How much time elapsed between Jesus's betrayal by Judas and His crucifixion? How many days and hours separate the moment of betrayal of Jesus by Judas to the beginning of the crucifixion?
This may be difficult to ascertain with any great degree of certainty, but we may be able to get close.

The Time of Betrayal

If, by the "moment of betrayal", you are referring to the Judas' kiss, then there are a few things we know.  We know the disciples were having a hard time staying awake even during the first time Jesus went away to pray, and Jesus went away to pray two more times.  Jesus seems to indicate that he had been praying an entire hour when he returned the first time, so it is at least possible that he went away three times, each for roughly an hour of praying. 


  And taking with him Peter and the two sons of Zebedee, he began to be sorrowful and troubled. Then he said to them, "My soul is very sorrowful, even to death; remain here, and watch with me." And going a little farther he fell on his face and prayed, saying, "My Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me; nevertheless, not as I will, but as you will." And he came to the disciples and found them sleeping. And he said to Peter, "So, could you not watch with me one hour? Watch and pray that you may not enter into temptation. The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak." Again, for the second time, he went away and prayed, "My Father, if this cannot pass unless I drink it, your will be done." And again he came and found them sleeping, for their eyes were heavy. So, leaving them again, he went away and prayed for the third time, saying the same words again. Then he came to the disciples and said to them, "Sleep and take your rest later on. See, the hour is at hand, and the Son of Man is betrayed into the hands of sinners. Rise, let us be going; see, my betrayer is at hand." (Matthew 26:37-46)


So, what time would Jesus have first gone off to pray.  They had already eaten the Passover meal, so this was after that.  However, this is before both daylight savings time and the invention of the incandescent light bulb, so people probably went to bed earlier, rather than staying up in the dark. They probably arose earlier in the morning as well.  Being that is was during Passover, which is typically in March or April.  Sunset would be around 6:00 p.m. (without daylight savings time).  Sundown is typically when the Sabbath began.  

If we assume they began eating at sundown and ate for two hours (this was a very significant Jewish festival), then took an hour to get to the garden, then assume three hours for Jesus to pray, we are already at midnight for the kiss of betrayal.  That may be the best we can do.

The Time of Crucifixion

The crucifixion probably began around 9:00 a.m.  There is some confusions about this, but this has to do with the different ways in which the Romans and Jews kept time.  Darkness came over the land around noon to about 3:00 p.m., at which time Jesus committed His spirit into the hands of the Father.

Conclusion

So, if the betrayal occurred around midnight and the crucifixion began around 9:00 a.m., then that would be around nine hours and a total of 15 hours until the time of death.

Part of me likes the idea of symmetry, and it is perfectly reasonable to think that the betrayal was later in the evening.  Thus, it could have been 6 hours from the betrayal to the inception of the crucifixion and another 6 hours to the death of Christ.  That's the best I can offer, though.