Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Verification of Bitcoin's Smart Contracts in Agda using Weakest
  Preconditions for Access Control   This paper addresses the verification of Bitcoin smart contracts using the
interactive theorem prover Agda. It focuses on two standard smart contracts
that govern the distribution of Bitcoins, Pay to Public Key Hash (P2PKH) and
Pay to Multisig (P2MS). Both are written in Bitcoin's low-level language
script, and provide the security property of access control to the distribution
of Bitcoins. The paper introduces an operational semantics of the script
commands used in P2PKH and P2MS, and formalises it in the Agda proof assistant
using Hoare triples. It advocates weakest preconditions in the context of Hoare
triples as the appropriate notion for verifying access control. Two
methodologies for obtaining human-readable weakest preconditions are discussed
in order to close the validation gap between user requirements and formal
specification of smart contracts: (1) a step-by-step approach, which works
backwards instruction by instruction through a script, sometimes stepping over
several instructions in one go; (2) symbolic execution of the code and
translation into a nested case distinction, which allows to read off weakest
preconditions as the disjunction of accepting paths. A syntax for equational
reasoning with Hoare Triples is defined in order to formalise those approaches
in Agda.
  Keywords and phrases Blockchain; Cryptocurrency; Bitcoin; Ethereum; Agda;
Coq; Verification; Hoare logic; Script; P2PKH; Multi signature; Security;
Weakest precondition; Correctnes; Proof; Smart Contract

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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: nlin
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The categories of this paper are: math
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: eess