Sources of inspiration
What is the English translation of the Norwegian verb "skrik"?
The Scream
The original German title given to the work by Munch is "Der Schrei der Natur" ("The Scream of Nature"). The Norwegian word "skrik" usually is translated as "scream", but is cognate with the English "shriek". Occasionally, the painting also has been called "The Cry". In his diary in an entry headed, "Nice 22 January 1892", Munch described his inspiration for the image:This memory was later rendered by Munch as a poem, which he hand-painted onto the frame of the 1895 pastel version of the work:Among theories advanced to account for the reddish sky in the background is the artist's memory of the effects of the powerful volcanic eruption of Krakatoa, which deeply tinted sunset skies red in parts of the Western hemisphere for months during 1883 and 1884, about a decade before Munch painted "The Scream". This explanation has been disputed by scholars, who note that Munch was an expressive painter and was not primarily interested in literal renderings of what he had seen. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the proximity of both a slaughterhouse and a lunatic asylum to the site depicted in the painting may have offered some inspiration. The scene was identified as being the view from a road overlooking Oslo, the Oslofjord and Hovedøya, from the hill of Ekeberg. At the time of painting the work, Munch's manic depressive sister Laura Catherine was a patient at the asylum at the foot of Ekeberg. In 1978, the Munch scholar Robert Rosenblum suggested that the strange, sexless creature in the foreground of the painting was inspired by a Peruvian mummy, which Munch could have seen at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris. This mummy, which was buried in a fetal position with its hands alongside its face, also struck the imagination of Munch's friend Paul Gauguin: it stood as a model for the central figure in his painting, "Human misery (Grape harvest at Arles)" and for the old woman at the left in his painting, "Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?". More recently, an Italian anthropologist speculated that Munch might have seen a mummy in Florence's Museum of Natural History, which bears an even more striking resemblance to the painting. The imagery of "The Scream" has been compared to that which an individual suffering from depersonalization disorder experiences, a feeling of distortion of the environment and one's self, and also facial pain.