Instruct: Identify the main and secondary category of Arxiv papers based on the titles and abstracts
Query: The subsurface habitability of small, icy exomoons   Assuming our Solar System as typical, exomoons may outnumber exoplanets. If
their habitability fraction is similar, they would thus constitute the largest
portion of habitable real estate in the Universe. Icy moons in our Solar
System, such as Europa and Enceladus, have already been shown to possess liquid
water, a prerequisite for life on Earth. We intend to investigate under what
circumstances small, icy moons may sustain subsurface oceans and thus be
"subsurface habitable". We pay specific attention to tidal heating. We made use
of a phenomenological approach to tidal heating. We computed the orbit averaged
flux from both stellar and planetary (both thermal and reflected stellar)
illumination. We then calculated subsurface temperatures depending on
illumination and thermal conduction to the surface through the ice shell and an
insulating layer of regolith. We adopted a conduction only model, ignoring
volcanism and ice shell convection as an outlet for internal heat. In doing so,
we determined at which depth, if any, ice melts and a subsurface ocean forms.
We find an analytical expression between the moon's physical and orbital
characteristics and the melting depth. Since this expression directly relates
icy moon observables to the melting depth, it allows us to swiftly put an upper
limit on the melting depth for any given moon. We reproduce the existence of
Enceladus' subsurface ocean; we also find that the two largest moons of Uranus
(Titania & Oberon) could well sustain them. Our model predicts that Rhea does
not have liquid water. Habitable exomoon environments may be found across an
exoplanetary system, largely irrespective of the distance to the host star.
Small, icy subsurface habitable moons may exist anywhere beyond the snow line.
This may, in future observations, expand the search area for extraterrestrial
habitable environments beyond the circumstellar habitable zone.

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The categories of this paper are: nlin
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The categories of this paper are: hep-ph
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The categories of this paper are: stat
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The categories of this paper are: funct-an
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The categories of this paper are: alg-geom
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The categories of this paper are: cmp-lg
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The categories of this paper are: math-ph
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The categories of this paper are: solv-int
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The categories of this paper are: patt-sol
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The categories of this paper are: dg-ga
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The categories of this paper are: supr-con
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The categories of this paper are: adap-org
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The categories of this paper are: plasm-ph
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The categories of this paper are: mtrl-th
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The categories of this paper are: physics
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The categories of this paper are: gr-qc