What exactly does 就 mean in combination with other words? Recently I came across 铺就, today I have 造就。I tend to think of 就 as 'then'. Maybe that is wrong.

What did 就 originally mean? It seems to show a building and an injured hand??

There are other words with *就。
成就，将就，迁就，牵就 even 可就

How should I understand 就 in these combinations? What is its role?
就 has the meaning of 完成;成功 (accomplish) in 造就 (bring up / achievements) and 成就 (achieve;accomplish).


  (9) 完成;成功 [accomplish]
  
  (10) 又如:就亲(成就婚事,成亲);就名(成就功名)


When in 将就, 迁就 it means accommodate.


  (12) 迁就;将就 [accommodate oneself to; suit; fit; yield]
  
  (13) 又如:半推半就;牵就;就着(就便;顺便);就滑(随便;方便)


The original meaning of 就 is


  就，高也。从京从尤。尤，異於凡也。，籒文就。疾僦切 文二　重一


The left part 京 means high; tall, the right part 尤 means special; out of the common.