Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Why Buckling Stellar Bars Weaken in Disk Galaxies   Young stellar bars in disk galaxies experience a vertical buckling
instability which terminates their growth and thickens them, resulting in a
characteristic peanut/boxy shape when viewed edge on. Using N-body simulations
of galactic disks embedded in live halos, we have analyzed the bar structure
throughout this instability and found that the outer third of the bar dissolves
completely while the inner part (within the vertical inner Lindblad resonance)
becomes less oval. The bar acquires the frequently observed peanut/boxy-shaped
isophotes. We also find that the bar buckling is responsible for a mass
injection above the plane, which is subsequently trapped by specific 3-D
families of periodic orbits of particular shapes explaining the observed
isophotes, in line with previous work. Using a 3-D orbit analysis and surfaces
of sections, we infer that the outer part of the bar is dissolved by a rapidly
widening stochastic region around its corotation radius -- a process related to
the bar growth. This leads to a dramatic decrease in the bar size, decrease in
the overall bar strength and a mild increase in its pattern speed, but is not
expected to lead to a complete bar dissolution. The buckling instability
appears primarily responsible for shortening the secular diffusion timescale to
a dynamical one when building the boxy isophotes. The sufficiently long
timescale of described evolution, ~1 Gyr, can affect the observed bar fraction
in local universe and at higher redshifts, both through reduced bar strength
and the absence of dust offset lanes in the bar.

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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
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The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat