Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Non-equilibrium evolution of volatility in origination and extinction
  explains fat-tailed fluctuations in Phanerozoic biodiversity   Fluctuations in biodiversity, large and small, are pervasive in the fossil
record, yet we do not understand the processes generating them. Here we extend
theory from non-equilibrium statistical physics to describe the previously
unaccounted for fat-tailed form of fluctuations in marine invertebrate richness
through the Phanerozoic. Using this theory, known as superstatistics, we show
that the simple fact of heterogeneous origination and extinction rates between
clades and conserved rates within clades is sufficient to account for this
fat-tailed form. We identify orders and the families they subsume as the
taxonomic level at which clades experience inter-clade heterogeneity and within
clade homogeneity of rates. Following superstatistics we would posit that
orders and families are subsystems in local statistical equilibrium while the
entire system is not in equilibrium. The separation of timescales between
background origination and extinction within clades compared to the origin of
major ecological and evolutionary innovations leading to new clades allows
within-clade dynamics to reach equilibrium, while between-clade diversification
is non-equilibrial. This between clade non-equilibrium accounts for the
fat-tailed nature of the system as a whole. The distribution of shifts in
diversification dynamics across orders and families is consistent with niche
conservatism and pulsed exploration of adaptive landscapes by higher taxa.
Compared to other approaches that have used simple birth-death processes,
simple equilibrial dynamics, or non-linear theories from complexity science,
superstatistics is superior in its ability to account for both small and
extreme fluctuations in the richness of fossil taxa. Its success opens up new
research directions to better understand the evolutionary processes leading to
stasis in an adaptive landscape interrupted by innovations that lead to novel
forms.

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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: nlin
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The categories of this paper are: eess
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph