Are blitz or bullet games better for improvement? If I have ten minutes’ spare time and want to use it to improve my chess, is my time better spent playing one blitz game or five bullets?
(I’m taking blitz to be 5min each and bullet to be 1min each)
(I’m ~1300 - 1400 rated)
What improves your chess is the time you spend thinking on chess and solving chess problems (either during a game or when doing exercices).

As a consequence, if your concern is to make progress, a 5' blitz is better than five 1' bullets. 


What you will play will look more like a real chess game; at 1300-1400 I suppose you seldom drop pieces in blitz, but often in bullet. Also, maybe this will be the occasion to practice an opening you would use again, actually thinking at one or two points in the game on "What do I do next ? What are my plans ? What is my opponent intending ?". At least at two or three times in the middlegame you will slow down and calculate a few lines. Calculating is useful training. Maybe you will still have thirty seconds or one minute to invest for an important decision in the rook endgame; in bullet the endgame is never reached, or butchered until a player gets flagged. 
The fast, repetitive, mechanical play, which is almost mandatory in bullet because of time pressure (also in blitz, actually, but less so) is actually rather hampering your progress, because you keep making bad moves and teach yourself to play automatically, not calculating. Also playing for tricks and cheapos (if he doesn't see this I will fork his queen...) is the wrong mindset for when you'll play real chess.


Anyway, don't expect too much progress from a 10' practice. The blitz might or might not help a tiny little bit, but you will need to invest more time and various training (play, analysis, exercices, books/videos on openings/middlegame/endgame, etc.) if you want to achieve significative progress. The bullets, if anything, are counterproductive.