Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: UV Surface Environment of Earth-like Planets Orbiting FGKM Stars Through
  Geological Evolution   The UV environment of a host star affects the photochemistry in the
atmosphere, and ultimately the surface UV environment for terrestrial planets
and therefore the conditions for the origin and evolution of life. We model the
surface UV radiation environment for Earth-sized planets orbiting FGKM stars at
the 1AU equivalent distance for Earth through its geological evolution. We
explore four different types of atmospheres corresponding to an early Earth
atmosphere at 3.9 Gyr ago and three atmospheres covering the rise of oxygen to
present day levels at 2.0 Gyr ago, 0.8 Gyr ago and modern Earth (Following
Kaltenegger et al. 2007). In addition to calculating the UV flux on the surface
of the planet, we model the biologically effective irradiance, using DNA damage
as a proxy for biological damage. We find that a pre-biotic Earth (3.9 Gyr ago)
orbiting an F0V star receives 6 times the biologically effective radiation as
around the early Sun and 3520 times the modern Earth-Sun levels. A pre-biotic
Earth orbiting GJ 581 (M3.5V) receives 300 times less biologically effective
radiation, about 2 times modern Earth-Sun levels. The UV fluxes calculated here
provide a grid of model UV environments during the evolution of an Earth-like
planet orbiting a range of stars. These models can be used as inputs into
photo-biological experiments and for pre-biotic chemistry and early life
evolution experiments.

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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: eess
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The categories of this paper are: cs
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: nlin
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys