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What to do during the first stages of your PhD program?
Fresh from undergrad, I will be starting a math PhD program this upcoming fall in the United States. After several conversations with math professors and current PhD students, I noticed that several people advised having a sense of "urgency" right from the very start of your PhD program. Most recommended working to complete preliminary exams as soon as possible, but there was some variance in their opinions about when to jump into your thesis. One professor recommended "courting" potential thesis advisers by doing research projects with a professor or two during the first couple summers.
Do you agree with this call for urgency? If so, how do your recommend attacking those first 2-3 years of a (pure) math PhD program? Is it ever too soon to decide on your thesis topic? Recall that I do not have a master's, although I have taken three graduate-level algebra courses.

@JeffE: In the year 2016 teaching needs to appear on your list somewhere.  This is now very important for graduate students.  Two days ago I attended a meeting to apportion government grant money as summer funding to students.  After careful deliberation we decided to tell a student that he was not getting the summer funding precisely because his teaching had been problematically poor, though his research has been very good.

Hi Professor Clark, does that mean being a TA / tutor / grader during one's undergraduate / master's degree studies is pretty critical and that PhD admissions committees will look for this experience?  As critical as having top grades in coursework + a good research project / thesis?  Thanks @PeteL.Clark

(After correction by @PeteL.Clark) The five most important things to focus on, in decreasing order (but don't ignore any of them) — (1) Research. (2) Teaching. (3) Research. (4) Administrative hurdles, like classes and exams. (5) Research.

Maybe this is a separate question I should ask but, @PeteL.Clark and JeffE, can TAing experience be replaced with other teaching experience? The reason is because I have fellowships and the department TA positions are filled, so I have only been able to get 3 quarters of TAing in 3 years. To complement this, I have been making sure to tutor workshops and developing/instructing my own workshop. Would it be good advise to both me and the OP to supplement with these types of teaching experiences, or as gatekeepers do you think that we should really be looking for only TA positions?

@Chris: This sounds like a good separate question.  A quick preview: "I have only been able to get 3 quarters of TAing in 3 years." I see nothing to complain about there.  For math grad student teaching: (i) you should do some; (ii) you should do all of it adequately and make best efforts to have at least one course go very well; (iii) subject to (i) and (ii) you want to teach less, not more.  I taught (not TA'd) 5 courses in 5 years as a graduate student and had 6 semesters without teaching.  If I got to pick my own teaching load given what I know now, I would pick 3 courses instead.

@User001: No, my comment was entirely about people who are already in a PhD program, not about those who are applying for one.  In many institutions you need to be a graduate student to do any TAing/teaching whatsoever, so that's that.  Admissions committees do not look negatively on a lack of teaching.

Ok, got it -- thanks so much, Professor Clark.  Have a great night, @PeteL.Clark

I'm a third year, and I have found it immensely helpful to get started with research as quickly as possible.
The thing is, a lot of times you get stuck in mathematical research, especially when you're first starting out. Also, you will have a harder time finding a concrete problem then you'd think. Additionally, you could use your research to guide which classes you take (at least after quals). Lastly, making progress is hard and takes time. This means that the best way to do research is to always have a research problem.
It may not be your main focus, your main focus may be your exams, but if over your first two years you've spent random times thinking about a specific problem (and have geared your studies towards a problem), you can begin to make a lot of headway. So I highly suggest you start the research process. Talk to some advisers. Find something that interests you. Read some papers in your free time. Use this to find an interesting problem. Talk about this with someone who researches the area and now you have an adviser. And just start thinking about it. This is all pretty leisurely and can be done in your "free time" between classes, after classes, etc. Don't worry about the time consuming parts (actually writing down solid proofs), just get your mind churning.
When exams are done, you'll be surprised how ready you are to write what you've come up with. Even if you haven't solved much, you have likely narrowed down a clear path of where you want to go and what you want to prove (and have an intuition as to why you think it's correct). Write down that path as a "homework problem" to yourself, and now you're full-time research.
(Some people will tell you to wait until you can understand your project. Honestly, I didn't understand what I was doing (stochastic dynamics) for about half a year. After finally taking the classes on subjects related to the field, I can say that classes wouldn't've helped much. The only way to get into a research project is to just start doing it, and keep trying different books/resources until you understand all the background. Classes help, but less than you'd think.)

I think the relevant sense of urgency would reasonably be about engagement with serious mathematics, not necessarily keeping a pretense that one has "started research" at a quasi-expert level. Nor do I personally see urgency in "passing exams", since that is a typically very-limited enterprise, but might take long enough that one's original interests, enthusiasm, and motivations are forgotten, which would be a bad thing.
And, yes, standard coursework tends to suffer from so much inertia that it is not reliably helpful. But that is not to say that there's little to learn. In principle, sure, one can learn everything needed from papers, books, etc., whether physical or electronic. However, there is so much of this material that some guidance is good. Preferably expert guidance, rather than novices-leading-the-novice.
In particular, in terms of "choosing research problems", while it's good to follow up on one's enthusiasms, one should not be surprised to discover that, very likely, an enthusiasm based on just-a-little information inexpertly chosen is ... naive. Of course! Seemingly natural research problems are all too easily accidentally intractable, or perceived as routine exercises by experts, or of no interest to experts, etc. If one is independently wealthy and just doing math for personal satisfaction, none of this matters. However, if a PhD is in part warm-up to making a living as professional mathematician, the expert-standards do matter, however artifactual they may be.
(The issue of "understanding" one's "project" is ambiguous! One may doubt on general principles that one understands fully, indeed, or suspect that one understands to-some-extent naively. That's entirely reasonable. I would claim that much of the work done to finish a PhD in mathematics these days amounts to getting up to speed on techniques and viewpoints that experts might declare "standard" or "routine"... since, after all, some facility with such methods does sometimes enable one to do things that would seem amazing or unbelievable from a more low-tech viewpoint. After all, that's most of the point of sophisticated methods and ideas.)
So: the urgency is to interact with experts as early as possible, yes.
But, again, it is not accurate to say that this excludes coursework, nor includes it, either. It does not exclude or include following one's own curiosity. It is a separate thread.

I forgot to make the usual point that some of the purpose of "coursework" is to become acquainted with the style and attitudes of the faculty who teach those courses, whom otherwise one might not have interacted-with. I do claim that the literal content is not purely objective, e.g., its significance (beyond being traditional, iconic, whatever). Further, the tone of voice and visible affect the instructor has in reaction to given content conveys important nuances, I think... assuming that the instructor is expressive, rather than impassive.

A PhD program may prepare you  for research. Richard Hamming in his talk “You and your research” asked the three following questions:

What are the most important problems in your field?
What are you working on?
Why aren’t they the same?

They can guide you well, whenever you take a step in your first days of a PhD.

Might be more persuasive if the second question were completed in the second slot, etc., ... Also, some commentary on the literal-ness or not of these quips? E.g., are you telling kids to declare their PhD project to be P=NP? The Riemann Hypothesis? ... and then try to come up with an idea? Hopefully not. But then how to interpret these catchy quips (which do have some content, yes, but not their seeming literal assertion, I think)?

This advice could be dangerous to a beginning math PhD student who is naive enough to think it might apply to them.  I've read (more than once) Hamming's talk and find it interesting and useful, but his talk is pitched at research scientists, not beginning math PhD students.  A beginning math PhD student doesn't yet have a field (other than mathematics, but since Hamming did not himself work on "the most important problems in mathematics" that is surely not what he meant), and what they know of important problems is only through relatively-popular culture, rumor and accident....

...A math PhD student needs to spend at least a year trying to get a clue as to what the objects that they will spend later years of their life studying might possibly be.  As an example, my first semester in graduate school I decided to attend a course on abelian varieties.  On the first day the instructor reviewed the cohomology of complex tori, and upon prompting a more senior student immediately answered (in a strangely bored voice) "It's the exterior algebra of the lattice."  Alarmed that I was so completely lost, I dropped the course.  Later I wrote my thesis on...abelian varieties.


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Mention marking duty for a course in an early academic career CV
I am first year post-doctoral fellow. I have been asked to carry out some marking duties by my PhD supervisor from another university which I am not currently affiliated with, but where I got my PhD from.
Can I mention this marking duty under my teaching experience on my academic CV?

Why are you doing grading for another university?

I was asked by my PhD supervisor if I could help.

You can mention it, but there is no benefit to doing so.  Your marking and grading experience is not important to hiring decisions.

If it is your only teaching experience, you might want to mention it. If you are doing it in a non-native language that you have no other documentation of using, you might want mention it.
Otherwise, it might make a very weak case that you have connections to that university in particular, but presumably that is clear, since it is your PhD institute.

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Extension of international internship in France
I am an undergraduate student from India and I was offered a year long research internship in France for my undergraduate thesis. However, since the French government does not allow for internships greater than 6 months my hosts proposed they'll get me another internship for the following 6 months in any of their partner organizations and I could continue my research on the same topic.
But recently I came across this blog where they mention (the fourth point) that "students cannot complete more than 6 months of internships for each year they are enrolled in school".
Can someone who has been in similar situation or is aware of the french government's internship policies please confirm if this is actually the case and if so does this apply to all students or only students of French universities. And if it is indeed true for all students is there any workaround for this?

I have indian friends here in Normandie who have been doing "internships" for over a year. I don't know if they are breaking rules to do it but it certainly happens.

You need to talk to your advisor and, perhaps the supervisor, also any department that deals with internships.
Believing a blog, written by someone who is not in actual charge of the internships for your institution, is not likely to have the correct information.
Also, if you have had 3 years of a course then that may well mean 3 * 6 months of internships may be possible... But that is detail to discuss with those who know for your position.

I talked to my supervisor, he ensured me that there won't be any problems what so ever with extension of the internship for another 6 months. Thanks for the advice.

@codetrotter That's good, best wishes.

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Should I consider my conference paper as published, if fee is paid but I didn't attend the conference?
I submitted a conference paper some time ago to a trusted highly ranked conference. Strangely enough there's almost no communication from their part, no replies most of the time to my inquiries.
The paper got peer-reviewed and accepted, I paid the fee (around 500usd), I asked just a week before the conference if it's necessary to attend it because it was difficult to book a ticket given that I had only one month left in my old passport and I didn't have the new one, I provided a proof of that (scan of my old passport), but I got no reply and considered this as "ok" since this is what I wanted.
Now I am running out of time to graduate my PhD and I need to know whether it's considered published or I can submit it somewhere else. Should I bring something stronger in my email to catch their attention like "legal fight, submit somewhere else,etc" or just wait longer (presentation was exactly 10 days ago)?
what I am missing in all of this?
conference link if that helps

Is your paper listed on e.g. DBLP ? https://dblp.org/db/conf/icmlc2/icmlc2018

@Thomas thanks for the link, I didn't know about this database, this one is one year old, I guess it should be something like /icmlc2019, how long should I wait to check again here?

From the submissions page on the website: "Accepted and presented papers will be published in the International Conference Proceedings Series by ACM." This implies that non-presented papers will not be published. In my experience with other conferences, it can take several months for the proceedings to be published, so "wait and see" might not be the best approach if the answer is urgent for you.

Further to @ekl's comment, I have checked the ACM Digital Library. The latest ICMLC proceedings there are 2018.

If the proceedings have been published and your paper is included (and usually at this time it is included), your paper is published.
Check the proceedings.
Is this kind of link of the conference that you need: index of proceedings
I think it will be published later. At this point if nobody presented your paper at the conference, it has to be considered public after inclusion in the proceedings only, so you need to have evidence of such proceedings publication.

Thanks for the answer, I don't have access to the proceedings, they didn't provide any mean of communication except email, I have already reached to ask for an electronic version of the proceeding but still no reply.

In those 500USD wasn’t comprised a copy of the proceedings? Don’t you know someone who attended the conference? Or who revised manuscripts? Anybody can solve your problem if owns a copy of the proceedings. If you explain your situation I think that anyone in the conference can kindly help.

Conversely, if the proceedings have been published and they do not include your paper, then your paper has not been published, and you should ask for your $500 back.

If ACM published the proceedings, then they’re online; even if you don’t have access to the papers, you can read the table of contents.

Check the link I added

The link in the question is to the 2018 conference. Its proceedings are in the ACM Digital Library. The OP is asking about the 2019 conference.

I know this. Indeed it is the example for the 2019 link to search for.

As Rick said, the best way will be to check the proceedings. Since the conference took place only a couple weeks ago, it's not too surprising that the proceedings are not online yet.
In general it is required that an author attends and presents their paper, but organizers usually accept your reasons if you explain why you can't attend (as long as the fees have been paid). Since you did exactly that there's probably no reason to worry.
It's a bit strange that nobody replied to your emails. I'd take this as a clue that the organization of the conference is a bit weak, and this might play in your favor since it makes it less likely that the organizers would bother removing papers from authors who didn't attend.

Should I bring something stronger in my email to catch their attention like "legal fight, submit somewhere else,etc" or just wait longer (presentation was exactly 10 days ago)? what I am missing in all of this?

In my opinion you shouldn't mention any legal threat, this could easily backfire. I assume that you have been using the official email icmlc@asr.org right? I'd suggest that you email directly the conference chairs as well, you might have more luck this way.

Thanks for the answer, I was using the official email icmlc@asr.org I double checked every time I send something since I expected replies to reasonable requests (emails), even for the conference chairs only names are provided.

I meant that you could google the conference chairs and find their professional email addresses.

There is no such thing as "considered published". It's either published or it isn't. Look in the proceedings.

Thanks for the answer, not having access to the proceeding made me ask the question especially because of my tight schedule, since 3 to 6 months from now will be really late to consider submitting my work somewhere else, apparently I will keep an eye on the links provided by Thomas as a comment and Rick Park answer.

@idriss Ok. It looks like they'll appear on the ACM site when published (scroll down to the ICMLC section; so far, it only has 2017 and 2018).

Most conferences have a strict rule that at least one author should register and present the paper.
If you have an unexpected situation, contact the conference chair or organizer and explain to them.
Alternatively, sometimes you can give a talk through video conferencing. Contact the session chair and ask if he/she can help you out.

The question was about a paper in a conference that has already taken place. He also tried asking the organizers and they did not respond.

I see. The situation is odd.
I would suggest checking the publication service's website and perhaps send a direct email to them.

Thanks for the answer, following up J-Kun, I didn't see any other way of communication except one main email, even the number of the accepted papers was less than 80 (excluding applications for presentation only).


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How would you characterize or cite common social media posts?
I am investigating a complaint that comes up on social media "often" for a particular institution. The complaint is about a particular type of bad interaction with the institution. I could not find any research that said how often this interaction occurs, and because I have access to administrative data, I decided to do a quick analysis showing how frequently this interaction occurs. In writing up the manuscript, I want to say something that amounts to "this is a common complaint" in order to motivate the topic.
The issue is that I cannot quantify how often this interaction is complained about. I have many reddit/facebook/twitter posts that I can link and cite, but this seems arbitrary and a bit odd to be citing a series of posts. I certainly do not have the capacity to find the relative volume of these reddit/facebook/twitter posts. This is similar to this question, but rather than "word on the street" it is a thing that happens to people with unknown frequency (hence this analysis) and some proportion of them discuss it online.

Have you asked for a librarian's help?

I'm on the fence about whether this is off-topic as "content of research," but I suppose I would be convinced enough to hear something like "we found X posts from this school year using the search term 'foo bar'" in the motivation.

@AzorAhai-him- I suppose that's fair, but that's a huge task that would have to be manually done for what is supposed to be one line of text. It's also not possible to get the relative volume of posts, unless you work at the social media company.

When twitter was still twitter you could easily get this  information using their API. But since the last acquisition and rebranding it became very expensive to get this kind of data from X. Maybe you will have more lucky with Reddit and other social media.

@TheDoctor That's true, but unfortunately a lot of it is facebook where this was never really possible.

@Liam No one said research is easy. And yes, I specifically didn't say anything about relativity.

But yeah, spend a morning searching "grade appeal at Harvard" in Facebook/Reddit/X  and tabulating them up.

@AzorAhai-him- I think my point is I'm not sure what that fixes. If I find 2000 posts, there isn't anything to say if this is "common". Surely others have faced this? Seems the easiest is to wait for the media to pick it up and write something easily citable.

@Liam Yes, your reader has to understand the number you gave them in the context of their knowledge of social media these days. If it's just a line in the introduction about why you undertook the study, that's what I would do.

This is something you can do, but you should be as systematic as you can
In principle, there is nothing wrong with doing research that cites evidence from social media or administrative sources in order to give a conclusion.  But as with any other type of research work, you need to be systematic in how you collect and collate your data (and make it available to your reader if possible) and you should describe your sampling method, results and conclusion, adequately hedged by any uncertainty that arises.  We typically want to avoid bald assertions of "word on the street" which are unbacked by any kind of empirical evidence.  Sometimes it is only possible to get empirical evidence through a sampling process that is not ideal, but that is still better than nothing, and it is a reasonable approach if there is no better alternative.  Here is what I recommend you do in this case:

Step 1 (Determine an appropriate sampling scheme for data collection): You say that you have found many posts on Reddit, Twitter and Facebook that contain the complaint at issue.  In view of this, you should take some time to consider whether there is any mechanism by which you could systematically sample from these sources in a way that would identify this data, but also identify all the null cases of posts that do not contain the complaint at issue.  Ideally, you will be able to figure out a search method that has sufficient coverage to obtain all posts relevant to the university and you will be able to go through them and identify which posts make this complaint, which posts make a different complaint, and which posts are null cases that make no complaint.  If you can't do this, think about the second-best option, third-best option, etc.  Once you have considered this, settle on your sampling method and write it up clearly.

Step 2 (Collect and compile your data): Using the chosen sampling method, collect all the data you are able to get by saving all the relevant social media posts and administrative records at issue and viewing them to categorise them and extract relevant data.  Create a proper data-frame containing the relevant information from these posts (one row of data for each post with variables for date, time, poster, link to post, etc.).  (Best to save all the posts locally in addition to saving links, so that you have a record that is not dependent on an outside source.)  Unless there are privacy issues preventing this, your data should be made available to the reader, either as supplementary material or in an appendix to your paper.

Step 3 (Describe your sampling method and data): In your post you have noted the drawback that this data is only available in a way that makes it impossible to systematically determine its magnitude relative to other like things, which detracts from your ability to say that this type of complaint occurs "often" in an objective sense.  What you have described is anecdotal data that can be collected via searches of administrative data and social media posts using various forms of "convenience sampling".  Instead of just asserting that this type of complaint occurs "often", instead describe your sampling method to your reader, describe your data more specifically, and then give your conclusion as an inference you are drawing from that data.  Link to your supplementary data/appendix so that the readers can see the data for themselves.

Step 4 (Use your data to make a conclusion, hedged by uncertainty): Once you have described your sampling method and the results in the data, you can use these to form a conclusion.  You might be confident that it demonstrates that this complaint occurs "often" and you should feel free to make this conclusion, but you must ensure that the reader understands how you made that inference.  Because of the nature of the sampling method, you should also draw the reader's attention to potential problems that might call that conclusion into question or make it uncertain.

Here is an example of what this might look like in your paper when completed.

The present author observed anecdotal evidence of social media posts complaining about flatulent staff members at the university, which led to the hypothesis that this form of complaint occurs often in external social media commentary on the university.  To examine this, we conducted a search of social media posts on Reddit, Twitter and Facebook.  Our search methodology involved running search queries to identify posts mentioning the university and examining the top 500 search results on each platform based on selected keywords.  Our keywords were selected to identify posts pertaining to feedback about the university, but so as to be neutral/unbiased as to positive or negative feedback and to be neutral/unbiased as to the category of any complaint/adverse feedback in the resulting posts.  As designed, our search resulted in a total of 1,500 social media posts across the three platforms we used (further details of search method shown in Section 6.2 below).  We examined each post to determine whether or not it raised a complaint or adverse feedback about the university, and if so, we categorised the nature of the complaint/adverse feedback.
Full data for our analysis is available in Appendix B.2.  In Figure 6.4 below we summarise this data in a bar-plot showing the counts of complaints/adverse feedback across complaint categories on the three platforms.  As can be seen from the figure, there was a relatively high count of complaints about flatulent staff; this category of complaint was the highest on Reddit and Facebook and the second-highest on Twitter (coming after complaints about wild monkeys living in the chemistry labs).  We also examined time-series data of the occurrence of complaints, shown in  Figure B.2.1 in Appendix B.2.  This showed a pronounced spike in complaints about flatulent staff coinciding with the great Baked-Bean-eating contest held each April at the university.
[Figure 6.4 - Barplot of social media post data]
Based on this data, we infer that complaints about flatulent staff in the university occur often and are a major source of adverse social media feedback from former students and visitors to the university.  As a caveat to this finding, we note that our analysis was confined only to the three identified social media platforms, and the sampling method (which used a "first-500 posts" methodology) ignored any social media posts that did not show up in the top set of queries; this may have been heavily affected by our specific search keywords and the search-ranking algorithms for the relevant sites.  Notwithstanding these limitations, we think that the search-ranking is likely to be representative of the popularity of the relevant social media posts and so we have reasonable confidence that the identified complaint is the most common complaint about the university.  The interested reader can scrutinise our method by examining our sampling methodology in Section 6.2 and the data in Appendix B.2.


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What should I do, it's hard to get PhD in any country but if i do an MBA in a country get a foothold after that apply,can I do that?
What should I do,  it's hard to get PhD in any country but if i do an MBA in France , what do you think can i get a foothold to easily get multiple PhD options in electronics with funding or scholarship

Hi Sandipan. Your question is out of the scope of this community, because it's too specific to your situation which makes it difficult to answer without being heavily opinion based. Questions here are also meant to help others in the future, if it's too personalized to your situation and answers are opinion based it is unlikely to apply to others. Could you please try to make it more focused and clearer?

Sorry, but an MBA isn't going to help you with a doctoral program in Electronics, nor with funding. The MBA is about management, not technology.
There are also two aspects of "hard" for a PhD. The first is to get accepted. The second is to actually complete the research required. For both of those you need an educational program that is relevant in some way to the field you want to study. For electronics or any technological field that implies things like math, computing, science, etc. not management.
In some places funding comes naturally with acceptance into a doctoral program, but it might be that the funding comes with certain duties, usually related to assisting in the teaching or the research of professors.  Again, and MBA isn't going to be relevant to any of that.
If you want to do a masters, and it is required in some places, do one focused on technology, especially the specific sort of technology you want to study.
See the various answers to this question: How does the admissions process work for Ph.D. programs in Country X?

Note that I've assumed that you mean a MBA (Masters of Business Administration) specifically. If you mean a masters more related to your field, such as computing or engineering, this answer will need modification.


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I realized I made a huge mistake grading a student's thesis. Panicking and unsure what to do
I am a PhD student, and last year, as a TA I helped grade/supervise a Bachelor's student's thesis. I now notice that I provided her with some wrong suggestions due to which her analysis is also wrong.
The student had approached me with some questions about statistics asking if she should do an ANOVA or a regression. I said that they are the same analysis if you dummy code your variables in your regression analysis (which is true).
However, I only now realize that her specific design (within-subjects) makes the regression analysis not the right choice.
Two other second graders also missed this while grading her thesis, and she got a good grade for it.
I am not sure what to do. This was last year and she has already received her degree. I am very afraid that I will not be allowed to continue my PhD if I inform people about this. However, I am also feeling guilty about the fact that this student learned something wrong and might use this thesis as a writing sample for future admissions.
What would be the ethical/right/pragmatic thing to do here?

Just passing by to say that the fear encapsulated in the sentence "I am very afraid that I will not be allowed to continue my PhD if I inform people about this" has absolutely no grounding in reality. Congratulations on having found an issue other people overlooked. Undergraduate theses are regularly rife with errors, and almost none of them are ever caught. It would be awesome of you to bring this up with the primary professor supervising the thesis, but don't be surprised if no one else is particularly interested in addressing this issue and they perceive it as too minor to address.

If the thesis will be published as a journal article, this mistake might get fixed there. I have seen PhD dissertations get edits like that before being published (sometimes caught by coauthors and sometimes caught by journal peer reviewers). Thus, another example of similar events occurring and a reason not to worry.

"her specific design (within-subjects) makes the regression analysis not the right choice" Do you mean it’s the wrong choice, as in the results are not correct/reliable, or a suboptimal choice, as in the results are slow/imprecise/etc?

At the undergraduate level, you kind of realize some of the professors just teach straight-up false stuff... I recently got a degree after being in the workforce for 15 years with a college diploma. Having obscure database table names is not security at all, but I knew what was expected and didn't raise a stink about it.

Statistician here. Believe me, while this modeling approach is indeed wrong, it is absolutely no big deal. I could point you to worse howlers that are regularly published in high ranking journals. Kudos to you for actually thinking about this stuff; too many people just write down the first few numbers that come out of SPSS. I agree with everyone else here that this is absolutely not something to worry about - neither for you, nor for the student.

Working as an examiner, I often find statistical blunders in MSc theses that are due to misguidance from their supervisors (quickly diagnosed before the exam). I point out the errors at the exam and tell the student that I will disregard these errors when grading the thesis, because they were not at fault themselves. But, I emphasize, that if you ever do a PhD thesis, you will be the sole responsible for your thesis.

The only potential issue here is if the student or supervisor might write a paper based on the thesis results.  Then you should certainly tell them.

Assuming that her outcome was good ("... she got a good grade...") I don't think there is anything you should do other than, perhaps making a personal apology to her for a flawed analysis.
People make mistakes. It is good that you recognize yours, but you don't need  to parade in ashes and sackcloth over something from the past that didn't result in harm to others. Let it go.

+1 for framing this as a personal apology if you send anything at all. Though I wouldn't send anything at all... it's just not going to have any practical effect other than potentially making them unhappy.

I fail to see what benefit there would be in sending this poor student an apology for not spotting their shoddy work, a year after their graduation.

@Valorum you alert them that there's something wrong in the thesis, so that they might not repeat the same analysis again. If nothing else, they learn something about the analysis method.

@Allure - This very much smacks of telling them to make OP feel better, at their expense..

@Valorum informing the student will correct their misconception. If I had learned in university that NaCl tastes sweet, I would appreciate someone telling me that no, actually, that was a mistake they had made and in fact NaCl tastes salty. University is (or should be) about knowledge first and degrees second. Correcting flawed knowledge is every (decent) teacher's end goal, so correcting the student's flawed knowledge is good for the student and teacher alike.

@terdon - I disagree. A letter or an email out of the blue explaining that they didn't really deserve their degree and only got it because their TA was incompetent isn't helpful.

@Valorum didn't deserve their degree!? Who said anything like that? We're only talking about a letter to correct a misunderstanding so the student doesn't spend their life believing something wrong.

If I were the younger student in this case, I would appreciate the note. Otherwise I would spend a long time trying to reconcile my TA's advice with whatever I learned later and be confused for a while.

This was last year and she has already received her degree

So the problem is over, nobody cares about the contents of a BA anyway.

I am very afraid that I will not be allowed to continue my PhD if I inform people about this

Nobody cares about that either. You made a mistake on a minuscule, microscopic thing whose half-life time is about 1 minute.

However, I am also feeling guilty about the fact that this student learned something wrong and might use this thesis as a writing sample for future admissions.

Yes, she made a mistake. But nobody cares. She will use her BA to get a job where she will not use the regression formula you mention, or if she uses it someone will tell her that this is wrong. She may ponder about a minute about the fact that she did a mistake in her BA and hope that this will be forgotten.
And it will be forgotten.
Really, nobody cares about BAs or MSc thesis. Do not overthink it and move ahead.

"nobody cares about the contents of a BA anyway." <- She cares; that's her understanding of the subject matter; the readers/graderds of her thesis have been influenced somewhat by her choice; any other students she had discussed the matter with are also influenced. So, -1.

@einpoklum she does not care, a BA thesis is the chore you have to do to get your BA. Do you know people who keep a copy of their BA? Discuss it with others? Her understanding of the matter subject is almost nil - she will learn everything in her job. Get real.

"she does not care" <- 1. You don't know that and 2. She might care when told about it. "BA thesis is the chore" <- it is an important part of your education as a Bachelor. "Do you know people who keep a copy of their BA?" <- the thesis or the degree? Anyway, of course I do, for both. "Her understanding is almost nil" <- I doubt that's the case.

I think it is not very common that a BA thesis is written on a level (content-wise and language-wise) to be comparable to a published paper. In my experience most people who do a PhD thesis are a bit embarrassed about their BA thesis, since it (naturally) has way lower quality than their writing later. This is totally normal.
A BA is a chance to practice working on a bigger writing project. It will contain some mistakes.

No matter what, a student is fully responsible of their thesis content. You did a bad supervising job, but what the student did is what the student did.
Back to your problem:

I said that they are the same analysis if you dummy code your
variables in your regression analysis (which is true).
However, I only now realize that her specific design (within-subjects)
makes the regression analysis not the right choice.

Remove the fears about your reputation, ignore the grades she got.
What is left? a public text with a methodological error.
Libraries are full of them, and still both libraries and sometimes even those texts are useful. Not particularly useful to chase the +1 that just come to the world.
You can write an email congratulating the student about finishing her Bachelor degree and letting her know that you missed completely the fact that her specific design made regression not the right choice and that "insert other method" would have been the accepted state-of-art method.
Apologize again, offer her to collaborate on doing the state-of-art method, conclude with best wishes and good luck for her future endeavours, send the email.
Then make a note to yourself: always reply to questions "should I" from a student you supervise with the golden answer "why should you?", to avoid ending up in the same situation.

I would also recommend OP to be careful when writing the email so they don't traumatise the student by putting forward the same state of mind of this question. The student should not feel like an impostor because of this mistake.

@TheDoctor - Sending her an apology for not spotting the error on her thesis is selfish in the extreme. Given that there's no realistic possibility of fixing it, I'd spend the rest of my life hating the person who sent me that message when they could have just kept their mouth shut.

If I were to send an email to a student in a similar situation, I think I would completely avoid formulating as "There was an error in your thesis" and instead I would say something like "To continue our discussion about the choice between ANOVA and regression...". In other words: "Your thesis was great, here is more food for thought on the topic" and certainly not "Your thesis contained a mistake".

Oooh:  ‘a bad supervising job’ is overstating it – the OP missed a technical detail when acting as one of a team of markers.  An apology isn't necessary and, as TheDoctor and Valorum mention, could have a negative effect. If the ex-student ever notices this, they'd learn that even their teachers sometimes nod (gasp!) and (a good outcome) end up with a very proper scepticism about the general reliability of assessment grades.

"No matter what, a student is fully responsible of their thesis content. " <- 1. Really? Suppose I held a gun to a student's head and made them write a certain thesis; are they "fully responsible" for it? 2. More than one person can be responsible for the same thing at the same time, even when one person is fully responsible.

@Stef thanks for your input. I still think that adults (even children, honestly) should face their own error. A thesis with the wrong statistical analysis is not a great thesis, but this does not imply a judgement on the person that did it. Good people do crap, sometimes, and I really think that when good person are doing crap the real onus is on the supervisors, although the responsibility of the crap is on the student. But I agree with giving some nuance to the mail, to allow for discussion.

@Valorum OP is thinking about the consequence on their own reputation, so a selfish email fits with their point of view.

@einpoklum 1) Thanks for providing a real case situation. Yes, in that case the student is fully responsible, in complying to that request the student is opening up their path to an academic career in a dispotic land/system, so by complying they agree with the (hidden) rules. I dream a "western" world that provides an open escape path to such a student and avoid preserving autocrats and/or chaos... but I am a dreamer.
2) Yes. The student is fully responsible, see my answer to Stef. The supervisors are the one responsible for the student not fulfilling their potential, not for the thesis.

You can always state the facts and leave sentiment out of it.
"Congratulations on your degree! I've recently revised the advice I've given you on your thesis. When doing [work similar to your BA thesis], regression can produce incorrect results and I recommend ANOVA in the future."
A BA degree isn't invalidated by coursework mistakes, no damage there. No one relies on BA theses as a source of truth. And any future damage, should the student over-rely on incorrect, advice is prevented by a simple correction. Science is about search for the truth, not instant perfection.

As others have already said, you are not in danger of being kicked out of your Ph.D. But unlike some have suggested, I believe it is important for you to rectify the situation - even if the grade is given and the student has moved on.
I suggest you get in touch with the student (e.g. via email) and ask for a phone conversation / voice chat with her. In that chat, explain the situation. Don't use a distressed and apologetic tone; only once you've described how your advice was invalid - then make your apology. Tell her it was important for you to correct the wrong impression/conception you conveyed last year.

Main thing is that not a note will grade someone, but a lot of notes and a lot of decisions. Some of them will be unavoidably false, in both directions. Idea is that the final result, based on many decisions like yours, will roughly correlate to the real value of the student; and the law of the large numbers is a strong supporter of this idea.
It does not mean that you would not need to invest all reasonable effort to give a fair grade, but it does mean that single cases are not so bad as they seem.
There is also an asymmetry in the scenario: Regretting a deviation into the positive direction has a clearly hostile favor, while doing the opposite is not. That is because the interests of the University, or the collective interests of the education system of your country, or the collective insterests of the people having a degree, these are rational things, but not persons with feelings. The guy whose note you want to degrade retroactively, yes he is a person with feelings.

Btw, beside all of these: you can be sure that no one will ever check the thesis of that guy. Also no one will ever think about, why you gave that degree. Even if the doubly unthinkable would happen, then no one will be ever sure that you made a mistake or you had a real reason to give that note. The only way for you the get any negative backslash from that, if someone directly above you, checks directly your work, with the explicit goal to find mistakes. Note, if that would happen, this guy would surely find mistakes, had you made that fault or not.


text:
Is there a more user-friendly way to download multiple articles from arXiv?
I am subscribed to the arXiv daily digests for my subject area. I find myself, every day, doing the following, when I get to work:
1) Browsing through the arXiv email and right-clicking on the articles of interest to me (to open each of the pages in a different tab in my browser)
2) For each of these pages, downloading the pdf by clicking on the link, re-naming it <article-title> by <author name(s)>.pdf, and saving the pdf in a directory on my PC
[3) the directory is then automatically synched to my tablet during the day]
4) Looking at the articles on my commute home on my tablet.
I am bored of doing (2). It only takes 10-20 seconds per article (depending on things like how many carriage returns or inappropriate characters I have to remove from the cut-and-pasted article title and author names -- e.g. math characters (I am a mathematician and symbols in titles do not cut and paste well)) but when I'm interested in 5 articles and one has a lengthy title with carriage returns and symbols in, my mind wanders and I start thinking about whether this has already been automated by someone, because it seems to me that there would be no obstruction to doing so in theory, but I would not be capable of doing it myself.
Does such an automation exist?

Well, computers exist, therefore it can be automated.  Whether or not this would take more time and be a greater headache than to just keep doing it manually is another matter.  You'd be surprised how many days can sometimes be put into coding up something that saves a matter of seconds.  I have no idea if the automation exists.  Last time I had a functioning smart phone, there was an app that was supposed to automatically download papers meeting certain criteria, but it wasn't functioning and (clearly) out of date.  So...try a google search?

Be aware that arXiv has a rate measuring facility they use to lock suspected bots out. And that you have to interact with arXiv personnel to get un-blocked. You don't want to be too successful at automating this procedure.

Thanks for the answers. Term has just started here and I'm quite busy but I do intend to come back to this and accept an answer once I've managed to weigh up my options.

I have used both Google Alerts and Mention for getting alerts about certain topics and changes to certain websites.  For downloading multiple files I have used the Firefox extension Down Them All.  I'm not putting these in an answer because I haven't tested them with arXiv.

@eric Must have been a long term

Here you go!
Take any of the new or recent links from https://arxiv.org/ and substitute it under Settings.
#!/usr/bin/python3
# encoding=utf8

import os, re, subprocess, sys
import urllib.request as urllib2
import urllib.parse
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

version = 1.0

arguments = {}
arguments['-h, --help'] = 'Print help'
arguments['-v, --version'] = 'Print Version'

# ================== Settings ====================

url = "https://arxiv.org/list/astro-ph/new"

# ================================================

class color:
   PURPLE = '\033[95m'
   CYAN = '\033[96m'
   DARKCYAN = '\033[36m'
   BLUE = '\033[94m'
   GREEN = '\033[92m'
   YELLOW = '\033[93m'
   RED = '\033[91m'
   BOLD = '\033[1m'
   UNDERLINE = '\033[4m'
   END = '\033[0m'

if __name__ == "__main__":

  # =============== Argument parser=================

  if any([1 if arg in sys.argv else 0 for arg in ['-v', '--version']]):
      print(version)
      sys.exit(0)

  if any([1 if arg in sys.argv else 0 for arg in ['-h', '--help']]):

    name = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])

    # Display help
    print("This is {program}. Get your daily arXiv-dose.\n".format(program=name))
    print("Usage: ./{program}".format(program=name))
    print("Currently I'm fetching", url, '\n')

    for key in arguments:
        print("\t{:15}: {}".format(key, arguments[key]))

    sys.exit(0)

