Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: A Self-Consistent Model for the Formation of Relativistic Outflows in
  Advection-Dominated Accretion Disks with Shocks   In this Letter, we suggest that the relativistic protons powering the
outflows emanating from radio-loud systems containing black holes are
accelerated at standing, centrifugally-supported shocks in hot,
advection-dominated accretion disks. Such disks are ideal sites for first-order
Fermi acceleration at shocks because the gas is tenuous, and consequently the
mean free path for particle-particle collisions generally exceeds the thickness
of the disk. The accelerated particles are therefore able to avoid
thermalization, and as a result a small fraction of them achieve very high
energies and escape from the disk. In our approach the hydrodynamics and the
particle acceleration are coupled and the solutions are obtained
self-consistently based on a rigorous mathematical treatment. The theoretical
analysis of the particle transport parallels the early studies of cosmic-ray
acceleration in supernova shock waves. We find that particle acceleration in
the vicinity of the shock can extract enough energy to power a relativistic
jet. Using physical parameters appropriate for M87 and Sgr A*, we confirm that
the jet kinetic luminosities predicted by the theory agree with the
observational estimates.

20
The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
12
The categories of this paper are: nucl-th
10
The categories of this paper are: q-bio
35
The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
21
The categories of this paper are: adap-org
36
The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
19
The categories of this paper are: eess
1
The categories of this paper are: cs
16
The categories of this paper are: stat
31
The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
37
The categories of this paper are: supr-con
33
The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
7
The categories of this paper are: hep-th
30
The categories of this paper are: q-alg
0
The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
18
The categories of this paper are: econ