Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Microwave Photon Number Resolving Detector Using the Topological Surface
  State of Superconducting Cadmium Arsenide   Photon number resolving detectors play a central role in quantum optics. A
key challenge in resolving the number of absorbed photons in the microwave
frequency range is finding a suitable material that provides not only an
appropriate band structure for absorbing low-energy photons but also a means of
detecting a discrete photoelectron excitation. To this end, we propose to
measure the temperature gain after absorbing a photon using superconducting
cadmium arsenide (Cd3As2) with a topological semimetallic surface state as the
detector. The surface electrons absorb the incoming photons and then transfer
the excess energy via heat to the superconducting bulk's phonon modes. The
temperature gain can be determined by measuring the change in the zero-bias
bulk resistivity, which does not significantly affect the lattice dynamics.
Moreover, the obtained temperature gain scales discretely with the number of
absorbed photons, enabling a photon-number resolving function. Here, we will
calculate the temperature increase as a function of the number and frequency of
photons absorbed. We will also derive the timescale for the heat transfer
process from the surface electrons to the bulk phonons. We will specifically
show that the transfer processes are fast enough to ignore heat dissipation
loss.

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The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
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The categories of this paper are: nlin
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: math
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol