. Xray and Ultrasounds are done in the office. I will definitely be going back to him.
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Big atlas of the aviation (ed. Sarpe, 1985) whose aim is to present in four volumes a complete history of the aviation from 1903 until the decade of the eighty. This work includes images, drawings, dates of production and data of each one of the 1.200 models of civil aeroplanes and soldiers that collects.
Military aeroplanes Spaniards: 1911 - 1986 (Ed. Institute of History and Aerial Culture, 1986). Monograph that covers a very important part of the history aeronaútica and the Spanish aerial strength
One hundred years of the aviation: a year of celebrations (ed. SHYCEA–INDRA, 2005). Book that resume all the celebrated acts in 2003 to commemorate the centenary of the Aviation in Spain.
Graphic history of the Spanish aviation (ed. Cabbage. Aeronautical engineers of Spain). It narrates through images the historical events of our aviation
Looking to the sky: a century of Spanish military aviation . (ed. SHYCEA, 2005). Extensive graphic repertoire that presents the models piloted by the Spanish military aviation and the army of the air.
Universidad de Alicante Carretera San Vicente s/n 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig Alicante (Spain)


POST OPERATIONS SWIFT RETORT: CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD FOR A SMALL AIR FORCE
Keywords:Small Air Force, Powell Doctrine, Stand-off Strike, Balance of Resolve, Weapon Superiority, Combat Effectiveness, Force Integration and Jointness
The aerial incidents after ‘Pulwama’ episode opens an inimitable chapter in the history
of air power as it cemented the pivotal status of air force in the overall security milieu.
A mission executed by a small air force under modern air combat environment which
achieved all its politico-military objectives. However, the incident is the beginning of an
unrelenting story as Indian Air Force (IAF) can never erase this discomfiture and will
respond in future to regain its lost glory and diminish Pakistan Air Force (PAF)
psychological ascendency. The operation has generated several challenges including
psychological and professional for IAF and parity of capabilities for PAF, reminiscence
of which will continue for decades to come. In order to remain vigilant and alert, PAF,
though a small air force in comparison to IAF, needs to maintain its ‘Resolve to
Respond’ by ensuring its effectiveness against all domains of current complex conflicts.
A new approach is adapted by borrowing an academic theory of ‘Balance of Resolve’
from the strategic brinksmanship, identifying six variables, which covers all aspects of
resolve, prudence and inter harmony both at governmental and military levels. The
article focuses on the effectiveness of a small air force on the future consequences of
the operation in the domain of ‘Resolve to Respond’ and a future road map for a
sustainable resolve to address any similar misadventures.
How to Cite
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The purpose of this article is to analyse the literature concerning legal framework for outer space activities by states. Review was conducted on the elements of national space law, including literature critiquing particular strengths or weaknesses of existing laws and literature, on the obligations placed on States under international law and on why writers make particular recommendations as to the content of legislation. The article will summarise the key elements one would anticipate finding in the outer space regulatory framework and which will form the structure of the analytical framework when considering how States implement international space law in practice.
There are many writers who have written on the subject of space law. Whilst most writers focus their writings around the general issues of space law, which include the historical perspective of the evolution of space law and the international policy and law governing space-related activities, very few writers specifically comparatively analyse or discuss the national space legislation of any particular State.
The first monograph on space law was published in Germany in 1932 by Vladimir Mandl, widely known as the ‘Father of Space Law’ . In his Das Weltraum-Recht: Ein Problem der Raumfahrt , he discussed and elaborated on the law of outer space ‘as an independent legal branch governed by principles from the law of the sea and the law of the air’. He ‘opposed the then common idea of sovereignty in outer space’ .
In 1963, Andrew Haley discussed the issues pertaining to the relationship between the space law and the conduct of States in his Space Law and Government . He discussed the actual and potential benefits of space exploration, and the connection between space flight and the rule of law. He described the approaches that are taken by some States as regards to the
limits of national sovereignty over the celestial bodies, and most importantly, he maintained that a lthough States have sovereign rights over their land, this right is not extended to outer space. Elaborating on the rules regarding to the space vehicle regulation, he recognised that there is the administrative problem of enforcing these rules, and made suggestions on how to overcome the problem. On issues regarding liability relating to the space activities, he made a case study on the domestic law of the USA. He foresaw that as more States will want to embark on the space ventures, there would be a need for an international treaty to regulate space activities, especially in respect of States’ international liability. He also discussed space medical jurisprudence, the players in the space arena, i.e. the intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations in space activities, and he also articulated and elaborated the rules of ‘metalaw’ in regards to the extraterritorial intelligence . The year 1963 also saw McDougall, Casswell and Vlasic discussing the relationship between law and public policy in their Law and Public Order in Space . In 1964, Cohen discussed the relationship between legal and political approaches in States wanting to be involved in space-related activities in his Law and Politics in Space . He discussed how the political system of States could influence the legal aspect of the regulation of the space-related activities. In 1968, Vlasic wrote on the similarities and differences between aviation law and space law in his Explorations in Aerospace Law . In 1968, Fawcett wrote International Law and the Uses of Outer Space . He maintained that due to the features of the declaration on outer space by the United Nations General Assembly, i.e. it was adopted unanimously, and it was expressly entitled a ‘declaration of legal principles’, this international declaration would establish rules of law, if the following four conditions at least were satisfied: that the sponsoring States had authority to make the declaration, that the declaration served a common interest, that the principles declared were capable of functioning as rules of law without further elaboration and that the sponsoring States intended to observe them as such . In 1970, White wrote on the legal aspects of giving judgements in his book entitled Decision-Making for Space; Law and Politics in Air, Sea, and Outer Space . He discussed how the political view of States could influence the legal aspect of the regulation of space-related activities. He also discussed how States should behave when giving out their decisions when they concerned space-related matters. He also discussed the similarities and differences between the sea, airspace and outer space . In the same year, Lay and Howard took a more direct interest in the question of international treaties that regulate the activities in outer space in their The Law Relating to the Activities of Man in Space . However, they only discussed two out of the five international treaties that were in force at that time, namely the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the 1968 Rescue Agreement. They gave their interpretation of the treaties and maintained that States must use and explore the outer space in accordance with the international treaties prescribed . Manfred Lach from Poland took a more direct interest in ‘the question of the definition of the scope of space law’ in his book The Law of Outer Space: An Experience in Contemporary Law-Making . He advised jurists of space law ‘to use analogies creatively and follow the most progressive tendencies in international law’ and also ‘opposes the presumption that outer space had been a ‘lawless area or legal vacume’ since it has always been subject to international law’ . In 1976, Ogunbanwo discussed the relationship between international law and outer space activities in his International Law and Outer Space Activities . He discussed the benefits of the use and the exploration of outer space and made suggestions on how States can conduct their activities in accordance with the international treaties .
Starting from the 1980s, writers have significantly developed the interpretation of the international treaties on outer space law. A particularly significant contribution was made by Carl Christol when he wrote Modern International Law of Outer Space which provided a complete study of the outer space international treaties, published in 1982 . He also developed the idea of the non-existence of exclusive rights of usage and exploration of outer space and its celestial bodies even though some States might have the practical advantage and capabilities over others . In the same year, Forkosh discussed the liability of States in conducting their space-related activities in his Outer Space and Legal Liability . He argued that States would be responsible and liable under the outer space international treaties irrespective of whether the activities were conducted by the States itself or by a private person of that State. He also discussed the method of compensation as prescribed by the 1972 Liability Convention . In 1984, Matte discussed space activities and international law in his Space Activities and Emerging International Law . In the same year, Fawcett discussed the contemporary issues relating to the activities in outer space in his Outer Space: New Challenges to Law and Policy where he acknowledged the arrival of modern technologies in space devices used for space-related activities and made some suggestions on how the international space law should be used to regulate the activities . Gennadi on the hand was interested in the peaceful use of outer space when he wrote Keep Space Weapon‑ Free . He discussed the definition and interpretation of the word ‘peaceful use’ and the reasons why weapons should not be used and kept in the outer space . Similarly, in 1986, Hurwitz wrote The Legality of Space Militarization where he discussed the provisions in the international treaties pertaining to space-related activities particularly in relation to the practical aspects of the usage and the non-usage of outer space for military purposes . In 1991, Henri Wassenbergh discussed the evolution of the regulations pertaining to outer space in his Principles of Outer Space Law in Hindsight . He discussed the extension of roles and involvement of private enterprise in the space-related activities and how they have made an impact towards the need to have national space legislation that ‘develops within the context of the five main multilateral inter-governmental agreements concerning space law’. He did not however, discuss the provisions that should be incorporated into the national space legislation but instead emphasised the fact that the need to have national space legislation emerged from Article VI of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which states that ‘the provisions of the space treaty do not directly apply to ‘national activities’ carried out by non-governmental entities, but they are accepted under the responsibility of the ‘appropriate state’’ . Thus Wassenbergh argued that due to the fact that a State has jurisdiction over ‘nationals activities’ that are carried out by non-governmental entities, therefore that State must have regulations to supervise the conduct. He also defined the word ‘national activities’ in the case of activities of non-governmental entities as referring to ‘the ‘nationality’ of the enterprise which deploys the activities, or the nationality of the persons who engage in space activities, but in any case that it referred to space activities carried out from a state’s territory, as that makes the state a ‘launching state’ . In the same year, Stephen Gorove discussed the evolution of the regulations pertaining to the legal issues and policies surrounding the usage of the outer space in his Development in Space Law: Issues and Policies . In 1992, Hurwitz specifically concentrated on the liability of State in using and exploring the outer space and discussed the meaning of ‘launching state’ and the extent of a State’s liability in his State Liability for Outer Space Activities in Accordance with the 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects . In the same year, Masson-Zwaan discussed the similarities and differences between airspace and outer space in her An aerospace plane: an object at the cross-roads between air and space law , where she argued that the new technology surrounding the making of the space plane has made the UN outer space treaties not up-to-date with the new technology development. In 1994, Bloomley discussed the relationship between outer space law and politics in Law, Space and the Geographies of Power . He argued that States activities in the usage and the exploration of outer space are influenced by the policies and ideologies purported by a State . In 1995, Mosteshae discussed the benefits of using and exploring the outer space and argued that States should use the outer space for purposes that would benefit humankind and how States should use the outcomes of their experiments in outer space in his Research and Invention in Outer Space . In 1997, Cheng discussed the UN international space treaties in Studies in International Space Law . In the same year, Crowther discussed the issues surrounding outer space activities and made some predictions about how activities would develop in the future in Outlook on Space Law over the next 30 years . He argued that in order for the UN international space treaties to be consistent with the development of outer space activities and space technologies, the treaties must be amended so that they would not fall short of being able to regulate the space activities that were not previously in existence . In 1998, Reynolds and Merges looked at the problems surrounding activities in outer space in respect of legal and policy aspects in Outer Space: Problems of Law and Policy . In the same year, Bender specifically discussed the activities pertaining to satellites and the legal implications surrounding them in Launching and Operating Satellites: Legal Issues . In 1999, Diederiks-Verschoor discussed the basic principles relating to outer space in An Introduction to Space Law . Although simple and very basic, nevertheless she further elaborated on the rule of ‘non-appropriation’ of the outer space and the celestial bodies . In the same year Metcalf discussed the usage and the exploration on outer space in Activities in Space - Appropriation or Use? , where he argued that although some States have placed their experimental structure or vehicle on celestial bodies, this does not mean that the States have appropriated any particular part of the celestial bodies . In 1999, Nandasiri also discussed the relationship between the international space law and the UN in International Space Law and the United Nations . As having the experience with working with the United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs, he gave his insight into the historical perspective of the evolution of how and why the international space treaties were drafted, how States perceived these treaties, and why these treaties must be used to regulate the space-related activities of States . In 2001, Kayser discussed the legal issues surrounding the launching of space objects in Launching Space Objects: Issues of Liability and Future . In 2003, Haanappel wrote on the relationship between law and policy surrounding the air space and the outer space in The Law and Policy of Air Space and Outer Space: A Comparative Approach . He commented that national space legislations which are enacted by States which are active in outer space activities are the result of the 1962 United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space , and the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 1967 (1967 Outer Space Treaty) , and therefore must be considered in the light of the rules contained in those instruments . In 2005, Peterson discussed the international space treaties in International Regimes for the Final Frontier . In 2007, Lyall and Larsen discussed issues of space law in Space Law . In the same year, Goh discussed how States should settle their disputes when they concerned outer space activities in Dispute Settlement in International Space Law: A Multi-Door Courthouse for Outer Space . She discussed the fact that, although the UN international space treaties have already provided the mechanism on how to settle the disputes, the mechanism must be enforced in order for them to be effective, .
