Recent TCS publications with philosophical aspects Many computer science publications from the 1950s and 1960s contain fascinating philosophical speculations on the nature of the mind and the meaning of information in relation to the physical world. Famous examples are the "Turing Test", Zuse's "Calculating Space", Wheeler's "it from bit" etc.

Today such themes are widely covered in popular science books, but seem all but gone from serious research publications. What are some examples of recent TCS publications with philosophical content or implications?
some of what you refer to is covered under a general heading known as "digital physics" or digital philosophy which has a continuing thread of research in physics albeit not always mainstream.

a notable example of a TCS paper/ survey with major philosophical angles/ analysis


Why Philosophers Should Care About Computational Complexity / Aaronson


another key area/ possibility you mention is AI which has generally broken off from TCS research as practiced in academia and is now regarded as either more applied or more abstract/ speculative, and few researchers cross that gap, but there are many books on the subject by respected researchers verging on the philosophical. eg, recently


The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World / Domingos (2015)