Does the Chinese language distinguish "doubt" and "suspicion"? Doubt expresses a lack of belief due to insufficient evidence.

Suspicion expresses a feeling of belief in the absence of evidence.

If I'm not mistaken, the Chinese language does not distinguish the two.
Yes, it does

Doubt is 疑问, which can be having question about anything, it is a neutral word.
and suspicion is 怀疑, usually means suspecting someone has done something wrong, which is usually negative.