Apart from the general works that have been written on outer space law, some writers have concentrated on the outer space activities of a particular State or group of States. However, they do not specifically discuss the national space legislation of those States. For example, in 1992, Bourley wrote Space Law and the European Space Agency , where he discussed the relationship between international space law and how it has influenced the space activities of the European Space Agency . Similarly, in 1994 Roger and Vittorio also discussed on how the usage of international cooperation is beneficial to the European Space Agency in International Cooperation in Space. The Example of the European Space Agency . Madders also looked at the legal aspects surrounding the space-related activities of States in Europe and identified the main participants in space-related activities in A New Force at a new Frontier: Europe's Development in Space Field in the Light of its main actors, policies, law and activities from beginning up to the present . He argued that one of the reasons why some European States are more active in space-related activities than others is because of the policy and ideology that they have when choosing which activity they want to participate in or otherwise . Steven on the other hand wrote on the space activities of the State of Japan in Japan’s space program: a fork in the road? , where he discussed the evolution of Japan’s space activities and argued that although Japan is very advanced in its space technology, the few launching failures that Japan has suffered have affected Japan’s confidence in its space industry .
Treatments of national space legislation have nevertheless been written by some writers. There are four writers that can be identified as having contributed in this field. The first was Nathan Goldman who in 1996 discussed the relationship between the international space treaties and national space legislation in American Space Law: International and Domestic . He discussed the juridical status of the American national space legislation under international law and some administrative problems in enforcing the regulation. His discussion, however, is mainly concerned with the relationship between American national space legislation and the international space treaties. He does not discuss other States’ national space legislation and thus there is no discussion on the basic common features of national space legislation particularly on appropriate regulatory framework for developed countries . In 1998, the second writer, Frans G. von der Dunk wrote Private Enterprise and Public Interest in the European 'Spacescape': Towards Harmonized National Space Legislation for Private Space Activities in Europe based on his PhD thesis of the same title. He discussed the relationship between regulating the governmental space activities and private space activities, where he argued that because of clear and logical legal regulation is already in the interest of private parties, the regulation of the governmental space activities and private space activities are thus not contradictory. He also acknowledges that because private participation in space alleviates financial burdens of governments, the public interest is served by allowing private enterprise to undertake space activities’ . Although he discussed the advantages of having a harmonise national space legislation for private space activities in Europe, he does not discuss in detail the key components that should be incorporated into the national space legislation . However, in 2 004, Julian Hermida provide the most detailed and thoughtful analysis of how national law should implement key elements of international space law when he wrote Legal Basis for a National Space Legislation . He dealt quite thoroughly with questions relating to the common features of the national space legislation. Unlike Von de Dunk who mainly focused on the harmonisation of national space legislation amongst the European countries, Hermida examined and analysed the national space legislation of both European and non-European States, including Sweden, Australia and the United States of America, and focused especially on Argentina’s national space legislation. He did not however examine any national law and legislation of Malaysia concerning its space-related activities. Hermida’s writings however had a significant impact on the idea of the common features that all national space legislation should contain when he proposed that ‘national space legislation must be comprehensive in scope and comprise the regulation of all space activities, clearly identify its space policy objectives which conform to international obligations, provides a straightforward licensing regime, a clear and reasonable continuing supervision regime for all non-governmental entities to verify their compliance with international standards, and a transparent procedure for the recording of all space objects’ . He also recommended that the existing national space legislation of other countries could be used as examples when enacting national space legislation. He maintained that ‘even if States have established their domestic norms differently as a consequence of their own legal and political individual characteristic there are common denominators in all these domestic jurisdiction’. Specifically, he held that ‘all countries, particularly those actively involved in the pursuit of space activities, have implemented an authorization system, one of which pillars is the state’s assurance that the activities will not entail significant safety perils’. Additionally, with regard to domestic space launch legislation he postulated that ‘any legal framework aimed at governing launch services must necessarily address the issue of the allocation of risks and assignment of liability and reallocate these risks according to the country’s space policy objectives’ . He articulated that ‘the common denominators used by all States which enacted the national space legislation should constitute the basis for the adoption of future national frameworks of space activities in other countries’ . Basing on the content of international law, he thus recommended three compulsory ‘building block’ provisions that should be incorporated into national space legislation, namely regulations on the authorisation and supervision of space activities, regulations on the registration of space objects, and indemnification provisions .t On how the national space legislation can be successfully implemented, he suggested that States need to provide a mechanism to staff the space agencies with qualified individuals thus making them equipped with suitable manpower and human resources who are knowledgeable in the area of outer space law . Following Hermida, Michael Gerhard, in his writing entitled National Space Legislation, published in 2 005 , wrote on the two research projects which he was involved in that were jointly carried out by the Institute of Air and Space Law of the University of Cologne and the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), i.e. ‘Project 2 001- Legal Framework for the Commercial Used of Outer Space’ and ‘Project 2001 Plus – Global and European Challenges for Air and Space Law at the Edge of the 21st Century’, which discussed, inter alia, the issue of national space legislation . Based on the outcome of the projects, he concluded that national space legislation should have provisions on authorisation and supervision, registration and indemnification and any other additional related aspects, for example regulation of insurance law and transportation regulation. He argued that the three building blocks (authorisation and supervision, indemnification and registration of space objects), are based on the international obligations found in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty in particular Article VI ( 2 ) that provides that the activities of non-governmental entities shall require authorisation and continuous supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty, Article VII that provides that States are internationally liable for damage caused by objects launched into outer space by themselves and by private entities, and Article VIII that provides that States are bound to register space objects within national registry. This registration obligation, he added, can also be found under Article II of the 1975 Registration Convention . At this juncture, it can be seen that although there are four writers who have written on national space legislation, only Hermida and Gerhard have actually discussed with questions relating to the common features of the national space legislation. As such, from the recommendations that were made by Hermida and Gerhard, it can be concluded that they confirm that national space legislation should have compulsory regulations on licensing regime, regulations on registrations and regulations on liability. The other suggested additional provisions are persuasive on practical grounds, but it is argued that the inclusion of these additional provisions greatly depends on the space activities that a respective state would like to undertake or has undertaken. Therefore, the inclusion of the additional persuasive provisions is quite subjective in the sense that when a provision is incorporated into a particular State’s national space legislation it does not necessarily mean that it would be suitable to be incorporated into another state’s national space legislation.
From the nature of the works that have been written, it can be deduced that book writings referring to particular States starts late in 1980s and resumes again after the mid 1990s, and the writings about national space legislation starts to pick up after the year 2000. This shows that writers have become increasingly aware of the need to have a national space legislation to conduct space-related activities.
Articles in journals
In addition to books, there have been journal articles on outer space law written by many writers. In the early years, however, most article writers written on the general legal aspects of outer space. Thus, in 1958, Pitman wrote ‘International law of outer space’ for the American Journal of International Law . He discussed the delimitation of outer space and argued that outer space is the space outside the range of ‘aircraft’ or balloon flight, i.e. above thirty miles in elevation . Kartha wrote ‘Some legal problems concerning outer space’ for the Indian Journal of International Law , where he discussed the legal problems surrounding the usage and exploration of outer space. Hall wrote ‘Rescue and return of astronauts on earth and in outer space’ for the American Journal of International Law where he discussed the protection of astronauts as the envoy of humankind in outer space. He argued that astronauts must be assisted and protected at all times irrespective of the political ideology of the States that they represent . In 1979, Gorove discussed on the status of the geostationary orbit in ‘The geostationary orbit: Issues of law and policy’ for the American Journal of International Law , where he discussed the Bogotá Declaration , which emphasises that outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, which include the geostationary orbit, is not subject to any national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means . In 1980, Kopal wrote ‘The question of defining outer space’ for Journal of Space Law’ . He discussed the need to define outer space and the benefits that would arise from defining it and described the problem that shall arise if there was no precise definition . Therefore, from the writing of articles in this category, it can be seen that the writers only discussed on the general legal aspects of outer space without further discussing on the elements of national legislation.
Starting from the 1980s, article writers have significantly developed the interpretation of the international treaties on outer space law. A particularly significant contribution was made by Christol when he wrote ‘International liability for damage caused by space objects’ in the American Journal of International Law where he discussed States’ liability for their space objects that have caused damage to other States. He described the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects 1972 in particular, where he explained the rights of States which suffered from damage caused by space objects and the responsibilities of States who inflicted the damage . In 1983, Cheng wrote ‘The legal status of outer space and relevant issues: Delimitation of outer space and definition of peaceful use’ in Journal of Space Law . He discussed the significance of defining outer space and the meaning and interpretation of the word ‘peaceful use’ of outer space as used by the five UN space treaties. He argued that in deciding the actual meaning of the word, States’ are bound by the principle that usage and exploration of outer space and celestial bodies must not result in causing harm and damage to other States . In 1984, Galloway took a more direct interest in the question of the functions of international institution when he wrote ‘International institutions to ensure peaceful uses of outer space’ in Annals of Air & Space Law . He discussed the purpose of international institutions in safeguarding outer space from misuse by States and argued that States must respect the decisions made by them in their attempt to ensure that outer space is used only for peaceful purposes, as enshrined by the UN space treaties, and not otherwise . In 1993, Masson-Zwaan wrote ‘The Martin Marietta Case-On how to safeguard private commercial space activities’ in Air & Space Law . She discussed on the evolution of private entities participation in space activities and maintained that States are internationally liable for the activities of their private entities. Elaborating on the responsibilities of private entities in their space activities, she argued that although private entities are allowed to use and explore outer space, they must nevertheless ensure that their activities must not resulted in their States breaching their obligations imposed upon them by the five UN space treaties . Cheng on the other hand was interested in the launching activities specifically when he wrote ‘International responsibility and liability for launch activities’ for Air & Space Law . He discussed the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects 1972 and maintained that States parties have the responsibility to ensure that their launching activities is in accordance with the Convention and if accident happens, they will be liable against the injured parties . In 2004, Zhao wrote ‘The 1972 Liability Convention: time for revision?’ in Space Policy . He questioned the effectiveness of the Convention and argued that although the Convention provides for the basis for responsibility and liability concerning outer space activities, nevertheless, because of the advancement in space technology, the Convention should be revised accordingly . In 2005, Vikari wrote ‘Time is of the essence: Making space law more effective’ for Space Policy .She discussed the UN space treaties and commented that international treaty negotiations in general tend to be time consuming. Pointing to the space law negotiations in particular, she argued that in order for space law to be more effective, they must be relevant to the existing time. As such, because space activities is developing very quickly, she advised that negotiations for a revised space law should be made quickly so that it would be able to cater for more sophisticated space activities . In 2006, Porras wrote ‘The “Common Heritage” of outer space: Equal benefits for most of mankind’ for California Western International Law Journal . He elaborated the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 1979 and maintained that the use and exploration of the moon must be for the purpose of benefiting all States irrespective of their economic background. Discussing on the term ‘common heritage’, he recognised that many States are not agreeable to its usage and its definition, thus made a suggestion on how to overcome the problem . In 2007, Ma took a direct interest in international co-operation amongst States in their space activities when he wrote ‘Statement on international co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space’ for Chinese Journal of International Law . He discussed the effectiveness of the UN space treaties and argued that States must co-operate with one another in their space activities so that they could maximise their resources and hence getting greater outcome . Therefore, from the writing of articles in this category, it can be seen that writers only elaborated and developed the interpretation of the international treaties on outer space law without further discussing the national legislation of States.
In addition to the above articles, there are also journal articles that are written specifically on space-related issues concerning particular State. However, they did not analyse the national legislation of these States when discussing the relevant legal issues relating to their activities in outer space. Thus, in 1989, Saito wrote ‘Japan's space policy background and outlook’ for Space Policy where he gave an insight into the legal and political aspect on the usages and explorations of the outer space that are undertaken by Japan . In 1992, Yoshida also discussed on Japan’s situation in regards of its space activities when he wrote ‘The meaning of Japan’s space commercialization efforts’ for Space Policy . He discussed on the development of space technology in Japan and the implications of commercialisation of space activities towards the politics and economic development of Japan . In 2004, Freeland wrote ‘When laws are not enough – The stalled development of an Australian space launch industry’ for University of Western Sydney Law Review .
He described the space activities in Australia, in particular the launching industry and argued that Australia could developed itself further in this area if all parties concerned are aware about its benefit and make more effort in establishing Australia’s reputation as a launching State . Verheugen on the other hand was interested in the space activities of European countries when he wrote ‘Europe’s space plans and opportunities for cooperation’ for Space Policy . Elaborating on the space activities of the European countries, he recognised the need for European countries to co-operate with one another since they will benefit more in space activities when they do so . In 2006, Sadeh wrote ‘Management dynamics of NASA's human spaceflight programs’ for Space Policy 116 . He discussed the administration of NASA and the future of its human spaceflight programme. Recognising the benefits of the programme, he commented that it would be more successful if the administration of NASA were improved117. In 2007, Spall wrote ‘Creating a UK human spaceflight capability: A modest proposal’ for Space Policy . He described the space activities of the UK and argued that UK would benefit more if it includes a human spaceflight programme as one of its national space activities. Acknowledging the differences in opinion on the necessity of such programme, he maintained that due to the rapid development of space technology, the human spaceflight programme would be to the advantage of the UK . In 2007, Murthi, Gopalakrishnan and Datta wrote ‘Legal environmentfor spaceactivities’ for Current Science . They discussed the development of space policies and activities of India and argued that India would benefit more from its space activities if it were to have national space legislation . Noichim on the hand was interested in the space activities of the ASEAN countries when he wrote ‘Promoting ASEAN space cooperation’ for Space Policy . He elaborated the space activities of ASEAN countries and argued the importance and benefits of international co-operation amongst them in pursuing in their space activities . Therefore, from the writing of articles in this category, it can be seen that writers only discussed the space-related issues of States concerned, without further discussing the national space legislation of those States.
Treatments of national space legislation have nevertheless been written by some writers. There are eight writers that can be identified as having contributed in this field. In 1981, Vereshchetin wrote ‘International space law and domestic law: problems of interrelations’ for Journal of Space Law . He argued that national space legislation which was enacted by States active in outer space activities are the result of the 1962 United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, and the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies 1967 (1967 Outer Space Treaty), and therefore must be considered in the light of the rules . In 1989, Meredith wrote ‘A comparative analysis of United States domestic licensing regimes for private commercial space activities’ for International Institute of Space Law . He discussed the national space legislation of the USA pertaining to its commercial space activities and made comparison between them in an attempt to find their effectiveness. He wrote on the similarities and difference between them and articulated that in order for the legislation to be beneficial and effective, they must incorporate provisions that are relevant to the activities . Lyall on the other hand was interested in the UK’s national space legislation when he wrote ‘UK Space Law’ for International Institute of Space Law . He discussed the UK’s national space legislation, the Outer Space Act 1986, and gave his interpretation of the provisions contained therein. On issue regarding its usefulness, he recognised that the legislation is an important tool to regulate the space activities of private entities who are subjected to the UK’s jurisdiction and also maintained that the legislation is beneficial to the UK government because it protects the government through the indemnification provision provided by the legislation . In 2002, Frans G von der Dunk and Sergei Negoda wrote ‘Ukrainian national space law from an international perspective’ for Space Policy . They discussed the political historical events that lead towards the development of Ukraine national space legislation and argued that the main reason for the Ukraine to have national space legislation is for the purpose of demonstrating a responsible attitude to the international security system. They maintained that through having national space legislation, Ukraine has harmonised its legislation with the international space law and thus able to provide clear guidelines for the legal regulation of its commercial space activities . At this juncture, it can be seen that writers under this category discussed the national space legislation. However, their discussion are mainly concerned with the description or elaboration of the national space legislation itself without further discussing the basic common features of national space legislation. Lyall, for example, although he discussed the national space legislation of the UK, did not discuss the key components that should be incorporated into the national space legislation. As for Frans G von der Dunk and Sergei Negoda, although they discussed the Ukraine national space legislation and even pointed out its strength in its potential ability to provide clear guidelines for its commercial space activities, they did not discuss the common basic elements that should contain in national space legislation nor make any suggestion as to whether the provisions in the Ukraine space legislation is suitable to be adopted by other States. Therefore, it was not possible to see the actual strengths or weaknesses of the existing laws with regard to their implementation of the key international obligations placed upon these States under international law. However, in 2001, Reif provide the most detailed and thoughtful analysis of how national law should implement key elements of international space law when she made a report entitled ‘Shaping a legal framework for the commercial use of outer space: recommendations and conclusions from Project 2001’ for Space Policy . In the article, she reported that during the workshop of the Project 2001, recommendations have been made by experts in space law regarding the provisions that should be incorporated into national space legislation. She reported that during the projects, basing on the content of international law, experts have recommended three compulsory ‘building block’ provisions that should be incorporated into national space legislation, namely the regulations on the authorisation and supervision of space activities, regulations on the registration of space objects, and indemnification provisions .In addition to these recommendations, experts have recommended that national space legislation should also be enacted in accordance to a State’s international obligations . On the methodology of national space legislation, Reif also reported that the outcome of the project also recommended that the existing national space legislation of other countries could be used as examples when enacting the national space legislation . In addition to Reif, Hobe and Neuman also provide a thoughtful analysis of how national space law should implement elements of international space law when they made a report entitled ‘Report on the Global and European challenges for space law’ for Space Policy . In the article, they reported that during the International symposium on ‘Global and European Challenges for Air and Space Law at the Edge of the 21st Century’ which took place in 2005, discussions and recommendations have been made by experts in air and space law regarding the importance of national space laws and common provisions that should be incorporated into them, especially among the European countries. They confirmed that national space legislation has become ever more important in the light of privatisation because even if the private entities were the ones to cause damage through their space activities, their States would still be liable internationally, irrespective of whether or not domestic space legislation is in place. Thus they argued that by having national space legislation, States concerned could seek for indemnification from private entities that caused the damage. In the attempt to create national space legislation, they maintained that the international and national space legislation should be closely harmonised. However, recognising the fact that conflict would occur among private entities, especially on issues pertaining to the level of competency of States in dealing and regulating space-related activities, they proposed that in addition to suggesting the European countries’ national space laws to be closely harmonised with international legal standards, the national space laws should also be harmonised amongst these countries. In finding for common provisions that should be incorporated into national space laws, they deliberated on the question of whether other laws concerning hazardous activities, in particular air-flight activities, could be made as a model for legislating space law. Drawing analogies with air-flight activities and after finding similar features between air law and space law, they therefore confirmed that air law is relevant especially on provisions concerning definitions of outer space, registration and liability . Therefore, from the writings under this category, it can be seen that although there are eight writers who have written on national space legislation, only Reif, Hobe and Neumann have actually written on questions relating to the common features of the national space legislation. Through their report, it can be concluded that national space legislation should have compulsory regulations on licensing regime, regulations on registrations and regulations on liability. More importantly, national space legislation should be enacted in accordance to a State’s international obligations, and in drafting up the national space legislation, the existing national space legislation of other countries could be used as examples.
As for the literature about outer space law written by Malaysian authors, only two articles have been written on outer space law. However, although these articles have been written from the Malaysian perspective, they are merely discussions of the relationship between Malaysia and the law of outer space, and the law of outer space per se , but not on Malaysia’s national space legislation itself. Thus, Tunku discussed the issue pertaining to the domain of space law, its definition, Malaysia’s rights and responsibilities over activities in outer space, and made a recommendation for Malaysia to have national space legislation . However, in her article, she did not have any discussion about Malaysia’s national space legislation itself. Munir and Mohd Yasin on the other hand discussed the issue pertaining to the provisions on space debris and their effect on the environment in outer space and on earth, the definition of space debris, facts and figures of space debris that are in orbit, the effect of space debris, some proposed solutions and recommendations at both the national and international level on how to reduce space debris, and the adoption of laws and policies with respect to reduction of space debris and protection of the environment from damage caused by space debris by the intergovernmental organisations . However, in their article, the writers made no discussion about Malaysia’s national space legislation itself or the relationship between space debris and Malaysia. Therefore, as far as the literature review of the Malaysia’s national space legislation is concerned, there is nothing that has been written pertaining to this subject matter.
As a conclusion, from the review of relevant literature about how national law should implement international space law, we can conclude that there are certain key elements that one would anticipate finding in an outer space regulatory framework. They can be referred to as ‘compulsory elements’, and they are:
Regulations on the authorisation and supervision of space activities,
Regulations on the registration of space objects and
It is also apparent that implementation of space law should give rise to national space legislation which has certain desirable characteristics. Thus national space legislation should:
Be comprehensive in scope and comprise the regulation of all space activities,
Clearly identify space policy objectives which conform to international obligations,
Provide straightforward licensing regime.
