Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Fundamental residual amplitude modulation in electro-optic modulators   The residual amplitude modulation ($\mathrm{RAM}$) is the undesired, non-zero
amplitude modulation that usually occurs when a phase modulation based on the
electro-optic effect is imprinted on a laser beam. In this work, we show that
electro-optic modulators (EOMs) that are used to generate the sidebands on the
laser beam also generate a $\mathrm{RAM}$ in the optical setup. This result
contradicts standard textbooks, which assume the amplitude remains unchanged in
the process and should be considered as a fundamental $\mathrm{RAM}$
($\mathrm{RAM_{F}}$) for these devices. We present a classical model for the
propagation of an infrared laser with frequency $\omega_{0}$ in a wedge-shaped
crystal and an EOM with an RF modulating signal of frequency $\Omega$. Since
${\Omega}\ll \omega_{0}$, we solve Maxwell's equations in a time-varying media
via a WKB approximation and we write the electromagnetic fields in terms of
quasi-plane waves. From the emerging fields of the setup, we compute the
associated $\mathrm{RAM_{F}}$ and show that it depends on the phase-modulation
depth $m$ and the quotient $\left(\frac{\Omega}{\omega_{0}}\right)$. The
$\mathrm{RAM_{F}}$ values obtained for the EOMs used in gravitational wave
detectors are presented. Finally, the cancellation of $\mathrm{RAM_{F}}$ is
analyzed.

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The categories of this paper are: econ
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: stat