Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Geography of Science: Competitiveness and Inequality   Using ideas and tools of complexity science we design a holistic measure of
\textit{Scientific Fitness}, encompassing the scientific knowledge,
capabilities and competitiveness of a research system. We characterize the
temporal dynamics of Scientific Fitness and R\&D expenditures at the
geographical scale of nations, highlighting patterns of similar research
systems, and showing how developing nations (China in particular) are quickly
catching up the developed ones. Down-scaling the aggregation level of the
analysis, we find that even developed nations show a considerable level of
inequality in the Scientific Fitness of their internal regions. Further, we
assess comparatively how the competitiveness of each geographic region is
distributed over the spectrum of research sectors. Overall, the Scientific
Fitness represents the first high quality estimation of the scientific strength
of nations and regions, opening new policy-making applications for better
allocating resources, filling inequality gaps and ultimately promoting
innovation.

34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
14
The categories of this paper are: math-ph
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
27
The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol