Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: On the Accuracy of Underground Muon Intensity Calculations   Cosmic ray muons detected by deep underground and underwater detectors have
served as an information source on the high-energy cosmic ray spectrum and
hadronic interactions in air showers for almost a century. The theoretical
interest in underground muons has nearly faded because space-borne experiments
probe the cosmic ray spectrum more directly, and accelerators provide precise
measurements of hadron yields. However, underground muons probe unique hadron
interaction energies and phase space, which are still inaccessible to present
accelerator experiments. The cosmic ray nucleon energies reach the hundred-TeV
and PeV ranges, which are barely accessible with space-borne experiments. Our
new calculation combines two modern computational tools: MCEq, for surface muon
fluxes, and PROPOSAL, for underground transport. We demonstrate excellent
agreement with measurements of cosmic ray muon intensities underground within
estimated errors. Beyond that, the precision of historical data turns out to be
significantly smaller than our error estimates. This result shows that the
sources of high-energy atmospheric lepton flux uncertainties at the surface or
underground can be significantly constrained without taking more data or
building new detectors. The reduction of uncertainties can be expected to
impact data analyses at large-volume neutrino telescopes and for the design of
future ton-scale direct dark matter detectors.

16
The categories of this paper are: stat
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
2
The categories of this paper are: math
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin