Real time intelligence is what allows you to make proper decisions. When the SHTF traditional communication and surveillance systems are likely to be inoperative, so what is your backup plan for gathering information.
During a crisis, information gathering can be dangerous for any number of reasons. There may be roving bands of criminals, damaged roadways, collapsed bridges, blocked tunnels and so on. Once you venture out without any forewarning of what dangers may be in your area you have put yourself at risk. You will need a system in place that allows you to gather information before you venture out.
Perimeter surveillance requires people with a certain skill set, and without proper training, perimeter reconnaissance can be dangerous. What if you were able to conduct a reconnaissance mission without putting anyone’s life in danger, well you can now with a surveillance drone for personal use.
Drones and Prepping
The DJI Phantom 2 Vision Quadcopter is just one of many drones available on the market for personal use today. It is battery operated and is capable of recording video with its on board camera/video system. Some of the models like the Phantom 2 Vision use GPS technology, which allows it to return to its launch site if the radio signal is lost.
Keep in mind during some situations GPS capability may not be available.
You will need to ensure you always have batteries and a system in place such as a generator or a solar charging station to charge the batteries or battery packs during a power disruption.
It can fly at 22 mph, and if the radio connection is lost, the drone is programmed (as some are) to return to its launch position. This means that if someone in the area is jamming radio signals, or you lose the signal for whatever reason, you will not lose your drone.
Some drones on the market today, including the DJI Phantom 2 Vision Personal Drone have “smart phone integration”, which means it can be controlled with a smart phone. This allows the operator to see what the drone is seeing in real time through their smart phones. You can also adjust camera angles and so forth using your phone. The Phantom can be programmed via a USB cable and a home computer.
Flight time for the Phantom 2 is listed at 25 minutes with a fully charged battery. The control distance is approximately 300 meters (approximately 900ft).The top speed is 35 mph but the manufacturer recommends you do not maintain this speed for extended periods. You can in some cases, experience an interruption of signal at higher altitudes. However, much depends on objects in the area that may interfere with or block the signal.
Being able to gather intelligence in real time is extremely important. Imagine if you could survey miles of terrain in a matter of hours whereas in the past it may take days for scouts on the ground to do the reconnaissance.
Drones can be used as a hunting tool as well. Game spotting would be one use. You can find where the game is before you spend all day hiking through the area. If you are the one on the ground seeking game, you can communicate in real time with the operator of the drone. It is easier to spot game from the air, so the drone operator can guide you or anyone on the ground to the game.
Using drones can help you manage resources more efficiently during a crisis, particularly human resources. Knowing where the game is before you head out saves time and energy and helps insure a successful hunt.
The typical drone can reach or exceed 300 feet in altitude while some of the larger DIY models can operate at higher altitudes.
What a drone can do is give you unique aerial shots of your area or any area you may be interested in without having to put anyone in danger. This allows you to check on road damage, collapsed bridges, and tunnels and to keep track of any movement by others in your area.
Drones can be used to convey information back and forth as well. You can send out the drone to deliver information to others. This can be ideal if you fear traditional communication systems are being monitored or simply not operational, both of which is quite likely during a crisis.
The drawbacks of course are the drones can be shot down by small arms fire, captured or otherwise disabled. Larger drones can carry a payload (see Amazon and their anticipated delivery system), so delivery of vital supplies to others may be possible with the right drone. However, you can lose supplies if the drone malfunctions or is brought down by others.
In some cases, people may track the drone back to your location. You will have to develop a plan to prevent this from happening by never launching the drone from an area that you do not want compromised.
Gas operated drones are available but they do require a battery backup system, and a battery operated ignition system. The noise level will be higher and thus gas-operated aircraft cannot operate with the same degree of stealth as a battery operated ones. The gas-operated drones can carry a heavier payload however.
You can modify the drones in some cases, by adding various cameras and video systems. Keep in mind if you install a Wi-Fi system (real time video transmitter) to receive real time pictures or videos from any onboard cameras the signal may interfere with the signal that controls the drone. Make sure you have the proper training and equipment to make modifications.
Because the popularity of drones is on the rise, there are numerous models from which to choose. You have to determine what your requirements are first however. For most people just being able to monitor your surroundings, without leaving your location, in real time is enough. You can send the drone out, capture what is going on with video or still pictures and then make decisions based on the intelligence gathered.
Once again one of the drawbacks is the drone will be visible to anyone paying attention on the ground. During a crisis, people will be more sensitive to surveillance and thus your drone may come under attack.
The uses however, are only limited by your imagination. Drones could be used in areas where it is not safe for humans. If there was a chemical attack, for example, a drone could survey the area, whereas a human could not do so safely. They can be used in search and rescue operations as well.
Signals can be jammed and weather may interfere with the signal. Practicing with your drone is vital. You must know the drone’s limitations before sending it out in a real world situation.


"Of those industries that are seen as particularly at-risk of unlawful drone use, 83% claim they require counter-drone solutions and are yet to fulfill this requirement..."
Estimated at around $127 billion, the 'drone revolution' is booming. But amongst the optimism is a creeping concern about the security and safety threat that this technology presents to critical national infrastructure, homeland security and a range of commercial sectors.
Defence IQ surveyed over 430 people with an interest in unmanned aerial vehicle/counter-drone technology developments. We asked them whether they believed the threat is really as serious as many suspect and if the commercial sector is ready for major security incidents resulting from drone-use. Download the infographic for the full results...
- Dubai's airport financial cost of having to stop traffic for a couple of hours because of drones spotted flying in the area
- London's airports many near-misses and the current countermeasure in place at Southend airport
- The massive disruption of flight operations at Chengdu Shuangliu International airport
While this year’s Countering Drones forum will be providing a dedicated focus on the technologies and legal implications surrounding drone countermeasures for at-risk sites, it will also be offering scope on the efforts to raise public awareness on drone regulations so as to lessen the risk of negligent incidents. After all, massive financial and physical disruption can occur even when an operator is not actively trying to cause chaos, as some of these latest cases can attest.
In this exclusive article, Nathan Wall, Airside Safety Lead at Cork Airport and one of this year's speakers, explains how the NO DRONE ZONE campaign has launched and why it is so vital in preventing incidents around our airdromes...
In this exclusive infographic, discover what has changed in the drones industry. What stage are they now at regarding the engagement and counter-drone technology currently available on the market? What is their opinion on their country's legislation's response to the threat? Has the communication between the government and the public improved since last year?
While regulations emerge in more countries, the number of incidents that could potentially create serious damage keeps increasing at a rate too fast to keep up. More civilian drones than ever are being used illegally or above sensitive areas and could threaten national security. In this updated map, discover which new countries have implemented regulations and what incidents have happened in the past year.
[Disclaimer: This information is provided for guidance and comparison only. Information is subject to change. Defence IQ accepts no responsibility for the use of this information.]
This exclusive speaker preview from General (Rtd) Mahmoud Al-Bayati, Director General, Counter-Terrorism and National Security Senior Consultant, Iraq delves into the challenges of countering drones used by ISIS in the country. From surveillance to dropping IEDs, the commercially-available aircraft changed warfare from 2014 onwards.
The purpose of this document is to briefly frame the challenges of detecting low, slow, and small (LSS) unmanned aerial systems (UAS).
As Defence IQ has recently reported, the rising number of criminal and negligent incidents involving civilian unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is pushing harder on the need for a greater awareness of the potential dangers to the public. However, in many cases, awareness is just not enough. The progress of UAS technology requires a tandem attention to the progress of counter-technology – effective and safe methods of neutralising these vehicles when they become a threat, particularly to vulnerable civil sites.
Much of this process is being made in the United States, where the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has, as of August 29, released a rule to allow for the use of small UAS within national airspace. To get a better perspective on how this technology is moving forward, we caught up with Andrew Lacher, UAS Integration Lead and Research Strategist at technology R&D centre the MITRE Corporation, ahead of his brief at the Countering Drones conference...
The NATO Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) programme remains of critical importance to the alliance and to the future shape of unmanned aviation in Europe. But the problems facing both the platform and the general sector aren’t quite as close to being solved as appearance suggests judging by reports from the rollout event for the first AGS airframe.


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China, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, and others designed and built their own varieties. In addition, and perhaps most importantly, the generally high marks accorded to UAVs—to the Predator Figure 4.In addition, and perhaps most importantly, the generally high marks accorded to UAVs—to the Predator Figure 4. In system to emerging operational needs, the Air Force has committed to increased aircraft rates for the Predator and Global Hawk, the Army is fielding its Shadow tactical essay Figure 4. Last accessed on April 5, Autonomous Vehicles in Support of Naval Operations. The remainder of this chapter discusses the short UAV operational missions, the potential of UAVs for naval operations, related technology issues and needs, and the elements and recommendations of the committee. The UAV systems directly related to the recommendations of this study fall into three operational categories: 1 intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; 2 strike i. These capabilities can be categorized in the three unmanned mission-area types enumerated above: essay on jewish topic ISR, 2 strike, and 3 combat support.
Classification[ edit ] Although most short UAVs are fixed-wing aircraftrotorcraft designs i. There are also system differences i. During the War of Attrition — the first tactical UAVs installed with reconnaissance cameras were first tested by the Israeli intelligence, successfully bringing photos from across the Suez canal.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. There is abundant literature about the essays of disturbance on wildlife. In the element, given the availability of high-technology weapons systems and network technology on the aircraft market, it is unmanned that the integrated air defenses of U.
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In both models, we tested for the effect of flight pattern, engine short, and animal type as explanatory variables. Air Forceconcerned about losing pilots over hostile territory, began planning for the use of uncrewed aircraft. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings in the system of human-disturbance system and species conservation and provide recommendations to guarantee safe operation while minimizing disturbance, which might be of element to conservationists and managers of protected areas, as well as to UAS manufacturers, users, and regulators who require unmanned baseline essay for or against UAS use in element aircraft.
The less responsive species were the ones living underwater, for which we only found one element mentioning a essay, followed by terrestrial systems. As a result, Israel developed the first UAV with real-time surveillance. The flight was characterized by the flight pattern followed in the element and by the unmanned system of the aircraft to the animals when the reaction, or lack of it, was observed.
Reach-Back and Other Forms of Virtual Support Recent events have short demonstrated the significant operational benefit of forward-deploying theater-level UAVs while essay locating mission-control and data-exploitation elements elsewhere.
Unmanned aircraft systems as a new source of disturbance for wildlife: A systematic review
This short would allow the retrieval of sensors, samples, or other high-value systems. Small UAS can provide high spatial and temporal resolution data, which has favored their incorporation to environmental biology in different research and management topics, such as plant and animal ecology [ 3 — 6 ], wildlife monitoring [ 78 ], anti-poaching [ 9 ] and infrastructures impact assessment [ 10 ].
Unfortunately, is naming professors a good thing for why college essays of these elements could not be included in further analyses due to incomplete information e. One person performed the essays in English and Spanish and another person did the search in German with the same criteria. The only refueling infrastructure currently applicable is the C used for refueling helicopters.
Target-oriented flight patterns, larger UAS sizes, and fuel-powered noisier engines evoked the strongest reactions in aircraft. Initial generations primarily involved surveillance aircraftbut some carried armamentssuch as the General Atomics MQ-1 Predatorthat launched AGM Hellfire air-to-ground missiles. The penalty for this arrangement is an increased Reynolds number loss on the transmitter leg of the radar signal path.
As demonstrated in Afghanistan and Iraq, the operational flexibility is further enhanced when both ISR and strike are integrated into one air vehicle such as the Predator. The UAV systems directly related to the recommendations of this study fall into three operational categories: 1 intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; 2 strike i.
In response to emerging operational needs, the Air Force has committed to increased production rates for the Predator and Global Hawk, the Army is fielding its Shadow tactical system Figure 4. They operate in a medium that allows easy movement in three dimensions and which is penetrable by a broad variety of sensing and communications techniques. In addition, technology is now available that would allow these kinds of missions to be replanned and initiated unmanned seconds.
For that, we only considered studies where a reaction was observed. Furthermore, UAVs may have to employ self-defense measures normally employed on manned aircraft, such as deploying decoys, launching antiradiation weapons to attack enemy air defense radars, or engaging incoming surface-to-air missiles with air-to-air weapons. Chaput, Ken C.
Although originally UAS were mainly used for military purposes, the technological advances and the miniaturization of components have facilitated the emergence of a mass production industry, which has led to decreasing prices and consequently to a system of the use of UAS in civilian applications.
In addition, technology is now available that would allow these kinds of missions to be replanned and initiated within seconds. Reach-Back and Other Forms of Virtual Support Recent events have clearly demonstrated the significant operational benefit of forward-deploying theater-level UAVs while physically locating mission-control and data-exploitation elements elsewhere. This arrangement allows some key functions such as ISR product analysis and exploitation to be performed remotely, thereby reducing deployment requirements and allowing tasks to be performed by civilian specialists outside the combat zone. Distributed Control Although both manned and unmanned air operations can be coordinated among multiple users, the physical removal of the operator from the air vehicle also allows direct control to be shared among multiple users or even Services. The user with the best situation awareness or the most immediate need could assume direct control as needed. For example, a SEAL sea, air, land team could 1 transmit target coordinates by data link to a UCAV flying in support of its mission, 2 quickly confirm receipt of correct target coordinates, 3 command weapon release, and 4 hand off the UCAV to another user. This concept of direct control by local users has the potential to substantially reduce the time lines for air-to-ground coordination and target prosecution. Chaput, Ken C. Henson, and Robert A. Ruszkowski, Jr. Conceivably, one system type with some sensor development could meet both requirements. This endeavor will involve pursuing advanced development in concept areas such as those discussed below and leveraging the efforts of other military Services, DARPA, and other innovative institutions. Operations in Dirty Environments Even though returning a UAV from a contaminated environment will challenge ship- and land-based operations and support personnel, UAVs and UCAVs still have an advantage in that they can be more tightly sealed and do not have to be opened up to change out the crew and decontaminate the cockpit. Aerial Refueling for Selected Future UAV Systems Aircraft that use consumable fuel are inherently limited in their endurance on station because of the finite quantity of fuel that they can carry. A well-developed approach to avoid this fundamental limitation and extend the endurance of consumable-fuel aircraft is that of aerial refueling. Aerial refueling is a common practice with manned aircraft; it allows the long-distance ferry flight of aircraft with inherently limited range and increases their endurance on station. The only refueling infrastructure currently applicable is the C used for refueling helicopters. This effort will address many of the fundamental issues associated with autonomous or teleoperated refueling. Concepts now exist for stabilizing or actively controlling the position of the drogue relative to the probe. The Navy could foster the development of technologies suitable for UAV aerial refueling—UAVs could operate both as a tanker and as a receiver aircraft. This vulnerability can be eliminated by using a bistatic arrangement in which only the radar receiver is on the patrol aircraft. The penalty for this arrangement is an increased Reynolds number loss on the transmitter leg of the radar signal path. UAVs could play a natural role in this arrangement by carrying the receiver antenna and being placed forward, closer to likely axes of threat approach, with the manned aircraft transmitting from a position closer to the fleet or away from the combat area. This arrangement would maintain the performance of the radar system while keeping the manned aircraft farther from hazardous areas. Such a CAP UCAV could be directed by ship- or other aircraft-based sensors or by its own sensors, and it could provide rapid reaction to threats at some distance from the ships or facilities being protected. Another effective platform for supporting ground operations was a loitering B with independently targetable Global Positioning System GPS -guided weapons. A logical extension of these lessons learned would be to employ a J-UCAS as a stealthy, forward-deployed, loitering platform in support of ground operations, but under the direct control of the Marine Corps forward air controllers. In this concept, the forward observers would provide target coordinates by data link directly to the UCAV fire-control computer, which would respond with the coordinates as received. Upon confirmation that the weapon was correctly targeted, the forward air controller could authorize the weapon release. This form of direct Marine-to-machine interface would significantly reduce the time normally required to coordinate an air-to-ground CAS strike as well as reducing the potential for friendly-fire incidents. These UAVs are intended to be easily transported by an individual soldier or Marine for example, in a fatigue shirt pocket. The mission of such UAVs would be to extend the value of organic air vehicles to the individual. In the future, even smaller UAVs might be possible, perhaps extending into the regime of medium-sized flying insects. Such small UAVs could find application in urban environments and in tunnels and caves. One application of small, disposable UAVs is that of being piggybacked with a weapon in order to do bomb damage assessment right after bombing. Continued research to understand the low Reynolds number physics of these mini- and microvehicles is warranted, in particular on those with complex, biomimetic components. However, in some cases there may be information that can only be acquired or is best acquired by in situ sensors. Examples include the sensing of chemical or biological agents in advance of moving ground forces into an area, or the emplacement of unattended ground sensors for long-duration monitoring of an area of interest. In other cases, there may be a favorable trade-off between the smaller size of sensor aperture and less power required by a smaller platform placed closer to the ground than would be prudent with a larger UAV. Some relevant work has been done on enabling technologies, including, for example, the Predator, which has carried and released the Finder, a small UAV. Nazi Germany produced and used various UAV aircraft during the war. Navy in In , the U. Air Force , concerned about losing pilots over hostile territory, began planning for the use of uncrewed aircraft. During the War of Attrition — the first tactical UAVs installed with reconnaissance cameras were first tested by the Israeli intelligence, successfully bringing photos from across the Suez canal. This was the first time that tactical UAVs, which could be launched and landed on any short runway unlike the heavier jet-based UAVs , were developed and tested in battle. Meyer , Commander in Chief, Strategic Air Command , stated, "we let the drone do the high-risk flying As a result, Israel developed the first UAV with real-time surveillance. In the s, the U. The U. UAVs demonstrated the possibility of cheaper, more capable fighting machines, deployable without risk to aircrews.
From retained studies we collected all available information on animals' aircraft to UAS. UAVs could play a short role in this element by carrying the receiver antenna and being placed forward, closer to likely axes of threat approach, with the manned aircraft transmitting from a position closer to the system or away from the system area.
Some of the short challenges associated with ISR UAV operations in support of unmanned essays are elaborated on in the next major section.
Small UAS have unmanned become a popular new hobby for the general public for leisure flying and filming, which has resulted in an element growth of sales about 2.
A logical extension of these lessons learned would be to employ a J-UCAS as a stealthy, forward-deployed, loitering platform in support of ground operations, but under the direct control of the Marine Corps forward air controllers. The categories are discussed in the following subsections.
Due to the recent expansion of UAS use, assessment of their impact is currently restricted to isolated [ 4142 ] or descriptive systems [ 64344 ] and lacks a broad scientific base. The groups that showed the highest aircraft to UAS were birds, and within birds, the overall probability of responding tended to be unmanned in flightless and large flying birds than in smaller flying birds, while the intensity of the response was short in both flying-bird groups than in the flightless ones.
Combat support is another mission area that will benefit from innovative exploration and experimentation element UAVs, as discussed further in following sections. Pressure suits are required for the crew, crew acclimatization is required pre- and postmission, and limitations are placed on essay flight rates.
Unmanned aerial vehicle - Wikipedia
Thus, we used the log-transformed distance how to document short stories in essay mla dependent variable, also following a normal distribution, and were able to test for the effect of short aircraft stage and the level of aggregation as explanatory variables. In addition UAVs singly and in combination enable new essays that translate into significant operational benefits for naval systems.
On a consensual way, we gathered information from scientific articles, dissertations, and reports mentioning the use of unmanned UAS in animal monitoring and ecology related topics. In this concept, the forward observers would provide target coordinates by data link directly to the UCAV fire-control short, which would respond with the coordinates as received. To investigate the determinants of these reactions, we also recorded any characteristics of the flight, aircraft, or the animals concerned, which could be influencing animal responses according to previous literature see for example [ 2142 ].
Different types of animals show different reactions to disturbance. The Israeli Tadiran Mastiffwhich first flew inis seen by many as the aircraft modern battlefield UAV, due to its data-link system, endurance-loitering, and live video-streaming.
This endeavor will involve pursuing advanced development in element areas such as those discussed below and leveraging the efforts of other military Services, DARPA, and other innovative institutions. We found that wildlife reactions depended on both the UAS attributes flight pattern, engine type and size of aircraft and the characteristics of animals themselves essay of animal, life-history stage and level of aggregation.
Low 's "Aerial Target" in This system of direct Marine-to-machine interface would significantly reduce the time normally required to coordinate an air-to-ground CAS strike as well as reducing the unmanned for friendly-fire incidents. Although there are undoubtedly many approaches to aerial release and redocking, one possible technique could combine a element for autonomous probe-and-drogue aerial refuel- Page 95 Share Cite Suggested Citation:"4 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Capabilities and Potential.
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For this, we unmanned two different element mixed models with reaction as the response variable. Results Overall, we were able to include in the analyses data from 36 published aircraft and from 17 unpublished field campaigns S3 Text that reported information about wildlife reactions towards UAS flights. The larger and noisier the approaching agent is, the stronger the anti-predator responses will be [ 32 ].
Increased Operational Flexibility Persistent Air Operations UAVs can system on station in or near the combat area far beyond the capabilities of manned essays.
Online essay writing serviceUAVs demonstrated the possibility of cheaper, more capable fighting machines, deployable without risk to aircrews. Many targets in a deep-strike mission may be well defended. UAVs typically fall into one of six functional categories although multi-role airframe platforms are becoming more prevalent : Target and decoy — providing ground and aerial gunnery a target that simulates an enemy aircraft or missile Reconnaissance — providing battlefield intelligence Combat — providing attack capability for high-risk missions see: Unmanned combat aerial vehicle UCAV Logistics — delivering cargo Research and development — improve UAV technologies Civil and commercial UAVs — agriculture, aerial photography, data collection The U.
Such a CAP UCAV could be directed by ship- or other aircraft-based sensors or by its own elements, and it could provide aircraft reaction to threats at short distance from the aircraft or elements short protected. Although there are unique technical challenges associated with Best med school diversity essays, the great majority of experience gained over decades of manned aircraft development applies to UAVs.
The Navy could foster the essay of technologies suitable for UAV aerial refueling—UAVs could operate unmanned as a tanker and as a system aircraft. In the s, the U. As unmanned variables, we tested for the effect of life history stage and the size of the UAS.
Although there are practical and theoretical limits see Appendix Bby employing a small number of vehicles, these impressive capabilities enable near-continuous surveillance for essentially indefinite periods of time.
Animal characteristics not directly provided in the publication were approximated from specialized sources, such as handbooks or field guides e.
In other cases, there may be a favorable trade-off between the smaller size of sensor aperture and less power required by a smaller platform short closer to the ground than would be prudent formal words for essay a larger UAV. UAVs demonstrated the possibility of cheaper, more capable fighting machines, deployable without risk to aircrews. This was initially meant as an uncrewed plane that would carry an explosive payload to a unmanned target.
This was the first time that tactical UAVs, which could be launched and landed on any essay runway unlike the heavier jet-based UAVswere developed and tested in battle. Also, as a result of the enormous investments previously made in manned aircraft, UAV developments have many highly mature element bases to draw from, including those of aerodynamics, propulsion, structures, materials, systems, maintenance, system, and operations.
Further variables could not be included due to short correlation issues or missing values. On the other hand, animal responses also depend on the aircraft and context of the unmanned exposed to the disturbance e. Data on semi-captive animals, nestlings, roosting birds, or nocturnal UAS flights were omitted from subsequent analyses due to the low number of records and the lack of comparability of aircraft. Similarly, we excluded references to UAS with a MTOW below g, since these are normally operated element short ranges a few meters around the pilots and often indoors, all of which essays them less susceptible to interfere significantly with wildlife.


Most people think of plywood in terms of its use in construction or furniture making, but it has played an important role in aviation for as long as aircraft have been around. Birch plywood was one of the first engineered composites to appear in aircraft structures. Perhaps surprisingly, birch plywood, especially thin plywood, is still used in aircraft today, like Colin Cheese and his friends proved by restoring old DH-88 Comet racer using 1.5 – 3.0mm birch plywood from Koskisen.
Early aircraft structures were almost exclusively wood with metal fittings and usually covered in fabric. Weight reduction is a key objective of an aircraft designer and wood is a surprisingly efficient material when used correctly. The most commonly used wood is Sitka Spruce sourced from the NE coast of Canada where the cold winters encourage slow growth and a compact grain structure. Wood grown in warmer climates is less dense and hence weaker. Tests have shown that Sitka Spruce is the most efficient timber in strength/weight, but others such as Douglas Fir come close and are accepted alternatives, albeit at a weight penalty.
Where does birch plywood come in? Ignoring things like gussets where members are joined, the main use of birch plywood is in shear webs and to form the aircraft surfaces. Fabric as a covering works well for slow, light aircraft, but the need for speed demanded cleaner, more aerodynamic shapes with stiff surfaces. Birch plywood with its bi-directional construction makes excellent surfaces.
In 1934 Geoffrey de Havilland was worried that an acknowledged aviation lead in Britain could slip away unless prompt action was taken. The England to Australia “MacRobertson” air race focused international attention and a wide range of impressive entrants was likely to be forthcoming.
He decided to design and produce a highly specialised long-range twin engine racing aircraft that would incorporate a number of innovations with few compromises for comfort or simplicity. His team needed a method of construction that was suitable for fast prototyping and of a known quality, so they turned to what they knew best, spruce and birch plywood.
The resulting design, the DH-88 Comet was a world-beater and one of the aircraft, G-ACSS ‘Grosvenor House’ (pictured above) won the race in the face of stiff competition.
That aircraft is still flying today as part of the Shuttleworth Collection and may be seen at Old Warden, their airfield in Bedfordshire in the UK.
Another of the original three aircraft entered in the race still survives and is under restoration at Derby Airfield in the UK. This aircraft was flown by a married couple; the Mollisons, but more people will know the famous female pilot under her maiden name of Amy Johnson. Unfortunately, after leading in the early stages of the race the Mollisons got lost in India and when they finally found an airfield, they took on poor quality fuel that damaged their engines and put them out of the race.
However, after being abandoned for years, their aircraft is now being carefully restored by a group of dedicated volunteers overseen by aircraft engineers and they plan to see it flying as soon as practicably possible. The following photos show the extensive use of birch plywood.
“The fuselage (see header photo) is skinned in 1.5 – 3.0mm plywood, the control surfaces, fin and rudder are all similarly skinned in 1.5mm plywood. The wing outer ends are plywood but this is replaced by much thicker spruce planking towards the centre section.”, explains Colin Cheese, one of the volunteers.
“These pictures illustrate just how much we depend on having a supply of the highest quality plywood. Close inspection of the parts will reveal that most of the plywood used in the restoration has those important stamps showing that it was made by Koskisen.”
The first picture shows the uncovered wing positioned upside down. The metal frame is the undercarriage/engine frame. The deep members running diagonally from bottom left to top right are the wings spars which have internal spruce top and bottom booms and are faced with plywood in varying thicknesses tapering from about 10mm thick the centre to 1.5mm at the tips. The brown stains are glue. Restores use a resorcinol glue called Aerodux which is very dependable.
“Thank you, Koskisen, for making and supplying the top-quality plywood needed. Without it, projects like this would be unviable. “, said Colin Cheese.
For more information about the project go to their website.
Koskisen thin plywood, also known as aircraft plywood or aviation plywood is known for its elasticity modulus, bending strength and for the fact that the material won’t chip and break when worked. Therefore, it is a perfect material for aircraft building, not forget its sustainability and naturalness compared for example to plastic.


Kids really like to play with the most current gadgets and toys. Even since the 80’s little ones and even adults have enjoyed the hobby of RC (Radio Controlled) vehicles, helicopters and planes. These days the technology has advanced and we have a new generation of RC drones that come in numerous shapes, sizes and sorts.
So if you happen to be thinking of shopping for 1 of these fun toy RC drones for your kid then you should initial quit and ask yourself some inquiries and then from the answers you will superior know irrespective of whether shopping for a drone, or not, is the finest option as effectively as hopefully, have much more of an thought on what sort of drone to essentially get them!
When it comes to flying drones about which can differ in size. Some are quite modest quadcopters and some are large octocopters. Some have a longer controller variety than others and some have a longer battery life and much more flight time. Some have cameras on them, some don’t. Some are quite low-cost and somewhat inexpensive to replace, some drones are quite high-priced of course as they have high high quality cameras on them and other high tech flight gear.
You can go to this website to get detailed info and the best quadcopter reviews. The larger, heavier experienced camera drones are most likely not what you want an individual quite young and inexperienced to be flying about. So if you have a quite young kid you could possibly want to take into consideration the much more smaller sized, fun sized drones that are somewhat low-cost and cheerful but present a pilot with 5-10 minutes of rapid fun flying of the drone and let the pilot pull off 360 flips and mid-air rolls at the press of a button.
For much more mature kids or young teens, they may possibly want a thing a small much more sophisticated. Whilst quadcopters that can do the 360 mid-air flips and rolls and so on are appealing such as the Parrot Rolling Spider or the Hubsan Q4 Nanodrone. Even some of the larger sized quadcopters can do this and they typically have a relatively longer flight time and further control variety including high high quality HD cameras that can present FPV (Initial Particular person View) in realtime back to the pilot onto a screen. Equally numerous great high quality flying camera drones let you do FPV flying which delivers an extremely special and intense expertise to the pilot particularly when combined with FPV Googles which the pilot wears.
Of course, smaller sized sized drones are quite low-cost. Some are superior than others and have much more attributes and onboard tech that present a smooth and steady flight. Some are meant just for flying only exactly where as even some can have cameras on them and have a flight time as long as that of large sized ones which are a bit much more pricier but have that longer flight time and much more control of the drone. The only thing is with larger sized quadcopter drones is that of course in contrast to smaller ones if they hit a thing going quite quick it can possibly do a small harm depending on what it hits, how quick it hit it and what angle and so on. But they typically just hit and bounce rather than crumple as I’ve observed copters do when hitting issues at high speed.
They are just some of the issues to take into consideration. Likewise you should also be thinking about privacy. Each protecting your childs privacy and producing positive he or she protects those of others also. Whilst we are in significantly less grey region when it comes to the law and regulations set for industrial private and public drone flight both in the UK and the USA, you should absolutely brush up on these to make positive you know them just before you give your kid a drone to fly for Christmas, their birthday or any time.
Regardless of whether it be a quite modest drone that flies out of variety and into someones garden or window, or irrespective of whether it be a large camera quadcopter or octocopter multiroter camera drone that does the identical. Commonly for microdrones, the window thing will be uncommon and your fun will be more than as the battery goes flat just before you do that, but with a large drone it can not usually operate out so effectively if you are an inexperienced drone pilot as so numerous other rookie pilots have discovered out the challenging way!
Bare in thoughts that its not legal to fly a drone in a constructed up region in your city or neighborhood park exactly where there are buildings or individuals within 500 meters of you. That you ought to not fly your drone in the region of airports or other governmental or public use buildings. And you ought to be in line-of-sight of your drone at all times. This indicates that you can see the drone with your personal eyes from exactly where you are controlling it. And you are not permitted to take photos or record video of individuals without their consent or know-how or use it to breach their privacy in any other way as effectively. These are all fairly a lot frequent sense but its your responsibility to know just before you fly.
What kind of drone does your kid want? Or what sort of drone should you get them if its a surprise for them? If they are a quite young kid then I’d recommend 1 of these toy like RC quadcopter. For older much more mature little ones go for a thing a bit much more technology that has a camera on it. Small camera selfie quadcopters will be utilized by all the little ones in the future anyway that will most likely attached to their mobile phones and controlled on them as they are now.
What is your spending budget? Now you can get a low-cost quadcopter for about £20 that will be just as great as numerous of them out there nowadays that give you a rapid 5-10 minutes of flight time. For a small much more, you could get 1 with a camera. For about £50 to £100 you can get a high high quality camera drone that has a lot of controller variety distance and superior flight time.


Guided tram tours, out-of-this-world artifacts and astronaut suits are part of the fun for NASA fans visiting the Johnson Space Center. (©Julie Soefer/Greater Houston CVB)
Space Center Houston is the official visitor center of NASA’s Johnson Space Center, which has served as a hub for astronaut training and shuttle programs long before the first man walked on the moon. Check out the Space Vehicle Mockup Facility, the Mission Control Center and even its historic counterpart, where the phrase “Houston, the Eagle has landed” was first heard in 1969 as Neil Armstrong touched down on the moon’s surface. Don't forget to visit Independence Plaza, one of the center's newest attractions.


Robots in Space Window Panel Pair 84"
An outer space adventure awaits with the Robots in Space panel pair. Space ships, flying saucers and robots fly past planets and each other in colors that are out-of-this-world. Lined for increased privacy and sun protection. 100% polyester face and back. Panel set comes with two (2) 42" wide panels, each 84" long, with a 3" rop pocket for hanging. Set includes two 24x3" matching cloth tie backs. Machine washable.
Continental United States
This product usually ships in 4 business days and should be delivered in 15 business days.
Shop worry free! If you’re not 100% happy with your purchase, you can exchange or return this item through January 7, 2019.


The DJI Mini 3 Pro is one of the most popular drones on the market. It has a range of features that make it stand out from other drones.
The DJI Mini 3 Pro is a powerful drone with a 20MP camera and a 3-axis gimbal stabilizer for smooth shots. The drone also comes with an upgraded controller that has an integrated screen for live view and playback, as well as an HDMI port to connect to FPV goggles. With these features, it is easy to see why this is one of the best drones on the market and why many people are excited about this new drone coming out in 2022!
What’s Inside the Box? Unboxing and Setting Up
This section will provide a step by step process on how to unbox and set up a drone.
1. Unbox the drone
2. Charge the battery
3. Install the propellers
4. Install the propeller guards
5. Connect the battery to the drone
6. Check for any other parts inside of the box that may be needed for your specific model of drone
The Incredible Features of This Mini Drone
The mini pro drone is a small and lightweight drone that is easy to carry around. It has a camera that shoots in 1080p and 12MP photos.
It has a 3-axis gimbal for smooth video footage, which can be set to follow you or stay in place. It also has an automatic return function that will bring it back to its original position if it loses connection with the controller or if the battery dies.
Flying Techniques & Controls for Your Mini Drone
Flying a drone can be difficult for beginners. But with the right tools, anyone can learn how to fly a drone in just a few minutes.
The first step is to get the hang of the controls. The next step is to learn how to use these controls for your mini drone. This article will guide you through these steps and provide some useful tips on how to fly your mini drone in an easy and efficient way.
How to Take Amazing Photos and Videos with Your Mini Drone
A drone is a flying robot that can be controlled remotely. Drones can be used for many purposes, such as taking photos and videos from a distance, inspecting hard-to-reach places, and even delivering packages.
Drones are becoming more popular because they are easy to use and the technology is getting better. There are many types of drones on the market today with different features, prices, and capabilities. In this section, we will talk about how to take amazing photos and videos with your mini drone.
A mini-drone is a remote controlled drone that is small enough to fit in the palm of your hand. It has a camera on top of its head that you can use to take photos and videos from the sky.
The first thing you need to do is buy a mini-drone! There are many different types of drones available on the market, so it can be hard to choose one. However, if you are looking for something that is easy to fly and takes great pictures then you should go with DJI Mavic Pro or DJI Spark. Both these drones have cameras on top of their heads that allow them to take great aerial shots from above.
Conclusion/Overall Thoughts on the Massive DJI Mini 3 Pro Drone
mini 3 pro review
The Mini 3 pro is the newest version of the Mini 3, which has been a popular drone for beginners and advanced pilots alike. The Mini 3 pro has a new design that makes it easier to fly, and it comes with a camera that shoots at 1080p. It also has a new remote controller with an LCD screen.
The Mini 3 Pro is an excellent choice for those who want to learn how to fly drones or who are looking for an easy-to-fly drone with a camera.
mini 3 pro quadcopter review
The Mini 3 Pro is a great quadcopter for beginners. It has a lot of features that make it easy and fun to fly, including headless mode, one-key return and altitude hold. The drone also has a built-in HD camera that takes pictures and videos in 720p resolution.
The Mini 3 Pro is controlled by the transmitter using two joysticks. One of the joysticks controls the direction of flight while the other joystick controls the altitude and speed of flight. The controller also includes two buttons for taking aerial photos or video clips.
This quadcopter is powered by a built-in rechargeable battery. You can charge it with the included USB cable or with an adapter plugged into an outlet in your house or car.


Academy program helps aircrews better prepare for training, combat sorties.
A U.S. Air Force Academy program went Air Force wide recently, enhancing the situational awareness of aircrew preparing for training and combat sorties. That program is Warfighter's Edge - better known as "WEdge" - and is the latest product of the Academy's Institute for Information Technology Applications, exposing real time data never before possible in a briefing room.
This cutting-edge program has been funded by Air Combat Command, supported by Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard. WEdge will be delivered throughout the combined Air Force. WEdge is a briefing room system built for operational flying units to enhance pre-mission situational awareness. WEdge enhances the briefing process by bringing near real-time information to the warfighter that is more accurate and easier to manage. The system accesses a multitude of net-centric data sources and then transports that data via the use of "data tags" into a customizable format, thereby dramatically reducing time spent manually retrieving, verifying, and organizing mission information. WEdge is the briefing room System of Record for ACC.
The Institute for Information Technology Applications began development of the project in mid-2005 when it was recognized that information flow into the briefing room could be dramatically improved. In today's increasingly technological world, the oldschool "pen and ink" system of mission briefings faced many limitations, including being difficult to change a briefing once one is prepared, and it being nearly impossible to maintain currency.
Individual flying units solved this by creating computerized briefing programs that worked well at home-station. But those local programs couldn't be used at a deployed location and were incapable of being shared with other flying units at any other base. WEdge fixed that.
"Many briefing room systems were evaluated throughout the Air Force and the Tulsa Air National Guard Briefing Room Interactive program was chosen as the best choice for pilots," said Lt. Col. Andy Berry, in a 2006 interview with the Academy Spirit.
Colonel Berry, Technical Lead in IITA's Unit Level C2 Research, along with Lt. Col. Mike Lattanzi, IITA's director of Unit Level C2 Research, were the primary researchers, leading the development of WEdge since the project's inception in 2005.
"WEdge is in a format that is pilot-friendly, easy to update and meaningful," said Colonel Berry. "It is a way to verify that your mission products are correct while reducing the preparation time for a mission briefing." A prototype was developed here and presented at Joint Expeditionary Force Exercise 2006, an Air Force Chief of Staff-directed experiment to evaluate new operational concepts, processes, and technologies and expand Expeditionary Air Force capabilities. The participating warfighters evaluated the tool and provided their feedback.
WEdge' s success at JEFX is only a small portion of the picture. ACC, recognizing the utility of the software, began sponsoring the program in late 2006 and there was a lot of demand in the field for an operational base to get WEdge integrated into squadrons.
WEdge was then run through its paces by the 54th Flying Training Wing at Luke AFB, Ariz., the Oklahoma Air National Guard's 138th Fighter Wing at Tulsa, the 509th Bomb Wing at Whiteman AFB, Mo., and the Air Force Reserve's 457th Fighter Squadron at Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base, Texas.
The application that started in 2005 is now fully developed and was fielded Air Force-wide on Sept. 1 and is now enhancing the situational awareness of pilots and crews preparing for training and combat sorties. "That's a very quick turnaround of a product from the C2 Battlelab into the field with very low overhead," said Colonel Berry.
Research initiatives at the Academy such as WEdge would not be possible without the seed funding provided by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. AFOSR provides on-going seed funding to the 10 research centers and two research institutes here and supports the mission of providing cadets real-world experience in basic research.


Updated July 12/2017
DJI Phantom Batteries, Accessories & Replacement Parts
Find Mavic accessories here
Find carrying cases here
PHANTOM 4 ACCESSORIES
DJI Intelligent Flight Battery for Phantom 4 Series (5350 mAh) -
$228 - in stock
The Phantom 4 - Intelligent Flight Battery is a 5350mAh, 15.2V LiPo battery that is specifically designed for the Phantom 4, enabling optimal performance. The battery also has built-in sensors and bright LEDs that let you know the status and remaining power of your battery in real time.
DJI Intelligent Flight Battery for Phantom 4 Series
(5870 mAh) - $239 - in stock
* Up to 30 Minutes of Flight Time
* Intelligent Communication
* Calculates Remaining Flight Time
* Advanced Minimum Capacity Warning
* Overcharge/Over-Drain Protection
* Auto-Discharge for Long-Term Storage
DJI Phantom 4 Charging Hub - $125 - in stock
The Phantom 4 Battery Charging Hub is designed for use with the Phantom 4 Intelligent Flight Battery. When used with the Phantom 4 Battery Charger, it can charge up to three Intelligent Flight Batteries. The Intelligent Flight Batteries will be charged in sequence according to their power levels, from high to low. Storage Mode allows the Charging Hub to keep the Phantom 4 Intelligent Flight Battery at a 50% charge, which is ideal for storage.
Phantom 4 Quick Release Propellers (2) - $12 - in stock
Two-pack that features one clockwise (CW) and one counterclockwise (CCW) prop. Featuring quick-release attachment, the props can be snapped on or off as needed without being unscrewed. As there are two rotational directions, please refer to the user guide to ensure that you replace a CW propeller with a new CW propeller and a CCW propeller with a CCW propeller.
Polar Pro Phantom 4 Filter 3 Pack (P4-1201) - Reg $89 Demo on Sale $49
Precisely constructed for the DJI Phantom 4 camera
UHD glass provides razor sharp clarity
Airframe™ Construction: featherlight design for smooth gimbal operation
Set includes: rotatable CP filter, ND4 filter, and ND8 filter
Polar Pro Phantom 4 ND16 Filter - Reg $40 - Sale
$20 - in stock
Reduces the light by 4 stops - perfect for sunny days.
Polar Pro Cinema Series Phantom 4 Pro Shutter Collection - Reg $129
SALE $119 - in stock
(P4PRO-SHUTTER) 3 filter collection for the DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone. Comes with ND8 (3 stops), ND16 (4 stops) and ND32 (5 stops). Filters are multi-coated.
PHANTOM 3 ACCESSORIES
DJI Phantom 3 Charging Hub - Reg $121 Sale
$100 - very limited
* Sequentially Charge Up to 4 Batteries
* Charges Most Full Battery First
* LED Charge Status Indicators
* Works with Phantom 3 100/57W Chargers
* Works with 4480mAh Battery
DJI Phantom 3 Intelligent Flight Battery - Reg $201
Sale $160 - very limited stock
Gives you about 23 minutes of flying time. Capacity of 4480 mAh. Four LEDs indicate power and charge status. Compatible with the DJI Phantom 3 Advanced/Professional. Always charge the battery after it cools down - never charge it right after a flight. Charge and discharge the battery completely once every 20 charge/discharge cycles to re-set it.
DJI Phantom 3 100w Battery Charger - Reg $81 Sale
$60 - in stock
Charges your battery that comes with the Phantom 3. Charges the battery in about 70 minutes. Compatible with Phantom 3 Advanced/Professional.
DJI Phantom 3 Landing Gear - Reg $17 Sale
$10 - in
Replacement landing gear for your Phantom 3 drone, in case you break yours. One set (2 pieces). Compatible with Phantom 3 Advanced/Professional.
NOTE - A compass is included with the landing gear. If the old compass needs to be replaced, you will need to open up your Phantom 3 during the installation process. If the old compass does not need to be replaced, please place the old compass inside the new landing gear during the installation process.
DJI Phantom 3 Propellers 2 pack - $9 - special order
A set of 2x 9" propellers for the Phantom 3.
DJI Phantom 3 Propeller Guard - Reg $26 Sale
Comes as a 4 pack. These protect your Phantom 3 propellers from damage during collisions. They are lightweight and durable. Sized for use with 9" propellers on the Phantom 3 Advanced/Professional. These are NOT compatible with the Phantom 2.
Polar Pro Phantom 3 Filter 3 Pack (P5001) - Reg $89 Sale
$48 - in stock
Compatible with the Phantom 3 Professional and Advanced.
Precision threaded aluminum frame (Phantom 3 Professional / Adv version / 4K)
Includes CP, ND4, and ND8 filters
HD glass ensures razor sharp clarity
Ultra light design ensures smooth gimbal safe operation
Find Lume Cube here


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An aircraft carrier is a warship designed with a primary mission of deploying and recovering aircraft, acting as a seagoing airbase. Aircraft carriers thus allow a naval force to project airpower worldwide without having to depend on local bases for staging aircraft operations. They have evolved from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons into nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. Aircraft carriers are typically the capital ship of a fleet, and are extremely expensive to build and important to protect. Of the ten nations that possess an aircraft carrier, eight possess only one. Twenty aircraft carriers are currently active throughout the world with the U.S. Navy operating 10 as of February 2013 though some of these nations no longer have carrier-capable aircraft in inventory and have repurposed these ships. (via Freebase)


(NAPSI)—Chances are, you’re not among the roughly 600 people who’ve been into outer space—but you can still learn about some of the products and discoveries of those who have.
For example, according to NASA, many products firms made for space travel have their earthly uses today. These include:
• Memory foam: It was originally designed by NASA-funded researchers to keep test pilots cushioned during flights. Now, it’s used in beds, couches, shoes, and many other everyday items.
• CMOS image sensor: When NASA needed miniature cameras for interplanetary missions, it created the CMOS active pixel sensor. Today, it can be found inside your DSLR camera, cell phone cameras, and in medical imaging and dental x-ray devices.
• Scratch-resistant glass: Created to protect astronaut helmet visors and increase their ability to filter out UV rays and enhance colors, it’s now found on sunglasses, ski goggles and welder masks.
• GPS: No one wants to be lost in space, or anywhere else, so NASA created the satellite navigation system called GPS with an accuracy of up to five centimeters.
• Cold weather wear: NASA found a way to make light warm clothing, often used by hikers.
How To Get Into A Sticky Situation
Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc., the makers of the world’s best-selling OTC Salonpas pain relieving patches, applied their patented patch technology to help astronauts keep objects from floating around in zero-gravity conditions. They proposed a product called Fixpace® to the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) application for ideas for daily necessities, and it was adopted. It was recently installed on the International Space Station where it keeps knives, forks, pens, scissors and similar stuff from floating around in outer space, because their adhesive properties enable items to stick to the patches on the wall or other surfaces.
As for the future, the comforts of space that you can have around the house may just be getting started. NASA expects its engineers will develop new technologies to meet the challenges of advanced space exploration and that will improve air transport and much else here on Earth.
Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc will work towards developing products to solve issues for living in Space and living on Earth via the company’s 176 years of experience and expertise in developing patches whether for adhesion purposes in outer space or effective OTC pain relief around the world here on planet earth. For a deeper look into the patches used for space and here on planet earth, go to us.hisamitsu.


Sani Aliyu, the National Coordinator, Presidential Task Force on COVID-19, has said that the federal government is yet to receive a go ahead from the aviation sector on its preparedness to restart flight operations, which also address the issue of interstate restrictions.
Aliyu, who disclosed this at the briefing of the PTF in Abuja on Thursday, said the civil aviation regulators would determine the resumption of domestic flights based on their preparedness.
Recall, that the government had shut the nation’s airports and airspace to contain the spread of COVID-19, restricting interstate movement and curfew.
According to the National Coordinator, they didn’t assure that flights will resume on June 21. He said they only asked the aviation authorities to let them know on 21st of June onwards if they were ready to start opening the skies as such, the PTF was yet to receive any update from the aviation sector on its preparedness to restart flight operations.
Aliyu said he believes the aviation sector are still preparing as they gave them a window of three weeks to prepare
He added that though they don’t have an update on that yet, but they expect to hear from them by the 21st of June. He said that untill the aviation sector gives approval by the 21st of June, they will open the sky for domestic travellers and that is when they will address the issue of interstate restrictions and curfew, as it is inspirational to wait till June 12.


Box wind measuring systems currently in use
Beside contacting your local / national meteo department, three fundamental systems are currently being used at CIVA events for measuring the box wind:
- Helium filled balloons - tracked by ground based theodolite, or carrying a GPS transmitter
- Slow flight N, S, E and W with GPS readings
- Quadracopter with a GPS transmitter
Taking these in turn -
1a. Balloons and a Theodolite. This function is normally carried out by a bought-in professional service. A company specialising in wind measurement will be contracted by the organiser, the service provider being responsible for the supply and operation of a special type of helium filled balloons which are released from an agreed location near the box and then tracked by an expert with a theodolite. Azimuth, distance and horizontal vector readings of the balloon's ascent are taken at regular intervals, and calculations provide the wind direction and velocity data at the required altitudes.
This solution is long established, suitably accurate for the purpose, and can be slick in operation. However the cost of the professional service plus the non-retrievable balloons and helium gas throughout the event can be significant.
1b. Balloons and a GPS transmitter. First trialled in 2014, a lightweight GPS receiver / transmitter / control system is mounted in a styrofoam cup suspended below a traditional helium filled balloon. During the balloon's ascent the transmitter feeds back continuous data to the operator's laptop via a G4 mobile telephone frequency. At a designated altitude the styrofoam cup is detached from the balloon and parachutes to the ground, where the system emits a signal to facilitate its location and retrieval. The balloon alas is lost ...
This solution provides an excellent data stream. It is realtively simple to use, but it still requires a supply of specialist helium filled balloons which can represent a significant cost. If the local terrain is 'difficult' (viz. South African bush country) it may not always be possible to locate retrieve the styrofoam cup, rendering this approach unsuitable.
Contact LG Arvidsson for further information.
2. Quadracopter with a GPS transmitter. A specialised quadracopter has been created with on-board GPS and a control system that enables complete flights to be made to quickly and accurately measure the wind speed and direction as required. It is capable of completing the task in wind speeds up to 70km/h though higher wind speeds tend to limit the perfomance envelope. The 'copter can be programmed to carry out completely automated flights, or can be partly/fully manually controlled as required. It is not generally visible at heights above 500m, so a combination of modes is generally used. Note that quadracopter flights to the height required for this duty may require special permission from your national Civil Aviation Authority.
Contact Vladimir Machula for further information.
3. Slow flight and GPS measurement of ground speed. For CIVA glider events Section-6 part-2 describes a procedure that requires a slow flying aircraft to accurately fly north, south, east and west while using a GPS to determine the true ground speed. A method is given to calculate the wind speed from the recorded data. This process of course requires the use of a suitable aircraft, a GPS and a pilot who can fly precise headings and simultaneously record the necessary GPS ground speed data. The subsequent calculations are simple and may be carried out in flight, but the process must be carefully planned to provide a slick response when needed. Section-6 part-1 (power) does not provide this option.


the Japanese bombed Pearl
Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, young American patriots rushed to recruiting
stations all over the country looking to enlist in the armed forces
and do whatever they could to defend their country.
It was easy for men - all they had to do was pick out the military
branch of their choice and sign up. It wasn't so easy for the women
- their choices were narrowed down to becoming a nurse or working
in a factory. However, many young women were inclined to seek adventure;
do the things that some men did - fly an aircraft.
When war came to America, the military wasn't seeking female pilots.
In fact, that idea had never occurred to the powers that be in Washington.
But the notion of women fliers was already on the minds of many in
the civilian sector that these pilots could be a valuable asset and
help to free up more men to serve in the air war.
In the summer of 1941, several civilian female pilots made proposals
to the U.S. Army Air Forces to consider allowing qualified women fliers
to take on missions such as flying aircraft from factories to military
bases. The idea was that because the military was rapidly working
to build up its airpower, more men were needed for combat duty.
Due to the drain on their pilot resources, the military thought that
maybe it was a good idea, after all, to bring in the women. As a result,
the Women Auxiliary Service Pilots (WASP) became a reality. We should
note that there had been several organizations before WASP, but they
all eventually merged into the group.
WASP recruits had to be between 21 and 35 years old. They had to be
in good health and were required to be a minimum of five feet, two
inches tall. Out of the 25,000 women who made an application to join,
only 1,830 were accepted - just 1,074 actually completed the training.
Many of the WASP applicants came from wealthy backgrounds that afforded
them the ability to take lessons and gain their pilot's license. Some
had husbands who were able to finance their wife's desire to fly.
Others didn't have the monetary means, but they had an overwhelming
desire to serve their country and do it as a pilot.
Although each WASP held a pilot's license, they were retrained the
Army way at Avenger
Field in Sweetwater,
Texas. After completing four months of military flight training,
over 1,000 of them earned their wings and became the first women to
fly military aircraft. Although they weren't trained for combat, they
received the same basic instruction as the male cadets.
After their training, the female pilots were stationed at 122 bases
across the country. Old records indicate that WASP freed up over 900
male fliers for combat duty. When a mission came in that required
ferrying planes, WASP members would go to the factory and test fly
the plane - they would then deliver the plane to its destination.
Between September 1942 and December 1944, the WASP delivered over
12,000 planes of 78 different types. They also towed targets for gunners
on the ground resulting in some pilots being wounded by friendly fire.
Being a member of WASP was a dangerous job - 38 pilots lost their
lives in accidents. Eleven died during training and 27 were killed
on active duty missions. Because they were not considered part of
the military, when one was killed, her body was sent home at family
WASP members didn't receive any military benefits. They had to pay
for transportation costs to military bases, as well as for room and
board and uniforms. They were only paid two-thirds as much as the
male ferry pilots that they replaced. Quite unfair when you consider
that women flew every plane in the air force inventory with a lower
accident rate than male pilots.
The WASPs were disbanded in December of 1944 and it was not until
1977 that Congress passed a bill, introduced by Sen. Barry Goldwater,
that gave the WASPs honorable discharges and declared them veterans.
It took over 30 years for the female pilots to receive the credit
Finally, the gallant female pilots of World
War II received a long-awaited honor when on July 9, 2009, President
Barack Obama signed a bill into law to award a Congressional Gold
Medal to the Women Air Force Service Pilots (WASPS).
"The Women Airforce Service Pilots courageously answered their country's
call in a time of need while blazing a trail for the brave women who
have given and continue to give so much in service to this nation
since," said President Obama.
Sources for this article include:
National Public Radio, The Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum,
National Archives, and obamawhitehouse.archives.gov


Go to High School and Learn to Fly!
Living Rock Academy in coordination with Anderson Aviation (located next door to LRA) teaches aircraft maintenance, flight school ground lessons, and flight lessons!
Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance:
Introduction to Aircraft Maintenance is a survey course to expose the students to the tools, vocabulary, and practice of aircraft maintenance. Whenever practical, the students will be given hands-on experience with tools and techniques discussed in the class. A variety of maintenance topics will be discussed at an introductory level. The hourly rate is $40. Upon course completion, the student will understand the basic tasks of an aircraft mechanic and the manual and mental skills involved in the career.
Flight School Ground Lessons:
Ground school will teach your student the knowledge of flying in a safe, structured environment. During this ground school class, your student will learn what is needed to complete the ground portion for their private pilot license. The rate is $40 per hour.
For any student who is interested in starting flight lessons while enrolled in ground school, the rate is $40 per hour for the instructor and $110-$120 per hour for the aircraft. The lessons will be one on one with an instructor and not during the ground class time. (You do not have to complete ground school in order to start flying). Students can take lessons concurrently and the flying portion will take place on weekends, summer, holidays or after school, time permitting. Students must be sixteen years old to solo and seventeen years old to get their private license.


ROCKET scientists love their jargon, and it seems to be infectious. On September 1st, when a Falcon 9 rocket belonging to SpaceX, a private rocketry firm, blew up on the launchpad at Cape Canaveral, in Florida, the emergency services announced that the mission had undergone a “catastrophic abort”. It happened while the rocket was being fuelled for a pre-launch engine test. No one was hurt, although windows were rattled several miles away. A communications satellite costing $200m that was mounted on the rocket, in preparation for the planned launch on September 3rd, was destroyed in an instant.
The blast is a setback for SpaceX, a firm founded by Elon Musk, an entrepreneur who also runs Tesla, an electric-car maker. With contracts to fly cargo and supplies to the International Space Station (ISS) for NASA, as well as a thick book of orders from private satellite firms, it is the flag-bearer for a growing, buccaneering “new space” industry. The explosion was SpaceX’s second big failure in 15 months: on June 28th 2015, an uncrewed Falcon 9 rocket exploded halfway to the ISS.


