Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Nonsmooth frameworks for an extended Budyko model   In latitude-dependent energy balance models, ice-free and ice-covered
conditions form physical boundaries of the system. With carbon dioxide treated
as a bifurcation parameter, the resulting bifurcation diagram is nonsmooth with
curves of equilibria and boundaries forming corners at points of intersection.
Over long time scales, atmospheric carbon dioxide varies dynamically and the
nonsmooth diagram becomes a set of quasi-equilibria. {However, when introducing
carbon dynamics, care must be taken with the physical boundaries and
appropriate boundary motion specified. In this article, we extend an energy
balance model to include slowly varying carbon dioxide and develop a nonsmooth
framework based on physically relevant boundary dynamics. Within this
framework, we prove existence and uniqueness of solutions, as well as
invariance of the region of phase space bounded by ice-free and ice-covered
states.

21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph