Does an out of turn draw offer constitute an actionable distraction / time penalty? I was playing in a sudden death time control last night with less than 5 seconds left and while thinking about my moves with literally 2 or 3 seconds remaining, my opponent blurted out a draw offer. Startled by this, I blundered and lost the game.

My understanding is that draw offers must be made when the OFFERER's clock is running and that offering a draw or making other statements to an opponent when they are thinking is a distraction and is not allowed.

Would I have been within my rights to stop the clock and demand from the TD that 2 minutes be added to my clock because of the distraction?

The game was played under USCF rules and was in sudden death with seconds remaining for both players.
According to my copy of US Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess (5th Edition), rule 14B2 states:


  If a player offers a draw while the opponent's clock is running, the
  opponent may accept or reject the offer.  A player who offers a draw
  in this manner may be warned or penalized for annoying the opponent (20G).


Note that it says "may", not "must".  Rule 20G says that the director has discretion to say whether there was a violation and what the penalty, if any, should be.  So you could request, but you could not "demand", that the time be added.  

Rule 1C2a says that two minutes added to your clock is the standard penalty if one is imposed.  1C2b, however, explicitly states that the director can vary from this. 

Rule 21F says you indeed have the right to stop the clock to ask for a ruling from the director.  And you must do it right away; you ordinarily waive your rights if you don't notify the director promptly.