Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Learning Nonlinear Loop Invariants with Gated Continuous Logic Networks
  (Extended Version)   Verifying real-world programs often requires inferring loop invariants with
nonlinear constraints. This is especially true in programs that perform many
numerical operations, such as control systems for avionics or industrial
plants. Recently, data-driven methods for loop invariant inference have shown
promise, especially on linear invariants. However, applying data-driven
inference to nonlinear loop invariants is challenging due to the large numbers
of and magnitudes of high-order terms, the potential for overfitting on a small
number of samples, and the large space of possible inequality bounds.
  In this paper, we introduce a new neural architecture for general SMT
learning, the Gated Continuous Logic Network (G-CLN), and apply it to nonlinear
loop invariant learning. G-CLNs extend the Continuous Logic Network (CLN)
architecture with gating units and dropout, which allow the model to robustly
learn general invariants over large numbers of terms. To address overfitting
that arises from finite program sampling, we introduce fractional sampling---a
sound relaxation of loop semantics to continuous functions that facilitates
unbounded sampling on real domain. We additionally design a new CLN activation
function, the Piecewise Biased Quadratic Unit (PBQU), for naturally learning
tight inequality bounds.
  We incorporate these methods into a nonlinear loop invariant inference system
that can learn general nonlinear loop invariants. We evaluate our system on a
benchmark of nonlinear loop invariants and show it solves 26 out of 27
problems, 3 more than prior work, with an average runtime of 53.3 seconds. We
further demonstrate the generic learning ability of G-CLNs by solving all 124
problems in the linear Code2Inv benchmark. We also perform a quantitative
stability evaluation and show G-CLNs have a convergence rate of $97.5\%$ on
quadratic problems, a $39.2\%$ improvement over CLN models.

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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: math
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The categories of this paper are: quant-ph
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: q-bio
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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: nlin
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol