Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: D-LNBot: A Scalable, Cost-Free and Covert Hybrid Botnet on Bitcoin's
  Lightning Network   While various covert botnets were proposed in the past, they still lack
complete anonymization for their servers/botmasters or suffer from slow
communication between the botmaster and the bots. In this paper, we first
propose a new generation hybrid botnet that covertly and efficiently
communicates over Bitcoin Lightning Network (LN), called LNBot. Exploiting
various anonymity features of LN, we show the feasibility of a scalable
two-layer botnet which completely anonymizes the identity of the botmaster. In
the first layer, the botmaster anonymously sends the commands to the command
and control (C&C) servers through regular LN payments. Specifically, LNBot
allows botmaster's commands to be sent in the form of surreptitious multi-hop
LN payments, where the commands are either encoded with the payments or
attached to the payments to provide covert communications. In the second layer,
C&C servers further relay those commands to the bots in their mini-botnets to
launch any type of attacks to victim machines. We further improve on this
design by introducing D-LNBot; a distributed version of LNBot that generates
its C&C servers by infecting users on the Internet and forms the C&C
connections by opening channels to the existing nodes on LN. In contrary to the
LNBot, the whole botnet formation phase is distributed and the botmaster is
never involved in the process. By utilizing Bitcoin's Testnet and the new
message attachment feature of LN, we show that D-LNBot can be run for free and
commands are propagated faster to all the C&C servers compared to LNBot. We
presented proof-of-concept implementations for both LNBot and D-LNBot on the
actual LN and extensively analyzed their delay and cost performance. Finally,
we also provide and discuss a list of potential countermeasures to detect LNBot
and D-LNBot activities and minimize their impacts.

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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
13
The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: econ
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
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The categories of this paper are: math