What paths exist in the Catholic Church for a certain theological position to become recognized as dogma? I'm trying to parse the words carefully to say "recognized as dogma" instead of "become dogma", but basically.  How does a bill become a law, according to the Catholic Church.  

If, for instance, a group of neo-Origenists went balls to the wall interpreting the Bible to mean that souls preexist conception.  What processes are in place to move a something that most Catholics assent to (i.e. the human soul is created at the moment of conception) to something on the level of Doctrine or Dogma?
It seems you're asking how a material (definable) dogma becomes a formal (defined) dogma.

material (definable) dogma: a truth revealed by God that the Church has not yet proposed one has to believe under pain of mortal sin against faith and excommunicationanalogous to a legislator's &quot;bill&quot;

formal (defined) dogma: &quot;A truth proposed by the Church as revealed by God&quot;*analogous to a legislator's &quot;law&quot;


*On the Value of Theological Notes and the Criteria for Discerning Them by Father Sixtus Cartechini S.J. (Rome, 1951)(source)
Steps a pope takes to define a dogma
1. Determine if the proposition is true and definable
Before defining dogma, a pope first needs to establish that the truth he intends to define can be defined.
Certain things are not definable at all, because they are not true or known to be true (e.g., &quot;black = white&quot; or &quot;the world will end at 12:34 PM GMT on January 24, 2025&quot;*) or because they do not pertain to the faith or morals (e.g., &quot;2+2=4&quot; couldn't be defined as a dogma).
*Knowing this would be contrary to Revelation, which says the time and hour is only known to the Father in heaven.
Example
To determine the definability of the dogma of the Assumption, Pope Pius XII consulted all the world's bishops, as he relates in Munificentissimus Deus:


And, since we were dealing with a matter of such great moment and of such importance, we considered it opportune to ask all our venerable brethren in the episcopate directly and authoritatively that each of them should make known to us his mind in a formal statement. Hence, on May 1, 1946, we gave them our letter &quot;Deiparae Virginis Mariae,&quot; a letter in which these words are contained: &quot;Do you, venerable brethren, in your outstanding wisdom and prudence, judge that the bodily Assumption of the Blessed Virgin can be proposed and defined as a dogma of faith? Do you, with your clergy and people, desire it?&quot;


(source)
Although a pope has the authority to define a dogma without asking for counsel regarding its definability, it would be rash not to seek counsel.(source)
2. Define it.
Once it is established that the proposition is a definable truth (material dogma), the material dogma can become a formal dogma if the pope

speaks for the whole Church,
invokes all his authority,
intends to definitively define the dogma, and
speaks regarding the faith and/or morals.

(source)
Example
The declaration/pronouncement/definition of the dogma of the Assumption (Munificentissimus Deus):


[…] by the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ, of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own authority, we pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: that the Immaculate Mother of God, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory.