How does the Bible describe the gender roles? Although the question could go all over the place I am looking to know how evangelicals define the role of a man and of a woman from the Bible.

What are the verses they use? Is there a short description of the different roles?
The biblical (at least, imo) view of gender roles is, in short, that the man symbolizes Christ and the woman symbolizes the church.

Delving in a little bit deeper, Eve was created as a "helper" for man, a "suitable partner" - not as a creature inferior, though, which I think could be inferred from the fact that Eve was made from the rib of Adam.


  But for Adam no suitable helper was found. 21 So the LORD God caused
  the man to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, he took
  one of the man’s ribs and then closed up the place with flesh. 22 Then
  the LORD God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man,
  and he brought her to the man.
  
  Genesis 2:20-22


In Ephesians, Paul says:


  Wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands as you do to the Lord. 23 For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the  Savior. 24 Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit to their  husbands in everything.
  25 Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave
  himself up for her 26 to make her holy, cleansing her by the washing
  with water through the word, 27 and to present her to himself as a
  radiant church, without stain or wrinkle or any other blemish, but
  holy and blameless. 28 In this same way, husbands ought to love their
  wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself. 29
  After all, no one ever hated their own body, but they feed and care
  for their body, just as Christ does the church— 30 for we are members
  of his body. 31 “For this reason a man will leave his father and
  mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one
  flesh.”[c] 32 This is a profound mystery—but I am talking about Christ
  and the church. 33 However, each one of you also must love his wife as
  he loves himself, and the wife must respect her husband.
  
  Ephesians 5:23-33


I think the key phrases here are "love his wife" and "respect her husband" - the woman has a supporting role to the loving, caring, providing husband; both epitomizing Christ and the Church. (See Hosea for great imagery on this)

I know this is in the context of marriage, but generally I think it still applies - man providing, woman helping/submitting, especially since this is the general role given at Creation.

Also, in the context of the church, there's some information provided by Paul in 1 Cor. 14:34 


  "women should remain silent in the churches. They are not allowed to
  speak, but must be in submission, as the Law says."


Ultimately though, these are minor distinctions: in Christ there is neither male nor female; we are all equally sinful but equally made righteous by the blood of Christ.