Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: How fast do young star clusters expel their natal gas?: Estimating the
  upper limit of the gas expulsion time-scale   Formation of massive stars within embedded star clusters starts a complex
interplay between their feedback, inflowing gas and stellar dynamics, which
often includes close stellar encounters. Hydrodynamical simulations usually
resort to substantial simplifications to model embedded clusters. Here, we
address the simplification which approximates the whole star cluster by a
single sink particle, which completely neglects the internal stellar dynamics.
In order to model the internal stellar dynamics, we implement a Hermite
predictor-corrector integration scheme to the hydrodynamic code FLASH. As we
illustrate by a suite of tests, this integrator significantly outperforms the
current leap-frog scheme, and it is able to follow the dynamics of small
compact stellar systems without the necessity to soften the gravitational
potential. We find that resolving individual massive stars instead of
representing the whole cluster by a single energetic source has a profound
influence on the gas component: for clusters of mass less than $\lesssim 3
\times 10^3 M_{\odot}$, it slows gas expulsion by a factor of $\approx 5$ to
$\approx 1$ Myr, and it results in substantially more complex gas structures.
With increasing cluster mass (up to $\approx 3\times 10^3 M_{\odot}$), the gas
expulsion time-scale slightly decreases. However, more massive clusters
($\gtrsim 5\times 10^3 M_{\odot}$) are unable to clear their natal gas with
photoionising radiation and stellar winds only if they form with a star
formation efficiency (SFE) of $1/3$. This implies that the more massive
clusters are either cleared with another feedback mechanism or they form with a
SFE higher than $1/3$.

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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph