text:
Should I include a professor's name in my paper to get it published?
I am a master's student and want to publish a paper in a specific subfield in mathematics. I have written the paper all by myself.
The problem is my advisor won't check my draft. He says he is busy and so he could not find time.
My question is:

When papers are submitted to reviewers and editors, do they see what are the names of the authors in the paper submitted?
If my professor co-authors a paper will it be easier to get published?
Should I include my professor's name with my name to get the paper published easier?

I really want to publish it with my name only. But I really don't know how this publication process works.

In pure mathematics, I would say that the answer to your 3rd question (the one in the title) is a big NO.

If you advisor doesn't have time to advise you, he's sucking at his duties.

I agree 100% with @corey979 (unless there are mitigating circumstances which require him to take leave, but that doesn't seem to be the case here)

@Karl Speaking as someone who has been supervising graduate students almost continually since 2010 (in pure maths), I do not agree with the attitude that you seem to condone. Maybe things work differently in lab sciences?

@Karl um, yes, it’s precisely somebody’s duty. It’s called advising students, and someone who regards it as a “waste” of their time shouldn’t be a professor.

The much bigger issue here seems to be that you are in dire need of proper advising and mentorship, and your official adviser isn’t providing you with those things. You say “I really don't know how this publication process works.” Well, I don’t think anyone here can give you the sort of advice that you need - a few suggestions and rough ideas, maybe, but without getting very specific advice and feedback from someone who has actually reviewed your work and knows what it’s about, I fear your path to successful publication of your paper will be a very hard one indeed. So, I think you should set it as your goal to fix the situation of the neglectful advisor, whether by talking to other professors who are interested in what you’re working on and are willing to mentor you, complaining to the department chair, or by having an awkward but necessary conversation with your current advisor. It is a difficult problem and I don’t have an easy fix, but at the very least I think it’s important to recognize that this goes much deeper than just the question of who should be the author of the paper.
Coming back to your “official” question: no, you should absolutely not add your advisor’s name as a coauthor to your paper just to increase the paper’s chances of acceptance. There may or may not be some good reasons to have your advisor as a coauthor (for example, he may have proposed the research question, and that might be seen as a sufficient intellectual contribution to make someone a coauthor), but this particular one is most certainly not a good reason - in fact it is a blatantly unethical reason to make someone a coauthor.
Good luck!

My advisor has not even posed the research question,I have chosen the question and done the answer all on my own

I only asked him to check the  draft but he says I am busy,he makes me sit in his room for long hours and finally when he arrives he is busy with Facebook,Whatsapp,etc

@PureMathematics well, it sounds like he should not be a coauthor. Also remember that: 1) you’d need his permission to make him an author; 2) it’s very doubtful whether having him as a coauthor would make a substantial difference to the paper’s chances of acceptance. At least, the “name recognition” effect (to the extent it exists) is orders of magnitude weaker than people with no publication experience think it is.

@PureMathematics in any case, I again strongly suggest that you focus your efforts on getting the department to provide you with proper mentoring. Until you have access to the guidance you need, I expect it will be an uphill struggle to make progress with publishing the paper.

When papers are submitted to reviewers and editors, do they see what are the names of the authors in the paper submitted?

Unless the journal uses double-blind or triple-blind peer review (uncommon), editors and reviewers will see the names of the authors. You can check whether the journal uses double-blind or triple-blind peer review on the journal's website.

If my professor co-authors a paper will it be easier to get published?

Not really. The prestige of the author does matter when publishing a book, but the impact in journals is much smaller. It's not non-existent - for example if one is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, it's relatively easy to get published in PNAS. But in general, plenty of professors get their papers rejected as well, and it's what's written in the paper that counts.

Should I include my professor's name with my name to get the paper published easier?

Warning: this is usually viewed as unethical. All authors should have contributed significantly to the paper to be listed. Some publishers explicitly list this as part of their policy, and violating it can get your paper retracted and you (+ your co-author) blacklisted. Here's an example from Elsevier. Quoting only the relevant part:

Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study.  All those who have made substantial contributions should be listed as co-authors.

Co-authorship could be for various reasons but usually all authors contribute to the manuscript in a way or another. Usually authorship is better discussed at the beginning of the project and whenever a new contributor join the team of people working on the paper.
The question is did you agreed with your supervisor that you together will be coauthoring the paper ? if not, then you have the option of be the sole author of the paper.
Do co-authoring the paper with another author who already have publishable work increase the chance of publishing ? usually yes. But that depends on the field, the journal and most importantly the submitted manuscript.
Discuss authorship with your supervisor first before doing anything else. if you think your supervisor have the experience and knowledge to contribute to your paper but is busy at the moment with other projects, simply invite him to coauthor the paper with you ( specify what you would like him / her to contribute to ) and ask him when he could have the time to go over the paper with you.
He may decline or suggest another professor or he may accept and define a schedule in the coming time.

We did not discuss anything previously, I just did the paper because I wanted to do it and now after doing doing it,I dont know how to get it checked

do you think your advisor can contribute to the paper ? is it within his research field interests ? you can check that based on his published work and courses he / she teach.

But the problem is  he does not seem interested at all in the project,whenever I ask him he makes me sit for long hours and then arrives and asks me to talk about the project and when I am talking he is busy in Whatsapp,facebok etc

this is really bad sign ! maybe you wanna ask him if he can suggest other professors. the question would be is how to take the paper further. maybe yo wanna wait a bit before mentioning publication and authorship.

any more friendly professors ? you can ask their help to identify people who may push your paper foreword even if they are from outside the university.

I really dont know how to reach them ,will u mind if i chat with u a bit

I am really confused.Can u help me please,i think u know enough on how to publish a paper

Let us continue this discussion in chat.

@N00: the suggestion "you can ask their help to identify people who may push your paper foreword even if they are from outside the university" is not appropriate in (pure) mathematics

@YemonChoi, thanks for noting that. In other fields, it is ok.

@N00 Perhaps I may have minsunderstood you. What I meant is: the student can ask other people, outside the university, to collaborate -- but they cannot just stick someone's name on the paper who has not made a contribution to the paper

Yes, of course!  push forward meant collaboration and providing input.


text:
I slept with my advisor's daughter and she is blackmailing me now. What can I do?
I am doing a PhD in the US. I am in my mid-twenties and will graduate next spring. My advisor was very good and nice to me. He invited me to have dinner at his home many times and then I met his daughter. I did not realize at the beginning but she told me she had a crush on me. I have known her for some years now. She is above the age of consent.
I went to a party last week and had an extra couple of beers and I could not resist her. I am here alone and had not been with a woman in two years until then.
Now she wants to start a relationship with me and is threatening to tell her father, who is my PhD advisor, that I seduced her if I do not agree.
This is a very difficult situation for me because I do not want my advisor to think I took advantage of his daughter and the trust he has in me.
Also, I do not have time for a relationship. I just want to finish writing my thesis and then graduate.
Aside from those issues, I would love to date that girl: she is cute and hot. In normal circumstances, for me it is extremely difficult to get a girl. I am like Leonard from the Big Bang Theory TV show.
I do not know what to do. I just want to graduate and go home. But she is threatening me.
What should I do?  What should I tell my advisor? I do not want him to feel betrayed and that I took advantage of his daughter. She is the one that came to me because under normal circumstances I cannot get a girl. But also I do not want her reputation to be damaged.
I tried explaining that to her but she told me I got sex and I want to get away with it. I am afraid and worried.
Some additional information: There is no way I could have seduced her. I am not good with women.
I do not know what happened. As I can remember, I had very few interactions with her. Never shared anything but a few encounters in social meetings. That is all. And then she tells me she has feelings for me. I did nothing to get into that situation. I was invited to a party and then she appeared. I had a couple of extra beers and she offered to take me home and there she jumped over me and kissed me and I could not resist. I had been a very long time without sex.
I am very worried and scared.

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Meta discussion related to post vandalism: https://academia.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4311/if-the-original-poster-of-a-question-wishes-to-delete-it-do-we-delete

The OP wanted this question closed (please see the Edit revision history). I am honoring his request by voting to "Leave Closed".

First off, you haven’t committed a crime (assuming she was above the age of consent) and you haven’t engaged in academic misconduct (since there is only an indirect academic relationship between you). However, the fact that she is threatening/blackmailing you is very concerning. The fact that she is your advisor’s daughter makes things more complicated, but being threatened or blackmailed by a sexual partner would be deeply concerning in any circumstance.
I do not know the exact nature of the threats or blackmail, but I would not engage in a relationship with someone who is threatening or blackmailing me. Only you know the exact situation, but your choice of words rings alarm bells. My primary concern in your situation would be worrying about whether she will make worse threats — e.g., false rape accusations. That would be much worse than a spat with your advisor.
If I were in your situation, I would try to record my conversations with her so that I have some evidence to protect myself if she does carry out her threats. Save text messages and get a voice recorder app on your phone. (Check the laws on recording conversations in your state first.) The only thing other than “he said, she said” you have to defend yourself is such evidence.
Maybe I'm misreading the situation from your question, but your choice of words "threatening" and "blackmail" is concerning. And there is no harm in trying to protect yourself from possible future accusations. Hope for the best, plan for the worst.
This is not a complete answer, but I think you should worry about being threatened/blackmailed before you worry about dealing with your advisor.
In terms of dealing with your advisor, two (conflicting) points: Generally, honesty is the best policy (as Buffy's answer emphasizes), but she is an adult and her father has no automatic "right" to know about her sex life, and there is a good chance both of you would prefer him not to know (as Nicole's answer suggests).
In terms of dealing with her: It sounds like you are still on speaking terms with her and you should absolutely try to talk things through with her. Treat her with respect and acknowledge her feelings. (See Geoffrey’s answer.)

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It may be worth thinking about the contrast between this:

I could not resist her.  I am here alone and had not been with a woman in two years until then.

and this:

Now she wants to start a relationship with me and is threatening me to tell his father, which is my PhD advisor, that I seduced her

Perhaps she sincerely believes you did seduce her. If you felt unable to say no to this encounter, which you now regret, is it possible that she also felt unable to resist?
Here is one possible scenario (I don't claim it's the only one) that might explain her reactions:
You're six years older than her. She's known you since she was a child, and you're part of her father's social circle. (The power gap between you and her father probably isn't as visible to her as it is to you; when I was a kid and my father had his PhD students over for dinner, I tended to think of them as "Papa's friends", not as his juniors.)
She probably doesn't see that you're lonely and haven't been with a woman in two years, nor that you view yourself as somebody who's awkward with women. She probably also isn't factoring in how alcohol might have affected your judgement, especially since she's not even old enough to buy alcohol herself.
What she sees is a guy six years older than herself, almost a PhD. From a 19-year-old's perspective, mid-twenties seems very old and mature. She probably had more faith in your maturity and judgement than you do yourself.
Then she slept with you, and things didn't end up the way she had hoped, and that hurts. So how does she interpret that hurt?
From her perspective: you are a very old and mature person, so presumably you knew how this was going to turn out. Therefore, the fact that she got hurt is perceived as being due to callousness on your part - you took advantage of her, "seduced" her. She may find it hard to comprehend that you felt "unable to resist".
IMHO, the best course of action here is to acknowledge that things didn't go the way they should have, take ownership of the fact that you did choose to sleep with her, and express sympathy for the hurt she is feeling. Were I in your situation, I might say something along the following lines:

I want to apologise to you for what happened. I like you and I find you attractive, but I didn't think enough about what us sleeping together might mean to you and I'm sorry I didn't talk to you about that first. You're an adult and I think of you as an equal; I didn't think that you might be counting on me to look out for both of us.

(I'm struggling a bit with that wording, suggestions for improvement welcome.)
Attempting to blackmail you is unacceptable behaviour. But if you acknowledge the hurt and if you can shift her perception of why it happened, you might find that the blackmail issue resolves itself.
If you can't resolve things with her, then you may need to talk to your professor and explain the situation, which is going to be an uncomfortable discussion. But I'd recommend doing all you can to make things right with her first.
One of the problems with conversations about sex-gone-wrong is that the emphasis almost always ends up on "whose fault is it?" rather than "somebody is hurt, what can we do to heal that?" Often the latter is actually more tractable, especially in situations that break down to poor communication and mismatched expectations.

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Personally, I would tell her to go for it.  There's a pretty good chance she's bluffing.  Kids do not tell their parents when they're having sex.  If, in addition, she's as you described, "cute and hot", it's far more likely she's merely manipulative than desperate to have you at any cost.
Even if she's not bluffing and does tell her dad, so what.  You can't change the past, it is indeed a fact that you had sex with her and I don't see how your situation improves by preemptively "kissing and telling".
If you tried going first to your adviser, what would you even say? "Hi, Prof! Guess what? I had sex with your daughter and now she's blackmailing me!" How's that going to go over?
Look at this as a game-theoretic problem: There's no payoff to blackmail unless the blackmailer gets what they want without carrying out the threat.  It's a one-shot deal.  Once the threat is carried out, it's no longer a threat because the information has been released.  If she knows she's not getting the relationship either way and that the only thing that will happen if she carries out the threat is that Dad will know she's having sex, that's not much of a payoff.  Telling her to "go for it" explicitly informs her that you intend to ignore the threat and that you will not be swayed by it.
What I would not do is escalate or mirror the bad behavior.  If you think responsible adults do not secretly record, collect evidence against and blackmail people they have sex with, then don't respond to that by doing it yourself.  Instead, simply end the relationship and end all contact.
Ultimately, you can't control what she says but you can control what you say.  If she tells her dad and he confronts you, I would point out that you consider one's sex life to be a very private matter, not something adults discuss with others.  I would express surprise and disappointment at his daughter's behavior but otherwise refuse to discuss the matter except to deny any false accusations.

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Kids donot tell there parents when they have sex? I have seen quite the opposite, very often. Could you give a reference?

So there is a girl. She is cute. She is hot. She is totally into you. And you'd love to date her.
And additionally, you are a nerd who usually has difficulties finding a girlfriend.
Then unfortunately there are two problems: You don't have much time. This thing might blow up your relationship with your advisor in a really bad way.
My solution would be: Tell her that you'd love to date her. Because she's hot and cute. But you are in a stressful situation with your thesis and this will only work if she can accept that you have very little time for her. Then set up a date.
Before you go on the date, you need to talk to your advisor. Tell him that his daughter asked you out on a date. And that you hope that that's ok for him. If he says no, you can go back to her with that and maybe deflect her anger, after all it's her father's fault.
But most likely he'll say that its not a problem. Then you are mostly out of trouble. Even if you break up with her after a month or so, the whole situation is not going to be as radioactive as it would be if she started to tell her father lies or half-truths about you right now.
Now, the remaining Elephant in the room is that she has been threatening and "black mailing" you. This is your judgement call to make. But given that you write that you'd love to date her, I judge optimistically from afar that maybe that was more an expression of disappointment and passion in the spur of a moment or something ... ;-)
If you judge her to be truly crazy and vicious and ready to destroy your life with unfounded accusations, don't take my advice. Go and immediately talk to your advisor about her.

As others said, a toxic personality like this girl allegedly has is probably not the best for a long term relationship, but I think BlindKungFuMonster's answer could be the best bandage on the short-term situation.  Also keep in mind that 19 year olds are still children - often pretty emotionally immature. It could be likely that it's not truly her intent to blackmail -- maybe she's just a bit heartbroken and feels "used", and this is her (poorly managed) immediate response. My advice to OP would be to ask her to talk about it in a couple days to let any of these immediate emotions "cool off"

Let me read your question again through my expertsexchanging glasses:

I am a 25 year old female in the US. I went to a party last week and had a couple beers. The 19 year old son of my boss followed me home. I never had much contact with him before, but he was suddenly all over me and due to being drunk I did not think enough to resist, and ended up sleeping with him. He is now blackmailing me, threatening to tell my boss about the night, if I do not follow his orders against my will.

Well, the agressor I was just reading about here seems like quite a jerk. Nowadays, some would even call what happened rape - as someone was too drunk to fully consent (personally, it is unclear to me).
I hope by this example it becomes more obvious that you are not at fault. Get rid of the mindset that you alone are responsible for the mess you both landed in.
With this in mind, I would try to disarm the situation and talk to her, as others advised. Be kind and understanding and try to find a workable solution for both of you. But also be firm in that you will not follow her orders for just her own sake. As you said, you have your own life to live first.
If she refuses, too bad for her. If she then presses the issue, go to the police.

Other than alcohol, this is not parallel to the situation here.  Nothing in the original post says: "suddenly all over me and due to being drunk I did not think enough to resist"  What OP says is that she told him that she had a crush on him, and that he slept with her because he was lonely and thought she was very attractive, but that he doesn't want a relationship.

@NoahSnyder Does this not warrant it? "I had a couple of extra beers and she offered to take me home and there she jumped over me and kissed me and I could not resist" - the rest of the question sounds like OP is rationalizing what happened to himself.

I am not sure how familiar the asker is with English (I'm only ESL myself) and how many thought he put into his word choice. But they way his descriptions can be read can be interpreted as something worse than just coercion. From my point of view, it is not clear. --- I'm aware this is answer does not reflect popular opinion, but I really ask to reverse the genders in the story and honestly consider the reaction in that case. OP would enjoy far more sympathy then. (Even though I agree that OP should have handled it better.)

Assuming she is of legal age and you don't have an issue with the law. And assuming you aren't in a culture in which you can be killed for this, the only real way out is to talk to your advisor yourself. Painful, but true. You messed up and may have to pay the penalty. But every other option could wind up worse. There is no guarantee that your relationship will last - I assume marriage is not in the options here. There is no guarantee that she won't tell her father whenever she is unhappy with you for any reason. As painful as it is, the best person to deliver the news is yourself.
And be aware that "he seduced me" is NOT the worst accusation she can make.
But be prepared for whatever consequences occur.
But, it is possible that you don't need to mention the physical/sexual aspect and first present it as you are "seeing/dating" his daughter, assuming you want to continue. He may make the connection himself. He may tell you to stop. He may drop you as an advisee.
If you don't want to continue the relationship you may need to be more explicit, or not. But the message is still better coming from you than from any other.

Since this answer and other of my comments here have been controversial, let me explain the assumptions I made and didn't make.
First, I assume I've heard one side of this only and the person has a vested interest. I don't assume I know all.
I don't presume to know anything about the advisor or his relationship with his daughter.
I don't presume to know the state of mind of the 19 year old, whether she is rational or emotional. People (men and women) of that age can act out emotionally.
I think that the probability that the young woman is bluffing is somewhere between 0% and 100%. I have no way to know where to put a marker and am curious that others think it quite low, not knowing any of these people. I can't extrapolate from my kids to the situation here and wouldn't care to try. I doubt, for example, that my daughter would blackmail anyone, but am pretty sure she doesn't bluff.
I know that the charge of "seduction" may be a bit serious, but a charge of rape is devastating and can be made whether true or false. Refuting a false charge in such a case could be difficult to impossible.
I think that putting my head in the sand as the victim of blackmail would be very dangerous. I would rather be in front of the story than behind it while charges were being made.
No, I wouldn't describe the details to my advisor unless pressed. I wouldn't present it as the OP did in the question (I had sex with your daughter and she is blackmailing me). That would be stupid and I don't know why it was suggested.
It might even be (no assumption here) that the dad knows his daughter well and would roll his eyes if told. But, of course, that isn't highly likely.
The OP, of course, is in a better position to evaluate all of this and has knowledge that we, mere commenters, do not. It is up to him to make a rational decision about action. I still point out the extreme danger of letting someone else control the message and, hence, the future. Especially someone who is being accused here of blackmail.
Finally, I do assume that this has a high likelihood of ending badly. If the young woman is unhappy with the OP now, she will be more unhappy if he gives in to the blackmail for now but ends it later. Given that the situation may be bad, I would personally look for the least bad outcome.
Finally, the answer of Geoffrey Brent is clearly more refined.

I don't agree with this answer at all.  The OP's thesis advisor is his thesis advisor, not his priest or life coach or....There is no conflict of interest here whatsoever: of course the OP can work with his advisor and have personal relations of whatever kind with his advisor's adult daughter.  The "blackmail" is based on the fallacy that there's some inherent connection here to be exploited.  Telling your thesis advisor about your sexual encounter is buying into the fallacy.

Is it possible that if the advisor knew about what happened, he would take it badly and retaliate against the OP?  Yes, of course it's possible.  But having the conversation with the advisor trades in the possibility of the advisor's making an inappropriate connection for the certainty of the OP's making an inappropriate connection.  Maybe the daughter will not actually tell her father at all -- if the OP tells her straightforwardly, kindly and earnestly not to do so, there's a good chance she won't.  Maybe she'll tell her father and he will not bring it up to the OP.

I also feel that aspects of your answer don't hold a firm enough distinction between the OP's personal and professional lives.  You write: "You messed up and may have to pay the penalty."  As a student the OP did nothing wrong.  Nor did he commit an illegal act that could affect his professional life.  His personal behavior was not beyond reproach, but it was his personal behavior.  "He may drop you as an advisee."  Dropping your advisee for sleeping with your adult daugher is the stupidest, worst, most actionable reason to drop a student I can think of.  I find this very unlikely.

@PeteL.Clark, While I think that Geoffrey Brent's answer (https://academia.stackexchange.com/a/116240/75368) is better than mine, I still suggest that just assuming all will be well is extremely dangerous for the OP. Note that we have only read one interpretation of events and it is from a participant so possibly biased. But blackmail can get very ugly and accusations can be very harmful. We don't know the nature of the accusations that can be made, fairly or not. Since the OP is the blackmail "hostage" here, I simply suggest that he take action rather than letting actions control him.

I find it a bit curious that you answered and voted to close: please have a look at this meta discussion: https://academia.meta.stackexchange.com/q/4077/20058

@MassimoOrtolano While I think that some questions on the site aren't appropriate here, I also think that the OP has a need for advice. I don't find it inconsistent at all. Not all are as "loaded" as this one, of course. Voting to close is a statement about this site. Answering a question is an attempt to help the OP. Orthogonal, in my view.

@Buffy Not orthogonal, really, because an answer prevents the closed question to be deleted and gives the message that we answer off-topic questions anyway. I understand the willingness to be helpful, but probably a comment would be better, helping the OP anyway. It would be helpful to write your point of view in an answer to the meta question.

Refuse to be coerced, and accept the consequences. I don't think it is a good idea to engage in any relationship where your partner tries to force you to do something, whatever she is trying to "blackmail" you into doing.
If she wants a "relationship", where does that lead? Pregnancy? Marriage? How long will you be in servitude to this woman? The rest of your life?
Like Nicole answered previously, I do not think you should tell your PhD advisor; that is also being coerced by her into doing something you do not want to do.
In your position, I would refuse her demands. If she threatens to tell her father, I'd say "That is up to you. I cannot let you blackmail me with that, it will never end. If you tell him, I will suffer, I accept that."
As for your advisor (and I am a PhD), if he DOES find out, you will have to trust his academic integrity. Despite the fact that advisor/advisee relationships are often friendly, in the end this is a professional relationship and any offense he takes about this incident should be put aside in making ANY decisions about your PhD and defense. Failing to do so is academic misconduct. I would not mention that specifically, he should quite obviously know it. If he takes any punitive action as a result of knowing, I would say "I don't think what happened has anything to do with my research or my schedule to graduate."
Also, it is important for advisors to graduate their students, it helps with their career to do so, and hurts their career to NOT graduate a student. The college likes to get something for their money, and minting new PhDs is one of those things. Paying a professor and supporting a student for 4 years and having it end with nothing is not something your Advisor's supervisors will take lightly, and the excuse that you slept with his daughter so he dumped you is not a reason they would typically accept: That has nothing to do with the academic value of your work!
If you end up having to tell your side of the story; I'd say, "I went to a party with friends. I had drunk too much. Cindy was there and started hanging out with me, she said she had a long crush on me, we were flirting around and ended up in bed together. It was consensual."
I would not try to blame her as the aggressor, nor admit to "seducing" her, I would say it progressed and you both went along with it.

I do not want him to feel betrayed and that I took advantage of his daughter.

I am a little bit concerned by the confusion and conflict in your question. You seem to be suggesting that you took advantage of her. Is this the case? Did you? Was it the case that she was half blind drunk and you just went in there at a party, or was it more of a kind of she got a bit tipsy and confessed some inner feelings she already had, which you shared at the time (at least). Why do you assume you took advantage of her and not the other way round?

Aside from those issues, I would love to date that girl she is cute and hot

Well, so what's the problem? Honestly, you both like each other, unless you are leaving some important info out. What's really going on here?
I don't actually see what the problem is here. Again, unless you are not giving us the full picture, I would just go with her, enjoy it, but tell her you do like her, but your plan is to eventually go home after the degree and you are worried about breaking her heart at that point, or that maybe she could consider emigration too.
I think your advisor is nothing to worry about. If things progress, just both of you tell him that you are bf/gf at the moment.

You don't see any problem entering a relationship with someone who blackmails you?  Really?

@NicoleHamilton: She's not threatening to murder his family, she's "threatening" to talk to her father. That's not much of a blackmail.

@einpoklum She is threatening to damage a professional relationship he has with somebody that has the power to mess up his academic career, costing him time and money and perhaps his PhD. That is a significant blackmail.

I guess the ultimate question is whether she really meant what she said, or whether she just threatened this because she was angry and hurt.

@mb21 Yes, that is an extremely relevant point! I had a short affair with a woman, who wanted to force me into a relationship when she realized that I did not want that. She said all kinds of things to force me, like common stuff like "I will kill myself if you do not love me!". But then, I felt like she said this pretty often. And at some point, my intuition had decided "That's one time to many." I called 911, a police officer took her in handcuffs when she ran away, she was bound to the bed of the ambulance. The thanked me when I visited her in the hospital. I had learned a lot.

Regarding the bit that in normal circumstance you would like to date her, the ultimate problem is, again, what do you want? Since you still want to date her even when (1) you want to prioritize your thesis first, and (2) she blackmails you, I guess that you just see this action as a desperation as describe in @Geoffrey Brent's asnwer, and you want to give both another chance? If so, I suggest you to tell her these points before re-entering the relationship:

"This thesis is really important to my life, and I have to prioritize it over you. It doesn't mean that I will drop you, but I hope you understand this. Can you accept that?"
"This is the last time you can do that to me. Can you promise?"

This will give both of you the best of both worlds. This will also not only forces her to have responsibility, but also forces you to have the responsibility too. Do you want that?
In all, in any situation, try finding a different perspective that you don't aware of. When we see the problem in a different perspective, we can be (1) more empathy to others, and (2) more rational to make a decision.
Recommended: Emotional blackmail - Wikipedia

tl;dr: Tell your advisor right now.
You have several concerns, not necessarily in order of significance:

Your advisor's reaction (and the danger to your PhD)
Your own feelings/interests in the proto-relationship with the daughter
The daughter's feelings/interests in the proto-relationship

None of these is a trivial concern, but I'd say the greatest cause of fear and concern here is that they are all entangled, intricated with each other, making it emotionally difficult to approach any one of them.
My suggestion is to extricate the first one from the other two, while mitigating it or addressing it completely.
Your advisor - her father - will find out sooner or later. In fact, it is highly likely he'll find out before you graduate, and quite likely he'll find out very soon. It is far better for him to find out from you than from anyone else. Also, considering the fact that it was legal, consentual (you would say so, and she hasn't complained to her father, so he will believe you), and did not involve academic misconduct - he may be somewhat upset, but he will absolutely not be upset enough to hurt your PhD. Your relationship might suffer, or it might not - but this will happen regardless, since like I said - he will find out.
Tell him that you had not told him so far because you were afraid he will be angry and this will hurt your relationship, but that this was the wrong choice for you, for him and for his daughter. If he reacts favorably, consider even asking him for advice regarding how to deal with the fact that you will likely be leaving, and thus believe you cannot pursue a relationship with his daughter - something he might understand while she does not.

PS - If you are willing to entertain the possibility of maintaining the relationship until you leave at least, the daughter might be willing to tell her father together with you. That way is even better, because it would make him feel that nothing has gone on behind his back. Note that she might be at least as upset about what she perceive as cowardly behavior than about the fact that you might not be toghether after you leave.

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text:
What does it mean for a paper to be "under review"
I dont know much about paper submission as I am not that matured enough.
Can someone kindly say what does it mean for a paper to be "under review"?
First I was informed that it was "Initial version" and now the status says "under review".
How long will the tag "under review" stay?
As I am a Master's student I dont know much about publication.Can someone please say what does the above means and what are the steps that follow in order for a paper to be accepted in a journal.
Do editors send the authors mail keeping them informed about the steps that are being done ?
I will be grateful if someone helps me here.

When you submit a paper to a journal (conferences are a bit different), it first goes to an editor who has some familiarity with the subject area, but may not be an academic. He or she will make an initial determination of suitability and (possibly) quality. If the paper is deemed worthy of examination it next goes to a few reviewers who are experts in the field, usual academics and volunteers.
Your paper is being reviewed at the moment by this group, who probably don't meet together. They may or may not have your name listed as author.
When a reviewer completes review he/she writes a report back to the editor. When the editor gets all the reviews back a decision is made (accept, reject, accept with revision, more review,...).
Usually the author is kept informed, but there are often delays in the system as people are busy and not dedicated totally to this one paper to the exclusion of all else. Reviews can take a long time if people are busy with other things. They don't usually have hard deadlines.
The author will normally get a copy of the reviews, but not the names of the reviewers. The author is usually expected to write a new version taking the comments of the reviewers in to account. Then the paper goes back to the editor who may decide to publish it or start the process over again with more reviews.
For conferences the process is similar except that the reviewers may be the conference program committee who do meet as a group for acceptance/rejection. Here the process is time constrained by the date scheduled for the conference itself. The committee may also be limited in the number of papers it is allowed to accept to keep the cost of the conference and the resulting proceedings reasonable.

So i can consider my paper now being reviewed by different academics?

i do ask many stupid questions,please dont be irritated

@PureMathematics, yes, being read and commented on by people with more experience than you likely have. The feedback will be valuable, even if not always totally positive.

So i can atleast say that my paper is worthy of being read by academics,right?

it may be rejected/accepted later on but atleast what i have done is not trash,right???

@PureMathematics, I can't make any judgements about the quality. Wait for the reviews. Expect that they won't be just praise, but use the comments, even if negative to improve. Your first contribution is very unlikely to be your best.

Only answering this since the rest is easily found in the linked question.

Do editors send the authors mail keeping them informed about the steps that are being done ?

Usually yes. Only exception is if the editor is handling everything manually (that is, he receives and sends out decisions by email, not through an editorial management system) in which case sending these notification emails by hand get tedious really quickly, and the editor might not do this.
Warning: check your spam folder since these emails are sometimes marked as spam.

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text:
How to know which journal is open access?
How to know which journal is open access?
I have searched many journals homepage which give an option "Supports Open Access"
But I know open access journals after accepting papers charge huge amount of money from authors which I wont be able to give.
So can someone please help me to understand how to be sure that I dont fall into such traps and I submit in those journals which charge money after accepting my paper?
The following link is of Discrete Maths which is a top-journal.
Still it states open access.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/discrete-mathematics/articles-in-press
If someone helps me to know how to understand it,I will be really very grateful.

Maybe it's a difference in fields but I'm always amazed that researchers at the level where they are able to publish as the lead author are not aware of the trusted journals in that field. But I'm also confused by the question since in my experience every journal has a section for potential authors telling you what the fees are. Or are you asking for a list of journals, in that case, it's a shopping question..

Every (?) open access journal charges authors. Since they aren't charging people to read the articles, charging to publish them is their revenue stream. If you're with a university or other research institution, they may have money set aside for paying these charges. If not, some journals offer reductions or waivers for those without the ability to pay.

@Flyto;Discrete Maths is a famous journal then why does it charge the authors

What does fame have to do with anything?

@Flyto this is true in many cases, perhaps most, but it is not true in all cases - which makes me curious as to your certainty. Off the top of my head I can name the New York Journal of Mathematics, Documenta Mathematica, and Theory and Applications of Categories

To the OP: I am not able to judge the standard of your work and hence whether it meets the criteria set out in particular journals. Given your question https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2891674/show-that-8-is-an-eigen-value-of-a I think it is important to seek guidance on whether your work is publishable and if so, which journals are at an appropriate level

@YemonChoi My certainty? The "(?)" in my comment was intended to indicate uncertainty, although I have never come across a journal that doesn't charge at either end. I am happy to have been corrected. How do the journals that you mention get income?

@Flyto journals that practice diamond open access (neither author nor reader pays) typically have external funding. For example the Theory and Applications of Categories journal listed by Yemon Choi says (http://www.tac.mta.ca/tac/geninfo.html) that they receive funding and technical support from various sources. These journals commonly cut costs wherever possible as well (e.g. regarding acquisition work, marketing, etc).

@Flyto see also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Subsidized_open_access_publications

You can tell whether a journal is open access from their website. "Supports open access" doesn't immediately say if the journal is completely open access, but it does mean that you will be able to publish open access in it. In other words, it's possible the journal practices the hybrid model where it is subscription, but offers open access to whoever wants it.
For Discrete Mathematics itself, you linked a ScienceDirect webpage. ScienceDirect is not the journal's publisher - it's just a database. What you really want is the journal's webpage itself. Clicking on the "Supports open access" tab on the left leads to this page, which tells you everything you want to know. This is a hybrid journal alright, and if you want open access the article processing charge is USD 1500 excluding taxes (potentially lower if you are funded by the Wellcome trust and Research Councils UK).
If you are unable to find whether the journal is open access on its webpage, assume it isn't. If the journal claims to be open access but does not list its article processing charges, do not publish there, since one of the key criterion to calling a journal/publisher predatory is whether its APCs are clearly listed.

But I know open access journals after accepting papers charge huge
  amount of money from authors which I wont be able to give.
So can someone please help me to understand how to be sure that I dont
  fall into such traps and I submit in those journals which charge money
  after accepting my paper?

If you are a PhD student, the first person you should talk to about publishing is your supervisor. They know the field and they can recommend which journals/conferences to submit to (in case you are not a PhD student, try to find somebody experienced in your field that you can ask about this).
While open-access is important, it is not the only criterion to choose a journal for submission: visibility, relevance to the topic of your paper, editorial policy and length of the reviewing process should also be taken into account. This is why it is crucial to get advice from an experienced researcher if you are starting in the field.
As a side note, I think that paying any research costs (and especially publication costs) with your own money is a bad idea: maybe your PhD grant can cover such costs, or your supervisor might have access to other funding.

You are overlooking the most relevant form of open access: green open access, in which the publisher allows the author to post a preprint or postprint (or even the final published version of the paper) online where it can be accessed for free.  A huge number of journals -- including the one you have mentioned, Discrete Mathematics -- allow green OA, and it doesn't cost you a thing.
By far the best resource in this regard is Sherpa/Romeo.  The people who run it have already done all the work for you.  Simply enter the name of the journal and it will tell you in great detail what the publisher allows or does not allow.


text:
Do the papers go through the same process when submitted through open access
This question is in reference to my question here How to know which journal is open access?
I came to know from my previous question that there are journals which are hybrid journals i.e. they support open access  and at the same time they have issues which dont charge fees from the author.
Now the question is what is the difference in publication process of the two ways in the same journal?
Suppose that I submit a paper in the journal "Discrete Maths" which supports both ways.
So what will be the process of my paper getting accepted/rejected go through when I submit through open access and when I dont submit through open access?
Does the paper go through the same process if I pay the fee or it goes through a different process?
And if it goes through the same tedious process why should the authors pay a large sum of money for it?
I am completely new in this field.So any help will be beneficial.

Open access fee payment is after the paper is accepted. This is to prevent conflict of interest. It means peer review is conducted without knowing whether the paper is open access, and it means the editorial board / publisher is under no extra incentive to accept the paper because of the article processing charge.
In other words, if you submit your paper to Discrete Maths, you should make it all the way to the decision stage (i.e. an accept/reject decision) before you are asked whether you want to make your paper open access. If you say yes, then the production process changes - for example the publisher will use a different imprint on the first page that says you continue to hold the copyright. But that happens after the decision stage. Before it, everything remains the same.
As for why pay a large sum of money for open access: open access is not meant as a shortcut to skip peer review, it's meant as a way to make your paper publicly visible for free. If you publish something in a subscription journal, only those who subscribe to the journal can read it. If you publish something open access, anyone can read it. The core "idea" behind open access is that scientific research should be free to help progress humanity's knowledge as a whole. You can read more about it on the Wikipedia page.

But one question,why will anyone ever give such a huge amount of money so that others can view it,no one is that rich i guess

$1500 US$ dollars is a large sum,if the process is the same in both cases ,just see here https://academia.stackexchange.com/q/90824/96599

the author says he will pay 500 us dollars as fee and others advise him to do so because he will earn much more after a getting a job

@PureMathematics usually, the article processing charge is not paid from your own pocket. See this question: https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/110583/do-universities-typically-cover-publication-fees-associated-with-open-access-pub/ If you do have a grant with an open access component, it'll usually provide enough to pay the APC ($1500 is not particularly high).


text:
Why is there so much need for hybrid journals which have the option to publish it for free or publish it with a fee
This is in reference to my previous question Do the papers go through the same process when submitted through open access
The answer suggested that the papers go through the same process in both cases,whether it is open access or not.
But I still have a simple logical question:

Why would I/University/professor pay for the paper to get published when it can be done without providing the fee?
Why will the University pay such a sum however small it may sound to them to get my paper published when it could be done without paying for it?
Why would I care to write to the Editor to give me a waiver to publish my article when I know that there is an option to publish it for free?
Maybe I will use the money for some other purpose.
Last but not the least even if I have done a great research or path breaking work(which happens in rare cases) why would I take so much pain so that others can read my work for free?
Are there really so many people in this world who care about my papers?
If someone is really interested to read some paper or access something he can get a University affiliation.
Our University has some subscription of best journals and our University pays for it yearly.

In other words why is there so much need for hybrid journals which have the option to publish it for free or publish it with a fee?
Any wise student would opt for publishing for free?
Really I am confused.Any help.

Highly related question: Why pay a fee to have your article (in a subscription-based journal) made open access when you can just put the preprint on arXiv?

Why would I/University/professor pay for the paper to get published when it can be done without providing the fee? Why will the University pay such a sum however small it may sound to them to get my paper published when it could be done without paying for it?

This can be for a multitude of reasons. Perhaps you/the university/professor thinks, for ideological reasons, that their work should be freely available to anyone who wants to read it. Perhaps they had, in the past, tried to access someone else's paper which is very relevant to their work, but could not because of a paywall. Perhaps the funding agency that is funding the work has a policy where any publication as a result of the grant must be published open access. There is some evidence that open access articles are more widely read, and more widely read is loosely correlated with more frequently cited. And so on.
Of course you can also publish subscription. But note that subscription articles are not exactly free. They're free for you, but not for your university library. If everyone in the world published open access, there would be no subscription journals and the library would not have to pay subscription fees.

Why would I care to write to the Editor to give me a waiver to publish my article when I know that there is an option to publish it for free? Maybe I will use the money for some other purpose.

If you're using a grant for this, you don't have a choice, because you are obliged to use open access. Aside from that, if your funds are fungible, then you're free to do whatever you want with them. Just remember that if you do not publish open access, it's not freely available to readers. If you want to make your paper freely available, you have to publish open access (or ask for a waiver).

Last but not the least even if I have done a great research or path breaking work(which happens in rare cases) why would I take so much pain so that others can read my work for free? Are there really so many people in this world who care about my papers?

If people can't read your work, they won't know about whatever contributions you're making then. Your work could be lost. You don't know if there're many people who care about your papers, but you can be sure that if nobody can read your papers, the number of people who care will be zero (or maybe one, i.e. you).
There's one thing more thing I want to say, given your series of questions. Remember that open access fees are not necessarily (and in fact usually not) paid by you. If you go to your university library and ask them if they offer support for open access, they might say yes. That might make actually happens when you publish open access clearer. The library is, in principle, moving some money out of its subscription budget to pay for your open access.

Thank you very much for taking so much effort and time to answer all my questions,You are really helpful for people like us


text:
How to read without specific purpose?
Posting for a friend, but in first person for simplicity.
I am a research master student in linguistics of a particular language. In my bachelor thesis and some coursework I specialised on a very specific topic. There is enough to explore in this topic to also write a master thesis on it and continue to do a PhD on a slightly broader topic. I will write my master thesis from February onwards and am now preparing for it with an extensive literature review.
My advisor suggests that it is better to not specialise too early in my career, to avoid having trouble getting grants for other work in the future because all my work so far would have been so specific. Thus he wants me to do a much broader literature review, which would allow me to approach my specific questions from a larger perspective.
I see her points and agree. However, I have trouble reading texts of which most is only sideways related to the specific questions I have in mind. So it feels my reading is very inefficient, because I read relatively little that I can use directly and doubt that much of the other things I read will persist in memory. I find the texts interesting but they do not stick (perhaps because I cannot relate them to enough concrete other memories).
What are some techniques I can use to get more out of my general background reading?

Reading reviews will help much in such instances, like in the beginning of a research. https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/linguistics might be a good choice for that.

@GürayHatipoğlu an excellent suggestion (please consider adding it as an answer).

It is pretty much a universal truth that if you want something to "stick" in your mind, you need to work with it. Reading isn't enough as it is too passive and only affects the short-term memory.
To learn something you need to get it to long-term memory and that actually requires rewiring the synapses of your brain.
The easy way is to take notes on what you read. Paper notes, handwritten, are preferred as they are more effective at "changing the brain" than typing them. But is is also reinforcement to later transcribe the notes and that will help with retention also.
For me, the best means of taking notes initially is on index cards. This prevents me from just copying long passages, since the cards are small. I can put a title and a date at the top and maybe a sequence number. If I use just one side for primary notes, I can use the backs for other things. I can rearrange my notes by rearranging the cards. I can insert cards. I can select a subset of cards (say as class notes). I can easily discard a card if no longer needed.
But even better than notes that just describe what you read, are notes that capture your own thoughts. You can make hypotheses about the text, for example. You can relate them to other texts.
Another aspect of using index cards is that they come in different colors. You can use the different colors for different kinds of ideas.
You can also carry some subset of your "idea deck" around with you using a simple binder clip. You can carry a few blank cards with you (always) to capture thoughts on the go.
But for your specific use, you could use the cards specifically to note both the relationships to your current work and how the new ideas differ and might take you in different directions in future.
But the bottom line, is to make your reading active not passive. See The Art of Changing the Brain by James E Zull for a description of the brain science behind active learning. I've mentioned this book in other posts here also.


text:
How to frame/explain that I built datasets used on several publications, but I'm not on the papers
I was wondering how I could frame/explain in my CV that I built the datasets used in several publications outside of my field. I'm in the health sciences but have worked for a couple social science professors for several years. In this work I built several of their datasets that were used in papers. However, due to my lack of knowledge of their field and lack of contribution to the papers (beyond the dataset) I am - quite reasonably - not included as an author.
How can I best frame this work on my CV and for PhD applications?
Thanks!
Edit: spelling

I would cite this as work experience in your CV, without citing the publications themselves. You could mention a number of papers/projects contributed to, or mention more specifically what the projects were.
You can also see the advice on this somewhat related question: Should I explicitly remind people to include my name in the acknowledgement?
There, someone is asking about how to make sure they get properly acknowledged, but several answers and comments point out that acknowledgements aren't really cited as acknowledged papers. I'm not sure whether you are mentioned in acknowledgements in the papers you refer to, but whether you are or not the advice there would agree with mine.
Adding from @Buffy's comment, if you think this work is particularly important to your job (for example, if you are applying to a position where you will be working with datasets outside of your field and want to emphasize the breadth of your understanding) it may be appropriate to get a letter of recommendation from your collaborators.

