Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Reachability in Bidirected Pushdown VASS   A pushdown vector addition system with states (PVASS) extends the model of
vector addition systems with a pushdown store. A PVASS is said to be
\emph{bidirected} if every transition (pushing/popping a symbol or modifying a
counter) has an accompanying opposite transition that reverses the effect.
Bidirectedness arises naturally in many models; it can also be seen as a
overapproximation of reachability. We show that the reachability problem for
\emph{bidirected} PVASS is decidable in Ackermann time and primitive recursive
for any fixed dimension. For the special case of one-dimensional bidirected
PVASS, we show reachability is in $\mathsf{PSPACE}$, and in fact in polynomial
time if the stack is polynomially bounded. Our results are in contrast to the
\emph{directed} setting, where decidability of reachability is a long-standing
open problem already for one dimensional PVASS, and there is a
$\mathsf{PSPACE}$-lower bound already for one-dimensional PVASS with bounded
stack.
  The reachability relation in the bidirected (stateless) case is a congruence
over $\mathbb{N}^d$. Our upper bounds exploit saturation techniques over
congruences. In particular, we show novel elementary-time constructions of
semilinear representations of congruences generated by finitely many vector
pairs. In the case of one-dimensional PVASS, we employ a saturation procedure
over bounded-size counters.
  We complement our upper bound with a $\mathsf{TOWER}$-hardness result for
arbitrary dimension and $k$-$\mathsf{EXPSPACE}$ hardness in dimension $2k+6$
using a technique by Lazi\'{c} and Totzke to implement iterative
exponentiations.

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The categories of this paper are: cond-mat
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
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The categories of this paper are: eess
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The categories of this paper are: astro-ph
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc
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The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an