Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Scaling of Black Hole Accretion Discs from Gamma-Ray Bursts and Black
  Hole X-Ray Binaries to Active Galactic Nuclei   I consider how physical processes scale over eight orders of magnitude in
black hole mass, from stellar masses in gamma-ray bursts (GRB) and black-hole
X-ray binaries (BHXRB) to supermassive active galactic nuclei (AGN). Accretion
rates onto stellar mass black holes range over more than sixteen orders of
magnitude, from the lower luminosity BHXRB to GRB. These enormous parameter
ranges correspond to qualitative as well as quantitative differences in
behavior. The fundamental questions involve the balance between nonequilibrium
and thermalized plasmas. When energy fluxes exceed a critical value $\sim
10^{29}$ erg/cm$^2$s, as in GRB, a black-body equilibrium pair plasma forms. At
the lower fluxes found in AGN, BHXRB and microquasars, accretion power
electrodynamically accelerates a small number of very energetic particles,
explaining their non-thermal spectra and the high energy gamma-ray emission of
blazars. Ultra-high energy cosmic rays may be accelerated by massive black
holes, otherwise undetectable, with very low thermal luminosities. New-born
fast high-field pulsars may be in the black-body equilibrium regime, resembling
SGR in permanent outburst. I also consider the question, significant for the
acceleration of nonthermal particles in GRB outflows, of whether collisionless
plasmas interpenetrate rather than forming hydrodynamic shocks, and propose
this as an alternative to internal shock models of GRB.

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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat