Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: The second law-type work relation in non-equilibrium steady states in
  one-dimensional quantum lattice systems   We consider the Non-Equilibrium Steady State induced by two infinite quantum
thermal reservoirs at different temperatures and derive an inequality giving
the upper bound of the work extracted by cyclic operations. This upper bound
tends to 0 in the equilibrium limit and the inequality reproduces the second
law of thermodynamics that one cannot extract any work from equilibrium states
by cyclic operations. In addition, we consider global cyclic operations and
obtain an upper bound of the work density in one-dimensional quantum lattice
systems, which depends on the model and the temperatures of the reservoirs.
This bound is independent of the operations and also tends to 0 in the
equilibrium limit.

33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
32
The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
25
The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
18
The categories of this paper are: econ
24
The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
17
The categories of this paper are: q-fin
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio