

'''simple docstring'''
from __future__ import annotations

_snake_case     						=						[2, 1, 4, 5, 6, 0, 8, 9, 1, 2, 0, 6, 4, 2, 0, 6, 5, 3, 2, 7]


class      a__						:


   def __init__(				self    ,       _UpperCamelCase						):





      """simple docstring"""





      _lowercase    :   int      =     -1
      _lowercase    :   int      =     -1
      _lowercase    :   list[int]      =     [-1] * length
      _lowercase    :   Node | None      =     None
      _lowercase    :   Node | None      =     None






   def __repr__(				self						):





      """simple docstring"""





      return f'''Node(min_value={self.minn} max_value={self.maxx})'''







def       _A	(			snake_case  )    ->			Node | None:
   _lowercase    :   Any      =     Node(len(snake_case  )  )
   _lowercase    :   str      =     min(snake_case  ), max(snake_case  )
   # Leaf node case where the node contains only one unique value
   if root.minn == root.maxx:
      return root
   _lowercase    :   Optional[int]      =     (root.minn + root.maxx) // 2

   _lowercase    :   list[int]      =     []
   _lowercase    :   list[int]      =     []

   for index, num in enumerate(snake_case  ):
      if num <= pivot:
         left_arr.append(snake_case  )
      else:
         right_arr.append(snake_case  )
      _lowercase    :   str      =     len(snake_case  )
   _lowercase    :   int      =     build_tree(snake_case  )
   _lowercase    :   str      =     build_tree(snake_case  )
   return root







def       _A	(			snake_case	,							snake_case	,							snake_case  )    ->			int:
   if index < 0 or node is None:
      return 0
   # Leaf node cases
   if node.minn == node.maxx:
      return index + 1 if node.minn == num else 0
   _lowercase    :   Optional[Any]      =     (node.minn + node.maxx) // 2
   if num <= pivot:
      # go the left subtree and map index to the left subtree
      return rank_till_index(node.left	,							snake_case	,							node.map_left[index] - 1  )
   else:
      # go to the right subtree and map index to the right subtree
      return rank_till_index(node.right	,							snake_case	,							index - node.map_left[index]  )







def       _A	(			snake_case	,							snake_case	,							snake_case	,							snake_case  )    ->			int:
   if start > end:
      return 0
   _lowercase    :   int      =     rank_till_index(snake_case	,							snake_case	,							snake_case  )
   _lowercase    :   int      =     rank_till_index(snake_case	,							snake_case	,							start - 1  )
   return rank_till_end - rank_before_start







def       _A	(			snake_case	,							snake_case	,							snake_case	,							snake_case  )    ->			int:
   if index > (end - start) or start > end or node is None:
      return -1
   # Leaf node case
   if node.minn == node.maxx:
      return node.minn
   # Number of elements in the left subtree in interval [start, end]
   _lowercase    :   str      =     node.map_left[end] - (
       node.map_left[start - 1] if start else 0
   )
   if num_elements_in_left_tree > index:
      return quantile(
          node.left	,							snake_case	,							(node.map_left[start - 1] if start else 0)	,							node.map_left[end] - 1	,							)
   else:
      return quantile(
          node.right	,							index - num_elements_in_left_tree	,							start - (node.map_left[start - 1] if start else 0)	,							end - node.map_left[end]	,							)







def       _A	(			snake_case	,							snake_case	,							snake_case	,							snake_case	,							snake_case  )    ->			int:
   if (
       start > end
       or node is None
       or start_num > end_num
       or node.minn > end_num
       or node.maxx < start_num
   ):
      return 0
   if start_num <= node.minn and node.maxx <= end_num:
      return end - start + 1
   _lowercase    :   Tuple      =     range_counting(
       node.left	,							(node.map_left[start - 1] if start else 0)	,							node.map_left[end] - 1	,							snake_case	,							snake_case	,							)
   _lowercase    :   Optional[int]      =     range_counting(
       node.right	,							start - (node.map_left[start - 1] if start else 0)	,							end - node.map_left[end]	,							snake_case	,							snake_case	,							)
   return left + right


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import doctest

    doctest.testmod()









'''simple docstring'''
from __future__ import annotations

from typing import Generic, TypeVar

_snake_case     						=						TypeVar('T')


class      a__						(							Generic[T]						):


   def __init__(				self    ,       _UpperCamelCase						):





      """simple docstring"""





      _lowercase    :   Any      =     data  # Assign data
      _lowercase    :   Node[T] | None      =     None  # Initialize next as null
      _lowercase    :   Node[T] | None      =     None  # Initialize prev as null




class      a__						(							Generic[T]						):


   def __init__(				self						):





      """simple docstring"""





      _lowercase    :   Node[T] | None      =     None


   def 		_lowerCamelCase     (				self    ,       _UpperCamelCase						):





      """simple docstring"""





      if self.head is None:
         _lowercase    :   Optional[int]      =     Node(_UpperCamelCase						)
      else:
         _lowercase    :   str      =     Node(_UpperCamelCase						)
         _lowercase    :   Optional[Any]      =     new_node
         _lowercase    :   List[str]      =     self.head
         _lowercase    :   Tuple      =     None
         _lowercase    :   Tuple      =     new_node


   def 		_lowerCamelCase     (				self						):





      """simple docstring"""





      if self.head is None:
         return None
      else:
         assert self.head is not None
         _lowercase    :   str      =     self.head.data
         _lowercase    :   Optional[Any]      =     self.head.next
         if self.head is not None:
            _lowercase    :   Optional[int]      =     None
         return temp


   def 		_lowerCamelCase     (				self						):





      """simple docstring"""





      return self.head.data if self.head is not None else None


   def __len__(				self						):





      """simple docstring"""





      _lowercase    :   Optional[Any]      =     self.head
      _lowercase    :   Tuple      =     0
      while temp is not None:
         count += 1
         _lowercase    :   Tuple      =     temp.next
      return count


   def 		_lowerCamelCase     (				self						):





      """simple docstring"""





      return self.head is None






   def 		_lowerCamelCase     (				self						):





      """simple docstring"""





      print("stack elements are:"						)
      _lowercase    :   str      =     self.head
      while temp is not None:
         print(temp.data    ,       end="->"						)
         _lowercase    :   Any      =     temp.next


# Code execution starts here
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Start with the empty stack
    _snake_case     						=						Stack()

    # Insert 4 at the beginning. So stack becomes 4->None
    print('Stack operations using Doubly LinkedList')
    stack.push(4)

    # Insert 5 at the beginning. So stack becomes 4->5->None
    stack.push(5)

    # Insert 6 at the beginning. So stack becomes 4->5->6->None
    stack.push(6)

    # Insert 7 at the beginning. So stack becomes 4->5->6->7->None
    stack.push(7)

    # Print the stack
    stack.print_stack()

    # Print the top element
    print('\nTop element is ', stack.top())

    # Print the stack size
    print('Size of the stack is ', len(stack))

    # pop the top element
    stack.pop()

    # pop the top element
    stack.pop()

    # two elements have now been popped off
    stack.print_stack()

    # Print True if the stack is empty else False
    print('\nstack is empty:', stack.is_empty())






