Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: P-hacking in clinical trials and how incentives shape the distribution
  of results across phases   Clinical research should conform to high standards of ethical and scientific
integrity, given that human lives are at stake. However, economic incentives
can generate conflicts of interest for investigators, who may be inclined to
withhold unfavorable results or even tamper with data in order to achieve
desired outcomes. To shed light on the integrity of clinical trial results,
this paper systematically analyzes the distribution of p-values of primary
outcomes for phase II and phase III drug trials reported to the
ClinicalTrials.gov registry. First, we detect no bunching of results just above
the classical 5% threshold for statistical significance. Second, a density
discontinuity test reveals an upward jump at the 5% threshold for phase III
results by small industry sponsors. Third, we document a larger fraction of
significant results in phase III compared to phase II. Linking trials across
phases, we find that early favorable results increase the likelihood of
continuing into the next phase. Once we take into account this selective
continuation, we can explain almost completely the excess of significant
results in phase III for trials conducted by large industry sponsors. For small
industry sponsors, instead, part of the excess remains unexplained.

35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
15
The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
6
The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
4
The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
34
The categories of this paper are: chem-ph
28
The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
23
The categories of this paper are: solv-int
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
3
The categories of this paper are: physics
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
26
The categories of this paper are: bayes-an