Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: The Metal Contents of Very Low Column Density Lyman-alpha Clouds:
  Implications for the Origin of Heavy Elements in the Intergalactic Medium   We investigate the metal contents of Lyman-alpha clouds at 2.2<z<3.6 with
10^13.5<N(HI)<10^14 cm-2 using high resolution, high S/N spectra of 9 quasars
obtained with the 10m Keck I telescope. Using an composite spectrum analysis
technique, we deduce a mean metallicity of [C/H]<-3.5 for such clouds, which is
a factor of more than 10 less than that inferred for Lyman-alpha clouds with
N(HI)>10^14.5 cm-2. This result rules out the suggestion that a generation of
Population III stars could have polluted the entire universe to a (nearly)
uniform metallicity level of [C/H]=-2.5. Cosmological simulations involving gas
hydrodynamics indicate that Lyman-alpha absorption with N(HI)>10^14.5 cm-2
mostly occur in the filamentary gaseous regions surrounding and connecting
collapsed objects, while those with N(HI)<10^14 cm-2 are preferentially found
in void regions further away from collapsed objects. These results, coupled
with the simulation results of Ostriker and Gnedin (1996) and Gnedin and
Ostriker (1997) for Pop III star formation and enrichment, strongly suggest
that most of the heavy elements in Lyman-alpha clouds with N(HI)>10^14.5 cm-2
(i.e., gas in the filaments) were probably prodcued in situ by Pop II stars, in
the sense that they were either made by stars within the clouds or were ejected
from nearby star-forming galaxies. Within this context, clouds with N(HI)<10^14
cm-2 (i.e., gas in void regions) may only have e experienced pollution from Pop
III stars.

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The categories of this paper are: chao-dyn
11
The categories of this paper are: hep-lat
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
9
The categories of this paper are: nlin
8
The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: comp-gas
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The categories of this paper are: econ
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-th