


from __future__ import annotations

from math import gcd




def 	__lowercase		(  _UpperCamelCase,			_UpperCamelCase = 2,			_UpperCamelCase = 1,			_UpperCamelCase = 3,			)			->int | None:







      """simple docstring"""

      if num < 2:
            raise ValueError('''The input value cannot be less than 2'''   )

      # Because of the relationship between ``f(f(x))`` and ``f(x)``, this
      # algorithm struggles to find factors that are divisible by two.
      # As a workaround, we specifically check for two and even inputs.
      #   See: https://math.stackexchange.com/a/2856214/165820
      if num > 2 and num % 2 == 0:
            return 2

      # Pollard's Rho algorithm requires a function that returns pseudorandom
      # values between 0 <= X < ``num``.  It doesn't need to be random in the
      # sense that the output value is cryptographically secure or difficult
      # to calculate, it only needs to be random in the sense that all output
      # values should be equally likely to appear.
      # For this reason, Pollard suggested using ``f(x) = (x**2 - 1) % num``
      # However, the success of Pollard's algorithm isn't guaranteed and is
      # determined in part by the initial seed and the chosen random function.
      # To make retries easier, we will instead use ``f(x) = (x**2 + C) % num``
      # where ``C`` is a value that we can modify between each attempt.
      def rand_fn(_UpperCamelCase,			_UpperCamelCase,			_UpperCamelCase   ) -> int:
            return (pow(__snake_case,			2   ) + step) % modulus

      for _ in range(__snake_case   ):
            # These track the position within the cycle detection logic.
            lowercase	:      Dict          =						seed
            lowercase	:      int          =						seed

            while True:
                  # At each iteration, the tortoise moves one step and the hare moves two.
                  lowercase	:      Tuple          =						rand_fn(__snake_case,			__snake_case,			__snake_case   )
                  lowercase	:      Optional[int]          =						rand_fn(__snake_case,			__snake_case,			__snake_case   )
                  lowercase	:      Tuple          =						rand_fn(__snake_case,			__snake_case,			__snake_case   )

                  # At some point both the tortoise and the hare will enter a cycle whose
                  # length ``p`` is a divisor of ``num``.  Once in that cycle, at some point
                  # the tortoise and hare will end up on the same value modulo ``p``.
                  # We can detect when this happens because the position difference between
                  # the tortoise and the hare will share a common divisor with ``num``.
                  lowercase	:      Tuple          =						gcd(hare - tortoise,			__snake_case   )

                  if divisor == 1:
                        # No common divisor yet, just keep searching.
                        continue
                  else:
                        # We found a common divisor!
                        if divisor == num:
                              # Unfortunately, the divisor is ``num`` itself and is useless.
                              break
                        else:
                              # The divisor is a nontrivial factor of ``num``!
                              return divisor

        # If we made it here, then this attempt failed.
        # We need to pick a new starting seed for the tortoise and hare
        # in addition to a new step value for the random function.
        # To keep this example implementation deterministic, the
        # new values will be generated based on currently available
        # values instead of using something like ``random.randint``.

        # We can use the hare's position as the new seed.
        # This is actually what Richard Brent's the "optimized" variant does.
            lowercase	:      Optional[Any]          =						hare

            # The new step value for the random function can just be incremented.
            # At first the results will be similar to what the old function would
            # have produced, but the value will quickly diverge after a bit.
            step += 1

      # We haven't found a divisor within the requested number of attempts.
      # We were unlucky or ``num`` itself is actually prime.
      return None


if __name__ == "__main__":
  import argparse

  __a       =					argparse.ArgumentParser()
  parser.add_argument(
      '''num''',
      type=int,
      help='''The value to find a divisor of''',
  )
  parser.add_argument(
      '''--attempts''',
      type=int,
      default=3,
      help='''The number of attempts before giving up''',
  )
  __a       =					parser.parse_args()

  __a       =					pollard_rho(args.num, attempts=args.attempts)
  if divisor is None:
    print(F'''{args.num} is probably prime''')
  else:
    __a       =					args.num // divisor
    print(F'''{args.num} = {divisor} * {quotient}''')








'''simple docstring'''




from sympy import diff, lambdify, symbols
from sympy.functions import *  # noqa: F403






def        _lowerCAmelCase			(  __snake_case  : str ,							__snake_case  : complex ,							__snake_case  : str = "x" ,							__snake_case  : float = 10**-10 ,							__snake_case  : int = 1 ,							)     ->     complex:
     __A						: int      =       symbols(__snake_case			)
     __A						: Tuple      =       lambdify(__snake_case ,							__snake_case			)
     __A						: Any      =       lambdify(__snake_case ,							diff(__snake_case ,							__snake_case			)			)

     __A						: str      =       starting_point

     while True:
          if diff_function(__snake_case			) != 0:
               __A						: Optional[Any]      =       prev_guess - multiplicity * func(__snake_case			) / diff_function(
                   __snake_case			)
          else:
               raise ZeroDivisionError('Could not find root'			) from None

          # Precision is checked by comparing the difference of consecutive guesses
          if abs(next_guess - prev_guess			) < precision:
               return next_guess

          __A						: Dict      =       next_guess


# Let's Execute
if __name__ == "__main__":
  # Find root of trigonometric function
  # Find value of pi
  print(f"""The root of sin(x) = 0 is {newton_raphson("sin(x)", 2)}""")

  # Find root of polynomial
  # Find fourth Root of 5
  print(f"""The root of x**4 - 5 = 0 is {newton_raphson("x**4 -5", 0.4 +5j)}""")

  # Find value of e
  print(
      '''The root of log(y) - 1 = 0 is ''',
      f"""{newton_raphson("log(y) - 1", 2, variable="y")}""",
  )

  # Exponential Roots
  print(
      '''The root of exp(x) - 1 = 0 is''',
      f"""{newton_raphson("exp(x) - 1", 10, precision=0.005)}""",
  )

  # Find root of cos(x)
  print(f"""The root of cos(x) = 0 is {newton_raphson("cos(x)", 0)}""")