Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: New constraints on the physical conditions in H$_2$-bearing GRB-host
  damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers   We report the detections of molecular hydrogen (H$_2$), vibrationally-excited
H$_2$ (H$^*_2$), and neutral atomic carbon (CI), in two new afterglow spectra
of GRBs\,181020A ($z=2.938$) and 190114A ($z=3.376$), observed with X-shooter
at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Both host-galaxy absorption systems are
characterized by strong damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers (DLAs) and substantial
amounts of molecular hydrogen with $\log N$(HI, H$_2$) = $22.20\pm
0.05,~20.40\pm 0.04$ (GRB\,181020A) and $\log N$(HI, H$_2$) = $22.15\pm
0.05,~19.44\pm 0.04$ (GRB\,190114A). The DLA metallicites, depletion levels and
dust extinctions are [Zn/H] = $-1.57\pm 0.06$, [Zn/Fe] = $0.67\pm 0.03$, and
$A_V = 0.27\pm 0.02$\,mag (GRB\,181020A) and [Zn/H] = $-1.23\pm 0.07$, [Zn/Fe]
= $1.06\pm 0.08$, and $A_V = 0.36\pm 0.02$\,mag (GRB\,190114A). We then examine
the molecular gas content of all known H$_2$-bearing GRB-DLAs and explore the
physical conditions and characteristics of these systems. We confirm that H$_2$
is detected in all CI- and H$^*_2$-bearing GRB absorption systems, but that
these rarer features are not necessarily detected in all GRB H$_2$ absorbers.
We find that a large molecular fraction of $f_{\rm H_2} \gtrsim 10^{-3}$ is
required for CI to be detected. The defining characteristic for H$^*_2$ to be
present is less clear, though a large H$_2$ column density is an essential
factor. We then derive the H$_2$ excitation temperatures of the molecular gas
and find that they are relatively low with $T_{\rm ex} \approx 100 - 300$\,K,
however, there could be evidence of warmer components populating the high-$J$
H$_2$ levels in GRBs\,181020A and 190114A. Finally, we demonstrate that the
otherwise successful X-shooter GRB afterglow campaign is hampered by a
significant dust bias excluding the most dust-obscured H$_2$ absorbers from
identification [Abridged].

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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: atom-ph
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th