Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Highway: Efficient Consensus with Flexible Finality   There has been recently a lot of progress in designing efficient partially
synchronous BFT consensus protocols that are meant to serve as core consensus
engines for Proof of Stake blockchain systems. While the state-of-the-art
solutions attain virtually optimal performance under this theoretical model,
there is still room for improvement, as several practical aspects of such
systems are not captured by this model. Most notably, during regular execution,
due to financial incentives in such systems, one expects an overwhelming
fraction of nodes to honestly follow the protocol rules and only few of them to
be faulty, most likely due to temporary network issues. Intuitively, the fact
that almost all nodes behave honestly should result in stronger confidence in
blocks finalized in such periods, however it is not the case under the
classical model, where finality is binary.
  We propose Highway, a new consensus protocol that is safe and live in the
classical partially synchronous BFT model, while at the same time offering
practical improvements over existing solutions. Specifically, block finality in
Highway is not binary but is expressed by fraction of nodes that would need to
break the protocol rules in order for a block to be reverted. During periods of
honest participation finality of blocks might reach well beyond 1/3 (as what
would be the maximum for classical protocols), up to even 1 (complete
certainty). Having finality defined this way, Highway offers flexibility with
respect to the configuration of security thresholds among nodes running the
protocol, allowing nodes with lower thresholds to reach finality faster than
the ones requiring higher levels of confidence.

36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
29
The categories of this paper are: funct-an
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
5
The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys