Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Tangle 2.0 Leaderless Nakamoto Consensus on the Heaviest DAG   We introduce the theoretical foundations of the Tangle 2.0, a probabilistic
leaderless consensus protocol based on a directed acyclic graph (DAG) called
the Tangle. The Tangle naturally succeeds the blockchain as its next
evolutionary step as it offers features suited to establish more efficient and
scalable distributed ledger solutions.
  Consensus is no longer found in the longest chain but on the heaviest DAG,
where PoW is replaced by a stake- or reputation-based weight function. The DAG
structure and the underlying Reality-based UTXO Ledger allow parallel
validation of transactions without the need for total ordering. Moreover, it
enables the removal of the intermediary of miners and validators, allowing a
pure two-step process that follows the \emph{propose-vote} paradigm at the node
level and not at the validator level.
  We propose a framework to analyse liveness and safety under different
communication and adversary models. This allows providing impossibility results
in some edge cases and in the asynchronous communication model. We provide
formal proof of the security of the protocol assuming a common random coin.

32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
22
The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
16
The categories of this paper are: stat