Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Grain boundary ferromagnetism in vanadium-doped In$_2$O$_3$ thin films   Room temperature ferromagnetism was observed in In$_2$O$_3 thin films doped
with 5 at.% vanadium, prepared by pulsed laser deposition at substrate
temperatures ranging from 300 to 600 $\,^{\circ}{\rm C}$. X-ray absorption fine
structure measurement indicated that vanadium was substitutionally dissolved in
the In$_2$O$_3$ host lattice, thus excluding the existence of secondary phases
of vanadium compounds. Magnetic measurements based on SQUID magnetometry and
magnetic circular dichroism confirm that the magnetism is at grain boundaries
and also in the grains. The overall magnetization originates from the competing
effects between grains and grain boundaries.

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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
2
The categories of this paper are: math
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas