Do Protestants believe that the Holy Spirit stopped leading the church? What do Protestants believe in the matter of the Holy Spirit leading the church? Especially the Catholic church. The first mention of the catholic church was about the 1st. century. 

Did the Holy Spirit stop working in apostles and others that time christian leaders? Did he start working again in people in 15 century? Was He quiet the whole time since the first century? In order to believe this, isn't this kind of against Jesus promise, that he will stay with us and he'll give us his Spirit? 

Isn't this sinning against the Holy Spirit? Mark 3:29

so 2 questions:
1. Was HS gone during 1600 years?
2. Believing this, isn't it sinning against HS?
Pentecost is called the "Church's birthday" for a reason, and that reason is the Holy Spirit.

As for the idea of "Was He quiet the whole time since the first century?"

Um, no.

The Protestant Reformation was just that - a re-formation of the original church. While we may disagree about what it means to be the first church, we acknowledge that we are descended from the Catholic church. While it is true that there is a definite strain of anti-catholicism for historical reasons, even at its height, nobody said the Holy Spirit was gone after the apostles.  (If there was a date the Spirit got disgusted, typically it is said to be in the 400s or 500s at the earliest). 

Our theology holds to traditional norms of the first church.

At most, we find that the Holy Spirit has been less active (aka Cessationalism)

But no serious, mainstream Protestant denomination believes the Holy Spirit to have been absent.