Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: Cosmic Rays and Terrestrial Life: A Brief Review   "The investigation into the possible effects of cosmic rays on living
organisms will also offer great interest." - Victor F. Hess, Nobel Lecture,
December 12, 1936
  High-energy radiation bursts are commonplace in our Universe. From nearby
solar flares to distant gamma ray bursts, a variety of physical processes
accelerate charged particles to a wide range of energies, which subsequently
reach the Earth. Such particles contribute to a number of physical processes
occurring in the Earth system. A large fraction of the energy of charged
particles gets deposited in the atmosphere, ionizing the atmosphere, causing
changes in its chemistry and affecting the global electric circuit. Remaining
secondary particles contribute to the background dose of cosmic rays on the
surface and parts of the subsurface region. Life has evolved over the past ~ 3
billion years in presence of this background radiation, which itself has varied
considerably during the period. As demonstrated by the Miller-Urey experiment,
lightning plays a very important role in the formation of complex organic
molecules, which are the building blocks of more complex structures forming
life. There is growing evidence of increase in the lightning rate with
increasing flux of charged particles. Is there a connection between enhanced
rate of cosmic rays and the origin of life? Cosmic ray secondaries are also
known to damage DNA and cause mutations, leading to cancer and other diseases.
It is now possible to compute radiation doses from secondary particles, in
particular muons and neutrons. Have the variations in cosmic ray flux affected
the evolution of life on earth? We describe the mechanisms of cosmic rays
affecting terrestrial life and review the potential implications of the
variation of high-energy astrophysical radiation on the history of life on
earth.

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The categories of this paper are: ao-sci
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: nucl-ex
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The categories of this paper are: q-fin
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: acc-phys
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: bayes-an
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: q-alg
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ex
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The categories of this paper are: chem-ph