Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Maximally-hard spectra from diffusive shock-acceleration in pulsar-wind
  nebulae   The processes leading to the exceptionally hard radio spectra of pulsar-wind
nebulae (PWNe) are not yet understood. Radio photon spectral indices among $29$
PWNe from the literature show an approximately normal, $\alpha=0.2\pm0.2$
distribution. We present $\sim 3\sigma$ evidence for a distinct sub-population
of PWNe, with a hard spectrum $\alpha=0.01\pm0.06$ near the termination shock
and significantly softer elsewhere, possibly due to a recent evacuation of the
shock surroundings. Such spectra, especially in the hard sub-population,
suggest a Fermi process, such as diffusive shock acceleration, at its extreme,
$\alpha=0$ limit. We show that this limit is approached for sufficiently
anisotropic small-angle scattering, enhanced on either side of the shock for
particles approaching the shock front. In the upstream, the spectral hardening
is mostly associated with an enhanced energy gain, possibly driven by the same
beamed particles crossing the shock. Downstream, the main effect is a
diminished escape probability, but this lowers the acceleration efficiency to
$\lesssim25\%$ for $\alpha=0.3$ and $\lesssim1\%$ for $\alpha=0.03$.

31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
2
The categories of this paper are: math
1
The categories of this paper are: cs