  # ================================================

  # ============ Generate and fetch url ============

  try:
    req = urllib2.Request(url, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'})
    html = urllib2.urlopen(req)

  except urllib2.HTTPError:
    print(url)
    print('"{}" not found. Correct spelling?'.format(search))
    sys.exit(0)

  # ================================================

  # ================= Find papers ==================

  soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")

  articles = {}

  # Get DOI and URL
  papers = soup.find_all("dt")

  for c, nnn in zip( papers, range( len(papers) ) ):

    articles[nnn] = {}

    doi = c.find_all("a", title="Abstract")[0]
    doi = doi.get_text()
    articles[nnn]["doi"] = doi

    link = c.find_all("a", title="Download PDF")[0].get("href")
    articles[nnn]["url"] = 'https://arxiv.org' + link

  # Get Title, Authors and Abstract
  meta = soup.find_all("div", class_="meta")

  for c, nnn in zip(meta, range(len(meta))):

    title = c.find("div", class_="list-title")
    title = title.get_text().replace('Title: ','')
    articles[nnn]["title"] = title.strip()

    authors = c.find("div", class_="list-authors")
    authors = authors.get_text().replace('Authors:','').replace('\n','')
    authors = re.sub('[a-zA-Z]+\.+\ ','',authors)
    articles[nnn]["authors"] = authors.strip()

    try:
      abstract = c.find("p", class_="mathjax").get_text().replace('\n',' ')
    except AttributeError:
      pass

    articles[nnn]["abstract"] = abstract

  # List findings
  for paper in articles.keys():

    print( '\n' + color.BOLD + color.UNDERLINE +'{:5}'.format(paper) + color.END,
           articles[paper]["title"])
    print( 6 * ' ' + articles[paper]["authors"], '\n' )
    print( ' ' + articles[paper]["abstract"] )

  # Get user input list
  while True:

    download = input( '\n' + color.BOLD + 'Download (2 12 ..): ' + color.END )

    try:
      download = [ int(i) for i in download.split() ]
      break

    except ValueError:
      print('Not a valid list: "{}"'.format(download))
      pass

  for file in download:

    url = articles[file]["url"]
    filename = '{}-{}-{}.pdf'.format(articles[file]["title"], articles[file]["authors"], articles[file]["doi"])

    # EXT4 limits filenames to 255 characters

    if len(filename) > 254:

      filename = articles[file]["title"] + '-'

      for author in articles[file]["authors"].split():
        if len(author) + len(filename) + len(articles[file]["doi"]) + 5 < 255:
          filename += author.strip()

      filename = filename[:-1] + '-' + articles[file]["doi"] + ".pdf"
      print(color.BOLD + 'Warning:' + color.END + 'Too many authors for |filename| < 256.')
      print('Truncating to ', filename)

    # Download
    subprocess.call(["wget", '--quiet', '--show-progress', '--header', "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0", "--output-document", '{}'.format(filename), url])

This will give you a complete list with title, author and abstract. You can then enter a list of numbers to download as {title}-{authors}-{doi}.pdf.
[...]

  120 Flavours in the box of chocolates: chemical abundances of kinematic  substructures in the nearby stellar halo
      Jovan Veljanoski, Amina Helmi

 Different subtleties and problems associated with a nonrelativistic limit of the field theory to the Schroedinger theory are discussed. In this paper, we revisit different cases of the nonrelativistic limit of a real and complex scalar field in the level of the Lagrangian and the equation of motion. We develop the nonrelativistic limit of the Dirac equation and action in the way that the nonrelativistic limit of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ wave functions of particles and antiparticles appear simultaneously. We study the effect of a potential like $U(\phi)\propto \phi^4$ which can be attributed to axion dark matter field in this limit. We develop a formalism for studying the nonrelativistic limit of antiparticles in the quantum mechanics. We discussed the non-local approach for the nonrelativistic limit and its problems.

  121 The Masses and Accretion Rates of White Dwarfs in Classical and  Recurrent Novae
      Michael Shara, Dina Prialnik, Yael Hillman, Attay Kovetz

 Different subtleties and problems [...]

Download (2 12 ..):

Installation

Save the script as arxiv in /usr/local/bin
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/arxiv

You should now be able to execute it by just typing arxiv in terminal.
Requirements

python3
python-beautifulsoup4 (pip install bs4 if you use python-pip package)
wget

Current version of this script is available here.

Neat! You should add a more user-friendly explanation on how to use it: not everyone is familiar with scripts, just give a couple of words on the need for a terminal and python.

Thank you for the hint! I added a short explanation (to this [now MWE] version).
I also rewrote some parts and added a few functions. The setup has now been moved to a separate config file ~/.config/arxiv.conf configurable via the script. You find it under the github link at the end of the post. When I find the time, I'll add it to AUR.

The following script uses arxiv python API to download friendly named files.
Features:

Inputs: URLs or .pdf files.
Outputs: corrected .pdf files.
Corrects .pdf files that have already been downloaded!

Script:
import os, re, sys, arxiv

def fix_title(title: str) -> str:
    return re.sub(r'[<>:"/\\|?*]', "_", re.sub(r"\s*\n+\s*", " ", title))

def paper_to_filename(paper: arxiv.Result) -> str:
    author_str = str(paper.authors[0]) + " et al." * (len(paper.authors) > 1)
    return f"{author_str} - {fix_title(paper.title)}.pdf"

def parse_line(line: str):
    m = re.match(r".*(?P<paper_id>\d{4}\.\d{4,6}(v\d+)?)(\.pdf)?$", line)
    return m.group("paper_id") if m is not None else None

paper_ids = [parse_line(line.strip()) for line in sys.stdin.readlines()]
paper_ids = [x for x in paper_ids if x is not None]
papers = arxiv.Search(id_list=paper_ids).results()

for paper, paper_id in zip(papers, paper_ids):
    src_filename = f"{paper_id}.pdf"
    dst_filename = paper_to_filename(paper)
    if os.path.exists(dst_filename):
        print(f"[TargetExists] {dst_filename}")
    elif os.path.exists(src_filename):
        print(f"[Rename] {src_filename}")
        os.rename(src_filename, dst_filename)
    else:
        print("[Download]")
        paper.download_pdf(filename=dst_filename)
    print(f"file:    {dst_filename}")
    print(f"url:     {paper.entry_id}")
    print(f"authors: {[str(x) for x in paper.authors]}")
    print(f"title:   {paper.title}\n")

Dependencies:
pip install arxiv==1.4.2

Example 1:
Automatically correct all PDF filenames inside a directory:
λ ls
1506.02640.pdf

λ ls *.pdf | python arxiv_downloader.py
[Rename] 1506.02640.pdf
file:    Joseph Redmon et al. - You Only Look Once_ Unified, Real-Time Object Detection.pdf
url:     http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.02640v5
authors: ['Joseph Redmon', 'Santosh Divvala', 'Ross Girshick', 'Ali Farhadi']
title:   You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection

λ ls
Joseph Redmon et al. - You Only Look Once_ Unified, Real-Time Object Detection.pdf

Example 2:
Manually provide your own list of URLs, filenames, or paper IDs:
λ wget -nc https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.02640.pdf
λ wget -nc https://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.03167v3.pdf

λ echo "https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00157
        https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.11604
        1506.02640.pdf
        1502.03167v3" | python arxiv_downloader.py

[Download]
file:    Mateen Ulhaq et al. - Shared Mobile-Cloud Inference for Collaborative Intelligence.pdf
url:     http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00157v1
authors: ['Mateen Ulhaq', 'Ivan V. Bajić']
title:   Shared Mobile-Cloud Inference for Collaborative Intelligence

[Download]
file:    Shibani Santurkar et al. - How Does Batch Normalization Help Optimization?.pdf
url:     http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.11604v5
authors: ['Shibani Santurkar', 'Dimitris Tsipras', 'Andrew Ilyas', 'Aleksander Madry']
title:   How Does Batch Normalization Help Optimization?

[Rename] 1506.02640.pdf
file:    Joseph Redmon et al. - You Only Look Once_ Unified, Real-Time Object Detection.pdf
url:     http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.02640v5
authors: ['Joseph Redmon', 'Santosh Divvala', 'Ross Girshick', 'Ali Farhadi']
title:   You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection

[Rename] 1502.03167v3.pdf
file:    Sergey Ioffe et al. - Batch Normalization_ Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift.pdf
url:     http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03167v3
authors: ['Sergey Ioffe', 'Christian Szegedy']
title:   Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift

There is a filename with a colon in your example; I'm hoping the actual package doesn't do this...

@darijgrinberg You can replace invalid characters for your operating system with "_" by modifying the fix_title function. I have also updated the script to work with the latest arxiv==1.4.2 release.

IMO, the way to implement this would be as a browser or e-mail client extension.  Personally, I have a subscription for e-mail alerts because it lets me select subject areas.  Recently I looked into extensions to make that more easily readable, so I searched the Firefox and Thunderbird extensions for things related to arXiv, but my search turned up nothing interesting.
Of course, it could exist e.g. as an extension for some other browser; you know, it is tough to prove nonexistance.
Given the arXiv ID, an “external“ solution should be pretty easy (getting the PDF is a simple manner of wget http://arxiv.org/pdf/$ID, and extracting the title and authors from the abs/$ID page should be simple enough, as well).  However, the question is what you gain by that.
Instead, I would recommend Zotero as an alternative type of solution.  It lets you save article metadata from arXiv and many other sources in the click of a button.  It can also download and archive PDFs automatically, on your PC or on their server (where you get a very limited amount of space for free and can pay to get more).

@NajibIdrissi Thanks for the pointer to the API, that is a good point.

Try Zotero which can save multiple items from certain Web pages (you'd have to view the list in a browser).

FWIW, my Python (2) code that downloads arXiv preprints (PDF and source) given a text file containing hyperlinks (usually, a copypasted arXiv digest from an email):
# batch-download arXiv preprints linked in a text file
# (meant for the emails that come from arXiv).
# Written for use in Cygwin or Linux; not sure how it
# behaves on a normal Windows python.
#
# Syntax:
# - "python arxdown.py mail.txt [folder]":
#   Downloads all arXiv preprints hyperlinked in "mail.txt"
#   into folder [folder].
# - "python arxdown.py https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.0047 [folder]":
#   Downloads https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.0047 into folder [folder].
# If [folder] is not specified, a default one is used.
# Even if the arXiv hyperlink comes with a version number,
# the script downloads the newest version by default; this
# behavior can be disabled with the "-u" switch.

import os
import urllib
import urllib2
import re
import time
import sys
import socket
import shutil
import string
import lxml.html
from unidecode import unidecode
import itertools

defaultpath = "/home/arxiv" # The path into which the downloads should go if no folder was specified.

arxivprefix = "http://arxiv.org" # Replace by one of the mirrors ( https://arxiv.org/help/mirrors ) if the main site is slow/down.

resting_time = 4 # time (in second) to wait between downloads; too small a number seems to get me banned.

args = sys.argv

if "-u" in args:
    # use version numbers provided
    newest = False
    args.remove("-u")
else:
    newest = True

if len(args) > 1:
    # args[1] may be either a file containing URLs, or a URL itself.
    try:
        # Is it a file?
        mail = open(args[1])
        proper_mail = True
    except IOError:
        # Nah.
        mail = [args[1]]
        proper_mail = False
    if len(args) > 2:
        # Whatever remains better be a path.
        tempdirname = args[2]
    else:
        tempdirname = defaultpath
else:
    print "no mail text or hyperlink given"
    sys.exit()

# create temporary folder for downloading, if not already existing.
try:
    os.mkdir(tempdirname)
except OSError:
    pass
os.chdir(tempdirname)

for line in mail:
    if "://arxiv.org/abs/" in line:
        # Which preprint to download?
        for arxid in line.split("://arxiv.org/abs/")[1:]:
            arxid = arxid.split(" ")[0].split("v")
            if len(arxid) > 1:
                arxid, vernum = arxid[:2]
            else:
                arxid = arxid[0]
                vernum = False
            arxid = arxid.strip()
            response = urllib2.urlopen(arxivprefix + "/abs/" + arxid)
            html = response.read().split("\n")
            # Which version to download?
            if (not newest) and vernum:
                vernum = "".join(itertools.takewhile(str.isdigit, vernum))
            else:
                for htmlline in html:
                    if "tablecell arxividv" in htmlline:
                        vernum = htmlline.split(arxid + "v")[1]
                        vernum = vernum.split("\"")[0]
                        break
            arxidv = arxid + "v" + vernum
            print "\n attacking ", arxidv
            # Build filename for the downloads.
            # I am being heavily conservative here; all kinds of
            # harmless symbols get kicked out.
            author_surnames = []
            valid_letters = string.ascii_lowercase + " -1234567890"
            for htmlline in html:
                if "citation_author" in htmlline:
                    auname = htmlline.split("citation_author\" content=\"")[1]
                    auname = auname.split(",")[0].lower()
                    auname = lxml.html.fromstring(auname).text_content()
                    auname = "".join([i for i in unidecode(unicode(auname.lower())) if i in valid_letters])
                    author_surnames.append(auname)
            author_list = "".join([author + " " for author in author_surnames])[:-1]
            print "authors: ", author_list
            for htmlline in html:
                if "citation_title" in htmlline:
                    title = htmlline.split("citation_title\" content=\"")[1]
                    title = title.split("\"")[0].lower()
                    title = lxml.html.fromstring(title).text_content()
                    title = "".join([i for i in unidecode(unicode(title.lower())) if i in valid_letters])[:75]
                    break
            arxidv_name = arxidv
            if "/" in arxidv_name:
                # This is some special-casing needed for old-style
                # arXiv IDs (such as math/0112073), since the slash
                # would confuse the file system.
                arxidv_name = arxidv_name.split("/")[1]
            resulting_filename = author_list + " - " + title + " - " + arxidv_name
            print "downloading as: ", resulting_filename
            # Downloading. The "while readsize" loop is meant to protect
            # against some temporary failures that haven't been occurring
            # lately.
            # Beware: It is stupid and might create an endless loop.
            readsize = 0
            while readsize == 0:
                urllib.urlretrieve(arxivprefix + "/pdf/" + arxidv, resulting_filename + ".pdf")
                readsize = os.stat(resulting_filename + ".pdf").st_size
                if readsize > 4500:
                    break
                testopen = open(resulting_filename + ".pdf")
                for line in testopen:
                    if "may take a little time" in line:
                        time.sleep(4)
                        readsize = 0
                        print "retrying..."
                        break
                else:
                    readsize = 6666
                testopen.close()
            urllib.urlretrieve(arxivprefix + "/e-print/" + arxidv, resulting_filename + ".tar.gz")
            print "\n resting..."
            time.sleep(resting_time)

if proper_mail:
    mail.close()

Here is my Python script that will search Gravitational Wave(GW) related papers on arXiv based on the given input inputs(dates) and it will extract title, abstruct, arxiv id and author name; and it will create a txt file containing those information. It can be customized for different fields by changing the URL. Default search url is:

# Default :
## Search terms - gravitation wave (all fields) or, eccentric signals(all fields)
## search subject - physics - including cross-listed papers
## Search date - <accoding to input> - submission date (most recent)
## Abstruct - show, size - 200

# For any other field:
## Visit `https://arxiv.org/search/advanced` and for the first time,
## edit the search engine with the required terms and subjects and dates then,
## search and copy the url and paste the url below and replace dates in the url as `{}` to format custom dates there. (as below,)

Main Script
#!/path/anaconda3/bin/python
#This script will search extract gw-related paper summery from arxiv based on input dates and make a text from from that data
# By- Anik Mandal

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup    # You need to have this library in your conda environment
import requests
import datetime as dt
import numpy as np
import os

print("--------------->>>>>|GW NEWS|<<<<<--------------------------------------------------------------------")
print("(This script will search gw papers on arxiv based on input dates)\n")
print("Write a period type [last_day, last_week] (Press <Enter> for custom date search)")
action = input(">>>")

if action == "last_day":
    to_ = dt.date.today()
    from_ = to_ - dt.timedelta(days=1)
    file_name = "arxiv_gwdaily_{}.txt".format(from_)

elif action == "last_week":
    to_ = dt.date.today()
    from_ = to_ - dt.timedelta(days=7)
    file_name = "arxiv_gwweekly_{}_{}.txt".format(from_, to_)

else:
    from_ = input("From date [YYYY-MM-DD] :    ").split("-")
    to_ = input("To date [YYYY-MM-DD] :    ").split("-")
    from_ = dt.date(int(from_[0]), int(from_[1]), int(from_[2]))
    to_ = dt.date(int(to_[0]), int(to_[1]), int(to_[2]))
    file_name = "arxiv_gw_{}_{}.txt".format(from_, to_)

file = open(file_name, "w")
file.write( "--------------->>>>>|GW NEWS|<<<<<--------------------------------------------------------------------\n")
file.write("-----|From : "+str(from_)+"\t To: "+str(to_)+"|--------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\n")

#
def gw_news(from_, to_):
    url = "https://arxiv.org/search/advanced?advanced=1&terms-0-operator=AND&terms-0-term=gravitational+wave&terms-0-field=all&terms-1-operator=OR&terms-1-term=eccentric+signal+&terms-1-field=all&classification-physics=y&classification-physics_archives=all&classification-include_cross_list=include&date-year=&date-filter_by=date_range&date-from_date={}&date-to_date={}&date-date_type=submitted_date&abstracts=show&size=200&order=-announced_date_first".format(from_, to_)

    try:
        source = requests.get(url)
        source.raise_for_status()

        soup = BeautifulSoup(source.text, "html.parser")

        papers = soup.find("ol", class_="breathe-horizontal").find_all("li", class_="arxiv-result")
        file.write("No. of papers : {}\n".format(len(papers)))
        file.write("_______________________________________________________________________________________________________\n")

        i = 1
        for paper in papers:
            title = paper.find("p", class_="title is-5 mathjax").text[8:-10]
            abstract = paper.find("p", class_="abstract mathjax").find("span", class_="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax").text[:-7]
            id_ = paper.find("p", class_="list-title is-inline-block").a.text
            author = paper.find("p", class_="authors").text[10:].replace("\n","").replace("    ", "")

            file.write("#"+str(i)+"."+title+"\n")
            file.write(abstract+"\n")
            file.write(id_+"\t\t"+author+"\n \n")
            file.write("_______________________________________________________________________________________________________\n")

            i=i+1

        print("Done! Data stored in /arXiv/{}".format(file_name))

    except:
        print("No new paper during this period!")
        os.remove(file_name)

    return url

url = gw_news(from_, to_)

file.write("\n\n")
file.write("_______________________________________________________________________________________________________\n")
file.write("Site url :    "+url+"\n")
file.write("_______________________________________________________________________________________________________\n")
print("\nSite url : ", url)

But make sure your pc is connected to the internet while the script is running.
Automation using Crontab
This script can be run daily automatically by setting the action to last_date and by adding the script to crontab. There is a way you can do it:
Open the crontab window,
$ crontab -e

add a new cronjob and save it.
0 9 * * * /path/arXiv/gwarxiv_search.py

This script will run automatically daily exactly at 9:00 AM and stores the output text file in the respective folder.
Using a Desktop application
For that, you have to write a shell command which will run the script and open the output(most recent) file. Here is the example code,
#!/bin/bash

#-----RUN THE SEARCH SCRIPTS---------------------------------------------------------------------------
source /path/anaconda3/etc/profile.d/conda.sh
conda activate <conda_environment>
# Get the current day of the week (0-6 where Sunday is 0)
day_of_week=$(date +%w)

# Check if it's Sunday (day_of_week equals 0)
if [ "$day_of_week" -eq 0 ]; then
    # Execute your desired commands or script here
    python /path/arXiv/gw_weekly/gwweekly.py
fi
python /path/arXiv/gw_daily/gwdaily.py

conda deactivate
#-----OPEN THE MOST RECENT FILE------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Define the paths to the folders
folder1="/path/arXiv/gw_daily"
folder2="/path/arXiv/gw_weekly"

# Find the most recent .txt files in each folder
most_recent_file1=$(ls -t "$folder1"/*.txt | head -n 1)
most_recent_file2=$(ls -t "$folder2"/*.txt | head -n 1)

# Open the most recent .txt files in gedit
gedit "$most_recent_file1" "$most_recent_file2"

#-----END----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Make the shell command executable by,
$ chmod +x /path/gwarxiv_search.sh

Then add a new desktop application (/home/Desktop/gwarxiv_search.desktop), which will run the above shell command(gwarxiv_search.sh) on click.
[Desktop Entry]
Name=GW NEWS
Comment=GW NEWS on arXiv
Exec=/path/arXiv/utils/gwarxiv_search.sh
Icon=/path/arXiv/utils/arxiv_400x400.png         # add icon of your choice
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Utility;

Also, make this desktop application executable by,
$ chmod +x /home/Desktop/gwarxiv_search.desktop

and right click on the application to Allow Launching and it is done!

If you prefer a browser plugin to automatically rename downloaded PDFs while browsing, you may want to install arxiv-utils (I'm the author). The plugin simply adds a Direct Download button in arxiv web pages, and the naming convention is customizable.

This is probably not quite the right fit for your use case, but it should be mentioned: Arxiv does have several relevant help pages:

https://arxiv.org/help/robots
https://arxiv.org/help/bulk_data
https://arxiv.org/help/bulk_data_s3

The TLDR is that there are various interfaces for programmatic access to arxiv, but indiscriminate mass downloads will be blocked.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/


text:
Who can participate in international math conferences?
Who can participate in international conferences in mathematics?
Does one have to be a mathematician or affiliated as a researcher in a university to participate?
How about Independent researchers (with an undergrad diploma)?

Participating as in watching the conference or as in giving a talk?

Pay the registration fee and go. Conferences are generally open to all paying customers. In order to give a talk, you will have to submit a paper, extended abstract, or abstract based on the instructions in the call for papers (or participation) and have it reviewed and accepted. But neither kind of participation requires a credential, typically.

Usually in mathematics, a short abstract is sufficient, and the review is rather perfunctory (if it looks like mathematics, and fits with the theme of the conference, and a room and time slot can be found, it gets accepted).  However, people should be careful not to abuse this to give talks about work that is not up to standard - it will only hurt your reputation and/or annoy your audience (if any).

@NateEldredge, yeah, math ain't my field. Some conferences in some fields have full papers with full peer review. I've certainly been on a few program committees for those or gotten a paper into such a thing.

@NajibIdrissi, in the U.S., currently, registration fees are almost universal, although sometimes waived or discounted for grad students or new PhD's.

@NajibIdrissi: Even so, I doubt you could get any of that easily without an affiliation or backing of an established researcher.

sometimes waived or discounted for grad students or new PhD's — Or people who "left their name tag in their hotel room".

It all depends on what you mean by a "conference".  If you are talking about a large organized meeting open to anyone in the field, then I agree with Bill Barth's answer: there are no formal requirements at all for attendance, and anyone can simply register and show up.  If you submit a proposal for a talk or poster, then it might be rejected, but the rejection would be because of skepticism about its value or fit for the conference rather than just because of your lack of credentials.
There are also lots of smaller workshops, for example at mathematics institutes such as MSRI or Oberwolfach.  These workshops are more likely to have limited attendance, sometimes by invitation only and sometimes with an application process.  There's no rule prohibiting non-academic attendees without graduate degrees, but getting accepted under those circumstances would be remarkable.  There are generally more applicants than places available, so the only way to attend would be to convince the organizers that replacing a professional mathematician with you would be an improvement.  That could happen if you have a sufficiently impressive track record in the field, but it's not likely.

The answer depends on what you mean with "participate". Attend, or give a talk?
Who can participate in international conferences in mathematics?
Attendance: anyone who is registered, possibly with conference fees, although a lot of mathematic(s) conferences are cheaper than in other fields. Warning though: there is an increasing number of scam/spam conferences, that accept any audience, and your international math conference will increase your knowledge by the empty set. I cannot give names (been threatened by lawyers for these crooks), you have to find out by yourself that the conference has quality.
Talk: anyone who is accepted or invited. If your work is of quality, and the submission format is not suitable, being invited or backed by a known/active mathematician might help. Doxa says that in mathematics, quality prevails over reputation more that in other fields.
Does one have to be a mathematician or affiliated as a researcher in a university to participate?
Attendance: no, maths are universal. They can be used (and are) in every other fields, and shall not repel non-math people.
Talk: it may helps, of course. "Only the rich get credit" is partly valid everywhere. Possibly less in maths. I have attended a conference on scientific evaluation (scientometrics) and bibliometry in 2007 in the French Academy of Science. Non-mathematicians talked about impact factor, reputation, number of papers, number of citations, place in the author's list. A mathematician only said:

"I care about quality, so I read the paper and see if it is good. If I
  do not understand it, I handle it to a colleague who can understand so
  that s/he tells me it is good"

How about Independent researchers (with an undergrad diploma)?
Mathematics is filled with non-professional, independent stories. Remember Joseph Fourier was a prefect/governor by trade. Recently, Yitang Zhang made the news around finding finite bounds on gaps between prime numbers. He is described as "a mathematician virtually unknown to the experts in his field", "working for several years as an accountant and even in a Subway sandwich shop", in Unknown Mathematician Proves Elusive Property of Prime Numbers. Which does not mean this is piece of cake, since the field has its rules and codes. If you write a novel proof, and want it to be recognized, you are advised to do your best to make it accepted.

Zhang's work is not about the Goldbach conjecture but related to the twin prime conjecture. Anyway, good thing to mention the scam conferences (I certainly get plenty of invitations to conferences that are clearly worthless, but it might not be as easy for everyone to tell). One way to tell is if the conference is overly broad in scope (and is not one of the major well-known ones), as most useful math conferences are quite narrow in their scope.

@T Tobias Kildetoft Very true, my mistake, and corrected. Indeed, as very good answers were already given, my motivation was about such fake conferences, which lure people with potential famous invited speakers and bibliometric  database referencing

all_licenses: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/


text:
Using signpost paragraphs in an article
I am writing a review/tutorial paper in the field of computer science. Review articles in the journal where I want to publish tend to be long, with in-depth explanations. Now I'm in my third section of the article and I am not sure where to put a signpost paragraph. I can either:

Start a new section with it, the rationale being that a reader gets to know what is in this section straight away.
Put it after 2-3 paragraphs, so the reader gets to "taste" what the section is about and then can decide it he wants to continue reading for in-depth explanation or go to next section that might be more interesting for him. I would prefer this option, but then the signpost paragraph interrupts the flow of ideas that was started with the first paragraphs.

The journal's guide of style has nothing about signpost paragraphs. Reading other articles, I noticed both usages and would like to know what others think.

Scientific papers are generally read differently than literature.  Most people reading a scientific paper are not reading it for pleasure, but have some sort of agenda about what type of information they are attempting to extract from the paper.  It is only rarely that they will want to read the whole thing, but more often are attempting to extract particular types of information, which may or may not be included in particular sections of a paper.
As such, it is generally best to start each section (even of a non-review paper) with a terse summary of the contents of the section.  If you wait to put your summary further into the section, then it will simply annoy and frustrate many readers, since it will force them to read paragraphs they are not interested in before they get to the bit that tells them whether they want to read that section.  Worse, many will not get there at all!


text:
Omitted from paper for which I gathered data
I collected a large amount of data for a research project at my university for a professor who is not my advisor. I was originally told that I would get the opportunity to collaborate on a manuscript. I would write one paper while the PI would write the other.
Now that I have collected huge amounts of data, it appears that the PI is no longer interested in talking with me about the data. However, I see that the PI is writing a manuscript that very likely contains some of the data I collected. The PI now seems very secretive about the manuscript and does not show it to me. Any ideas about what I should do?

If you gathered data for a manuscript, you should generally be given a chance to participate in the writing of that manuscript and to become an author of the resulting paper.  Moreover, it sounds like this was an explicit understanding at the time when you started the project, in which case it would be even more clearly inappropriate to renege without a clear discussion.
Regarding what you should do: the first key question is whether you have documentation of the earlier plans the PI had made with you, e.g., in email.  If so, then you have a much clearer and less ambiguous position.  If not, then it is possible that there might be a legitimate misunderstanding---or that the PI might attempt to convince people that this is the case.
I would then recommend beginning by talking with your advisor.  I would also recommend approaching the subject not by claiming that you have been wronged, but from a perspective of discomfort and concern about the situation.  Your advisor will probably have longer experience with this colleague and a better outsider perspective and can hopefully help to either mediate the situation or else point you to the appropriate people in the department or larger university who can do so (e.g., ombudsmen).  The best case scenario, however, is that this can all be sorted out amicably with a minimum of fireworks, and a quiet approach beginning with your advisor is a likely good path for doing so.

Your situation is more than omnipresent. Sometimes people just forget about you; sometimes your text needs a serious proof-reading or adjustment prior to publication, so at the very end it is not actually yours; sometimes people are fantastically greedy, etc. I would not suggest to give rise to an intra-departamental quarrel out of that.
There is a pretty easy way for you, however. Immediately put your review text on a preprint website, such as arxiv.org. If your failed collaborator indeed uses your text in the published paper, (s)he will cause easily-provable ethical violations. BTW, putting a preprint does not prevent you from a collaboration on the paper with that same person or publish those data alone in the peer-reviewed journal some day.


text:
The name of academic journals that ask for money to review or publish papers?
In academic life you need to publish papers. Some journals publish papers merely based on peer review; they don't ask for money. For some other journals, you have to pay certain amount of money for your paper to be reviewed and published.
What are this second kind of journals called? I have heard "money journals". Is that the name used for these journals?

This model is typically called "Gold open access".
Some of them are good and well-reputed (e.g., the PLOS family of journals), and some are predatory scams designed to bilk authors out of publications fees.
In most fields, journals will never ask for money to allow peer review: in those fields, that is definitely a red flag for a scam. Note, however, that in a few fields, such as economics, it is standard practice to ask for submission fees.

Do you know what percent, if any, of those ones that are predatory scams are indexed in such databases as Web of Science or Scopus?

Submission fees, typically fairly modest ones, are common in my field including for very reputable journals (in the ~$50-$100 range; often deferred for scientists from certain countries or members of an associated professional society), and page charges are also not unusual for publication even for non-open access journals.

@user157323 Web of Science and Scopus should be pretty good at filtering out predatory journals.  They also fail to list a number of legitimate publications, however.

@BryanKrause Can you please give an example of a journal that requires fees for submission?  I have never before encountered that in any of the disciplines I overlap.

http://www.jneurosci.org/content/information-authors#fees J Neuroscience is one (again, waved for society members; for students, the membership fee is less than the cost of submitting a single manuscript)

@jakebeal I know that some of the journals that ask for money are indexed in Scopus. I just don't know that they are predatory or not.

@user157323 Let me clarify: if it's in Web of Science, it's definitely not predatory.  If it's in Scopus, it's probably not predatory, but some have made it in there.

@BryanKrause Fascinating: given that it's cheaper than membership, it looks like it's essentially a mechanism to push people into joining the society.  Do you know of any legitimate journals that request publication fees and aren't "society pushing"?

@jakebeal I took a look at some others and it seems like they've dropped submission fees since I last checked, except for J Neurosci. I do agree with the general premise that a submission fee is a red flag, though I would argue it isn't necessarily true that "no well-reputed journal" would ask for such. On the other hand, a predatory journal has little reason to ask a submission fee if they intend to simply accept and charge you for publication as is typical.

There're a few journals that charge submission fees - not many, but they're there: http://cofactorscience.com/blog/submission-fees

Thank you: I've updated my answer accordingly.

I’m told that for many legitimate and prestigious economics journals reviewers are paid and there is a corresponding submission fee. I personally think submission fees (in lieu of other fees) are a good idea and should be more widely implemented.

This could be field-dependent. My impression in economics is that reputable non-open-access journals that charge submission fees are quite common. In fact, three of the conventional 'top five' journals in economics require submission fees (for example, https://www.aeaweb.org/journals/aer/submissions/guidelines).

@jnanin, Thomas: thank you; sounds like this is another case of Academia varies more than you think it dues! I've updated my answer accordingly.

Actually, many journals, even quite reputable ones ask for money, but the good ones expect that the authors are funded by grants that will cover publication costs. On the other hand there are "predatory" journals that seem to exist only to publish relatively low quality papers and make money in the process. They are like "vanity publishers" of novels and such, but do provide an audience of sorts, including web publishing, for example. Beall's List is now somewhat out of date, I think, but you can find many predatory journals here. Most of those are best avoided as people finding your papers there will, at least, wonder why you couldn't have done better.
I don't know current practice, but even the AMS used to charge (page charges) for paper they publish in some journals. It means that the cost of publishing isn't entirely borne by members of the society. The bill would normally be sent to the author's grant. If there is no grant then it would be sent to the author's institution. If it was refused there, it would be sent to the author. But if the author wasn't able to pay the fee, then (in the past at least) the paper would still be published. It wasn't a condition of publishing, but a request.
If you are writing grants, include something for publishing fees unless it isn't permitted or isn't needed.
But note that there are costs associated with publishing, even if it is mostly done by volunteers and publishing is online. Someone need to pay for the web site and the space to host the papers. These costs need to be paid somehow.

Do you have any idea what percent, if any, of those ones that are predatory are indexed in such databases as Web of Science or Scopus?

Sorry, no clue about that.

@user157323 The best way to identify non-predatory journals is that they will be the places that people you respect publish work you respect cited by people you respect (and not just a single publication, but a trend of publishing in your field).

@user157323, true enough but easier for an old hand than a young researcher with less experience.


text:
How long will the status "awaiting decision" after minor revisions last?
I submit my manuscript to IEEE WCL on 4/14/2019 (Minor revision). On 4/26, the status on ScholarOne changed to awaiting decision. But until now, 5/17, the status are still "awaiting decision". I want to know how long will this status last. Can I send a email to AE?

It will last until the people who have to make the decision have actually made it.  We don't have any way of guessing how long that might take them.

"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future." (Yogi Berra, probably)

To summarize the comments: as long as it takes.  The AE is not solely employed by IEEE, but also has a faculty position (usually) and other obligations.  Although it's frustrating, your manuscript is probably one of many they are responsible for and they have their own stuff going on.  Don't email them. They know they have to make the decision, and your email will not make them do so any faster.  Unfortunately, you will just have to wait it out.

Don’t entail them unless you have a pressing deadline related to the paper (graduation, tenure packet, etc). Most AE would be okay to get an email if you had a specific reason rather than your own impatience.

Thank you for the answering the question and it is very useful. But I am sorry that I clicked the answer useless button due to operational errors.


text:
Online Masters in the US without GRE and TOEFL
I am a full-time Software Development Engineer and am looking to pursue Masters in Computer Science through an online learning program from a reasonably reputed University. Georgia Tech's OMS came very close to what I was looking for, but I do not have TOEFL, which is a requirement (I don't qualify for a waiver). I wanted to know if there are any other options out  there which offer online medium of instruction and do not have a requirement GRE and TOEFL?

Tuition at American universities is in English. It seems very unlikely that any reputable program would accept a student who can't demonstrate that they understand English. Obviously, one can't be sure from five lines of text but your English looks excellent to me -- can't you just take the TOEFL exam?

TOEFL might be quite an expensive way to prove your English skills. Some universities also allow other ways to show it, e.g. a certificate about language classes taken at your university. You might want to contact the university in the US about what they accept.

@Bemte A TOEFL is still much cheaper than a Master from a less reputed university, just because one had no TOEFL

@Bemte I checked with them and TOEFL is a requirement, also the cut off is 100/120 for OMS. I was a little surprised that they had such a stringent cut off on a program offered through the MOOC format. I mean, I've done MOOCs before and I had no trouble understanding the professor or interacting with others with my English. But yeah, that's probably another topic.

@Greg I agree. I am going to give TOEFL a shot. After all, I can only make it to Spring 2018 now.

Just wanted to add that I got through TOEFL, made 117/120. Going for the next steps to make it into 2018 Jan batch :)


text:
Good style for frequent references to some paper
I have an document extending paper [A & B, 2000]
On my work, I make many references to [A & B, 2000], some times several times on the same paragraphs as there is some need to compare both approaches.
How do I make reference to [A & B, 2000] without being redundant?
Example:
 Our work compares with [A & B, 2000] on the following:
  - The approach presented in [A & B, 2000] makes (x) assumption on (...)
  - The (something) differ from those of [A & B, 2000] on (...)
  - Performance of X was not reported by [A & B, 2000]

(there is quite more content in between the references on the actual document, but still look overwhelming)

In addition to the posted answer you can use ibid.

Check your target journal's style guide or advice to authors, but my approach is to use the citation format the first time I mention it and then just mention the authors by name or pronoun when I refer to them later. E.g:

Our work compares with [A & B, 2000] on the following:
    - The approach presented by A & B makes (x) assumption on (...)
    - The (something) differ from those of A & B on (...)
    - Performance of X was not reported by A & B

Even that can get redundant. You might say say:

Throughout the following section, we compare our work to [A & B, 2000]. In their work, they make assumptions about (X) ... Additionally, (Y) differs between A & B's method and our because ... They also do not present performance of (Z) in their work.

It depends a bit on your own style, but my approach is always a bit more conversational.