What happened to the resurrected after death? In the Bible (primarily the New Testament), we see numerous people who were raised from the dead. Drawing from this link, we see the following were raised from death:


Widow of Zarephath's son (1 Kings 17:17-24)
Shunamite's son (2 Kings 4:20-37)
Man tossed into Elisha's tomb (2 Kings 13:21)
Widow of Nain's son (Luke 7:11-16)
Synagogue ruler Jairus' 12-year-old daughter (Mark 5:35-43)
Lazarus (John 11:1-44)
Tabitha, also known as Dorcas (Acts 9:36-41)
Eutychus (Acts 20:7-12) 
Men raised upon Jesus' death (Matt 27:51-53)


Some of these were most likely saved already (e.g. Lazarus, Tabitha). Others we simply hardly know anything about. Is there any evidence or any significant commentary on what happened between their first death and resurrection? If they went to heaven/hell after that first death, what was it like coming back from that?

Note: I am not Catholic, so I am not interested in an explanation that claims they went to Purgatory
About this question there is such point of view (close to the Eastern Orthodox tradition).

It seems, that all people, described in your question, were neither in Heaven, neither in Purgatory. They were in Sheol. This is because before Christ's Resurrection, The Heaven was closed, and the hell, as place for unrepentant sinners wasn't. All people who died were placed into Sheol.

This point of view could be confirmed by the Parable of the rich man and Lazarus (Luke 16:19-31):
both of them are in the same place, because they can communicate with each other, but there is a great gulf between them (Luke 16:26):


  And beside all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed:
  so that they which would pass from hence to you cannot; neither can
  they pass to us, that would come from thence.


In this Parable isn't talked about The Heaven, but about Abraham's bosom, i.e. some place somewhere in Sheol (which is synonymic called "Hell" in all Bible texts), where all righteous men are rested.