What is the correct way to export SVG in order to convert to STL? I made a simple logo using Inkscape, after saving as an svg file, but when I export that file into Fusion 360 something strange happened.
Multiple times I convert some images (png, svg) to svg file. The process I use is this:

Scan logo image (scanner or smartphone)
Open image with Inkscape
Using the stroke, generate the shape
All process for generate and save

This process explained above always works for me, when I copy the shape using the stroke in Inkscape.
However, when I was do the process using the shape generator - for example, rectangles, circles, squares, etc. - and export the file into the Fusion 360, it doesn't work.
1 - Inkscape logo

2 - Logo import to Fusion 360

In the example above, the first word does not appear.
Considering the simplicity of your sample design - i.e. basically only two different Z-levels, easily distinguished by color - I'd recommend one of the online image-to-3D model converters.  Here are two I've used now and then.  You may have to save your image as png or jpg instead of svg.

selva3d   and 3dp.rocks