You could also ask the authors for a letter of recommendation based on your work and then cite the papers in work experience as an unacknowledged contributor. This assumes you have the letters as backup.

It's a "bullet" on the resume.
I would really push for coauthorships if you are going to help people like this though.  (To the extent of setting expectations before doing the work.)  You don't have to know the whole paper, be the driving force, but you made a significant contribution.

I very much agree - I was not in a position to argue for authorship (as the authors made it very clear how they write papers), but I have taken this into consideration since asking the question and have been able to get one one paper as a result!

Good work.  And of course, don't help them if they take this stance.  Either they will change their stance or you will save the time and spend it with others that are different.


text:
Should I use double quotes throughout the paper even after defining the terms in the introductory section?
Say I have introduced/defined some not-so-common terms like "clock register", "ancilla", etc. in the first section of a research paper, and while doing so I kept them within double quotes. However, I was wondering whether even during the subsequent occurrences of those terms I should use double quotes or not.
What's the convention regarding this in the physics and computer science communities?

The usual convention in CS:

Use italics when you first mention the term and define it.
After that, you will use it just like any other word. No italics, no boldface, no quotation marks.

This is also the convention in physics, and probably many other fields too.

I think it would be unusual to do that, actually. However, if you want to "emphasize" the terms at each use you could use some typographic form. I would suggest italic, however, over double quotes. Imagine a CS paper in which every use of "list" was printed that way.
But using a typographic convention should really only be needed if the word defined is also a common word or term that is also used in its normal sense in the paper as well as its newly defined technical sense.
If you over use typographic conventions, by the way, say, ALL CAPS and bold and such throughout a paper without a good reason, the paper just starts to look ugly and will be harder to read. The reason I suggest italic above is that it is easier on the eye.

Only if you are a heavy metal writer.

In that case you should actually  **   H Ä S I Z E**  them.

@leftaroundabout, yeah (banging heads)

@Buffy In a CS paper, it would be (list)

@Buffy "banging heads"... that... does not mean the same as headbanging...


text:
How to deal with harsh and unfair criticism from a thesis committee?
Brief explanation:
I have came up with an M.Sc. thesis idea to  my advisor 11 months ago. She supervised but especially in last months not sufficiently for reasons, and I have added very much content at those times. She then led me to the committee without being able to read thesis completely and committee members also were not related to the subject. In presentation of the thesis, one of the member started to ask weird questions and gave reactions to my answers in a humiliating tone, and with time other members forbid me to answer the questions and as a result they simply asked something and automatically assumed that I did not know about that and I should correct them in thesis. Later, I was behaved like I actually was not worth to be graduated but they still granted me with that. Finally, I feel to be judged unfairly and very depressed. I wonder how much I am to blame here.
Chronologic long explanation:
I have made a modeling research on nitrate reactive transport in groundwater. For 10 months, without a single day break I have worked on learning the required tools, finding data from internet, conducting models, writing thesis and also consulting relevant faculty. At the end we had more than 180 pages of a thesis document. But the committee members we were able to find were not actually relevant to topic, the relevant ones simply ignored or rejected the offers for unknown reasons, without seeing the thesis/aim or anything.
My advisor was not able to allocate time to thoroughly read the thesis for again many reasons and as such, I had not even seen her for 3 months before committee, and only met her 10 minutes before it. In other words, it is an unfortunate fact that my advisor led me to the committee without comprehending my thesis study and unable to find relevant people for judging the suitability of my thesis for graduation. And for making things worse, I was only able to give my thesis to committee members 4 days before the event. And I have said to my advisor that one of the member did not even seem to understand a thing in the topic while I was explaining.
So the presentation commenced. I have extremely focused on my rehearsal and swiftly explained it. Afterthat, the questions came. With exception of one or two, all of them were clear misunderstandings, and again carelessness. They simply wanted me to add something to thesis with I already did, but they just did not look at those chapters so they did not know. One  of them again asked a thing which I definitely clearly did in the document, and when I said so in a direct way, she got frustrated and simply tried to find an opening and  humiliate me. She was unsuccessful in such attempts but as she kept getting angrier whenever I replied, other members did not permit me to answer questions anymore and they decided that I really did not know how to answer them. By humiliating, I really meant it, such as " you don't know what you are talking about, you can't say whatever you want" etc. even if it is not the case. Sometimes my advisor cut my answer and claimed something completely incorrect about my thesis and the members stopped taking me seriously, as it contradicted with my more than hour explanations and they simply automatically assumed that advisor knows the thesis much more than the actual writer. And as with my gossip about a member not understanding a thing, my advisor directly said these words to other members (this one is different than the frustrated one, albeit she also acted in the same way).
Then they let me out and decided about the outcome, as a result they declared that "normally you would get an extension but we thought maybe you will correct your mistakes in one month length so we let you graduate". They stated a couple of times that a thesis should be understood even by a five-year-old child, with a serious complexion. Yet, I even know that some of the members did not even upload their M.Sc. thesis to online national database, which has been obligatory since 2006 and voluntarily for thesis done before, let alone 5 year old no one even is able to reach.
I know there are theses much worse in condition than mine, also there are thesis much better. I have tried to do something sufficient. Yet, without any clear understanding by them I feel like I was harshly judged. As I explained, I have worked on this without a one day break for more than 10 months, might sound to some as feeble, but no one I saw worked harder than me around. I felt like a complete failure and really lost my motivation on even doing a simplest things I enjoyed before.
I might take any advice on how to cope with this depression as it is directly related to the overall process, I want to know how much I am to blame here given the circumstances.

Find out what you CAN do. If you do think, that you have been threated not in a fair way, and therefore you get a bad final grade, you might object the result of the committee. Check the regulations of your university carefully. As louic says, we can't judge it from the information that we have, but I wouldn't simply accept it if there are ways. If it is really true that some of the examiners haven't read the thesis completely, then this is really not acceptable.

I think this is a complaint, not a question.

We cannot judge who was right and who was wrong without having been there and having read the thesis. Given your description, you may have been right at some of the points, but it looks to me that there is also a lot you can learn from the comments you got from the committee.
Therefore the best advice I can give you is to accept your graduation and move on. Above all, I advise you to learn from the experience and see what you can change in the future (both scientifically and personally) to prevent similar problems from occurring.
It is not important to find out who is to blame. The only thing that matters is what you can change to improve yourself and get better at dealing with criticism in the future: this may not be easy, but blaming others (or yourself) is useless, regardless of who is right: just learn from the experience and move on.

There isn't much you can do after the fact to change what happened with your thesis committee, as louic mentions.
However, there are certainly some red flags to me in the proceedings that you could have controlled. The biggest issue is related to the length of the thesis. A master's thesis that is 180 pages long seems very excessive—this is as long as or even longer than many PhD theses. The consequences of turning in a document that long are significant. First, many schools have length restrictions on the thesis document; you may have "lucked out" and attend a school that doesn't. But it is entirely possible at some schools that your thesis would be rejected on length arguments alone.
More importantly, reading, let alone, reviewing such a long document takes time. You gave your committee your thesis four days before your defense. The odds that every member of the committee read it in that time, given its length and the short timeline, is essentially zero. By doing so, you already placed yourself in a hole with respect to the thesis defense. Because the committee was likely already in a bit of a foul mood after getting such a large document and didn't have time to review it, they were probably more likely to be combative than if the process had gone more smoothly.
You may also be in a department (or had thesis committee members whose "home department") that has a culture where the thesis defense is intentionally "confrontational." This is unfortunate when it takes place but depends on the composition of the committee and is something the student has little control over.

I'd say that judging a thesis merely by its length, without knowing any details, isn't really helpful. Half of it might be data tables, diagrams, whatever. Although I'm in a different field, computer science, my master thesis 25 years ago was just as long or more. But half of it was source code. No committee was expected to read every single line of it, of course, but simply put, yes, the thesis was that long.


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Is depositing a document already available online in ResearchGate a problem?
Yesterday, I deposited an online document into my ResearchGate. My adviser prepared this document for a research proposal. I did not change anything and even I did not wrote that document at all because he just wrote that proposal and because my name was there I thought it's a good idea to put that in my ResearchGate account. Because it's already online somewhere and people could find it by searching in Google but it doesn't have DOI. Today, my adviser sent an email to me and said you can't publish something with my name without my consent and you should remove it from ResearchGate. I apologized and removed it immediately. I'm wondering because I did not publish it I just deposited that document into ResearchGate, which is already online somewhere else and people could find that. Furthermore, even I did not write that to need approval for the content because he wrote that completely. Right now it is completely deleted and I don't care really but I just feel that it was true that I should be blamed or not? I appreciate any idea or suggestion.
Edited:
I don't think my question was vague but I just reiterate my arguments more briefly again maybe it makes it clear.

This document, which we are talking about, has two authors: me and my adviser. So it's not the work of other people.
This document is publicly online in an university website and people could search it in Google, find it and download it so nothing is private, confidential or in the copyright of an publisher.
The document is written by my adviser based on a draft which I gave him sometimes ago So it is not a "new" document which I wrote it by myself to say ok you published something which is not reviewed before publishing.

So, I don't know what's wrong to upload a document, which is already online somewhere else, in ResearchGate for better visibility. I mean it's already out there but because it's not in a public research repository maybe has less visibility and that's it.

I don't think your question is (or was) unclear, but there are a few things you don't seem to consider.
First, each author has a say in a) the final form of the document to be published, b) when to make it public, and c) where to publish it. You seem to think that c) doesn't matter. While my opinion is that ResearchGate generally is pretty benign, your advisor might not agree. However, we don't need to debate the relative merits of ResearchGate to address this question. Suppose instead that your coauthor were to submit your piece of writing to a site you fundamentally disagree with, or one that's likely to reflect badly on your work by association (e.g. a site with a reputation for hosting crank or crackpot papers). Yes, you would be justified in being angry at your coauthor in this situation. To avoid such troubles, it's always best to discuss with your coauthors where, when, and how you submit something before doing so.
Second, when something gets published in a journal you usually sign a copyright transfer agreement. Depending on the journal, you might be allowed to host a copy of the published paper on your personal website but not third-party sites like ResearchGate. In that situation you might actually sabotage getting it published. Now, in this case you say the document is a grant proposal rather than a paper. I don't know if the same applies there or not, or if your advisor might simply want to keep the visibility low on this document, and instead focus on giving publicity to actual peer-reviewed publications later. After all, such documents might contain ideas that didn't work out, or ideas that a competing research group might "steal" if they were to see it online.

Here are a few things to consider.
What it means to "publish" is open to at least a bit of interpretation. Making it available is a form of publishing.
Next, you shouldn't "publish", by any definition, the work of another without permission. So your advisor is technically (and ethically) correct.
Third, it is always advisable to follow the instructions of your advisor. There are exceptions, of course, for when you should follow the advice, but he is still your advisor. If you haven't completed your degree, build a good relationship with him.
However, neither is he permitted to publish your work without your consent and your question wasn't clear enough to determine if he did that himself.

I can understand if something wants to be published should be carefully reviewed by my adviser. This document is already online now and you can find it just by searching in Google so nothing is private or confidential or in the copyright of an another publisher. Also, it's not the work of "other people" because I'm the first author in this document.


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Where does the funding in business school PhD programs typically come from?
My classmate is in a prestigious business school PhD program - stats / operations research.  He told me that they have no teaching duties, and they aren't allowed to do any external internships.  The business school's Dean has been furious about letting their PhD students intern in the past and then losing many students early after they land lucrative full-time offers from industry.  So apparently, the stipends are increased to make up for the new rule that the students cannot seek internships before finishing their PhDs.
Where does the funding typically come from for business school PhDs?
For reference: United States.

I don't know the answer for sure, but here's a few things you can try that will probably uncover the answer:
First off, go to the school's website and look at the pages for current or prospective PhD students. Usually this will explain what financial support is offered, and possibly where it comes from -- e.g. departmental fellowship (coming from the department's budget), or research assistantship (coming from faculty research budgets).
Look up the current PhD students. Scan through their websites and CVs for any fellowships. Then look at their papers. See if their papers acknowledge funding sources. All of my papers from my PhD student days have a footnote thanking support from a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant and this is indeed what paid for my studies.
You can also look up some of the faculty that have PhD students. Do their websites/CVs acknowledge any funding?
Lastly, business schools tend to get a lot of money from MBA students. Harvard's MBA tuition is $73,440 per year and their current enrollment is 1,859 students.  Ignoring financial aid, that's a revenue of $136,524,960 per year. They can definitely afford to support a few PhD students! I suspect that this is the main funding source.


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What does it mean when a paper gets rejected stating "poor typesetting" as one of the reasons?
What does it mean when a paper gets rejected stating "poor typesetting" as one of the reasons?
I downloaded a latex template of a journal and used it to write the paper.
When I submitted the paper to some another journal they cited as "poor typesetting" as a reason for rejection of my paper and said the writing needs improvement.
What does "poor typesetting mean"?Please help.

It is possible that the layout, say of formulae, was just confusing to the reviewers, or they thought it might be confusing to other readers. If it is hard to read in addition to being difficult math, it can be an impossible job to decipher.

I'd think it's rather not the style or typesetting program, but the way you present formula. Consider using LaTeX and asking a (founded) question at tex.sx, with examples and excerpts from the review.

Typesetting is everything that relates to the visual aspects of the paper's formatting, from spacing between individual letters / words / formulas to overall distribution of text / figures / tables etc.
LateX will take care of some that, but it's essential that you use the template provided by the journal your submitting to! If for no other reason then because the styles might be subject to copyright.
In general, rejecting a paper because of a poor writing or typesetting is perfectly valid. Your job as a researcher is to 1) produce a novel idea, 2) explore the heck out of it and 3) communicate it to the community succinctly and clearly. If #3 is done poorly, then #1 and #2 are pointless.
I recommend you to:

read at least a basic guide on visual design and typesetting,
observe the style of the existing papers published in your target journal, and
once you have a draft, ask one of your peers to proofread it to weed out as many issues as possible before you submit.

Further, it may be that the actual LaTeX usage in the math equations had issues that made them more difficult to understand for the reviewer. TeX and LaTeX are great at equations, but one can still manage to make them confusing.


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How to know when its time to quit grad school, due to my own failings
I am in my second semester of a MS in engineering.
While classwork is fine, research is not going well. I wrote the first few pages of my thesis and basically everything was wrong: formatting, writing style, poor graphs and figures. The results my codes are calculating show that my method makes no improvement to current methodology and sometimes its actually worse.
My adviser and I keep having miscommunications, and I keep disappointing compared to what I originally showed when we first starting working together. He won't ever tell me directly that I am failing but I can sense his attitude while we talk.
Due to my job, classes, and thesis work, I have no hobbies and I only sleep every other day.
Is this a normal amount of struggle everyone goes through and I'm overthinking it. Or is this an indication that grad school is not for me?
If I do quit, I will not be able to get a job at a good engineering company due to an average GPA in undergrad.
EDIT: This is an edit for anyone else who might have tendencies to get stress paranoia and start spiraling down negative paths.
I entirely overestimated the situation, my adviser was perfectly chill about everything, and the issues I thought I was going to get reamed over, were discussed and resolved in about a minute. Instead of criticism, he helped explain a math issue I had, and even let me know some higher-level industry folks he knows were interested in my work.
PSA for people like me (who probably are going to be like me and still worry over everything), making mountains out molehills in your own head is not a wise course of action.

This is not normal. Is it possible for you to pause your MS for a couple of weeks? I recommend getting some proper sleep straight away and an appointment with a counsellor or similar, to discuss how you can manage the stress you are  experiencing in a healthy way.

Given as little sleep and relaxation as you indicate, any productivity would be a miracle. You need to take a break.

Go to sleep. You don't work better exhausted.

And please, please do not make any long term decisions until you have caught up on sleep and taken a break.

The results my codes are calculating show that my method makes no
  improvement to current methodology and sometimes its actually worse.

For a master's degree, there is usually no requirement that your research produce a successful result. One can make a contribution to science by showing others what doesn't work. But you may find that your new method is an improvement under certain circumstances. Or you may get an idea (after you get some sleep!) for improving your method. That's exactly what happened to me.
Given your lack of sleep and your state of mind, I'm not sure you should trust your impression that your advisor is disappointed in you. I recommend you have a heart-to-heart talk with your advisor, being as open as you can about all your concerns and fears, including that you are stressed out and not sleeping. It's very common for students to feel like failures at some point during a master's degree, and your advisor should be ready to help.

I wrote the first few pages of my thesis and basically everything was
  wrong: formatting, writing style, poor graphs and figures.

Academic writing is a very different beast than the types of writing you've done before in school. No one is born knowing how to do it. Expect to have to do a lot of rewriting as you learn this skill.

While I wasn't able to take your advice last night, I do realize this now that I was overthinking and hyper-worrying in the grand scheme of things. I have a habit of assuming that others have negative perceptions of me unless directly proven otherwise, and when tired it becomes borderline paranoia.
I have a meeting in a few hours with my advisor, I will either work it out there or start job hunting for real.

It sounds to me like you've hit a wall. It isn't really uncommon, actually. The comments that suggest you get proper sleep are good, of course - things just get worse if you work exhausted.
I don't know what your undergraduate experience was like, but for some students who had a fairly easy time as an undergrad find that, suddenly, things are bad. Really bad. Everyone (or nearly so) will eventually reach a stage when natural ability doesn't carry them over the hard parts anymore and only hard work will get them through. The wall isn't impossible to get through, so it isn't a sign of failure. It is just hard.
But before you make any decisions about quitting, first make a list of all your options. What would you do if you don't continue. Is that a pleasurable thing or not? Would your life if  you quit be better in, say, ten or so years or not. You probably have several options for your professional life, so try to make a list. Include what it would take to move to one of those options instead of your current one. How much time/money/work to get you there?
I suggest writing them down so you make a formal search out of it.
Compare those options. If none are better than just pushing through the wall, then you have your decision.
Know, however, that a lot of people hit that wall. Maybe not as hard as you have, but pretty hard. Many continue. But knowing your options will help.
But you will probably also need to change your actions a bit. The first paragraph of your question doesn't sound like an especially hard issue at your point in your education. It isn't often the case that the first time  you try research you hit the mark immediately. Like many things it can take re-work and practice. The first time a person gets thrown in the pool they aren't likely to be effective swimmers.
But it is probably a mistake to avoid your advisor. The disappointment may be only on your side. Perhaps he/she will have some advice.


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Do some universities not give paper diplomas to their PhD graduates?
In this forum, there is the following question: How can I find out if someone really holds a doctoral degree?
This question is about verifying someone's degree. In the comments to the question, in chat, there is a comment by one Jeff$\varepsilon$ saying

Why don't you request the PHD title from the candidate — What's a "PhD title"? The only way I can prove to you that I have a PhD is by telling Berkeley to send you proof.

The idea that a university does not give out any form of certificate when someone earns a degree seems rather strange to me (but there are many things different cultures do that are strange to me, so I ask here).
Are there really universities in the world (nowadays) that do not hand out certificates for degrees?
If yes, is then contacting the university really the only way to check the validy of the degree?
Edit: I see this question was poorly received. Could the downvoter please explain why so I can improve the question? I honestly don't see what is wrong. Just to clarify: I do not plan to forge any documents (if this is the downvoter's point).

I have a paper diploma for my BA. But what would you want me to do with it? Mail it to you? I'd be reluctant to do that. Lots of people probably don't even know where it is. Besides, it's not like it has any sort of anti-counterfeiting marks or anything. It would be pretty easy to fake, if one was so inclined.

Also, I added a more descriptive title to make your question easier to find. Please feel free to edit it if you don't like it.

I imagine that most (all?) universities still hand out paper diplomas, but if you don't trust the individual when they say they have a PhD, would you really trust them if they show you a piece of paper (or a scan of it)? Yes, that's usually enough verification for e.g. hiring purposes, but it doesn't prove it 100%.

In fact, most US universities that hand out paper diplomas say that the paper diploma is not official proof of the degree - official proof of the degree comes from a certified transcript.  The transcript has various protections against forgery; the diploma does not.

@AlexanderWoo: And this certified transcript is kept by the university?

In many ways, the paper diploma is intended to show your mom as proof that you haven't wasted the past few years and to give her bragging rights with her friends. That duty fulfilled, hang it on your wall to impress students.

I also am not so interested in forgery (or huge paper diplomas to hang on the wall). I come from a very bureaucratic country and I can simply not imagine (in my culture) that one would not get an official certificate about their degree. That's why I want to know if this is really the case in other countries. (For example, I had to present my high school diploma for PhD admissions - but I'm sure this is for beaurocratic reasons, not because someone did not trust me.)

@user97917 - Generally speaking, you can ask for a certified copy of your transcript and keep it yourself.  ('Copy' is somewhat of a misnomer, because, these days, there is no paper original kept on file anywhere; another certified copy is generated from the computer system when one is requested.)  But there is no reason to do so, and anyone who really wants proof of your degree will ask you to request your university to send a certified transcript directly to them (because either they trust you, in which case there's no need for proof, or they don't, in which case they worry about forgery).

I am not sure why this question has been downvoted. The differences between countries in the bureaucratic/administrative treatment of degrees and the corresponding certifications are huge. The US is exceptional in many respects, and this can be quite confusing to those not from the US.

@AlexanderWoo: Your answer is assuming the US context. In general it's not true that "anyone who really wants proof of your degree will ask you to request your university to send a certified transcript directly to them". I live in Spain and in various administrative contexts here it is necessary to present proof of one's degrees. This generally cannot be done by having them mailed to the ministry (or whatever institution). One has to submit the documents oneself. However, submitting fraudulent or tampered with documents in such a context is a serious crime, punishable by prison.

In the US, in general, universities do offer the student a fancy paper diploma when they complete a degree.  This is such a strong tradition that I would be pretty surprised if there are any universities that don't do it at all.  I don't think that JeffE meant to imply that there were.
However, in this culture, this diploma is usually considered to be purely ceremonial in function, and isn't normally used as proof of the degree.  For one thing, diplomas usually don't have meaningful anti-forgery security features.
And there are various circumstances in which a student who had completed a degree might not have a physical diploma.  Maybe they didn't attend their graduation ceremony, and the university didn't have their current address to mail it; or maybe they used to have it but lost it at some point.  Since it's a ceremonial document, some people might not go to the trouble to obtain or replace it.
As such, in the US, if Alice needs to prove to Bob that she holds a certain degree, the standard method is that Alice sends a request to the university that they send Bob a copy of her transcript, which not only records her degree but also her grades in all the courses she took.  This will normally be printed on security paper, sealed with an official seal, and mailed directly from the University to Bob, so that Alice has no opportunity to tamper with it.  (There could still be ways for Alice to have a fake transcript sent to Bob, but it's harder, and so this process is usually considered adequate.)
For privacy reasons, Alice's transcript can only be sent upon Alice's request (and she'll have to authenticate the request somehow, e.g. by giving her university student ID number which isn't normally known to anyone else).  Bob can't get it without Alice's cooperation.
JeffE may have overstated the case when he said this was the only way to prove it, but it's by far the most common in the US higher education system, and other forms of proof are much less likely to be accepted by Bob.
(I think JeffE was also objecting to the term "PhD title" since this term isn't used in the US to refer to a physical document confirming a degree.  So if you asked someone for their "PhD title", they would not know what you were talking about.)

US universities also emit certified notarized letters attesting the degrees obtained by a person. As for certified transcripts, these can be legalized with an Apostille for use in another country. In either case there is no need to have the document sent to a third party; tampering with a legalized document it is a felony in most jurisdictions. For what it is worth, an official diploma can also be legalized in this way and does have legal validity in some cases. (None of these documents have meaningful anti-forgery security features unless they are digitically signed ...)

JeffE may have overstated the case when he said this was the only way to prove it — No, I don't think I overstated the case at all.

Thank you for the answer! So people from the US do generally really not care about owning the official document? Wouldn't it be good to have one just in case the university does not exist in the future or if you need one because you apply in a different country? (The US culture must be really different from my European culture, where it is even recommended to keep all high school certificate the whole life!)

@JeffE: So you want to say there is no way to obtain an official copy? Do you (or anyone else) know the reason of Berkeley's policy on that? Surely people working in other countries where administrators are not flexible enough to ask Berkeley for a copy have a huge problem with this?

@user97917 Americans would not think to hold on to their physical diploma to apply to schools in Europe because the fact that European schools want to see your literal diploma is not a well-known fact. Lots of people do care about the physical diploma, others don't. You can usually order another diploma if you want, but it's much more expensive than ordering an official transcript ($70 vs $10)

@user97917: Yes, it's very different.  As another personal example, my undergraduate diploma had my name misspelled.  It took me a year to get a corrected one, because the college prints diplomas as a special job which they only do once a year.  If I'd lost it, I would similarly have had to wait a year for a replacement.

There's another document that is typically sent called a official verification, which is prepared exactly like an official transcript but only lists attendance dates, degrees and optionally GPA.