Pushing central pawns I would like to know what factors I need to take into account in a general position before pushing a central pawn, exchanging it if possible or simply moving another piece.

As usual, I will provide an example of one of my games. Please try to give advices for this particular position as well as other suggestions for any other situation (I know it is difficult to generalize but try to tell me what to avoid and what to look for). In cases like the one below, I always feel I have not the foggiest idea of what to move and in this case, I should have moved d4.
 If my opponent had pushed one of their central pawns I still am at loss. I do not know if the benefits for my opponent of pushing them are better than the disadvantages. As I mentioned earlier, I cannot tell if I should exchange that pawn or push my thereatened pawn.
Hopefully, someone can help me out to never be at loss again (or at least, in few cases).



I also attach the link to the game in case someone needs it:

https://lichess.org/DgwDB1ji/white#16
The example position would fall in the camp of hyper-modern theory.  This is where one side occupies the center with pawns and the other side attacks the center from a distance with pieces only to strike in the center when suitable.
In general you want to think of pawns in relation to pieces.  Does advancing hinder the enemy pieces and help yours?  What squares do you gain or weaken?

With pawns side by side you create a nice front, and in the position given there is nothing weak.  The pawns are dynamic and well guarded.  It is Black that wants to provoke their advance so they can leave holes or become over-extended and weak.  So, unless there is something of forcing benefit to White in pushing a pawn I would continue to develop pieces.

If pushing did not convince me, I would consider prophylactics:  Black can consider 3 pawn moves that attack the center - d5, f5, and e5.  I would analyse lines trying to thwart these moves.
In the present position d5 looks reasonable, but only concrete analysis can tell if it is good enough for a clear advantage.
I would probably play Qd2 here.