However, although one of the key international obligations for States as provided by the outer space treaties is for them to cooperate internationally with others when participating in their space-related activities, on the other hand, from the literature review conducted in this article, we can see that without giving any reason the experts in space law did not make a recommendation as to the incorporation of the provision on the encouragement of international cooperation.
Be that as it may, combining the key international obligations as established in the outer space treaties and the recommendations made by space law experts as established in this article as to the compulsory provisions that should be incorporated into national space legislation, they can provide as an analytical framework for evaluating whether national regulatory frameworks properly implement international space law. Thus, such a national regulatory framework should contain the following provisions:
Provisions that allow States to authorise and supervise the activities that those under States’ jurisdiction wish to undertake and to continue supervising the space activities that have been undertaken until they end. ( Authorisation and Supervision ),
Provisions that require States’ entities to be responsible towards the consequence of their activities ( Responsibility and Liability ),
Provisions that require States to register their space objects within their national registry ( Registration of Space Objects ) and
Provisions that require States to encourage international cooperation when States’ entities participate in space-related activities ( International Cooperation ).


In preparation for the inauguration of George W. Bush in 2001, the newspaper USA Today ran a souvenir edition for January 19-21, 2001. In this edition, the published a series of “Dear Mr. President” letters. I thought this was a good idea and late on evening just before the deadline for submission, I wrote the following letter. As the USA Today may do something similar for the inauguration of the next president, you may wish to be considering what advice you would offer to the new president about the importance of space to America.
“In 2003, during George W. Bush’s presidency, the USA will celebrate the 100th anniversary of flight.
“From the Wright brothers’ first flights at Kitty Hawk, N.C., and Dayton, Ohio, to the Apollo 11 flight by Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins to the moon fewer than 70 years later, the rapid advancement of aerospace technology represents one of our nation’s greatest achievements. These advancements substantially shaped our nation and the world during the 20th century through worldwide transportation and communications.
“Previous presidents have established national goals that guided the nation in building infrastructure critical to its future: George Washington with the national road; Abraham Lincoln with the transcontinental railroad; Theodore Roosevelt with the Panama Canal; Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt with the Hoover and Grand Coulee dams; and Dwight Eisenhower with the interstate highway system. Such infrastructure building, as we are now witnessing with the Internet, is an essential element of our nation’s economic and technological world leadership.
“Forty years ago this coming May, barely three weeks after the first American suborbital flight by Alan Shepard, President Kennedy transformed the fledgling American space program with his bold Apollo initiative. He set clear, challenging goals for the American aerospace community that established perhaps the greatest legacy of his presidency.
“Now, at the dawn, of the new century, Bush should fire the imaginations and ambitions of our youth and all Americans — not just with an Apollo-style space program, but with the bolder vision of a true spacefaring nation as well. This would realize the full potential of the revolution of flight that the Wright brothers began in their bicycle shop in Dayton and on the sand dunes of Kitty Hawk. It also would set the stage for the 21st century as the era of space flight, with the USA clearly leading the way.”
World circumstances following September 11, 2001 did not favor President Bush undertaking such a bold initiative. In its place, we have only the Apollo-like Vision for Space Exploration with a plan to return humans to the moon as a scientific expedition with no follow-up. An opportunity was lost with the administration of President Bush. We must now turn our attention to the next president so that the opportunity is not again lost.
Corrective note: Legislation for the national road was begun under President Jefferson, not President Washington.


Pentagon Is Confident Missile Hit Satellite Tank
WASHINGTON Just hours after a Navy missile interceptor struck a dying spy satellite orbiting 130 miles over the Pacific Ocean, a senior military officer expressed high confidence early Thursday that a tank filled with toxic rocket fuel had been breached.
Video of the unusual operation showed the missile leaving a bright trail as it streaked toward the satellite, and then a flash, a fireball, a plume and a cloud as the interceptor, at a minimum, appeared to have found its target, a satellite that went dead shortly after being launched in 2006.
"We're very confident that we hit the satellite," said Gen. James E. Cartwright of the Marines, vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. "We also have a high degree of confidence that we got the tank."
General Cartwright cautioned that despite visual and spectral evidence that the hydrazine rocket fuel had been dispersed, it could take 24 to 48 hours before the Pentagon could announce with full confidence that the mission was a success. Even so, he said the military had 80 to 90 percent confidence the fuel tank was breached.
The fuel tank aboard the satellite was believed strong enough to survive the fiery re-entry through the atmosphere, and officials expressed concerns that the toxic fuel could pose a hazard to populated areas.
General Cartwright said debris from the strike, with individual pieces no larger than a football, already had begun to re-enter the atmosphere. Most, he said, was predicted to fall into the ocean.
Even so, the State Department was alerting American embassies around the world so they could keep their host governments informed, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency had put out instructions to first responders across the United States about steps to take should hazardous debris fall in populated areas.
The first international reaction came from China, where the government objected on Thursday to the American missile strike, warning that the United States Navy's action could threaten security in outer space.
Liu Jianchao, the Chinese foreign ministry's spokesman, said at a news conference in Beijing that the United States should also share data promptly about what will become of the remaining pieces of the satellite, which are expected to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere and mostly burn up in the next two days.
"China is continuously following closely the possible harm caused by the U.S. action to outer space security and relevant countries," Mr. Liu said, according to the Associated Press. "China requests the U.S. to fulfill its international obligations in real earnest and provide to the international community necessary information and relevant data in a timely and prompt way so that relevant countries can take precautions."
American officials were critical of China last year for using an anti-satellite weapon to destroy a satellite in a much higher orbit in January 2007 and then refusing to confirm the test for nearly two weeks. The Chinese test produced 1,600 pieces of debris that are expected to orbit the Earth for years, preventing other spacecraft from using the same or similar orbits.
During a Pentagon news conference Thursday morning, General Cartwright rebuffed those who said the mission was, at least in part, organized to showcase American missile defense or anti-satellite capabilities.
He said the missile itself had to be reconfigured from its task of tracking and hitting an adversary's warhead to instead find a cold, tumbling satellite. "This was a one-time modification," General Cartwright said.
Sensors from the American missile defense system were an important part of this mission, though, he said.
He stressed that "the intent here was to preserve human life," but also acknowledged that "the technical degree of difficulty was significant" and the accomplishment earned cheers from personnel in command centers across the military, as well.
Completing a mission in which an interceptor designed for missile defense was used for the first time to attack a satellite, the Lake Erie, an Aegis-class cruiser, fired a single missile just before 10:30 p.m. Eastern time, and the missile hit the satellite as it traveled at more than 17,000 miles per hour, the Pentagon said in its official announcement.
"A network of land-, air-, sea- and spaced-based sensors confirms that the U.S. military intercepted a nonfunctioning National Reconnaissance Office satellite which was in its final orbits before entering the Earth's atmosphere," the statement said.
By early Wednesday, three Navy warships were in position in the Pacific Ocean to launch the interceptors and to track the mission.
Rodrigo González Fernández
DIPLOMADO EN RSE DE LA ONU
Renato Sánchez 3586


American Aviation Technologies Joins the Research Park at Florida Atlantic University®
American Aviation Technologies is an early-stage aircraft design and development company dedicated to advancing aeronautical safety and performance through new and innovative concepts.
“Facilitating collaboration between American Aviation Technologies and FAU’s College of Engineering is closely aligned with the mission of the Research Park at FAU,” said Bob Swindell, chairman of the Research Park at FAU’s governing special district.
As a member of the Research Park at FAU, the Halo project plans to access several channels focused on innovation, research and creating economic development through the successful commercialization of its technology.
American Aviation Technologies envisions the primary collaboration with students and faculty to be through a series of joint research initiatives to help tackle some of the more significant technological challenges involved in the development process, including the use of advanced materials, hybrid electric power systems, AI and machine learning, and autonomous navigation.
“American Aviation Technologies is in the early design phase of Halo, so there will be many opportunities to interact with faculty and students at FAU across a broad range of engineering disciplines,” commented Keith Duffy, CEO of American Aviation Technologies.
Its patent-pending, “Halo” is a powered lift ducted fan system which allows a seamless transition from vertical to forward flight with unprecedented operational flexibility. During the phases of Halo development, from structural design; to propulsion, fuel, communications and control systems; to prototype manufacturing, there will be various internship and work for hire opportunities for FAU students across many disciplines.
“American Aviation Technologies is an ideal company for the Research Park at FAU because its technology innovation intersects with the research interests of FAU’s engineering faculty,” said Andrew Duffell, president of the Research Park at FAU.
American Aviation Technologies will initially occupy approximately 3,000 square feet at the Research Park at FAU’s Boca Raton campus and anticipates hiring approximately fifteen employees within the first 12-18 months.
For more information on the Research Park at Florida Atlantic University®, visit research-park.org.
About the Research Park at Florida Atlantic University®
The Research Park at Florida Atlantic University® is home to technology companies and research-based organizations working to support the research and development activities of Florida Atlantic University and to foster economic development and broaden the economic base of Broward and Palm Beach counties. The Research Park at FAU hosts FAU Tech Runway, a South Florida public-private partnership that serves as a hub to accelerate technology development and incubate startup companies. The Research Park at FAU is a 70-acre destination for R&D companies to thrive, established in 1985, it is widely regarded as South Florida’s laboratory for new entrepreneurial ideas and technologies. The Research Park at FAU is governed by the Florida Atlantic Research and Development Authority, an independent special district created by Palm Beach and Broward counties in partnership with Florida Atlantic University, organized under Chapter 159, Part V, Florida Statutes. (www.research-park.org


Contextual menu. Turn on more accessible mode. Turn off more accessible mode . Skip Ribbon Commands. Skip to main content. Access the footer. Turn off. Search for aircraft that match the following: Please specify the criteria of information. Manufacturer. Model. ex: *Turbo*. Description. Amphibian, Gyrocopter. Aircraft Type Designators (Doc /46). SKU. CONM-C. Availability. In stock. Digital versions of ICAO publications are protected by security.
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Compared to the website search function: A plane like the Boeing with three engine options doesn’t need different designators. The downloadable comprehensive PDF icao. As for the rules: ICAO assigns an aircraft type designator using the following principles:. As you can see, two of the three are the same.
ICAO assigns an aircraft type designator using the following principles: The designator will not be longer than four characters and will generally begin with a letter. Email Required, but never shown. Sign up or log in Sign up using Google. As an example, I do not see the reason why there are 2 entries in the database like the ones above.
The relevant part to this question: I fail to understand when ICAO assigns a new code, and when not.
DOC – Aircraft Type Designators
I refer to the official ICAO database. How Designators are Formulated.
My speculation is that the website search accommodates someone searching for “BBJ” in different ways why, I don’t knowor the database needs cleaning up. The International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO has the role of creating standard aircraft type designators for aircraft that commonly request air traffic service. dco
List of ICAO aircraft type designators
Post as a guest Name. Sign up using Email and Password.
Sign up using Facebook. The Aneo is yet to fly, but A comes up on the website search. And judging by the actual designator, they are all the same.