Which prophecies have definitely been fulfilled? The Bible (particularly the Old Testament) makes many predictions about the future, often regarding nations or peoples quite distant from those making the prophecy.

If we ignore any arguments about the date of authorship and assume that the prophecy is genuine and predated the event it is describing, which prophecies have been fulfilled according to the generally accepted historical record?

One example would be in Ezekiel 26:12 regarding the city of Tyre:


  They will plunder your wealth and loot your merchandise; they will break down your walls and demolish your fine houses and throw your stones, timber and rubble into the sea.


It is an uncontroversial statement to say that Alexander the Great threw the houses of mainland Tyre into the sea.
Several are listed at this site: http://100prophecies.org/

The site does include several prophecies that are supported primarily by the Biblical record, but several include events that meet the criteria you asked for.

Excerpts:


  Jesus prophesied that the Temple would be destroyed Bible prophecy:
  Matthew 24:1-2 Prophecy written: During the first century Prophecy
  fulfilled: 70 AD
  
  In Matthew 24:1-2, Jesus prophesied that the Temple of Jerusalem would
  be destroyed and that its destruction would be so complete that not
  one stone would be left standing on top of another. His prophecy was
  fulfilled about 40 years later when the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and
  tore down the Temple. The destruction was so complete that even the
  foundations of the Temple were dug up, according to Josephus, an
  historian who wrote about the destruction





  Jesus prophesied that the Jews would be exiled Bible prophecy: Luke
  21:24 Prophecy written: During the first century Prophecy fulfilled:
  70 AD
  
  In Luke 21:24, Jesus said that Jerusalem would be trampled upon by
  foreigners and that the people of Israel would be forced into exile.
  
  About 40 years after Jesus delivered that prophecy, it began to find
  fulfillment. The Romans destroyed Jerusalem in the year 70, and again
  in the year 135.
  
  During the first destruction, Josephus, an historian who lived during
  the first century, claimed that 1.1 million Jews died and that
  hundreds of thousands were forced out of the country and into exile
  and slavery.
  
  During the second destruction, Cassius Dio, an historian who lived
  during the second century, claimed that 580,000 Jews were killed, and
  that 50 fortified towns and 985 villages were destroyed.
  
  The exiled Jews were taken to countries throughout the Roman Empire
  and eventually scattered and re-scattered throughout the world.





  Daniel foretold the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple Bible
  prophecy: Daniel 9:24-26 Prophecy written: About 530 BC Prophecy
  fulfilled: 70 AD
  
  During the time of Daniel, who lived about 2600 years ago, the
  Babylonians invaded Judah (the southern part of the land of Israel)
  and took many Jews, including Daniel, as captives to Babylon.
  
  The Babylonians also destroyed the city of Jerusalem and the Temple,
  in 586 B.C.
  
  In Daniel 9:24-26, Daniel delivers a prophecy that Jerusalem and the
  Temple would be destroyed, again. Within these verses, Daniel provides
  a chronology by which certain events would occur. First, the Jews
  would return from captivity and rebuild Jerusalem and the Temple.
  Afterwards, an "anointed one," or Messiah, would appear, but he would
  be rejected. Then, Jerusalem and the Temple would be destroyed, again.
  
  These events later played out during the century in which Jesus had
  announced that he was the Messiah.





  Edom would be toppled and humbled Bible prophecy: Jeremiah 49:16
  Prophecy written: Sometime between 626-586 BC Prophecy fulfilled:
  About 100 BC
  
  In Jeremiah 49:16, the prophet said that Edom, a long-time enemy of
  Israel, would be destroyed. Edom's capital city, Petra, was carved out
  of a mountain side and had great natural defenses. Nonetheless, it was
  destroyed and the kingdom of Edom no longer exists. Today, Petra is
  part of Jordan. The city was conquered by the Romans in the year 106
  AD but flourished again shortly after that. A rival city, Palmyra,
  eventually took most of the trade away from Petra and Petra began to
  decline. Petra gradually fell into ruin.


There's also this site: http://www.reasons.org/fulfilled-prophecy-evidence-reliability-bible

Which lists some more, such as...


  The prophet Isaiah foretold that a conqueror named Cyrus would destroy
  seemingly impregnable Babylon and subdue Egypt along with most of the
  rest of the known world. This same man, said Isaiah, would decide to
  let the Jewish exiles in his territory go free without any payment of
  ransom (Isaiah 44:28; 45:1; and 45:13). Isaiah made this prophecy 150
  years before Cyrus was born, 180 years before Cyrus performed any of
  these feats (and he did, eventually, perform them all), and 80 years
  before the Jews were taken into exile.





  The exact location and construction sequence of Jerusalem's nine
  suburbs was predicted by Jeremiah about 2600 years ago. He referred to
  the time of this building project as "the last days," that is, the
  time period of Israel's second rebirth as a nation in the land of
  Palestine (Jeremiah 31:38-40). This rebirth became history in 1948,
  and the construction of the nine suburbs has gone forward precisely in
  the locations and in the sequence predicted.