Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Polarimetry of Water Ice Particles Providing Insights on Grain Size and
  Degree of Sintering on Icy Planetary Surfaces   The polarimetry of the light scattered by planetary surfaces is a powerful
tool to provide constraints on their microstructure. To improve the
interpretation of polarimetric data from icy surfaces, we have developed the
POLarimeter for ICE Samples (POLICES) complementing the measurement facilities
of the Ice Laboratory at the University of Bern. The new setup uses a high
precision Stokes polarimeter to measure the degree of polarization in the
visible light scattered by surfaces at moderate phase angles (from 1.5 to
30{\deg}). We present the photometric and polarimetric phase curves measured on
various surfaces made of pure water ice particles having well-controlled size
and shape (spherical, crushed, frost). The results show how the amplitude and
the shape of the negative polarization branch change with the particles sizes
and the degree of metamorphism of the ice. We found that fresh frost formed by
water condensation on cold surfaces has a phase curve characterized by
resonances (Mie oscillations) indicating that frost embryos are transparent
micrometer-sized particles with a narrow size distribution and spherical shape.
Comparisons of these measurements with polarimetric observations of the icy
satellites of the Solar System suggest that Europa is possibly covered by
relatively coarser (~40-400 {\mu}m) and more sintered grains than Enceladus and
Rhea, more likely covered by frost-like particles of few micrometers in
average. The great sensitivity of polarization to grain size and degree of
sintering makes it an ideal tool to detect hints of ongoing processes on icy
planetary surfaces, such as cryovolcanism.

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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: eess
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom