What does "吹" in "她在冷风中吹了好一会儿" mean? I could not determine which one the "吹" in this sentence means.

From what I understand, it generally means "blow" and "fail"

我们吹了= We broke up (fail)

他吹了一声口哨= He whistles (blow)

Then it could also mean "boast" though I can't find the example.
"吹" roughly means "blow" here, as in "the wind blows". However, as the subject in this sentence is "She", not the cold wind ('冷风'), "吹" can be translated into "to be blown" in a more accurate sense. Similarly, "吹风" can mean either "to blow air" ("disclose information" in extension), or "to be blown by wind", depending on the context.
My translation of "她在冷风中吹了好一会儿” would be "She was exposed in the cold wind for quite a while."