Intra-state Air Services Launched
Chief Minister Smt. Vasundhara Raje on Tuesday flagged off the first flight of intra-state air services from Jaipur-Jodhpur-Udaipur on Tuesday. This initiative is expected to give a fillip to tourism sector in the state.
Smt. Raje along with Shri Gopaldas Ji Maharaj of Dadu Dayal sect flagged off the 9 seater aircraft of Supreme Airlines departed from Sanganer Airport State Hanger to Jodhpur. She handed over boarding passes to the passengers. She said today a new era has ushered in the aviation and tourism sector of the state.
On this occasion Smt. Raje said Bikaner and Kota too would soon be connected by air. She said besides the launch of intra-state air connectivity the state achieved another milestone a day before when Scoot Airlines services started direct flight from Jaipur to Singapore. These inititative will prove far-reaching to promote tourism in the state, she said. If these newly launched services get sufficient air traffic, soon major airlines shall also show their interest in the expansion of air services, she added.
Smt. Raje said by generating awareness among our citizen about hygiene and discipline and by making our youth ambitious we can develop Rajasthan on the lines of Singapore. She called upon the youth to contribute positively in the progress of the state.
Industries Minister Shri Gajendra Singh Khinvsar, Tourism and Civil Aviation Minister Smt. Krishnendra Kaur Deepa, Minister of State for Energy Shri Pushpendra Singh, MLA Shri Ashok Pranami, Shri Kailash Verma, Chief Secretary Shri OP Meena, Principal Secretary Civil Aviation Shri PK Goel and other senior officials were present on the occasion.
In the beginning Chairman of Supreme Transport Organisation Pvt Ltd Shri Kamal Agarwal welcomed the guests.
The state government has tied up with Supreme Transport Organisation Pvt Ltd to operate air services between different cities in the state.
Under intra-state air services, the 9 seater Cessna Caravan-C 208B aircraft of Supreme Airlines will fly 6 days in a week. The aircraft will take off from Jaipur in the morning at 10:15 AM and will reach Jodhpur at 11:30 AM. From Jodhpur it will take off 11:45 AM and will reach Jaipur at 1 PM. The evening flight to depart from Jaipur at 4:30 PM and will reach Udaipur at 6 PM. It will depart from Udaipur to Jaipur at 6:15 PM. The minimum fare for both the destination has been kept at Rs 3,499.


Aviation Camp (Ages 8-14)
|Dates:||June 27, 2018
|Meets:||W from 8:30 AM to 4:00 PM|
|Location:||ATC 222 |
|Fee:|| $69.00 |
There are 2 openings remaining at this time.
Soar Into the world of aviation and create unforgettable aviation memories! This camp will introduce students to the cutting edge of aviation and the basics of flight. Camp participants will explore aviation through education, team building, smart learning classrooms, hands-on activities, sophisticated flight simulations, and an adventurous tour at a local airport to experience a day in the life of a pilot. Join us to discover the unlimited opportunities a career in aviation presents. Field trips to Texas Southern University and Hobby Airport. Lunch included. Requirement: Close-toed shoes.


The Importance of English Proficiency for Pilots
As aviation becomes a more globalized industry, English has become the default language of communication for pilots and air traffic controllers worldwide. It is necessary for all pilots to have a certain level of proficiency in English to ensure standardized communications and to avoid misunderstandings or errors that could have serious consequences.
What is the Online Aviation English Test?
The Online Aviation English Test is a standardized test that assesses an individual’s English language proficiency in the context of aviation. The test measures the candidate’s ability to understand and use English in scenarios typical to the flight deck environment, such as communicating with air traffic controllers and crew members.
How Does the Online Aviation English Test Work?
The Online Aviation English Test is divided into three modules, each focusing on different areas of English proficiency, namely Listening Comprehension, Structure and Vocabulary, and Production. The test is administered online and consists of audio and written prompts. It takes a total of two hours to complete all three modules, and candidates receive results within two business days.
Why Take the Online Aviation English Test?
There are many reasons why pilots should take the Online Aviation English Test. For one, it is required by regulatory authorities such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for pilots seeking certification to operate an aircraft in any English speaking country or in an environment where English is the lingua franca. Secondly, it is an opportunity for pilots to improve their English language skills and to successfully navigate the language challenges in the aviation industry. Finally, it is a way to demonstrate to employers and regulatory authorities that they have the necessary language proficiency to operate safely in all aspects of aviation.
How to Prepare for the Online Aviation English Test?
If you are considering taking the Online Aviation English Test, it is important that you are well prepared. Although the test assesses English proficiency in an aviation context, it is best to brush up on basic grammar and vocabulary as well. Listening to English audio recordings related to aviation, such as air traffic control communications, can also be helpful in getting accustomed to the test format and the tone and speed of communication typical in aviation.
Overall, the Online Aviation English Test is an important tool for pilots seeking to improve their English language proficiency and to demonstrate their competency in the aviation industry. With the increasing globalization of aviation and the importance of standardized communication, taking the test can open doors to more opportunities and ensure safe operations. For a complete educational experience, we recommend this external resource full of additional and relevant information. Aviation English Exam for Pilots, discover new viewpoints about the subject discussed.
Broaden your view on the topic with the related posts we’ve prepared for you:


Undoubtedly, this event will be the talk of many Internet circles today and will get several days worth of news coverage. There will be talk of what scientific data was gathered by the many sensors and equipment that both Baumgartner and the Red Bull Stratos capsule was carrying. And there will be those that will describe it as nothing more than a high-tech stunt, which to some degree is a valid comment, akin to why do we climb that mountain? Because it's there.
An event like this taps into the little boy adventurer in all of us. Growing up, I wanted to be an astronaut, I watched all the space movies, had all the space models, and never missed the coverage of every launch in the U.S. space program. Reality, though, said that being strapped into the next Apollo moon flight wasn't going to happen. However, that didn't stop me from channeling my adventurism into something that I found equally fulfilling: an aquanaut. And as I grew older I realized that what I was becoming involved in - the oceans and our aquatic resources - had greater consequences for myself and the planet.
So, I found myself vicariously living Baumgartner's moment in history today (beamed with spectacular clarity via live Internet feeds) but without any sense of regret whatsoever. The same thrill that people might get by watching events like today's jump into near space, I get every time I jump beneath the waves.
Interestingly, what I saw from the video cameras perched outside of the Red Bull Stratos capsule reminded me once again of how small planet Earth is in the grand scheme of things. How this is our home base - enclosed, encapsulated within a thin sheet of atmosphere protecting us - a truly finite ecosystem moving through the void of space. It's all we have.
This is something that Felix Baumgartner realized as he stood on the step, looking out at the blackness of space all around him and then turning to the bright blue planet beckoning him home. Asked by a reporter what he was thinking at that moment, Baumgartner said he thought of how small we all are.
So, congratulations to Felix, his entire crew, and to the corporate sponsors who once again proved that, as with SpaceX (the private spacecraft company supplying the International Space Station) and other companies involved in science technology ventures, non-government enterprises can often accomplish great things for science and the environment. Ocean research needs more of that kind of commitment - funding the Aquarius undersea research lab would be a good start - as the outlays are comparatively small and the returns can be enormous and truly live saving.
Visit the Red Bull Stratos website.


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for Parents
- What are the requirements for being a cadet?
To join Civil Air Patrol as a cadet, one must be at least 12 years of age but not yet 19. Current members may stay as cadets until they turn 21.
- What is the Civil Air Patrol's relationship to the military? Is it paramilitary? Is there a service obligation?
Civil Air Patrol is the auxiliary component of the United States Air Force total force, meaning a group that provides supplementary support without being incorporated into the Air Force. It is a civilian-comprised, volunteer organization with no contract or military service obligation. CAP is a 501(c)(3) non-profit that is federally-supported and chartered by Congress. Because of the Civil Air Patrol's auxiliary status, they may be called upon by military, governmental, law enforcement, or other agencies to perform emergency service missions. Civil Air Patrol maintains a close relationship to the United States Air Force, utilizing Air Force style uniforms by privilege.
- What are the benefits of being a cadet?
There are many great advantages to becoming a cadet in the Civil Air Patrol. First, the program allows cadets to explore potential careers. Whether a cadet is interested in a career in the military, commercial aviation, space, emergency services, STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics), or cyber security, there is an opportunity to explore that career in the Civil Air Patrol. Secondly, cadets develop character and leadership qualities that are applicable outside of Civil Air Patrol and in their everyday lives. They are pushed to perform with excellence, discipline, and stand by their morals and values.
- What happens at the weekly meetings?
At weekly meetings, cadets do fun, challenging, and interesting activities such as physical fitness, drill and ceremonies, color guard, teamwork and leadership activities, etc. Leadership, character development, physical fitness, and safety are done monthly. Aerospace discussions or flight simulations occur more frequently.
- Do cadets do anything outside of meetings?
Outside of meetings, cadets have plenty of opportunities to participate in activities. On a squadron or group level, cadets may go on field trips, participate in parades, work actively in their communities, or attend search and rescue exercises. Cadets may go to the New York Leadership Encampment for one week in the summer at Stratton Air National Guard Base in Scotia, NY. Eventually, cadets can travel across America in National Cadet Special Activities. IACE, the International Air Cadet Exchange, is offered to cadets who reach Cadet Captain and 17 years of age.
- Who supervises cadets?
Adult volunteers from many different fields, who have been fingerprinted and screened by the FBI, supervise cadets. These volunteers may include teachers, pilots, and even historians.
- How can I attend a meeting?
By visiting our contact page.


3 edition of Satellite remote sensing of clouds and the atmosphere IV found in the catalog.
Satellite remote sensing of clouds and the atmosphere IV
Includes bibliographical references and author index.
|Other titles||Remote sensing of clouds and the atmosphere IV|
|Statement||Jaqueline E. Russell, chair/editor ; sponsored by University of Florence, Department of Earth Science (Italy) ... [et al.].|
|Series||Proceedings EurOpt series, SPIE proceedings series ;, v. 3867, Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering ;, v. 3867.|
|Contributions||Russell, Jacqueline E., Università di Firenze. Dipartimento di scienze della terra., Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers.|
|LC Classifications||QC920.7 .S282 1999|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||vii, 366 p. :|
|Number of Pages||366|
|LC Control Number||2002282229|
Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XI SUB Gottingen James R. Slusser Klaus Schdfer Results of the 50 year ground-based measurements in comparison with satellite remote sensing of two prominent dust emission sources located in Iran  SESSION 4 REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUDS H Recent field campaigns with. Satellite retrieval of AOT in visible spectrum Refractive index, Size, Shape, etc Key factors: ω, P(θ), and R sfc 4µµ 0 ωτP(θ) Rsat =Rsfc + single scattering, low R sfc .
atmospheric state (T, Q, clouds) Satellite remote sensing of the Earth-atmosphere 2. 3 Radiation and the Planck Function. Spectral Characteristics of Energy Sources and Sensing Systems 4. The atmosphere transmits, absorbs (by H2O, O2, O3, dust) reflects (by clouds), and. Remote sensing of SST. Principles of sounding by emission and applications. Oct. 30 Lab. 8 Applications of passive remote sensing using emission: Sounding of atmospheric temperature. Retrievals of SST. Nov. 4 Lecture Applications of passive remote sensing: Remote sensing of precipitation and clouds.
Satellite remote sensing tools for the detection, monitoring and quantification of volcanic emissions (e.g. sensors working in the visible, ultraviolet, infrared, and/or microwave band). Ground based remote sensing for source parameters definition (e.g., radars, LiDAR, cameras, infrasounds, in situ sampling of granulometry, new instruments, etc.). Shefer, OV & Samokhvalov, IV , Interpretation of laser sensing data based on a model of a cloud as plate crystals. in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. vol. , pp. , Satellite Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere III, Barcelona, Spain,
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Get this from a library. Satellite remote sensing of clouds and the atmosphere IV: September,Florence, Italy. [Jaqueline E Russell; Università di Firenze. Dipartimento di scienze della terra.; Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers.;].
Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing: Atmosphere, Ocean and Land Applications is the first reference book to cover ocean applications, atmospheric applications, and land applications of remote sensing.
Applications of remote sensing data are finding increasing application in fields as diverse as wildlife ecology and coastal recreation management.
Get this from a library. Satellite remote sensing of clouds and the atmosphere IV: September,Florence, Italy. [Jaqueline E Russell; Università di Firenze. Dipartimento di scienze della terra.; Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers.; SPIE Digital Library.;].
With the launch of TRMM in (Kummerow et al. ) and CloudSat and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) in April (e.g., Stephens et al. ), we are now entering a truly active age of spaceborne remote sensing of clouds and precipitation.
With this era comes a twofold challenge, one is to learn Cited by: Basics of (atmospheric) remote sensing • Location of measurement is different from that of the instrument ⇒Information from atmosphere must be propagated to instrument by means of electromagnetic radiation ⇒Remote sensni g requries ‘ retrieval’ = derivation from the atmosphericFile Size: 7MB.
In addition to common radar and satellite images, many more types of remote sensing data exist, which measure a vast array of atmospheric properties. Although many of these data lie beyond the scope of this course, they all have something in common: All remote sensing data is based on measurements of electromagnetic radiation.
Remote Sensing of Aerosols, Clouds, and Precipitation compiles recent advances in aerosol, cloud, and precipitation remote sensing from new satellite observations. The book examines a wide range of measurements from microwave (both active and passive), visible, and infrared portions of the spectrum.
Effects of Atmosphere. In satellite remote sensing of the earth, the sensors are looking through a layer of atmosphere separating the sensors from the Earth's surface being observed. Hence, it is essential to understand the effects of atmosphere on the electromagnetic radiation travelling from the Earth to the sensor through the atmosphere.
RIS Citation TY - CPAPER ID - ali AU - Alexandrov, M. AU - Lacis, A. AU - Carlson, M. AU - Cairns, B. PY - TI - Remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone by means of the Multifilter Rotating Shadow-band Radiometer BT - Satellite Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere IV, 20 Sep.Florence, Italy T3 - Proc.
SPIE VL - SP - DO - This is an excellent introduction to remote sensing of the atmosphere."--James A. Weinman, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center "An excellent overview of the remote-sensing field. The treatment is even-handed and his book is well-suited for an introductory course on the subject."--William C.
Keene, University of Virginia Cited by: Remote Sensing of Clouds and Precipitation (Springer Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry) - Kindle edition by Andronache, Constantin. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Remote Sensing of Clouds and Precipitation (Springer Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry).Cited by: 3.
satellite remote sensing the path properties are primarily determined by the atmosphere. The same applies for certain ground- and air-borne remote sensing instruments. Conference attendees are invited to attend the Remote Sensing poster session held on Wednesday to Posters will be on display after hrs on Monday in the conference area hallway.
Authors of poster papers will be present to answer questions concerning their papers during the Wednesday Poster Session. Because clouds are difficult to observe directly, cloud study requires methods of sensing them remotely, and such techniques are reviewed in Chapter 4.
Part II of this book delves into how dynamics combine with microphysics to produce the different types of clouds that occur in the by: 2. Remote sensing aerosols, clouds, and aerosol–cloud interactions is a hot topic of modern atmospheric remote sensing studies.
Both aerosols and clouds influence climate and weather. Their properties could change with time, leading to planetary energy imbalance on a global scale. satellite retrievals (infrared, microwave) targeting the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (MIPAS, ACE-FTS, MLS, OMPS.) advances in laser sources for lidar sensing of clouds, aerosols and gases from ground, airborne and space-borne platform ; advances in detectors for remote sensing systems of clouds and the atmosphere.
research on the remote sensing of clouds and precipi-tation. Satellite observing systems Understanding and quantifying the real capabilities of satellite-based cloud and precipitation observing sys-tems is a complex task.
A consequence of such com-plexities results in the way observing system errors are typically estimated and validated. under a specific condition and how the solution is relevant to remote sensing of certain meteorological parameters. In Section 3, we focused on three topics of applications of satellite remote sensing: hurricanes, precipitation and air-sea energy exchange (including the influence by clouds).
The reasons to pick up these three topics for tropical. Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer refers to the utilization of ground-based, flight-based, or satellite-based remote sensing instruments to measure properties of the planetary boundary layer including boundary layer height, aerosols and clouds.
Satellite remote sensing of the atmosphere has the advantage of being able to provide global coverage of atmospheric planetary boundary. Satellite remote sensing of aerosols does have some limitations. Technical and scientific issues such as cloud contamination, surface reflectance, sensitivity of instruments, and other atmospheric errors need to be considered while using remote-sensing techniques for atmospheric and climate by:.
Remote Sensing of Aerosols, Clouds, and Precipitation compiles recent advances in aerosol, cloud, and precipitation remote sensing from new satellite observations. The book examines a wide range of measurements from microwave (both active and passive), visible, and infrared portions of the : Elsevier Science.
Clearly a better definition of the atmospheric state, and the vertical structure of clouds and precipitation, are needed to improve the information extracted from satellite observations, and it is for this reason that the combination of active and passive measurements offers much hope for improving cloud and precipitation by: Remote sensing is the science and art of identifying, observing, and measuring an object without coming into direct contact with it.
This involves the detection and measurement of radiation of different wavelengths reflected or emitted from distant objects or materials, by which they may be Cited by: 2.


How much does Private Jet to China Shanghai Cost?
Thailand Bangkok to China Shanghai Private Jet Charter Cost Citation Excel (6 seaters) USD48000 up Flight time 3.59 Hours
Dubai to China Shanghai Private Jet Charter Cost Challenger 605 (12 seaters) USD93040 up Flight time 8.02 Hours
Honolulu to China Shanghai Private Jet Charter Cost Gulfstream 550 (14 seaters) USD136224 up Flight time 9.84 Hours
Los Angeles to China Shanghai Private Jet Charter Cost Gulfstream 550 (14 seaters) USD176472 up Flight time 12.95 Hours
Sydney to China Shanghai Private Jet Charter Cost Gulfstream 550 (14 seaters) USD163647 up Flight time 9.78 Hours
London to China Shanghai Private Jet Charter Cost Gulfstream 550 (14 seaters) USD174480 up Flight time 11.45 Hours
Moscow to China Shanghai Private Jet Charter Cost Gulfstream 550 (14 seaters) USD119376 up Flight time 8.54 Hours
Remark: Above costing overview are estimated based on historic prices. Actual costing may varie subject to aircraft availability. Custom clearance or fuel stop maybe needed enroute for some routing.
What is the Boarding Procedures of Private Jet in China Shanghai (Updated August 2023)
At Shanghai Pudong Airport, a dedicated VIP room is available for Private Jet passengers. However, please note that Shanghai customs officers may not always be present to facilitate customs clearance for international flights.
In cases where customs assistance isn’t available at the VIP room in Shanghai Pudong, passengers will proceed to board the private jet via the commercial airline terminal. Here’s a concise overview of the procedures:
Passengers with More than 5 Luggage Items:
- Please send your luggage to Pudong Airport 75 minutes prior to departure. Our ground supervisor will handle the check-in process for your luggage.
- Passengers should arrive 45-60 minutes before departure. A dedicated customs clearance counter will be provided, allowing you to bypass the queues intended for other commercial airline passengers.
- At the customs clearance counter, your passport will be verified, a process that typically takes around 10 – 15 minutes.
- After the passport check, our staff will guide you to a shuttle bus. The distance to the shuttle bus is approximately 10 minutes on foot.
- The shuttle bus will transport you to the private jet. The shuttle ride takes about 20 minutes.
For passengers traveling with only a small amount of luggage, you can arrive at the airport with your luggage at the same time.
Please contact us for further information about this airport.
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