Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Surface Spin-valve Effect   We report an observation of spin-valve like hysteresis within a few atomic
layers at a ferromagnetic interface. We use phonon spectroscopy of nanometer
sized point contacts as an in-situ probe to study the mechanism of the effect.
Distinct in energy phonon peaks for contacts with dissimilar nonmagnetic outer
electrodes allow to localize the observed spin switching to the top or bottom
interfaces for nanometer thin ferromagnetic layers. The mechanism consistent
with our data is energetically distinct atomically thin surface spin layers
that can form current or field driven surface spin-valves within a single
ferromagnetic film.

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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: eess
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org