What was meaning of `Talent' as used by Jesus in His parable? At Matthew 25:14 we read:


  For it is as if a man, going on a journey, summoned his slaves and entrusted his property to them; to one he gave five talents, to another two, to another one, to each according to his ability. Then he went away. The one who had received the five talents went off at once and traded with them, and made five more talents.


References to the Old Testament ( Exodus 25:39, Exodus 38:27, 2 Samuel 12:30 , 1 King 16:24 etc..) suggest that Talent was used as a measurement of either gold or silver . Some researchers suggest that the phraseology "..to each according to his ability.." used by Jesus implies that Talent was the multiplying factor of the remuneration, per month, of the  worker  in question. 

My question therefore, is: What do the Catholic Church's interpretations say on the exact connotation of the term Talent  used by Jesus ?
There is no "Catholic interpretation", per se.  A talent was simply a unit of measure, and by extension, value.

Relevant to the verse you quoted:


  The heavy common talent, used in New Testament times, was 58.9 kilograms (130 lb).[5]


So a talent (of Gold) would be worth roughly (at today's prices rate--20 Nov 2017) US $2,456,300.

Also from the footnotes of the NIV:


  a talent was worth about 20 years of a day laborer’s wage.