Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Training Multi-layer Spiking Neural Networks using NormAD based
  Spatio-Temporal Error Backpropagation   Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have garnered a great amount of interest for
supervised and unsupervised learning applications. This paper deals with the
problem of training multi-layer feedforward SNNs. The non-linear
integrate-and-fire dynamics employed by spiking neurons make it difficult to
train SNNs to generate desired spike trains in response to a given input. To
tackle this, first the problem of training a multi-layer SNN is formulated as
an optimization problem such that its objective function is based on the
deviation in membrane potential rather than the spike arrival instants. Then,
an optimization method named Normalized Approximate Descent (NormAD),
hand-crafted for such non-convex optimization problems, is employed to derive
the iterative synaptic weight update rule. Next, it is reformulated to
efficiently train multi-layer SNNs, and is shown to be effectively performing
spatio-temporal error backpropagation. The learning rule is validated by
training $2$-layer SNNs to solve a spike based formulation of the XOR problem
as well as training $3$-layer SNNs for generic spike based training problems.
Thus, the new algorithm is a key step towards building deep spiking neural
networks capable of efficient event-triggered learning.

3
The categories of this paper are: physics
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an