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Prolonging PhD to make up for low-productivity caused by poor mental health
There are several posts on this site about potentially leaving a PhD program due to mental health issues (e.g. 1, 2, 3), and these issues can impede productivity. Seeking help from a mental health professional can help immensely, though progress on the mental health front may take time. Depending on when they seek help and how long it takes to get better (and if they choose to remain in the program), they might experience years of low productivity. I imagine this can affect job prospects in industry and academia upon graduation.
One option is to leave the program and reapply when one's mental health improves. This post talks about prolonging a PhD to improve to improve one's CV. Assuming one's mental health improves, does it make sense to prolong a PhD to make up for periods of low-productivity caused by poor mental health?
Another possibility is to graduate, land a research job, and improve your research CV there. By asking the above question, I'm implicitly assuming that one's research output during their PhD affects their career trajectory more than one's research output in their first job. Is this accurate?
Edit: Here's a more concise phrasing of my question. Suppose one hopes to get an industry research job X upon graduation and needs a more competitive research CV to get job X. Is it preferable to (1) extend the PhD to build one's CV, or should one (2) take a different research job Y, build their research CV there, and then try to jump to job X?

Getting a suitable first job might be the bigger issue, but, no, if you are successful in that first job (or postdoc), nobody will really care about your PhD time.

That's a common reason for prolonging a PhD.  It may or may not "make sense."  What are you actually trying to achieve?

I've edited my post to include a clearer phrasing of my question.

If you can graduate with your current research, the near-universal advice is to do so. I personally did not, but that is mostly because my status did not perceivably affect the employability in the foreseeable future. For most people, however, PhD gives opportunities.
There are times in our lives when we are not in our best shape for whatever reason, and may not want it to be representative of us as a whole. But this is something one needs to reconcile with eventually. You can almost always make up for these lows in the future, and your most recent achievements is what people would be the most concerned with. Good things stay with you, "I did not produce anything of note for three years straight" - less so, given you have achieved something since. By some industry employers, getting a poor PhD is still "getting things done despite the odds", while prolonging it indefinitely is a negative trait.
One way or another, move on. Try to get in contact with potential employers prior to graduation, you are likely to be able to improve your CV on the job but you do not want to start knocking on all the doors and cold-calling people the moment you get your diploma.

New to the community so I can't comment, however my answer is similar to Anton's. I'm not sure if my experience within my field/industry will translate for yours, however I am currently facing similar circumstances.
For academia, I find many roles have many explicit and unspoken criteria related to publishing, which in turn means they will scrutinise your PhD timeline to some extent. Alternatively, in industry  I have found that companies are less concerned with the PhD status and publications, and more the quality/output of work (published or not) in addition to the capability to integrate into a team environment. Whether to prolong should depend on whether you prefer academia or industry and what your goals are. Getting the PhD done (and getting "PhD level" roles) is a requirement for academia but not for industry in my experience.
To my knowledge, industry based PhD's are also becoming somewhat more common, in that you publish based on work developed for a company. You publish your thesis via a university that has collaboration with your employer, or you have previously done a degree with, should they accept it. I recently found a role which offered that I complete my PhD with them.
Regarding the second question, to somewhat reiterate, I think it is accurate to assume so, given we are discussing academic roles. The dichotomy between academia and industry is one contrasted most by the quality versus quantity debate. In academia, quantity is a kind of quality and is desirable, thus PhD graduates with a high publication rate will be looked on favourably. In industry, I have found that they care a lot more about the quality of the publications and its inherent quality rather than the content itself. They care that you are competent to do the job and will look for parallels in your work that indicates such. Discussions with one CTO highlighted to me that they would hire someone competent for the role even if they didn't have a degree, let alone a PhD. If you can do the job and have the skills necessary, that is all they care for.

I can only answer the second question reliably.
Having hired you on the basis of your qualifications, an employer will judge your worth on how you perform in the job you are given, not on the status of your past PhD work or previous jobs.
When I employed research staff, I employed them to do the job in hand, not for their real or imagined status in a previous role. Once I had used the PhD work as one of the important criteria for appointment, the PhD itself matters little thereafter in judging performance. What does it matter how well you did in your intergalactic turbulence when I want you to deal with the problems of oceanic turbulence affecting the dispersion of pollutants? I employed people for their applicable skills, not for their medals.


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Medium-quality English conference vs. Higher-quality non-English conference
As a first-year masters student in a non-English speaking country who is considering to later continue to study Ph.D. abroad (US or Canada), which option would be more desirable? Publishing in a medium quality (locally held) international conference which is in English (and indexed by IEEE Xplore) or a higher quality (local) non-English conference or journal?
Clarification: neither conference is top by international standards. It's a question of comparing two nationally known conferences where the English one has less national reputation.

I'm just delighted to hear that there are still fields where not all the top publication outlets are in English. The hegemony of English in academia bothers me greatly. I don't have an answer to your question though.

@Philip: Well in this case, neither of the conferences are "top" by international standards. It's a comparison between a high quality locally renowned non-English conference vs a medium-quality locally renowned English conference.

The quality of the conference does not really matter. It is the quality of your paper that matters.

It's the same paper. The question is, what publishing venue should I aim for considering the circumstances?

Does the "high quality (local) non-English conference or journal" require publishing in the non-English language or do they also allow publications in English?

@O.R.Mapper: No, in this case they only allow a non-English format, and contrary to the other one, it is not indexed in IEEE Xplore (which is probably obvious)

Which conference to publish in depends on your goals for the publication:

Conferences can be extremely valuable networking opportunities, and speaking at a conference puts your work in front of the audience of that conference.  If the non-English venue is a community that will be valuable for you to connect with, then publishing there can be extremely helpful with building professional contacts, getting into a good Ph.D. program or getting a good job, etc.  Note that this may apply even if you're planning to study abroad later, as those colleagues may have overseas contacts.
On the other hand, sometimes you are less interested in the interactions at the conference than in just having a "this is published" stamp and collecting citations for another line in your C.V.  In this case, it's not the conference itself but the online accessibility of the paper that's likely to be matter more to you, and it will likely to be more valuable to have it in English if your subfield is (like most currently are) English-dominated.

Note also that you may be able to gain the benefits of both by a follow-on journal publication.  If you are in a field where it is typical for conference publications to be upgraded into a more archival "extended form" journal publication (e.g., computer science), then you might publish originally in the other language, then follow up with an English journal publication, thus obtaining both sets of benefits, though at a cost of having the English version come out much later.

This answer covers both choices and it will help me in making the final decision. Thanks! :)

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Research that was released to the press early, which remains credible?
The words science by press conference are pretty much universally used in derision. Wikipedia has a list of results that where rushed into a press conference and later turned out to be erroneous. However it’s much harder to find results released this way that do seem to be correct.
For the purpose of this question an early press release is any release where date of the first non-scientific conference is the same as, or earlier than, the date the paper is made public (e.g., publishing in a journal or posting it online as a pre-print), and a press conference is organised by the researchers (i.e., it can be reasonably considered their intention to release the result that way).
Are there examples of science by press conference that do not seem to contain any major flaws?

What is “the date the paper is made public”? The date of a pre-print publication or the date of a peer-reviewed publication? Also, why are you so insistent on the release during a non-scientific conference? Press conferences have little in common with scientific conferences apart from the name anyway, and a scientist could as well release a press notice and give interviews without ever doing a press conference.

@Wrzlprmft the date of pre-print, unless anyone things that's a strange choice?

Please edit your question to reflect this.

I think mentioning the concept science by press conference here is somewhat misleading. As you describe in the second paragraph of the question, you want to look at any research results that were first released via general press announcements or similar, whereas science by press conference denotes the specific practice of seeing general press publication as more or less the only reason to do research from the get-go.

@O.R.Mapper Oh, I didn't realise that, thanks. Will edit to clarify.

While it is often the case that premature announcement leads to errors and problems, this is not always the case: other external circumstances may push an announcement to happen before publication or pre-publication.
An example is the announcement of the dwarf planet Eris, which was preponed by concerns regarding the announcement of dwarf planet Haumea.  While this occurred before the intended paper, and without all of the information that would eventually be in the paper, the data at the time of announcement was solid and has suffered no retractions to the best of my knowledge.

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How long should I wait for the response of the possible postdoc advisor?
Some days ago, I write a message to a PI to confirm if a postdoctoral offer, posted on a webpage, was still open. He reply me that those positions were already filled. But, he ask me for my C.V. just in case he can arrange for other postdoctoral positions in his group. Of course, I sent my C.V. with two re prints of my most representative papers. He wrote me back again for sending him those documents.
The questions that I would like to address are:

Should I write him back asking him if he liked or not my C.V.?
Just in case, How long should I wait to write him back?
Would be better if I write to his actual postdoctoral students in order to know if he has made some comment about my application?

"postdoctoral students" Postdocs aren't students.

It depends on where you are. In Quebec, some postdocs have a quasi-student/trainee status ('stagiaire'), which requires registering like a student (but also gets you certain tax breaks).

I don't think there is any need at all to communicate further with this PI regarding this matter.

I don't see any point in asking him if he "likes" your CV.  It's a weird request - it's not his job to evaluate your record at your request, or to tell you whether your CV is well-written.  If that is meant to be a way of asking him "What are my chances of getting a postdoc with you?", don't: that's not something he can reasonably evaluate until there is actually a position and he can compare your application with those of all other applicants.
I would not write him back at all, regarding the postdoc specifically.
He doesn't have a position open, so there isn't any action he can take for you in the short term.  If a position appears at some future date, and if he is still interested in you as a candidate: well, he knows how to reach you.  And sometimes "Please send me your CV and I will keep you in mind for a future opening" is a polite way of saying "No."
Definitely do not contact his other postdocs.  The hiring decision is for the PI to make, not the postdocs, so any questions about it should be directed to the PI.  Trying to go behind his back to wheedle out inside information from them would be unprofessional, will annoy the postdocs, and will probably destroy your chances of ever getting hired if the PI should learn of it.

If you have some other bona fide reason to stay in contact with this PI (discussion about research topics of mutual interest, questions about his papers, etc), that could be helpful in keeping yourself in his thoughts for possible future postdoc hiring, as well as general networking.  But they had better be for real - if you come across as making up reasons to contact him just to get his attention, that will seem slimy.

It also might make sense to get in touch if you won a fellowship that could fund a postdoc in that lab. The answer still might be a no (the lab may not have space, the PI might just be uninterested, etc), but I think "no funding [for you]" is a pretty common reason for rejecting people.


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How are research papers typeset?
I just noticed that most of the research papers published (in the engineering faculty) are formatted such that each page contains two columns worth of information, side by side, for example:

If I were to write a research paper, then each page would only contain one column of material.
Furthermore, some material (such as the abstract) can occupy both sides at the same time. This is impossible to do using Word document.

Can someone enlighten me as to what type of formatting is used to produce this effect? Is there a standard template?

Are you familiar with LaTeX? I'm not sure of other fields, but in mathematics and the natural sciences it's the de facto typesetting language used for scholarly articles and knowledge dissemination (e.g., presentations, etc).

Note that typesetting, especially in engineering, is not done by the authors. If you want to submit a paper to such a journal, you probably need to do so with the least amount of formating. If you're trying to mimic the look of a journal paper for personal use, then it's another story.

Once you've started to get the hang of LaTeX, you might want to browse around http://tex.stackexchange.com/. Maybe even sooner as there are some handy getting-started questions there. The [journal-publishing] and [journal] tags are particularly of relevance to this question.

In general, major journals have downloadable a LaTeX version of their format. So if you use LaTeX, you wouldn't need to do ANY formatting, just download the format, and type your research on it.

"...some material (such as the abstract) can occupy both sides at the same time. This is impossible to do using Word document.". It is definitely possible - you should look into section breaks in Word, and single vs. two column formatting. This kind of formatting is much easier and look better in LaTeX though.

Your question is actually two. How are articles typeset and what can be used to type set articles.
To answer the second, how you can accomplish this, there are three basic choices (1) a word processor such as Word or , for example the word processor in Openoffice, (2) (La)TeX, both suggested by others and (3) a typesetting software such as InDesign, Quark Xpress, Scribus or Publisher. Out of these choice (1) is the weakest and (2) and (3) provides much better control on the final product. There are freeware options in all three categories with LaTeX being the only free core. Option (3) is constructed for very flexible design and is used throughout the graphics industry for typesetting. LaTeX has huge advantages to automate advanced type setting and also handle both long complicated documents as well as documents with common elements such as scientific articles. Option (1) is perhaps the easiest to start using but is not intended for advanced typesetting such as for example in academia.
To the first question, how are research papers typeset? Many, if not most, journal publishers use LaTeX to set articles. In fields where equations and specific scientific notation is frequent, it will be used almost exclusively. I doubt many prominent journals would use word to typeset their final product but many probably use different forms of specific typesetting software.
The choice of typesetting method is, however, not necessarily coupled to how the author needs to format their manuscripts. A journal typesetting in LaTeX can easily accept word files. Remember that a manuscript is rarely provided in the final layout of the journal, the layout is something the journal does in the end. I know journals have provided cuts in pricing for those who provide type set articles after review but for manuscripts a single column wider line spacing text is all that is required. This means that the choice of format for the manuscript is less important although, if a journal provides a template or class file for a specific format that should be used (always follow journal instructions to the point)

A major benefit of LaTeX is for journals with a strict page limit: If they provide a template and your work fits the page limit, it will fit in the journal.  This is even true IME for journals which use a LaTeX->[proprietary XML-based format] conversion internally, such as Applied Physics Letters.  They can also take the same input and produce outputs formatted as both "preprint" -- double-spaced, single column and "reprint" -- journal-style.

Any source for the use of LaTeX by many or most journals?

I'm curious what the top bio journals (Science/Nature/Cell etc) use. It's clearly not latex - I've published with Nature Genetics, Nature Methods and eLife and they re-typeset our latex which varying levels of success.

The examples that you show look like quite similar to either typical IEEE paper formats or ACM paper formats.  Engineering conferences and journals tend to use this type of extremely dense format, and often provide templates (like those linked above) in both LaTeX and Word.
Yes, you can do these things in Word, especially following a provided template, but you probably should not: LaTeX is very widely used in the scientific world because it is much better at precisely typesetting scientific papers, especially mathematical equations.  LaTeX is also much easier to do collaborative writing with, since its textual format is well-suited for diffs and merges with version control software. If you contemplate a career in engineering or mathematical research, you are well advised to invest a little bit of time in learning LaTeX, as it will make many things in your life much easier.  Life sciences, on the other hand, tend to leave all of the formatting to the journal and submit everything in arbitrarily formatted Word.

Neither of those formats you mention have abstracts that span two columns, though. (Not that I'm disagreeing with your answer, just pointing out that if the OP is looking specifically for that format, he/she should keep looking.)

@ff524 Yes, that's why I said "similar"... the first linked paper, though, is not a full-column abstract, and appears to be standard IEEEtran.  I'm not certain of the format of the second, but if the OP digs into LaTeX there will be many options for how to do such a thing...

Anyway, take into account that several publishers actually do not use LaTeX for the final typesetting but other proprietary software (see e.g. http://tex.stackexchange.com/q/99123/50910 and http://tex.stackexchange.com/q/139448/50910).

"LaTeX is also much easier to do collaborative writing with" - you forgot "if all collaborators know how to use diff and versioning systems". MS Word nowadays works fine for collaboration. Yes, review mode is less powerful, but WYSIWYG is far more intuitive and easy.

@ff524 IIRC if you install RevTeX and set the APL style you'll get the single column abstract (and title, authors etc.) over 2 column text.

@MassimoOrtolano, they do indeed, and some can take input from LaTeX and word into that process. However from the point of view of an author who wants their work to be mangled as little as possible, LaTeX seems like a cleaner input even into these processes, especially where equations are used, as (though I can't prove this) the proprietary backend uses LaTeX or a derivative for typesetting maths.

@Stephan Kolassa: Works both ways.  Collaboration in MS Word may be easy for those who know/understand it and have systems that run it, emphatically NOT for people like me who don't, and who lack intuition.

See other answers/comments for info on LaTeX, which is much better than Word at typesetting, but which I haven't used myself, except for the occasional mathematical or chemical formula. (Edit: In fairness, I have never submitted a paper for publication, as I've never done research at the graduate level.)
In a more basic word processor (like Word, OpenOffice, etc.), you can select a portion of text (by dragging the cursor over it) and

choose to format it in two columns, as in the body of the paper, or
introduce additional indents, as in the abstract.

Note that the paper mentioned above was very likely not typeset in W@#$ or other "quality software".

While there have been some strong answers here for how to accomplish typesetting using LaTeX or templates, etc. there is an alternative for some fields, particularly those (like biomedicine) where LaTeX doesn't have particularly strong penetration:
You submit the unformatted document in (usually) Word, and the journal typesets it for you.
For example, in my own career, I have never typeset a document for a journal.

Here opinions differ, but, for example, if I have to review a paper, I prefer to have it in a format close to that of the final two-column version (single-column, double-space text? No, thanks).

@MassimoOrtolano Some of the journals in question will likely be actively annoyed that you did typesetting, as they're not going to use it but now have to untangle it. For example, one of the major journals in my field expressly says things should be double-spaced, and while I've never tried double-columns, I've never seen anything from them where that was done pre-acceptance.

@Fomite, yes, the best advice here is to just follow the particular journals instructions for submitting, which are often extremely specific. But if you are interested in playing around with typesetting do experiment with Word, Latex etc.

Most journals offer format guidelines. They tend to also give away some LaTex code in order for you to stay in the norm. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America offers this template. That should do it for the 2 columns you are looking for.

Why go with the non-standard JASA template over the more general revtex, elsarticle or IEEE classes. Further, I am pretty sure two columns with a single column abstract can be done with the standard article class.

I tried to make a point that most Journals offer their own template. As it happens I am an acoustician so I was familiar with this format and it was similar to the one OP asked for.

Use a template for Microsoft Word
Your can find templates to achieve that look in Microsoft Word if you google it.
Here is an example:
https://pubs.acs.org/page/jacsat/submission/jacsat_templates.html
Looks like this. Just fill in with your own text:

It always amazes me how crappy Word looks with two columns. It just has no way to deal with a tight line followed by a loose line.

@StrongBad It takes som work work, but nice things can be done in Word: https://www.thebookdesigner.com/2010/09/book-design-with-microsoft-word-the-art-of-moriah-jovan/

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Contact the editor on the acceptance chances of my article
I submitted a paper to a journal about two months ago and now the article has been under review for a month. It is my first article out for publication ever, so I am not the best at judging my chances of being accepted. However, I presented the paper on a conference and they offer the chance of entering it as a book chapter in a publication resulting from the conference. I now wonder if it would be ok to ask the editor of the journal if they can tell me some more on my chances of being accepted. Maybe they already got one review back and they can tell me what the verdict was there? Is this appropriate, and if so, should I explain truthfully why I ask this question to the editor?
PS: I would prefer the publication in the journal rather than the book chapter, but if I go for that option and it's not accepted I also can't be in the book because they need an answer now.

Some fields value book chapters and some fields do not. Talking to you adviser or mentor should be a good start. My recommendation is to ask the book publisher to wait and let them go if they decide to: if the paper is good enough, it will be accepted; if the paper is not good enough and then rejected, do you really want that to be in a book circulating outside?

not directly answering your question, but still: you can always find another outlet for your publication that is at least as highly regarded in the social sciences as a book chapter (unless maybe we are talking about a peer-reviewed book, which is rare). i wouldn't lose my nerves over this. book chapters in edited collections count very little in the social sciences and nobody reads them.

@Penguin_Knight: "do you really want that to be in a book circulating outside?" - if the journal rejection happens because of possible different expectations of novelty by the journal, the paper might still be well-written and correct in itself and might still serve as a valuable resource to readers of the book. So, the answer to that question may not be as obvious as it at first seems.

I doubt that you will be able to get any answer about the likelihood of acceptance from a good editor until all of the reviews are in.  As a editor, there are just too many ways that the last review might majorly change the view of a paper (e.g., negatively by pointing out that it is a cleverly disguised piece of plagiarism; positively by pointing out a value that all of the other reviewers have missed).  An editor who is acting professionally will thus never pre-judge the result before it is in hand.
You can always feel free to reach out and ask how long it's likely to be before you get an answer, but that's not something that can readily be relied upon either, given the frequent vagaries of reviewers.

You can always contact an editor to ask about your manuscript. The time frame you mention seems to me to be just about the time required to get something through review but the editor will also have to collate reviews and provide recommendations. Since what is reasonable varies between fields and journals within fields, you need to figure out what is normal and by how much the time frame can vary.
In your case, you mention a book but it is not clear to me if the book has a deadline (but I will assume it does). Making a decision to take a manuscript from a journal while under review means withdrawing it. This is not necessarily a popular action because both editors and reviewers have taken time and effort with your manuscript. You are of course still entitled to do so. So since you have the manuscript in review, I do not think you can do much other than wait for the result. Writing to the editor and asking about time is fine but what will you do if the time estimate is after the book deadline? Well, you can always ask the book editor for an extension I guess.
My suggestion for you is to just sit tight and wait it out. If you have not heard from the journal in a time frame you think is normal for that journal then contact them. Trying to push things through is rarely a good path and if the material is good well written you should be able to get it published. So your first publication angst and impatience is something you share with many and not unique.


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What is the academic route to study Archaeology?
I am really fascinated by ancient civilizations and cultures.
I do not know what subjects one has to take up to study Archaeology (like what subjects in A Levels or High School) at an academic level?
I would just like to know in general but would appreciate any details about United States and India.

Which country ?

I just like to know about it in general? What about United States and India?

It is very difficult to answer with very little information. Archaeology is a very vast transversal field. It can be decomposed by techniques, by periods or by the targeted cultures. So the first question you need to ask yourself is whether you want to be an archaeologist (expertise in techniques) or a specialist of a period or culture (egyptologist for instance).
In the first case, scientific majors in high school is probably better than others, but this is not very important after all. However, be advise that excavation techniques are related to "dirt on the hands" techniques, but also to some top notch scientific techniques (specially for the analysis, where you may need knowledge of stats, paleontology, zoology, botany, chemistry, etc.).
In the second case, I would advise to start quickly to acquire a strong background in art history and ancient languages (starting with greek and latin). I will be easier to learn linguistic and semiology afterwards. I guess that both art history and ancient languages can be learned at the high school level in most countries.
At the university, students usually progress concurrently in archaeology techniques and culture specialization.

At least at American universities, there are very few majors that require specific preparation beyond the "standard" high school diploma program. That would generally mean something like: four years of English, three years of math and science, two or three years of social sciences, and other courses as needed to round out the curriculum.
Schools in other countries may (and generally do) have different requirements. So you'll need to look up the specifics of the departments and programs you're interested in to find out what courses you'll want to take.

For many US universities, add 1-2 years of a foreign language (at least for humanities/social science/liberal arts majors).

You may be potentially interested in anthropology programs. Although anthropology can be a very diverse field, all I am familiar with (not many FWIW) have a devoted concentration for archaeology related studies/methodology.

Anything skill can be used in archeology from comp sci to law to anthropology to zoology. Cross boundary is good. Pick something you like (mobile phones and CS from your bio?) and tie it in. If I wanted to work in archeology I would use my CS and Kinect hacking skills to make 3D models of sites, for example.


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Are basically all Criminology PHD's in the UK?
The UK seems to have an abundance of Criminology positions. While it is attractive location from the perspective of being a familiar language and culture, the salaries are not exactly great.
Curious if there are Criminology PHD's in the Nordics, Germany, and so on.
I have done my research through various PHD searching websites, and so far it seems my assumption is correct - but also posting here to see if I am perhaps overlooking something while searching.

Is this a "Europe only" question?

Assuming this is a Europe-only, If you search in English, you will basically only get results in UK, IE and maybe Malta. For ex. PhD is not how it is called in the vast majority of European countries (Doctorat in French, Promoviert in German...)

Yes, this is a Europe only question - I should have clarified!

A bit late to the party, but be careful that you're comparing like-for-like when comparing salaries across different countries. PhDs in the UK are bursaries, not salaried positions, which means that you get the full bursary amount advertised (no taxes). In my time, French PhDs used to be salaried (so, you'd pay taxes). And in general, in a comparison of German and UK (salaried, job) positions "of the same level", the German ones will list a much higher gross salary, but after taxes and deductions which are much smaller in the UK, the UK often comes on top comparing the nett salaries. Etc...

Yes, you are overlooking something. There are criminology departments in those countries and they are regularly hiring PhD students. It is not easy finding the right way to search for those positions as you often need local knowledge. The least hard way for an outsider is to find relevant departments and look if they are hiring, or if there is annual hiring cycle, or something like that.

As a criminologist in the Netherlands, look on the website AcademicTransfer for Dutch academic jobs in all disciplines including criminology.

One issue you might be seeing is how Criminology is placed in some countries. Here in the Netherlands and, for example, in some places in Denmark and Belgium as well as South Africa etc., criminology is placed within the law school and is often part of the Criminal Law department. This is bonkers, I know, because Criminology is obviously Sociology, but it is a weird historic thing. The criminologists in those departments are every bit the sociological criminologists that one expects. In the UK, however, Criminology is more likely to be its own stand alone department or centre so a little easier to find. Beyond the countries I named, Italy and Germany are HUGE for criminology, its just they tend to do criminology in Italian and German. If you are limiting yourself to English searches, you are seeing UK search engine optimisation at work.

An idea you or anyone else looking: review the European Society of Criminology (EUROCRIM) annual conference website to see who is presenting and where they are from to get a feel for the locational spread of European criminology.  Also sign up for the criminology opportunities mailing list run out of the University of Tübingen to see European opportunities come up.

Assuming you are doing your homework well, i.e. that you are looking for the correct positions at least in french in France and in german in Germany/Austria/Switzerland, there may be a demand-offer explanation for that (from Wikipedia):

As of June 2023, the United Kingdom has the highest per-capita
incarceration rate in Western Europe

;)

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PhD Funding in the UK as an International Student - Is this a Pipe Dream?
I am planning on applying for PHD's in the UK over the next 12 months - Criminology PHD's specifically.
What is dissuading me is the funding situation. International Students do not have their tuition fees fully covered by their funding stipend and therefore will incur hefty fees.
I am a Republic of Ireland national, which actually falls under domestic fees in the UK - however, I have not been resident in Ireland or the UK for the past 3 years, which is one of the stipulations to benefit from domestic fees. I have been resident in Germany since 2018 and currently live there.
Before I potentially waste hours upon hours in the application (s) process, I want to get feedback as to what my realistic options are. I have no desire to go down the self funded route at this point.

What exact funding options for International Students and how common are they? Keep in mind I have been out of academia for many years, completed my M.A. in 2015, and therefore not the ideal candidate regardless of how interesting or good my research proposal is.

What if I moved to Ireland or the UK in the next 6 months, would this help with my residency status? This is a move I am considering any ways as I wish to be closer to home after quite a while abroad. However, my understanding is that the requirement is to have been based in the UK or Republic of Ireland for the past 3 years.

I want to do a PHD because I have a genuine love for research and writing, it feels truly me, and therefore would love to make this work. Unfortunately it seems nearly all Criminology PHD's in Europe are based in the UK, so I am not sure what other options exist.

Criminology is commonly done as part of other fields - it's very possible that criminology projects would be housed in sociology departments and grant sociology PhDs.  Or something else.

This is difficult to answer precisely, as there's so many funding schemes, and there's been a bit of upheaval in funding rules post-Brexit. Some of these have become (at least temporarily) more liberal - e.g. UKRI PhDs are now explicitly open to international students. But you're going to need to look at specific advertisements to determine who's funding particular calls and their rules, unfortunately. But it's not completely impossible.

"Unfortunately it seems nearly all Criminology PHD's in Europe are based in the UK" - I doubt that. I know someone doing a PhD in criminology in Rotterdam, for example, and from what I've heard it is quite a large group. In Germany, the usual PhD route is still through individual professors, so you won't find many structured PhD programs, particularly in small fields such as criminology. And Alexander Woo's comment is totally on point.

I do think you're right that you won't be considered a home student for fee purposes, but I'm not am expert on this.
Finding funding for international students is not impossible but much more competitive.
Ate you sure you need to go to the UK for a PhD in that area? I'm not am expert, but doesn't Germany do that as well? Parts of continental Europe including Germany offer much better conditions to PhD students (salary, pension, rights). I could understand the language barrier issue, but you're already living in Germany anyway.

As other comments have pointed out, you might want to look at sociology or social policy departments, as this is where a lot of criminology research in UK universities happens. In terms of funding I can think of two options: 1) Look for a funded PhD position on a specific project. This will likely be advertised on jobs.ac.uk - a clearinghouse of job opportunities for UK universities. 2) Some universities have scholarship programs that are specifically open to international students. This is likely to be more common at higher-ranking institutions (e.g. I happen to know LSE has these).
If you identify a potential supervisor who is a good fit for your proposed project they are likely to have a good idea about what pots of funding are available.

Unfortunately, I don't know about Criminology - but even in the most underfunded fields, there are often a couple of special scholarships for international students. These are usually special pots of money at individual universities/departments, so you might try to scour the websites of the universities you are interested in (as well as big 'prestige' scholarships open to all subjects).
As for eligibility requirements, I would guess moving to the UK won't help unless you live for 3 years... but you should ask a university's international students' office (they are the experts and get questions like this all the time).


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How Can I Get a full scholarship to a University by my Skills | as an International Student?
I'm a student in my last year of high school, I'm from Europe but I'm looking for studying Computer Science in USA for the next year. My grades aren't great (around B/B+) and my family can't afford paying the tuition fees (neither it seems they are going help to find a solution) so I need to find a way of getting a full scolarship.
Parallel to my studies, I have been doing my own research on the area of AI for the last two years and I think I have reached a level in which I feel comfortable reading papers and coding by my own. I thought maybe I can use this to get the attention of some professors that can recommend me for the admision process.
I don't know anyone in this situation or that has done something similar so I'm kind of lost (I don't even know about anyone who has studied in USA). I think I could email some to some professors with doubts and questions about their work and start a conversation from there. But I can't think of a way of asking them for their help without looking like a beggar. How would you do this?
I know that maybe the proffesor not even has the chance to admite me nor doing anything about, this is just an idea I had and I don't know if there are other things I can do in this situation.
Any suggestions will be much appreciated, I'm decided to find a way of making this work and study in the USA.

Have you ever made contributions to GitHub? You say "I have reached a level in which I feel comfortable reading papers and coding by my own". You need to convince people that you did.

Yes, I have also started a couple of projects that I think have potential of become solid companies, for sure I can convince people of what I have done, but what I'm not sure about is if this is enough to get the attention of an University nor how to do it.

Why does it have to be the US and not e.g. Oxbridge or ETHZ? Those are as prestigious as good US universities, have more rigorous undergrad programs and are probably easier to get into and more affordable on top.

International students in the US often pay for their degrees with loans.  If you successfully study CS, you will very likely be able to repay the loans.

You seem to have some misunderstandings about undergraduate education in the US. A bachelors here provides a general education along with a specialization. The general courses are about 40% or more of the total.
For example the CS program at UIUC seems pretty typical to me. Note the wide variety of courses, including the humanities. UIUC is a highly ranked research university.
Also, undergraduate admission is generally not controlled by individuals, but by committees who may only get involved in non-obvious cases.
The situation of scholarships, especially for people who don't stand out academically, is probably even harder. And especially for an international student who can't claim historical discrimination by race or ethnicity as can some citizens here. But in particular, contacting an individual professor for this is probably going to be fruitless.
To get accepted you need letters of recommendation from your current teachers, as well as an "acceptable" academic profile. The letters need to be from people who know you well and can speak highly of you.
Some people can arrange funding from their home country or some institution there.
My guess is that you can probably get admitted to a good US program, but funding will be much harder - especially "full ride" funding. Some discounts might be available to you, as they are to many. But much of Europe has much better funding for higher education.


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Can one have two different sources for postdoc fundings together in Europe?
Let's consider the hypothetical situation of a postdoctoral candidate C, who get funded simultaneously as follows, starting at the same or different times, with overlap:

Funding agencies F_1, F_2 (for example, Marie Curie, FWO, Danish Research Council...), where for each F_i, he wrote a proposal with a research team or host H_i, who did not have any funding on their own, but agreed to supervise C.
Department D (for example, University of Pennsylvania), who offered candidate C a postdoc from their own funding directly.

Can C earn from both the fundings in case of 1. and 2.? or; it depends on the funding agencies rules?
I went though the rules of some Marie Curie postdoc fellowships, I don't think I noticed any rules that states anything against having two fundings together?

The main issue I can think of would be time allotment. Most grants require you to specify how what percentage of your time you will spend on the grant. As you cannot overcommit yourself (i.e., total time allotment cannot exceed 100%), you'll have to specify that in the proposal. Many professors have funding from multiple grants at any given time, so this situation is not too unusual.
Do note, though, that it is highly likely that once "Department D" catches on that you have an external source of funding, they may decide to withdraw their offer and provide the funding to someone who has none. Not sure how that would work.

Thanks eykanal. Let's not consider departmental funding, but let's say one is fiortunate enough tio secure two external fundings with a time overlap. Now will he have the advantage of having this increased income during the time of over lap or will it be illegal or frowned upon?


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Is it possible to use my partially published previous work as a bachelor thesis?
Some time ago I put up a question on the SE network. I ended up writing an extensive answer myself and published it in the same question and on my blog. Later, I put a lot more thought into the topic and found additional results, which I did not publish yet.
I have since considered if that question might be usable as a topic for a bachelor thesis.
Disregarding the fact that I would need to convince a professor to accept an existing topic, does the publication of the question and some results in the past prevent this?

Links to the relevant SE question and blog posts would be informative.

@FaheemMitha The blog does not exist anymore, its content was mostly the same as in the SE question (http://stackoverflow.com/q/4239028/39590)

Posting on SE or on your blog does not count as publishing in the traditional sense (the work has not yet appeared in a scientific journal or conference proceedings). This means that it is unlikely to be a problem. Just make sure you discuss it with your potential supervisor.

This depends on what the institution's goals for a bachelor thesis are.
Some institutions may want evidence that the student is capable of such work; in this case you've already met the requirements.  Some institutions want work done in the context of the thesis course; in this case you will need to do additional work, although it may be related to the existing work such as extending and documenting it.  Some institutions may want evidence that the student is capable of work-for-hire (i.e. assigned by faculty and not chosen by the student).  In this case you will need to do a thesis completely from scratch as chosen by the advisor.

This does not seem to be too far off, why was it downvoted?

Beats me.  academia.SE is weird.


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What are Proceedings-published posters?
For me it's not clearly described what proceedings-published posters are. Here is a CFP...

I've not heard the term before, but the description seems clear enough from their website:

Participants submitting proceedings-published posters/demos are required to submit a short paper of 2 pages describing the poster/demo content ... If accepted, this short paper will be published in the proceedings of the conference.

In other words, they will publish an associated short paper in the proceedings as well as displaying the poster. This is distinguished from the other option for a paper, which will be displayed, but not have anything published in the proceedings.

great, thank you. sounds reasonable, the word is a bit weird anyway.


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Help picking an appropriate citing style
I wrote a paper about governance mechanisms at StackExchange in which I got a lot of informations out of questions (especially on meta). I have kept all my references.
My teacher is letting us pick which style we want to use for the paper as long as we apply it thoroughly. In my other courses, we use APA but if I start writing (StackExchange, 2014) everytime I use an info out of a question, my paper is going to be illegible. From what I've read, you're only supposed to cite things that you've paraphrased, ideas, not necessarily information that you've found or researched but I do want to give credit where it belongs and I would also like if my teacher would be able to retrace where I've found things but APA doesn't seem to include such a thing as a bibliography.
I would like to:

have a bibliography at the end containing the documents I've consulted for my research
be able to have my citations as footnotes

Which style should I go for in this case?

"not necessarily information that you've found or researched" - any information that isn't original and isn't common knowledge does need a citation.

@ff524 however, if the actual information is in article A, but you found out that A exists only because a fellow researcher X or article B told you "hey, A seems to be relevant to your problem" - then X and B don't deserve any citation, only the actual source A does. X/B might possibly get a mention in 'acknowledgements' part of the article if that was very important.

@Peteris agreed. However,  SE answers are required to be more than just a "hey, this link seems relevant."  It's likely that the OP uses the interpretation/synthesis of information found there, which should be cited.

@ff524 If you read a one-paragraph summary of an article; it's intriguing; then you read the whole article and it affects the conclusions of paper - imho you should cite the paper and not cite that summary.

@Peteris yes, if it's just a summary. Anyways, I thought the OP means he/she only plans to cite ideas/paraphrased content and not information, regardless of whether the info came from SE or from an original source. Perhaps OP can clarify this point.

Most of the information I'm using is to clarify some mechanisms that I would normally get through interviews (i.e. information that is not available on the blog such as what happens when the community wants to dismiss a moderator, etc.). It could potentially be "common" knowledge if I had been a user of StackExchange for a long time.

@Emilie "common knowledge" means it is commonly known by the expected audience of your paper... so unless you are writing a paper that will be read primarily by long-time SE users, you should cite that information :)

writing (StackExchange, 2014) everytime — But why would you? StackExchange is not the name of the author!

@JeffE I agree with you but I'd need someone to provide me a better option...StackExchange requires to be cited and users can change their name anytime. Also, more often then not, I'm not so much citing a particular idea by a specific person but refering to many informations provided in a Q&A to come up with ties to other readings.

Though I'm not a fan of it in general, in your case the IEEE style could work very well.  In the body of the paper, references are numbered in square brackets, like this: [1] and [2,3].  In the bibliography, you'd just have one entry per web page, with the URL.  If you use LaTex, it's easy to make these all active hyper links, so that your professor can click on the "[1]" to go to the bibliography entry, and then click on the URL to go to the StackExchange web page.  It's also possible to make the references hyperlinked in MS Word, but it might take some manual formatting steps to link each reference to each bibliography entry.

I suggest APA. It does have citation styles and there are many wonderful automatic generators out there that are up to date and will create the bibliography for you by merely data scraping website URLs and by entering the ISBN# of whatever book you may have used.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ has a great article
http://www.bibme.org/    is a wonderful generator site I've used numerous times.

One citation style that may be appropriate could be The Chicago Manual of Style  which has two documentation systems:

notes and bibliography and;
author-date

The notes and bibliography system which should suit as per your question is described on the website as such;

The notes and bibliography style is preferred by many in the humanities, including those in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often, a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of sources, including esoteric ones less appropriate to the author-date system.

As a History student this is the style that I am using for my masters thesis.
The style uses the following example for a website as per your question.

Website
A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text or in a note (“As of July 19, 2008, the McDonald’s Corporation listed on its website . . .”). If a more formal citation is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject to change, include an access date or, if available, a date that the site was last modified.

“Google Privacy Policy,” last modified March 11, 2009, http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
“McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts,” McDonald’s Corporation, accessed July 19, 2008, http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.
“Google Privacy Policy.”
“Toy Safety Facts.”

Google. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11, 2009.
  http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
  McDonald’s Corporation.
“McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19, 2008. http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.


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Why do some professors have M.D. as well as/instead of a PhD?
I'm interested in stem cell, regenerative medicine, developmental biology, and genetics for reverse ageing. Since these topics are dealt with in one or both of medical school and school of science and professors have one or both of MD and PhD, I'm confused about my grad school prep. Also, I'm really not interested in clinical medicine, but I want to be a researcher throughout my life.
So, I think I need only PhD, but I'm wondering why some professors in these areas have MD?
Is it just because they decided to become researchers although they initially intended to work as a clinical doctor?

I'm so sorry for my bad habit of questioning multiple questions at once in Q&A forum. I will soon divide the question to several posts.

I have to say I disagree that this is an overly broad question, and will take a swing at answering it.

I voted to close before the OP edited. IMO the edit fixed it, am voting to reopen now.

I've worked with a fair number of either researcher MDs or MD/PhDs, and myself have only a PhD, so I'll try to give my perspective:
Do You Need One: Probably not, if you're only interested in the scientific questions about what you are doing, and are not particularly concerned with it's direct application to patient care or the clinical setting. Basically, if there is a department outside a medical school that can house your research, you're likely fine.
Why Would Someone Pick One Up?: There are many reasons for a researcher to have a MD or an MD/PhD - they're interested in the clinical aspects of the research science they do, have seen their interests evolve over time toward more research and less patient care, or are in research areas that necessitate having the expertise that comes along with having an MD. There are some medical school programs that are more oriented towards producing new researchers than practicing doctors, and medical schools are massive sources of clinical research in the U.S. It's really not surprising there's a number of professors out there with MDs - my doctoral advisor was one of them.
There's also some...field-specific traditions. For example, there are tons of MDs working in infectious disease research and epidemiology, because it spawns fairly naturally from "Treat this weird infection" to "Why does this weird infection infected X people?" to "How do we stop this weird infection from spreading".

I believe I'm only interested in scientific question, but I cannot be completely sure.

There are two main tracks of medicine: clinical (the "standard" medical practice), and research. Typically, doctors who work in the latter tend to pursue combined MD-PhD programs, and consequently have degrees in both a traditional scientific research discipline as well as medicine.
It probably was easier in the past to make such a switch with "just" a medical degree; however, the increased specialization in the field makes it harder for a medical doctor to switch over to a research track without the increased training (unless he or she is working on the "clinical" side of therapeutic treatments designed in research programs).

Thanks for your information about the historical context.

Regarding why one would be interested in doing an MD/PhD combo:
In my region, and I believe this generalises to the rest of Sweden, clinicians are required to do get some research experience. So for most of those MD-to-be, that's the regular entry to academia.
Furthermore, if you are a clinician with a PhD on a field related to your clinical work, your chances of promotion towards higher positions in the hospital is significantly higher, apparently.
Sadly, I do not have any references on the internet for the last statement, other than the word of my colleagues in the hospital (as well as friends who did medicine at the uni).

I'm glad to know that this tendency can be also seen in Europe. In my native country, many doctors don't have PhD and they are educated through the system which is exactly like the one in England.


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Advisor refuses to let me get my Master’s after my thesis defense
I am currently a Master’s and PhD student. I am in my last semester of my Master’s program. After a year of being in the PhD program, I have realized that academia is not for me. I received a job offer and notified my advisor of me leaving the PhD. This happened after I finished my thesis defense and after they signed off on the thesis defense paperwork. I also submitted my final thesis pdf to the graduate school portal. After I told him about me leaving, he got angry with the people that hired me (he knows them and works with them before). Not only that, he refuses to approve my final thesis pdf even though I already finished my defense and everything. Grad school has been emailing me and wondering when they will receive his approval on my final thesis pdf as it has already been pending for more than a week. He also sent an email including all committee members saying that if I am not continuing research to fix “flaws and limitations,” he had to withdraw his signature.
I am under extreme stress from my advisor because it looks like he is trying to force me into the PhD program. I talked to the people from my job, and they are very understanding and think he is unreasonable. I also went to a graduate school counselor to ask for help. She said that she would contact the dean and get back with me. Do you think that the dean can help me on this and that I will still be able to receive my Master’s degree? I am feeling hopeless and feel like I am being pressured into doing a PhD when I don’t want to.
UPDATE ON THE OUTCOME: After about a month of fighting my case and getting both the dean of my department and dean of graduate school involved, the dean of graduate school decided to let me graduate this semester. The department chair wasn’t of much help as they told me to do another semester with my advisor. The graduate school people took over my case and handled it so my advisor wouldn’t have any leverage or power over me. I am very grateful because the dean made the decision to let me graduate just 2 weeks before my graduation day. It’s great to know there’s still justice in our system.

I assume your thesis process involved a defense that you "passed" on the condition that you complete some corrections/revisions? If so, it could become complicated to mount a defense of yourself if the advisor insists your corrections are insufficient. Your program or the graduate school may have a manual describing the relevant procedures if you are found not to pass (or whether it is possible to get this far and not pass). Of course, I am taking your word on the question of whether the necessary conditions have actually been met.

The problem is he already edited my thesis and allowed me to submit it. After I told him about me leaving, strange things started to happen. He didn’t have a problem when I first submitted it.

This also happened to a coworker of mine. It remains unresolved last I heard.

Yes, the dean is exactly the right person to help. If a faculty member displeases the dean then the dean can make life hard for them for a long time after you depart.

Sounds like a bad situation. "I am in my last semester of my Master’s program. After a year of being in the PhD program..." How is that possible? Are you in the Masters & PhD program simultaneously?

Lets consider the thing a bit. Your advisor is saying your Masters is good enough to go to PhD, but if you dont go to PhD its not... So in essence he is implicitly saying your work is good. Why woulod he want to do this otherwise. So essenially were this go to a tribunal or a court of law this would seem self contradictory. In essence a automatic loss assuming what you tell is verifyable. (aside why were you allowed to do defence if the publication wasnt approved)

@Anonymous Do you have written confirmation of him approving your thesis for submission (like email or any act with a paper trail, like a signature, that would directly imply his approval)? That may prove to be a piece of key evidence.

You were both in a Master's and a PhD program, at the same time? Interesting, I did not know that was a thing. In Europe, you have to have a Master's degree in order to join a PhD program (rare exceptions exist). Extending what you did for your Master's thesis into a PhD is fine, but it is one, and then the other.

When you talk about your "thesis" and "thesis defense", you mean your Master's thesis, right? Usually, without qualification, "thesis" is assumed to mean PhD thesis. Can you please [edit] and clarify?

It depends on the country but in the U.S., you can do a PhD without a Master's, or you can do both. I am doing both together, but I have completed all my Master's courses, including my Master's thesis and thesis defense.

@Buffy I am also dealing with a full professor here, but I do not believe his title justifies his actions. I am just worried that he can use his power to make me silent in this situation.

He has power over you that he seems to be misusing. But he has no power over the dean, who can affect his salary and working conditions if he is known to misbehave.

There is no way he can force you into doing a thesis, if they allready approved your thesis and you defended it they should have given there final great right? So if you have that they cannot just change that.

Thank you all. I am graduating today!

Thanks for the update!!

Your advisor is being completely unreasonable. It was very good you talked to the graduate school counselor. I think your best hope for a clean solution is that the dean will help resolve the issue.
However, since the company who offered the job is understanding, if push comes to shove, I would seriously consider the option of just taking the job and letting the master's degree go. I hope it won't come to that, but (a) the time spent on your degree may unfortunately be an example of the sunk cost, (b) you have this path open to you and no one can stop you doing this, (c) even if this worst case does not happen, knowing that you have a backup plan where you still get a nice job can be a calming fact to hold onto.

I am not sure if my advisor has the power to revoke my thesis if I have already defended and finished my thesis paper. I have worked hard and completed 2 years of coursework so I’m scared that I do not get the degree I have put so much efforts into.

@Anonymous Yes, I completely understand. I don't feel I have enough understanding of the situation to guess what is likely to happen, but I am hopeful that the counselor you spoke to and the dean will be able to help you reach an acceptable solution. I just think it's worth keeping in mind that in many ways, you actually have the upper hand here, because no matter what happens you will have a good job. And, since your professor has collaborated with them, I am guessing this job builds off of the work you did in your studies, so what you learned was not in vain.

Not having the master's degree may not be an issue for this company, but it could become an issue with later job opportunities. It would be better to get the issue resolved rather than just letting the degree go.

I agree with @chepner that at least for some master's degrees, there are meaningful labor market returns that would likely be lost even if there is no immediate consequence at this first job. This is not to mention the financial and/or opportunity cost already invested. If the advisor is threatening to withhold the degree, it makes sense to me to put forth great efforts in the remaining days/weeks to get the degree conferred even if these risk a bad relationship with the advisor or others at the institution.

"I would seriously consider the option of just taking the job and letting the master's degree go."  This is bad advice for a situation where the asker is likely to get their degree... eventually... without much more work.

-1 for "I would seriously consider the option of just taking the job and letting the master's degree go" A degree is useful for the rest of your life, it's absurd to think one can estimate how things will go decades into the future and have confidence the lack of an advanced degree will have no substantial impact. This particular bit is horrible advice to a young person starting their career.

regardless of the sunk costs, even if one thinks they can get away with just dropping the degree, fighting this kind of crap out of principle is valuable in that it helps stop it in general.

The thing about sunk costs is that you're supposed to discard them in assessing the current situation. In this situation, that means that fighting for the Masters make more sense not less, because getting the Masters now has a cost far lower than the naive cost of a MSc, our OP can likely get their Masters simply by fighting their corner with the university, far easier than the 1 or 2 years needed to get a Masters otherwise.

My suggestions …

Don’t turn down the job offer.
Make sure that your advisor understands that you will not continue in the Ph.D. Program, no matter how he tries to bully you, so his threats are futile.
See if the dean or other authorities will honor your advisor’s original approval, and get you the master’s degree. You’re already doing this. Good.
Ask your advisor to list in writing the “flaws and limitations” that he mentioned. Negotiate an agreement (in writing) about what’s required to fix them. Do the work, if it’s not too much.
Have a strong talk with your advisor. Remind him that he already admitted that blocking your masters degree is just childish spite and retaliation, and bears little relationship to the quality of your work. Tell him he is causing you great mental stress, and that this is grounds for legal action. Show him that you’re not going to let him push you around. Try to scare him. This may or may not work, depending on your personality and his.
If all else fails, there is an extreme approach: tell your advisor you’ll continue in the Ph.D. program with him. Presumably this will free up your masters degree. Once you have the masters degree, quit the Ph.D. program. This is dishonest, but since your advisor has treated you so badly, he doesn’t deserve honesty, in my opinion. Personally, I’m OK with this sort of subterfuge (as a last resort, when dealing with snakes), but maybe you have higher moral standards than I do. You’re the only one who can decide.

In the UK you would just go to the head of department who would overrule the advisor. It’s very simple.

Not just in the UK.

The main issue here is the claim of the advisor that there are remaining flaws and limitations that require your attention before approval of the thesis.  It is unclear from your post whether "signing off" on your thesis defence means that the thesis is accepted without further revisions, or whether it merely means that you have completed the defence portion (but may need to make further revisions to the thesis before it is acceptable).  Usually a thesis defence would be followed by revisions relating to comments/critiques raised in the defence portion, so the latter is plausible.  However, the fact that your advisor is threatening to "withdraw his signature" suggests that the signature is intended to mean the former.
In any case, you should clarify this before proceeding further.
Assuming that signing off on the thesis defence means that the thesis is accepted, it is dubious for your advisor to have signed off on the work if he truly believes that there are outstanding flaws, and also dubious for him to suggest that he will need to "withdraw his signature" if further work is not done.  Both of these suggest ---at minimum--- that he has not followed the proper process for examining and signing off on the thesis after the defence.
At this point, I would recommend that you review the signed paperwork for your thesis defence to see exactly what this paperwork attests to (i.e., does it mean that the thesis is accepted, or does it just mean the defence portion is completed).  Once you have done this you will know if you are on solid ground in relying on the signed defence paperwork.  This is a matter where the administration of the Department should be able to give you some guidance on the process and the meaning of your paperwork.  In my view it is premature to escalate this to the Dean of the Department, and you should make some further inquiries and give the matter some time to resolve before taking that step.
You certainly should not allow yourself to be coerced into a PhD program if you don't want to do that.  If you think you are being unfairly treated then you can put that view to your advisor/Department and see if you can come to some accomodation.  Nevertheless, even if you don't absolutely have to, you should at least consider hearing out your advisor in relation to the revisions he would like you to make on your thesis.  Talk to him about the things he identifies as flaws and limitations and see if it is feasible for you to revise the thesis to deal with these within a reasonable time --- you might find that this improves the quality of your research.

I actually talked to him twice before escalating this. My advisor complained about PhD funding both times I talked to him. He also said he let me pass the thesis because I was continuing as a PhD student, and said that if I broke this commitment with him, he had the right to do what he wanted with my thesis. He mentioned flaws and limitations yet didn’t email me on what exactly he wanted me to fix or edits. The paperwork that was signed indicates that I passed the defense and my thesis was accepted. He still has to approve on the final thesis that was submitted.

@Anonymous: "he let me pass the thesis because I was continuing as a PhD student"... do you have this in writing?  To me, this seems unethical on his part because he stands to progress in his career if you continue as his PhD student.  Similar to "I'm giving you an 'A' in this class because you agree to do landscaping at my house next year."

@Anonymous: You need to include that crucial information in your question.  It shows that his assessment of the quality of your work is conditional on your continuation to a PhD candidature.

"The main issue here is the claim of the advisor that there are remaining flaws and limitations"  No, the main issue is the emotions involved.

This situation is largely dependent upon your exact circumstances, and is thus difficult to address.
I think you need to be the person taking this to the Dean and the Chair of your department, and any faculty leadership of the graduate program (i.e., if you have a Director of graduate studies in your department, loop them in).
You should also ask the counselor working on your behalf to extend you the courtesy of cc-ing you on any communications on this issue.
Frankly, since you are trying to leave with a Masters, an expeditious way to handle this might simply be to have your advisor removed from your committee, and have someone, maybe the Chair, substitute. Your advisor won't like it, but if the situation is as you describe it, tough on your advisor!
I'm not a lawyer.  If you end up leaving without a Masters and feel damaged by it, sound advice would be to talk to a lawyer with experience in education.

I would suggest you examine the Academic Board Regulations or their equivalent for your institution. You may find as a last resort you have a formal appeals process. Unfortunately every institution is different.
As an example (Monash University, Section 45; PDF), an appeal to the Graduate Research Committee may trigger Clauses 7(c), 8 and 9. End result could be completion of a Masters. Needless to say this document will not apply to your institution and your milage may vary.

You really have to find out what exactly happens - what the adviser may or may not do. What you can or cannot do - according to the written rules of your university. For example - at my university such a thing (revoking a degree after a defense) could not even happen. The actual rules and laws, which are location specific, matter.
That may involve a university ombudsperson (if one exists) or even a lawyer you would have to hire.
But for sure, the advisor is acting unreasonably in revoking their signature to the thesis just because you are leaving. This is abuse of power, and would be a clear reason for wanting to leave the advisor anyway, but the legality of what the advisor is doing at the specific university is impossible to tell from the generic situation. You will need to raise the issue at the responsible offices (Prodean for studies, Dean, Rector, ...) according to the rules and laws.

I echo the first bit of Andrew's answer: your advisor is being unreasonable. I believe, he is trying to bully you into joining the PhD programme, apparently he likes your work so much that he wants to capitalise more on it.
You also did the right thing, contacting the grad school and their counsellor directly; hopefully the escalation to the dean will work out in the very near future. The dean definitely has the behind-the-scenes power to help you get that degree signed off; I would also assume that deans usually are happy to use that power when the facts present themselves making as you describe, making the professor look unreasonable.
Of course, the best case would be a swift resolution and you getting your certificate before you begin working for the company. If that doesn't materialise, I hope the company is understanding and will let you begin working there even without the certificate.
However, unlike Andrew I would not suggest treating the certificate (or entire degree programme) as a sunken cost. The next recruiter might look at that bit of your CV, raise eyebrows and move you to the reject pile. Instead, after joining the company I would still follow up with the grad school and their counsellor every now and again, hoping that the professor has given in and you can receive your certificate. I suspect that once the professor has realised he cannot get you to come back, he might release your thesis after all (especially if pressure from the dean's side continues to build up).

From my understanding, that was the same reason my coworker had his Master's withheld by his supervisor. The issue remains unresolved last I heard.

You have a job offer and a completed thesis.  I'd say things are looking pretty good for you right now.

he is trying to force me into the PhD program.

No he is not.  Either this is petty revenge or it's a miscommunication.  Professors cannot force anyone to complete a PhD.
Do not panic.  This could sort itself out with time.

Do you think that the dean can help me on this

Maybe.  The dean will know who can.

I will still be able to receive my Master’s degree?

Very likely, so long as you keep seeking it.
Do not give up.

I am feeling hopeless

You should talk to a mental health professional.

The reason why I believe I am being pressured into the PhD is because he told me that if I broke the commitment with him, he had the right to do whatever he wanted with my thesis and that I had to face the consequences of maybe doing a part-time PhD with him, which I do not want to. I also think the reason he is holding my degree hostage is to make me change my mind and go back to the PhD program.

Just because he said it does not mean he thinks it.

@Anonymous I have an article two that says I can do whatever I want.  When someone proposes they have the right do to whatever they want they've crossed a line. Is it in writing? Be sure to preserve all communications just in case. It could just be a moment of frustration and instability, but it might be a sign that this individual feels above the applicable rules and norms, in which case you are doing the right thing by escalating to proper authorities in the university. Document all correspondence and discussions, keep contemporaneous notes.

I was in a similar situation: I submitted my first thesis draft in November. Got feedback from my advisor at the end of January. Submitted by revised version in March. Finally got him to sign off on it in August, convocated in October.
Obviously I got a job in the meantime.
While frustrating that my thesis edits took almost a full year from submitting first draft to acceptance; it was ultimately fine to do the edits while working full time. I'm sure that is not uncommon and the university will have encountered this situation before.
My advice would be to start your job and complete any outstanding thesis requirements in your evenings and weekends. It may take a while, but if it's clear that you passed your defense, and that you've made the requested edits, then he won't be able to withhold his signature forever. Demanding additional research after you have passed your defense is clearly absurd.

Working, making money and doing the final rivisions to you thesis seem to be pretty reasonable. Atleast it gives you a bit more power when you have an income and know that you are not for 100% dependendant on the teacher.


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Is the ranking of a university/PhD program any more (less) influential for a non-traditional student aiming for Industry Research?
How does the ranking of a university relate to a future career in mathematics?
University rank/stature - How much does it affect one's career post-Ph.D?
Dove-tailing off of the second Academia thread above, do the dynamics regarding the importance of a University's, the PhD program's, or the thesis advisor's ranking/reputation change for a non-traditional student?
Non-traditional student example trajectory in question: industry experience -> then BS in Mathematics -> more industry experience -> MS in Mathematics -> more industry experience ~> PhD program ~> apply to industry research lab
where ~> indicates a future leg of the trajectory
The industry experience is varying data scientist positions with no research experience in school nor any publications. This involved coding for 12+ years, working on large scale systems on TB-PB scale data flows, built and evaluated ML models on a variety of data in various environments and configurations. Both the undergraduate and MS institutions were liberal arts institutions (i.e.: not top tech schools). The potential PhD school is a R1 school, but #115 on US News. The target industry labs would be commensurate with those mentioned in the second post above: Google Research, AT&T, F(M)AIR, etc.
Given the different considerations in the two posts above, I think my inquiry can be pivoted into alternative (or complementary) questions:

Does technical industry experience, at the time of entering a PhD program, help alleviate any doubts that might arise from a PhD from a low-ranked school?

I'm guessing that the answer is "no" other than it would presumably better prepare me to be successful in a PhD program and research lab.

If technical industry experience doesn't bolster an application, would there be a significant advantage to waiting and trying for a better ranked PhD program?

Update WRT to questions and clarifications posed in the comments:

My shorter-term goal is to establish a track record of research with a mathematical (including applied mathematics focus)
My longer-term goal is to work in more research focused positions
A broader goal is to learn how to do research in (applied) mathematics

I'm in industry, but most of my experience has been implementing algorithms and approaches elsewhere with some engineering in order to get it to work in an industrial setting (e.g.: data pipelines, optimizing storage mechanisms, hooking into UIs, minor adjustments to objective functions, daisy-chaining different models together). I've applied for a number research-oriented positions without success thus far. Two recurring reasons for not being selected have included that a PhD is required and/or publication track record is required. My professional positions up until now haven't supported publishing.

BTW, "candidacy" has a technical meaning that isn't "in a PhD program"

@AzorAhai-him- you're absolutely right. updated the post. thanks!

I'm not sure how to answer this. The high-level question I have is what is your motivation? In particular, it sounds like you already have a job in industry and your goal is to end up in industry. So why do you want to do a PhD?

PhDs in math from higher rated places get much higher salaries. The statistics is well known.

Please clarify your specific problem or provide additional details to highlight exactly what you need. As it's currently written, it's hard to tell exactly what you're asking.

Whatever the ranking of the place you have to do well there. It can be much harder some places than  others.

@markvs, only if you complete successfully.

What does it mean, "complete unsuccessively"?

@markvs, get asked to leave. Don't pass comprehensives. Fail courses. No advisor wants to work with you. You have to actually get he PhD before your statistics have any meaning.

If you leave you won't have a PhD from that place.

Note that some industry research is disqualifying for jobs in other companies due to non-disclosure agreements and such.

What are you referring to when you, e.g., write Does technical industry experience, at the time of entering a PhD program, help alleviate any doubts that might arise from a PhD from a low-ranked school? - is it your doubts, the PhD program's doubts, your supervisors' doubts, the prospective employers' doubts, etc?

Since there is no answer, I convert my comments.
PhDs in math from higher rated places get much higher salaries. The statistics is well known. Of course it assumed the degree is granted by the place.  More specifics depend on the industry and the area of math.
In principle, PhDs in math are hired not for what they know (say, string theory) but for their ability to learn (logical thinking) and solve problems.

That all depends on where you work. In my (non-math) group, where you got your PhD is irrelevant, and MS staff can easily be paid what a PhD is paid - the quality of their work is what counts.

The only thing I can tell for sure is that getting PhD in math from my University (Vanderbilt) is much better for  the initial salary than getting it from the University of Northern Mississippi. This point is impossible to argue and so I am not going to do that. You can use Google. College  ranking in general is very imprecise and there are many of them but Harvard is always in top 3 or 2 and Vanderbilt is around 20 in the US. Also keep in mind that many great engineers did not have PhD of any kind at all. Edison thought that PhD only hurts.

Since Northern Mississippi doesn’t exist, and Southern Mississippi only offers a masters in math, ill take that as hyperbole.

@JonCuster: I bet you understand the drift. In any case, bye!


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Should the captions in a figure list include their references?
The "list of figures" page in my Masters thesis lists many figure captions. Some of these figure captions have references. Should I remove or keep the reference in the list of figures? Definitely the references are always keeping in main text of the report, I just do not know how to handle them in the list of figures.

[...] I just donot know how to handle them in the list of figures? There are two questions in your post. 1) Whether it is right to have your reference tags in your list of figures and 2) how you should remove those tags. The first part seems to be on topic for this site because it is about style of thesis writing, but the second question is not. If you are writing your thesis by means of TeX/LaTeX; you may search about the second part of your question (the technical aspect) in other websites related to LaTeX. Your current question post seems to be too broad to me.

@EnthusiasticStudent I am asking the first question. IF the answer is KEEP then I donot need continue to ask question two.

Assuming that the thesis preparation guide from your university says nothing about this, I would approach the question by considering the purpose of the figures list.  The point of the figures list is to make it easier to find these key elements of a very large document; the caption fragment is intended to help a reader find the figure that they are looking for.  There are two typical approaches to making these such caption fragments, either of which might be reasonable:

List the exact caption for each figure, so that the list can be more complete.  In this case, you should keep the references, since they're part of the exact caption.
Make a one-line summary of each caption, so that the list can be more compressed.  In this case, you should remove the references, since you are making a digest in any case.

If you have lots of very long captions, option #2 is probably better, as otherwise it defeats the point of the index.  If your captions are all fairly short, then option #1 is probably better, since it provides a fuller summary of the contents of each figure.


text:
I submitted my paper in a hijacked journal
I encountered a huge problem, I submited my paper in a faked journal. I sent them several times about the result of reviewing process. The email answer was:

Dear Author
  Please clarify what exactly is your problem regarding your paper.
  We are at your service and ready to assist.
Regards
  Ciencia e Tecnica Vitivinicola Journal Editorial

They told me also if I have submitted successfully I will get the review answer at most after 2 weeks, but I have the proof of a successful submitted paper. Now what should I do? I want to resubmit it in another journal, I have an examination in the summer and I need a published paper in my resume.

i did not receive till now any notification for acceptance or rejection, should i wait or should i submit it in another journal ??

If I understand correctly from your link, the journal exists and is legitimate, but you submitted your manuscript to a fake website falsely claiming to be the journal's website.
In this case, the proper things to do in my view are:

E-mail the editor in chief. Do not simply resubmit with a cover letter explaining what happened: you don't know if and when they are going to read it. You want them to know immediately, and take action quickly.
if you have the opportunity, publish a preprint. You should consider your manuscript as leaked and no longer private, and it is very likely that it is being sold or submitted somewhere else by the hackers. If the journal normally wouldn't allow a preprint, discuss it with the editor and see if they are willing to make an exception.
If you paid something for the submission, go through the usual procedure for getting your money back: block the credit card payment and inquire with your bank, and contact the authorities to report theft.

http://ciencia-e-tecnica.org/ this is the link of journal, they told me that i should receive the notification after 12 days if i submitted successfully, but till now i did not receive any think, if i ask them they resend to me the same answer
Dear Author
Please clarify what exactly is your problem regarding your paper.
We are at your service and ready to assist.

Regards Ciencia e Tecnica Vitivinicola Journal Editorial

and this is my question

dear Editor, i submitted my paper since November, i did not receive any notification till now, should i consider it as a rejected paper??

Your link says: Ciencia e tecnica vitivinicola (ISSN: 0254-0223) is hijacked by cyber criminals.
Counterfeit website: http://www.ciencia-e-tecnica.org
Legitimate journal: http://www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_issues&pid=0254-0223&lng=en&nrm=iso This contradicts your comment.

So, what's the solution? i did not receive any notification, should i submitted to another journal with changing the title ??

I wrote an email to the editor of facked journal, i inform his that i delete my submission and i will submit it to another journal, i already choose a journal, is it correct what i did it ??

Just make sure you contact the right people. If the content of your link is correct, you can't trust anything that comes from the site ciencia-e-tecnica.org.


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Conference fee and travel costs for invited speaker
I am invited as a speaker to a international conference to present a published paper. I want to ask if is it usual to not pay the conference fee and the hotel? Should I ask them via email?

Are you a invited keynote speaker or an author of an accepted paper in this conference? Because this "invited as a speaker ...to present a published paper" is pretty confusing.

This is a part of what i received It is an honor to invite you to participate in this conference as a speaker/delegate. We are overwhelmed by the impact of your article “.........” which has made the preliminary contribution into the .... field. Your speaking will set the tone perfectly for our event.

I did not submit any paper or abstract in conference

If you are quoting from the "invitation letter", then it is certainly a scam; the English usage is characteristic of the predatory conference organizers.  Do not let yourself become another victim; ignore the letter and the "conference".

@iayork Seconded -- this sounds hugely scammy. Claiming that they're "overwhelmded by the impact of your article" without saying which article is a classic con along the lines of fortune telling: say something vague and let the listener interpret it according to their own situation. If this was a decent conference that was really interested to hear about your work, they'd've told you what work was so fascinating to them.

Just i putted ...... Instead of the titre on m'y new published paper, so you advise me to do not accept this invitation

@sihou The text that you posted is covered with screaming red flags for being a scam.

@sihou Sorry -- I didn't notice the quote marks around the title so I didn't realise that they'd included an actual title of an actual paper you wrote. However, it still looks very scammy to me. If you don't want to name the conference here, I suggest that you ask other people in your department or area. Especially ask your advisor if you're a PhD student. (And note that it would be pretty unusual for a legitimate conference to have a student as an invited speaker, unless that student had done some unusually good work. )

@sihou - Having the title of your paper does not mean anything.  It is simply a script that scrapes titles from journals and automatically puts them into a form letter.  These people are literally sending out thousands or tens of thousands of these letters in the hope that dozens of people will be fooled and send them money for their useless (and possible non-existent) "conference".

The larger and more prestigious the venue, the higher the probability that your conference fee and travel costs will be paid by the venue.  Certain invited speakers (particularly keynote speakers) will also be given a speaking fee, but "invited speaker" means different things in different venues.
You should, therefore, explicitly ask.  First, if it's a small and not well-funded venue, they may be asking for you to volunteer rather than offering to pay.  Second, many predatory / scam conferences send out official "invited speaker" invitations that attempt to stroke your ego and get you to give them money.
If you don't already know the people and the venue, be careful because it is quite likely to be a predatory / scam invitation.  The "invited to present a published paper" is a particular red flag, as these venues seem to have a semi-automated method of scraping publication databases and inviting authors to give them money to talk to a half-empty room of others who have been similarly scammed.  Once you've published a few papers, you'll get a lot of these---I get several per day.

Given the snippet just posted of the invitation, I'd put good odds on it being a scam.

I have to disagree with the first paragraph. In my experience with mathematics' conferences, the biggest conferences fund (proportionally, at least) less speakers than some much smaller ones.

@MartinArgerami Are those speakers "invited speakers"? In most big conferences I'm familiar with, most speakers got there by application, not invitation.

@jakebeal: most of the big conferences I deal with have three levels of invited speakers: plenary speakers (fully funded, usually between 5 and 10), main speakers (names vary, these are important/longer talks on more specific topics), and invited speakers (who are invited to speak in one of the many parallel sessions, together with those who give contributed talks). The third category commonly comprises way more people than the other two combined, and are usually not funded at all (and are required to pay the registration fee).

@MartinArgerami Interesting... different communities, different distributions.

"Invited speaker" is sometimes overused, misused or misunderstood. While key note speakers (also called plenary speakers) usually get funding (no fee, travel and housing support...) the same is not true for people who are invited to take part in a minisymposium at a conference.
Also there are conferences who send some "invitation letter" to anybody who submitted a contribution and got accepted (this true for some real but also for fake conferences). And then there are fake/bogus conferences who send spam emails and invite anybody as a speaker.

Indeed, invitation letters can be fairly common even in legit conferences, and that's not the same thing as being invited as a speaker. Not least because many countries require invitation letters to such events for foreigners, sometimes even for non-presenting attendees.

This is dependent on field. In my area (theoretical computer science), the terms "invited speaker", "keynote speaker" and "plenary speaker" are synonymous and all mean somebody who the conference organizers asked to come to the conference and give a talk, as distinct from the regular talks which are from people who asked the conference organizers to let them speak.

"Keynote" and "Plenary" speakers can also be a subset of invited speakers, where the other invited speakers may be presenting a longer-than-typical talk in one of several parallel sessions. "Plenary" of course means the whole conference in one room, "keynote" only implies it.  They may or may not be treated differently by the hosts.(@DavidRicherby, an example of near-synonyms)


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Citation for a processor instruction set?
I am writing a paper where I am talking about the SSE and AVX instruction sets.  For a hardware feature like an instruction set, I am wondering how to figure out what is an appropriate citation to use, or if it should be cited at all?

Cite their manual
The links to the manuals seem to appear at the reference sections of the respective Wikipedia pages.

The appropriate reference is the Intel Processor Manual for the first processor that introduced the instruction set.