Do any Christian traditions hold the belief that Adam was androgynous? Genesis 1:27 reads: 


  So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.


The Hebrew word for "man" here is אָדָם (adam). This seems to imply that Adam was created with both genders. Some Jewish traditions propose this interpretation. Are there any Christian traditions that hold the belief that Adam was created with both genders?
You are correct - the Hebrew word for Adam is as androgenous as a word can be in a language which has no gender neutral pronouns. There are many, though obviously not all in Christian community who believe that humankind was fist created androgynous. 

The Junia Project's article "Quick Start Guide to Equality in Genesis" says the following:


  The Hebrew word used for mankind in verse 27 is “‘adam” which refers
  to humanity as a whole [1]. We don’t see the proper noun, Adam, used
  until Genesis 4:25, so this common noun refers to the whole human
  race. One thing that is important to note is that the Hebrew language
  does not contain a gender neutral
  pronoun,
  therefore the word mankind was used.
  
  ... 
  
  Genesis 2:22 states that God,
  “fashioned into a woman the rib which he had taken from man”.  This
  formation of woman was the culmination of all creation. Yet again we
  find that the English word “rib” used here doesn’t adequately depict
  what was taken from man. The Hebrew word used is “zela” which often
  means “a component, or more often, a side-wall” (alternatively, a
  chamber), indicating that more than simply a rib was taken [2].  Many
  scholars believe that the entire female essence was removed from man
  and fashioned into a woman. This would mean that the “mankind” in
  chapter 1 could have been an undifferentiated or androgynous person,
  with the blessing of male and female being a declaration in
  anticipation of the separation of the sexes in Genesis 2. The woman
  was then brought to the man who said, “This is now bone of my bone and
  flesh of my flesh; she shall be called woman, because she was taken
  out of man”. The Hebrew words used for woman and man here are
  “ishshah” and “ish”, respectively [3]. This is the first time that a
  specifically male reference is made, and it happens at the time of the
  creation or extraction of woman. (Up to this point, the more generic
  “adam” was used.) Instead of pointing out differences, I think the man
  was actually pointing out similarities. They were both two of the same
  kind, and suitable for each other. Man was identifying woman as “of
  himself”.
  
  References
  
  
  Fee, Gordon D., Pierce, Ronald W., Groothuis, Rebecca Merrill, eds. Discovering Biblical Equality: Complementarity without Hierarchy. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press 2005.]
  Reisenberger, Azila Talit. “The Creation of Adam as Hermaphrodite–And Its Implications for Feminist Theology.” Judaism 42.4 (1993): 447-452. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 15 July 2015.
  


The Junia project describes itself as "an online community of women and men advocating for the inclusion of women at all levels of leadership in the Christian church and for mutuality in marriage."

Therefore, we can imply that those denominations believe this are those that support women in ministry, though that conclusion is a bit tenuous as I doubt that this interpretation is not discussed in the capacity of any formal doctrine by these denominations. This would include:


The Emergent tradition
Lutheran
PCUSA (Presbyterian)
Episcopalian
Vinyard Movement
Alliance of Baptists
ABC USA (Baptist)
Non-denominational
Mennonite
Methodist
Evangelical Catholic Church
7th Day Adventist
Foursquare
Quaker
Probably others