Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: A Touch of Evil: High-Assurance Cryptographic Hardware from Untrusted
  Components   The semiconductor industry is fully globalized and integrated circuits (ICs)
are commonly defined, designed and fabricated in different premises across the
world. This reduces production costs, but also exposes ICs to supply chain
attacks, where insiders introduce malicious circuitry into the final products.
Additionally, despite extensive post-fabrication testing, it is not uncommon
for ICs with subtle fabrication errors to make it into production systems.
While many systems may be able to tolerate a few byzantine components, this is
not the case for cryptographic hardware, storing and computing on confidential
data. For this reason, many error and backdoor detection techniques have been
proposed over the years. So far all attempts have been either quickly
circumvented, or come with unrealistically high manufacturing costs and
complexity.
  This paper proposes Myst, a practical high-assurance architecture, that uses
commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware, and provides strong security
guarantees, even in the presence of multiple malicious or faulty components.
The key idea is to combine protective-redundancy with modern threshold
cryptographic techniques to build a system tolerant to hardware trojans and
errors. To evaluate our design, we build a Hardware Security Module that
provides the highest level of assurance possible with COTS components.
Specifically, we employ more than a hundred COTS secure crypto-coprocessors,
verified to FIPS140-2 Level 4 tamper-resistance standards, and use them to
realize high-confidentiality random number generation, key derivation, public
key decryption and signing. Our experiments show a reasonable computational
overhead (less than 1% for both Decryption and Signing) and an exponential
increase in backdoor-tolerance as more ICs are added.

34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
2
The categories of this paper are: math
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas