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Can someone collaborate between universities for a PhD?
I am enrolled as a student in a U.S. university. I will be applying for a PhD program in physics in the coming months and I can't really move to another city. Therefore I am considering to stay at my current university A for my PhD (where I will receive my B.S). I am 100% sure that I will be accepted and I am very happy here.
However, there is no research going on at university A that I am interested in for graduate school or for a career. My main interest is in theoretical physics.
There is a top-ranked school B for physics about forty minutes away. This school has exactly what I am looking for in graduate research, but for other reasons I did not like school B at all, when I briefly attended it. Moreover, it is very unlikely that I will be accepted there for a PhD program.
I am wondering:

Can I pursue uni A's PhD program and have an advisor from uni B?
If so, should I bring this up with both universities before I apply or should I wait until I am in the program and chose my adviser?

Could you clarify what you mean by "collaborate with the research going on at the other university?" Are you asking whether you can pursue uni A's PhD program and have an advisor from uni B?

I guess so, yes.

Can you clarify where you are (USA, EU, Australia, etc.)?  If you're in the USA, you're aware that most programs will require that you spend the first two to three years "in residence" (i.e., in that city) to take classes and to TF/RA.  Finally, what type of physics are you interested in -- experimental or theoretical?

I am in the U.S.  I was not aware of that. I guess I didn't think it would be an issue because I live in a very large metropolitan area that both universities are in.  I am interested in theoretical physics.

I think that it is possible to have a co-advisor or dissertation committee member, affiliated with other university, but I'm pretty sure that you have to have a co-advisor or [main] advisor (committee chair), correspondingly, from your host university, at least, in US.

Am I missing something: if University B is very unlikely to accept you in their PhD program, then how likely is it that someone from University B would accept you as their doctoral student? Is it that you have some technical issue that makes you ineligible for B's program? If you're just not strong enough, then aren't B's faculty going to look first at B's strong students before A's weaker ones?

It is not uncommon to have a formal PhD position at university X, a supervisor at university X, and a co-supervisor at university / institution Y. This may happen for example, if the PhD topic is on the interface of two subjects, or if Y provides essential experimental / lab / other facilities for the research.
It is also not uncommon to have a PhD at university X, a supervisor at university Y, and a co-supervisor at university X. This usually happens when a professor from X moves to Y some time before, or shortly after, the PhD is started. The role of a co-supervisor may be solely to observe the process and make sure that the research will succeed and the thesis will be submitted in time and in good order, to university X's satisfaction.
In the UK, the so-called Doctoral Training Centers, are sometimes organised between several universities, sharing the same direction of research. I have not heard of any examples, but I assume that a collaboration of a PhD candidate with several professors at different universities in this case is more than likely to happen.
Another example, which can happen very naturally, is when a PhD candidate is closely involved in a research project, which is already collaborative.

I was the "advisor at a distance" for such an arrangement in the US, so it is in principle possible -- depending. The student went through "the other university", and I was one of his co-advisors. Thanks to the interwebs, that was easy, and thanks to their rules, it was possible for me to be co-advisor (though not sole advisor). So analogously, you could stay put while working with a relevant faculty person at that institution. However, institutions differ in their tolerance of outsiders, and my own institution would not tolerate an outsider as co-advisor.

Depending on the specific universities you are considering, it might also be possible to do a cotutelle program. In the words of the University of Ottawa:

A cotutelle doctoral program offers you the opportunity to complete your doctoral studies at the University of Ottawa as well as at another university (outside of Ontario). In a cotutelle doctoral program you are jointly supervised by a thesis supervisor at each institution and you attend the two universities alternately. You need to take a single comprehensive examination, and you work on a thesis to be defended only once in front of a jury chosen by the two partner universities. Once you have completed your doctoral program, each university confers a separate degree, with a mention of the cotutelle collaboration on the degrees.

If you want to go this route, you need to tell the university well in advance, so they can come to an agreement with the other university.

Everything is possible (well at least, as other answers have already shown there are many forms of multi-university PhD). But it's not extremely common either and an important question for you is how will you go about finding/creating such a position?
In the examples I know (admittedly in Europe, not the US), the position was often funded from the get-go as a collaboration (perhaps as part of a specific grant application) and advertised as such. Alternatively, I know people who have been hired at some institution and added an external supervisor after one or two years, obviously with the consent (or perhaps on the advice) of their first advisor because of the direction their research was going or some other opportunity for a collaboration.
Often those projects were cross-disciplinary (and sometimes transnational) in nature and the secondary advisor came from a different field/country. (National funding agencies often have some money earmarked for cross-disciplinary projects and the European Union encourages transnational projects through its Framework Programmes, thus providing additional incentives.)
In your case, if there is no research on your topic of choice at university A and nobody interested in starting such a project, it's difficult to see how it could come about.

Three aspects to consider:

Funding: who is going to pay your tuition fees and give you pocket money? It's often not obvious for an advisor to fund a student located in another school. But maybe you have some fellowship or TA.
PhD committee: schools put conditions on who can be in your PhD committee (e.g. at least 2 profs in your department), so at some point you may have to deal with profs from your school.
Administravia: the school's policy might force you to have an advisor from the same school.

In my grad school, I've never seen anyone working with an advisor from another place only (except when the advisor recently moved of schools): there is always one local co-advisor.


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How to respond to a company that wants specific details on implementation of my PhD research?
A company approached me for an interview to explain my work, which has been published as part of my PhD. As I understand from their email, they want to understand my work so that they can use it. However, nowhere in the email they mentioned that I am going to be paid or involved in this project. How would you approach this?
I find this email strange because they are asking me to explain my work and give them information on how to implement it so that they can make money out of it without me having any role in their project. Is this normal? Should I ask to be paid?

Until you have a valid joining offer in hand you should refrain from sharing a lot of information with them. Be formal in explanation.

You can try to form an official collaboration with your research facility and that company, i.e., write a proposal for a local project together. That way they get insight into the research, and you might get funding for another year or two, to finish your PhD (or do a postdoc). If you can pull that off, it would look great on your CV.

An important aspect of research is reproducibility. How have you published papers or a dissertation without including enough detail for others to replicate your results?

Some experiences: https://mathbabe.org/2015/06/30/when-does-an-interview-become-free-consulting/

@NuclearWang the same way as 95 or 99% of all the work out there is published. Check research papers, what do you think is the percentage of unreproducable papers is?

Keep in mind that depending on the publication venue, you might have an obligation to be cooperative to third parties

You make it sound like you're dismayed, but this is a great opportunity.  Not only can you make money from this, you could also use it for data collection or empirical validation of your theory + methods.  One professor I know will quote businesses an outrageous consulting fee and then offer a 50% discount if they'll allow her to collect data and write papers about the experience.  As an academic it's not unusual to do consulting "on the side" and in many disciplines it's considered an important contribution.

Copyright infringement woes! This sort of thing is nothing new and is very likely your university already has a policy on how much of a stake of your work that they "own" if not have copyright over, especially if you received any post-grad or RA pay. Many universities have specialized procedures to interface with interested companies in this manner.

Ask them to invite you to discuss it over dinner. They get the length of time it takes for you to eat their food and drink their beer to ask you questions. Beyond that, they need to hire you

This never happens. They contact your professor / boss / supervisor if anything.

@rlb.usa That depends on the legislation. Not in all places do the unis own the fruits of the employees' labour.

Many universities claim ownership of everything you do even with a small amount of their resources (such as, their electricity).  In practice though, they don't have the resources to hunt you down for doing personal projects nor do they have an incentive to.  Many universities do have a tech transfer staff who will give you help with patents, legal compliance, etc if you go to them, and in exchange may ask for a small % stake, which could be well worth it for you.  In practice, they don't have the expertise to actually develop your technology or run your business, so you stay in control.

@mathreadler This absolutely happens. I've done it myself, and I'm a small-timer. If the OP is the lead author, then guess who gets the opening contact?

@chrylis : In my experience it doesn't. They almost always go for the higher-ups to try and tweak you in the right path. Well they need some examples or proof to contradict any nay sayers of course.

It's not normal to work for a company for free, and I'd simply answer something like this:

Dear X,
I am glad to know that my PhD work caught your interest. I can
  provide more information under a suitable consultancy contract.
Kind regards,
L222

Note: We don't know the content of the company's email and, as some have remarked, the above response might be a bit too sharp, especially if their attitude is not so exploitative as I assumed. A milder approach, which I like, is that outlined in Dan Romik's answer. Since only you can read the email, I strongly encourage you to consider carefully both approaches, regardless of the accumulated votes.

Yes - short sweet professional and to the point.

Although the sentiment is right, the brevity is not. This is your chance to make a sales pitch. Sell them on the idea of your consulting with them, without conceding the point of needing to be paid.

@DJClayworth From the question I had the impression that the company just wanted to exploit the OP without any compensation, and so I kept the answer quite short and direct. Of course, the OP can adjust and smooth it according to the information they have. In the past, I met a couple of companies who tried to get work for free, and in my experience this kind of companies wouldn't pay anyway, and being blunt saves time to everybody.

Yes this would be optimal (for the student). That is why the company would (very) rarely go directly to the prospective student but rather somewhere else instead ;) Switch the pressure around...

@DJClayworth No. Why? Shouldn't the company be trying to sell the OP on their company? Brevity is absolutely appropriate here.

Sure if you don't want the job.

@DJClayworth: which, to be fair to Massimo, is the common case among people who already have a job. If someone wants to persuade you to take on another gig, maybe they should make their pitch to you rather than expecting you to beg them for it :-) All a question of how actively the OP considers themself to be job-hunting

Other answers make the case that you should ask for money for your services. I certainly think that is a very fair and reasonable thing to do, but rather than asking for money upfront, I would like to suggest the following strategy to maximize the benefit (in terms of financial gain, experience, and networking opportunities) that you can gain from this situation:

Respond to the person who contacted you with a brief and polite email saying you'd be happy to have a short meeting (over the phone or in person at your office or somewhere nearby which doesn't necessitate any travel on your part) with them to give them a brief explanation of your work and/or hear more about the project. Do not ask for money or mention the possibility of paid consulting. I assume this will be followed up with an exchange of emails to set up the time/place for the meeting.
When you have the meeting, be open and genuinely willing to explain your work (or at least any details of it that are in your thesis or already published), for free, for a reasonable amount of time - say up to 30 minutes or an hour.
If you see that the conversation goes on for long enough that you are about to exceed your predetermined free consultation time, politely -- but assertively -- tell them that you will need to end the conversation soon, and say that you will be open to continuing the discussion at a future date, but that seeing as your time is valuable and you see that they need more of it than seems reasonable to offer for free, you will want this to be done on the basis of a paid consultation. Be ready with a figure for the hourly rate you want to ask in case they end up asking for it, but it's quite possible that this won't come up.

Following step number 3 above, either they will want to hire you to do additional consulting on the project, or they won't. I think the strategy above maximizes the chances that they will. Moreover, I should add that it is quite common for highly paid professionals (lawyers, financial consultants etc) to offer a free consultation before they start asking to be paid. I think the reason they do this is similar to why the above strategy is a good one -- it makes it easy for the client to approach the professional and explore the possibility of working together (by contrast, if you ask to be paid in the initial email this might be a turn-off and cause the people involved to simply give up the idea of talking to you, even if it may be in their interest to do so). The point of this comment is that I don't think you need to worry that you are being exploited by offering a small amount of your time and expertise for free -- even if you don't end up getting hired for a consulting gig you'll still have an interesting experience and sow some useful networking seeds that may be prove useful in the future. Good luck!

Though I generally agree with this approach, which is the best with decent companies (and I used it myself several times), from the question I had the impression that the company just wanted to exploit the OP without any compensation, and this is why I kept my answer quite short and direct. In the past, I met a couple of companies who tried to get work for free, and in my experience this kind of companies wouldn't pay anyway, and being blunt saves time to everybody. Of course, the OP can better assess the situation from the email.

@MassimoOrtolano since the "exploitation" is capped at half an hour of wasted time with my suggested approach, I don't think there is much downside there. By contrast, your more aggressive approach risks blowing up any potential consulting gig before any discussion about it even began. Well, as you say, OP can decide which approach works better for them.

I agree, see also the edit to my answer.

The other side of the coin is that they may not need more than 30 minutes of your time, and they wouldn't want to offer money that hadn't been asked for.  Imagine from their perspective: writing to the author of the paper for the first time, would you really say "We'll pay you a fee just for answering our questions" or would you want to talk to them first?  This answer is great as it assumes good faith.

@Wildcard if they don't need 30 minutes of your time, then they will talk to you for 15 minutes, you will have an interesting conversation with someone who cares about your work and learn a couple of things about what people in industry are working on, and everyone will be happy and go their separate ways. What exactly is the problem? Does everything have to be about money all the time?

Dan, sorry my comment was misinterpreted.  See the last sentence of it, though.  :)  "This answer is great as it assumes good faith."  I 100% agree with your comment above and everything does not have to be about money.  The rest of my comment before the last sentence is more an argument against @MassimoOrtolano's answer's curtness (already noted by that author in an edit), as I don't see how a non-exploitation-minded company could reasonably be expected to mention money in their first email to you, no matter how decent their intentions.  This answer deserves more upvotes.

@Wildcard ok thanks, glad you think my answer is great. To clarify, my answer doesn't exactly assume good faith, it simply suggests an approach that will work well under the good-faith scenario, and in which no harm (or a negligible harm) will be caused to OP in the bad-faith scenario.

That's true.  Which is even better, actually.  Assuming good faith in a way that can have vast negative repercussions if you're wrong is called "naiveté."  Approaches like this one where everything works out great regardless and no one has to be mistrusted are all too rare (especially in the Workplace).

@Wildcard Having some experience of consultancy with industry, I can tell you that those who are willing to pay are usually clearly recognizable from the beginning and, yes, they mention the possibility of payment at the first contact.

One reason I like this answer is that the company may well be deciding on one of many problem-solving approaches to take, including the approach in your thesis.  This gives you the chance to "sell" them a little bit on your approach, increasing its chances of being lucrative for you not only at this company, but industry-wide.

As a note on rates, hourly fees for consulting (which tends to be unsteady work) are often far above what seems "normal" for an hourly wage at a full-time job. OP should ask colleagues who have industry experience what an appropriate range is.

I've never worked with a commercial interest directly, but the impression I get from colleagues is that companies will take as much as they can and pay as little as possible. "It's just business" as they say.
Your experience is valuable, so I wouldn't give it away for free. Ask them what kind of consulting fee they're offering and politely decline or counter-offer if you don't like what you hear.
Also- don't under-value your experience. It took you years to get to the level of expertise where you could write that dissertation, so you can help them avoid years of similar work. For example, in my field and location that would equate to a minimum of $120,000 a year for a fresh PhD grad, so a company would stand to save a hundreds of thousands of dollars by getting you to jump-start their project, plus they'd have the benefit of getting to market faster.
Ask a reputable friend or go to your advisor to figure out what a reasonable price for your first consulting gig might be. Specialized consultants (and your dissertation work would certainly be considered specialized) are routinely paid hundreds of dollars to upwards of a thousand dollars per hour. Be realistic, but also realize that you apparently have an in-demand skill set.

To topic starter: Asking for the consulting fee is a bad negotiation sttategy. It's much better to set the fee upfront based on own provided value analysis. Don't hesitate to start above your desired price tag -- your potential clients will likely bring it down during negotiation process anyway. The fact they contacted you is a reliable indicator they want you and your price tag will be more attractive than the cost of doing the same work as you. Use this as a leverage

If you do decide to go the consultancy route, don't let the company turn a meeting on "contract negotiation" into "so tell us more about your research".

@IgorSoloydenko. That is good advice also because anything with a price tag is immediately perceived as being more valuable by the human mind.

Also, if unsure of how much to charge, https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelellsberg/2014/09/19/happy-price-vs-sad-price/#6ec5505a27d3 has a good rule of thumb: your "happy price" is the price where you'd be genuinely happy to do the job for that sum of money. You may want to make sure that you ask for at least that much, rather than a "whatever price" or a "sad price".

There's nothing strange about it, you are doing some research, they want to know more about it. Usually PhD theses are made available by the institution anyway, but you are probably also taking some public funds in which case you kind of have an obligation to share with the public the discoveries you made using their tax money, instead of guarding it as a secret.
But maybe for whatever reason you don't want to say, that's also fine. You're not really obligated to, even if somebody contacts you about reproducing your paper I think you don't have to cooperate (although if you choose not to obviously it doesn't look great, and also is harmful to science as a whole).
As for handling the email, depends on what you want.

If you want it to go away, you can ignore it.
If you want to refuse nicely, you can write a politely worder letter saying "no".
If you want money, reply and say "I'll do it for $X" (I'd make sure this is okay with university policy and such first).
If you're worried about seeming greedy, you can innocently ask "I just wanted to clarify, are you offering to compensate me for some kind of consultancy or just asking?"
If you just want credit, put a copyright notice on everything, and say top the company "I don't mind explaining it but keep in mind that it is copyrighted so you should attribute it" - although university policy usually regulates intellectual property rights

If you're doing anything except the 1 and 2, you want to check with the legal services or other appropriate office in your university first, because as I said, typically you are not the only one who gets a say in what is done with your work.

"but you are probably also taking some public funds in which case you kind of have an obligation to share with the public the discoveries you made using their tax money" -- is this a legal obligation or just common sense obligation?

Even if there are public funds involved, the Ph.D. candidate's only obligation is to publish the dissertation.  There's no obligation to spend hours explaining one's work; if someone wants that, they should pay for it.

The public funds one takes during a Ph.D. obligate one to do the work of the Ph.D. and make it public (the OP stated that the work has been published). This answer implies that scholars have form of indefinite indentured servitude not shared by other public servants. Nobody would expect a retired fire-fighter to continue fighting fires in the neighborhoods they once accepted public funds to protect; why would we expect scholars who have ceased to take public funds for scholarly work to continue to do free scholarly labor?

PhD theses as publicly funded and vetted work should be ultimately reproducible for someone well-versed in the field, not secret.  The party responsible for ensuring this are the people grading your work.
Any deficiencies in that respect may be reflected in your grades.  That's where the buck stops for you.
Any consulting on your work you do for outside companies will not get reflected in your grade.  If your work is deficient regarding its applicability and reproducibility, you cannot fix any of the consequences for you in that manner.
So you are basically asked for independent expertise.  A reasonable approach is to let all the costs for your talk and an appropriate fee be paid by the company and answer questions regarding how your work could be used for their purposes, basically saving them the time for a thorough evaluation and initial guess as to its usefulness for their purposes.  If they are going to actually use it for their purposes, they would be foolish not to hire you as the leading expert for doing that work as long as you are fresh on the market and for that reason comparatively affordable while your work is not actively further developed elsewhere.
Make sure you are reasonably paid for your effort and expertise and do them to the best of your ability.  That is: if you are actually interested in followup offers.  If not, it's basically a tossup.  Do what you consider worthwhile, refuse other stuff.
Make sure to set your conditions such that if no followup offer comes, you don't feel cheated.

First sentence is inexact, as PhD thesis can be partially, or even totally privately funded. Some are even not funded at all (so they basically are privately funded by the student himself).

I don't know how it is in other countries, but in the US PhD theses aren't graded like an essay. They either satisfy the requirement or they don't. You don't get any points, just a degree.

@Matt Samuel In certain other countries, PhD theses are graded like an essay. In some countries and in certain fields, there might be even strong traditions related to the grades. For example, in some areas best grades are reserved for truly the best and things such as grammatical errors or imperfections in the thesis might result in a reduced grade. In other societies, the committee is expected to give the best grade for any OK-ish thesis and not getting the best grade is considered a big disgrace. Then, there's the whole story of ow big impact the grade actually makes in later career.

@AndrejaKo interesting. In the US, you're given feedback on grammar and the like and you correct your dissertation until the committee is satisfied, then they accept it. There's no grade, it's just accepted that in a large body of work, some such errors will escape the review of the student and his/her advisor and peer reviewers and that such errors don't have any bearing on the quality of the work.

Publicly vetted and funded?  Where do you do your PhD D:?

I'm glad you are finding my research useful! I'd be happy to meet and discuss the published paper and what you're trying to accomplish.

At the meeting do not reveal anything that isn't explicitly already said in the paper. Don't worry about signing an NDA at this point, or entering into a contract.
This is important, because you want to establish a relationship and rapport, and further you'd like to find out what application they are using your research in and how it applies.  At this point you both need to gain more understanding and determine if this is something you can work together on, and in what way.
If they press for details, indicate that you need an NDA, and a contract, and perhaps discuss the various ways you might be able to offer your services.
Take copious notes during the meeting - who did you meet, what they said, what you said.  This may become important later if there's a legal question or problem.
Then work on an arrangement you can both be happy with.  If they aren't willing to enter into a contract or pay you for detailed information, you aren't out anything.  If they are, then this is the best way to ensure you have a good start to the relationship.

For what it is worth, I have a colleague who, after completing his Phd, applied for a patent on an important breakthrough application of his research in medical diagnostics.
While the patent was still pending, he was approached by a large company to get more details on his inventions and research.  He took all the precautions, like a non-circumvention agreement, and non-disclosure agreement.  Then in several meetings with the technical staff of the company he described in not too much detail his invention and research.  I don't recall if he was paid for these consultations.
He didn't hear again from this company for 3 years.  Then he was surprised to learn about new products this company brought to market that were based on his invention and research.  By this time he was granted several patents by the US Patent and Trademark office, which were still pending back when he dealt with the company.
Long story short, he sued the company with his attorneys working on a contingency basis as they were confident they had a winnable case.  After 9 years of litigation, the company never settled despite the plaintiff offering very attractive settlement and patent licensing terms.  The company chose to spend much more money in litigation costs than to settle with and pay the man they stole the invention from.  The judge at the first circuit court of appeals, ruled in favor of the defendant.  My colleague never got justice.
Lessons Learned:

Never talk to anyone until you have a granted patent, not just patent pending.
Even then, make sure you are protected by enforceable contracts, non-disclosures, etc. that are drafted by an attorney experienced in these matters and customized for your case.
If possible, arrange the meeting with this company at your attorney's office.
Don't trust anyone upfront.  Trust has to be earned.

It's not at all obvious what the advantage of a "granted" as opposed to "pending" patent is.  If the exploiter is going to breach non-circumvention agreements and litigate rather than settle, there is not a lot you can do.  If the judge ruled in their favour, maybe your colleague was mistaken in his view of how much was your colleague's invention.

I don't think my colleague's attorney firm would have taken the case on a contingency fee basis if they didn't think there was a considerable threshold for infringement.  I posted this answer to illustrate an example of the level of ethical and moral integrity these corporations, and a corrupt legal system.

This sounds more like an opportunity than anything else. Don't let your doubts stop you from profiting off this.
No personal experience in your specific matter, but I would suggest before you do anything(as long as this applies), file a provisional utility patent with the USPTO. You obviously have something new on your hands that this company wants.
If this company wants to take your product to market, your best bet is to discuss your involvement in terms of a consultancy position(pay check 1), as well as make them sign a leasing contract in order to monetize your hard work(pay check 2).
Remember, always look at for #1. That's you.

Accept the invitation as "a chance to discuss mutual interests" Find out from them exactly why they are interested. i.e. to define what their problem is. You are trying to find out if there is a match between what they need and what you have done, but you are not going to reveal anything that is not in your thesis, except for incidental stuff. If it emerges that there is a match, remark on that, with whatever degree of enthusiasm you feel is appropriate, and then ask them, so where do we go from here? They are then left to propose some form of collaboration, consultancy or employment and you negotiate from there. In brief, plan how YOU can be in charge of what happens.
Your university probably has rules about much time you can devote/ money you can accept under various arrangements. Become familiar with these before the meeting

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Reproducing an entire paragraph from another article co-authored by the same author
TLDR: Can a researcher include an entire paragraph from another article for which they were a co-author on a new, single-author article?
Copy-editor for an academic journal here with an issue I've never come across before. We work with Chicago-style footnotes.
I have a solo-authored article by someone (let's call them Alex) that includes an entire paragraph from another article in which Alex was a co-author. I only found out that the entire paragraph was lifted from another article through my own background research. Giving Alex the benefit of the doubt, I asked how they would like to address this paragraph: Would they like to rewrite it? Cite the paragraph in a footnote? They would like to cite it in a footnote; however, I am now unsure of whether this is an appropriate fix given that it's an entire paragraph from another article in which Alex was listed as one of many authors, and for which Alex was not mentioned as one of the writers. I'm not sure what to do given that an entire paragraph seems like it's enough to warrant including all the other authors from the other article.
Here are the questions I'm wondering about that will help me determine what path to take with this article:

Do I go ahead and cite the entire paragraph as a quotation? If so, do I need to tell Alex that they need permission from all other authors in the previous article?
Do I tell Alex that they need to include all the other authors as co-authors on this paper if they want to include this paragraph?
Should I just change my mind and say that, after reviewing best practices or consulting with others, Alex needs to rewrite the paragraph?

I don't understand what the question / problem is? An author can quote from another source regardless of whether they were involved in the writing of that source. That's the whole point of indicating a quote and citing it appropriately.

The author had not originally cited the source, which would be self-plagiarism.

Obviously they have to cite the source and indicate it is a quote. That's academic writing 101.

A factor to consider would be how trivial the paragraph is. If it is taken word-for-word from another article by the same author, it is somewhat likely that it is some trivial boilerplate text. The more trivial it is, the less the plagiarism consideration is meaningfully applicable.

The acknowledgement section can be the same in two articles, of course, without any issue. On the next level, there can be some technical manual type formulation, e.g. "the code X is Y and Z and has features A, B, and C". The most relevant type of text in terms of plagiarism would have some research or creative value that normally shouldn't be duplicated in research papers.

They need to give a citation, but, if it is permitted to quote the entire paragraph, then they don't need permission from the other authors.
Whether it is permitted or not is a question of copyright and fair-use exemptions. If they still hold copyright jointly, then each of them needs to give permission. If your journal holds it then I see little problem as the journal can grant a license. Otherwise permission should be sought from the copyright holder for a long quotation.
Even if the old paragraph is paraphrased rather than quoted, a citation is required. Otherwise it is self-plagiarism. In that case, the copyright issue would disappear as there is no "copying".
But I don't see any reason that the other authors on the old paper need to become co-authors on this one. Certainly an individual can extend old joint work as a single author.

It depends how they use the paragraph. If they make it clear it is quoted from another source, e.g. if I wrote: "In this question, Parever wrote "Copy-editor for an academic journal here with an issue I've never come across before. We work with Chicago-style footnotes." -- then it is fine as long as it's cited. This kind of usage would fall under fair use, and would not require permission from the original copyright holder. The other authors of the paragraph would not need to be included as authors of the paper, either.
If I hadn't made it explicit that the paragraph is quoted verbatim, then it is self-plagiarism. Attitudes towards this vary, and it's probably best to avoid this issue entirely by rewriting the paragraph.

Re writing the paragraph without citation is still self plagiarism. Plagiarism is about ideas, not about the specific expression. Don't confuse plagiarism with copyright. Fair use has limitations also. You seem to be suggesting otherwise. This is bad advice. Sorry.

@Buffy I beg to differ, e.g. the Wikipedia page on Dark Matter liberally reuses ideas already published elsewhere (in fact Wiki policy explicitly asks for this), but it's still an original piece of work that is not plagiarized.

Is it uncited? That seems unlikely. Wikipedia has rules about citation (as well as about not presenting original research). I see over 170 references in that article, but haven't examined it in detail.

@Buffy of course it's cited. I don't understand your objection. Rewriting a paragraph does not mean not citing the primary material. E.g. if I'm working on X and write a series of papers on the topic, the introductions of all the papers are always going to be intimately related, they are going to deal with the same ideas, and they are still not plagiarized.

The last sentence of your answer seems to suggest you avoid self plagiarism ("entirely") by paraphrasing. That is not the case. Cite.

Regardless of whether the passage in question is paraphrased or quoted verbatim on a footnote, it must be fully cited, without exception.
Now, let us discuss the length of the actual passage and its implications regarding copyright. As shown in this website, there is no uniform legal standard for defining how much quoted text constitutes a violation of copyright. You would need to directly contact the journal in question to ask what is their threshold. Some publishers such as Taylor and Francis have an online system for requesting permissions for long text passages.
That said, in the case of quoting texts from other academic journals, I think it is reasonable to assume 300 words (roughly the size of an abstract) as an adequate threshold. If the passage in question exceeds 300 words, it might be wise to request permission from the original journal (if it indeed owns the copyright to the paper). If the copyright is held by the authors of the original paper, it should normally be possible to use the whole passage with the permission only of a single author (this is not legal advice!). A footnote with full citation would probably be the best destination for such a 300-word passage. If the passage goes much beyond this threshold, paraphrasing with full citation is best.
Personal opinion, based on work experience: if this textual passage is 200 words or longer, and was included without any citation or acknowledgement, this is a major red flag. It is quite possible that several other parts of the text are also plagiarized, or that there are text passages directly translated from papers written in other languages.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Can a method of research used in one context be reused in a different research context?
Is it permissible to reuse a methodology in another context. e.g.  One did a research on land surface temperature(LST) based on a model, say for it. Now is it legit to follow all the procedures of this research for forest loss modelling? Care that just majority are same (in methodology part) but one uses for LST and another for forest loss.

Yes, it is possible - it happens a lot. Epidemiological methods that originated in health have been applied to other fields, for example.
Doing it is easy.
Doing it rigorously, in keeping with the standards expected in academia, is really hard. It's hard because the source field's methodology usually has a lot of tacit assumptions built in. Identifying those, and testing they're applicable to the application field, is difficult. Lazy researchers don't bother doing that testing, and produce shoddy work as a result.

I don't understand the last statement. As long as you have a good understanding of what the others are doing, copying their design would make doing research easier (or more accurately, less hard).

@MaartenBuis it's hard because the source field's methodology usually has a lot of tacit assumptions built in. Identifying those, and testing they're applicable to the application field, is difficult. Lazy researchers don't bother doing that testing, and produce shoddy work as a result.

@EnergyNumbers  Thanks! Could you tell that this happens in physical science too.

@SIslam it does - though I'd classify forest-loss modelling as life-sciences (as is health epidemiology)

And in turn, Epidemiology has a grand and glorious history of borrowing methods from other fields (says the Epidemiologist currently working with an algorithm designed for computational chemistry...)

Can is the wrong term. Must is the correct one.
Research and science rely on the possibility to replicate and novel methods have always been the engine for new developments and achievements.
If you don't use your own method when it is appropriate to do it, why should other people bother?
Success in research and science often goes to those who have discovered new methods, rather than simply new ideas and theories. For instance, look at The Top 1000 Papers by Van Noorden et al, in Nature 2014. It is clear that the most successful articles are those reporting methods which can be successfully replicated and exploited for further research and applications.

Yes, you can use a good design used in other contexts. You will need to cite the article. In practice, you will need to be very careful when writing the methodology section: It will necessarily be very close to the original article. If it gets too close, you'll run the risk of being accused of plagiarism.

all_licenses: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/


text:
Should I include having taken free online courses without credit or certificate in an application for a master's programme?
I just finished my Bachelor in Psychology and the master's programmes I am interested in pursuing require some experience with at least one programming language. Of course, at no point in my studies was there a course related to programming and I am considering taking free online courses. Since there have been some questions on MOOCs with certificates, I want to make a question about MOOCs without enrollment, credit and certificate of completion.

Does one gain anything by mentioning attendance at such courses or will a reviewer of an application dismiss it as an unverifiable claim (since there is no proof that one has actually attended the course)?

A possible way to make your programming skills verifiable (which should be even better than the mere fact you took a course about it) is to actually program something, and make the code publicly accessible (e.g. on Github). It can be anything, like a Sudoku solver or a small text editor for example. You will also probably learn a lot more doing this than in a course.

On the question on completing MOOCs with certificate, the answers generally agree that they have virtually no benefit in graduate admissions. Why would you think that they would have more benefit without a certificate?

@ff524 I was not talking about more benefit in my question. As a matter of fact in my central question you can notice that I express my doubt. Also, the impression I got from reading those responses is that while in many cases it is as you say, there are other cases in which it not that clear and the benefit can depend on the specific requirements of a program, one's educational background and the difficulty of the course.

There are many masters programs where programming is not formally required, but still very helpful. Beginning programming is definitely not a masters level skill (nor is it final year bachelors). From that perspective the most interesting questions from an admissions point of view is first of all: do you have affinity with programming (many people, even computer science students) hate programming.
To know that you did additional work shows that you know what programming is and that you are willing to invest some effort into your studies. If you fake this will make you miserable on the course.
The course will however not be relevant in assessing your intellectual abilities (your bsc will) as not only is it hard to verify, it was not designed to test them in the first place.

The question about affinity is an important one. A program I used for my Bachelor thesis needed me to write a simple piece of code in python at some point. While I know this example may be the least bit representative of a typical programming task, I found the process somewhat interesting. About the faking, I simply ask the following. Why would anyone fake such a thing? Such an application, if by some chance is deemed satisfactory, it will get the person faking it only into big trouble.

You may be interested in taking a MOOC on http://www.coursera.org . Coursera offers several beginning classes in programming. There is one starting this Febuary entitled "Programming for Everybody" offered by the University of Michigan that teaches python which is a relatively easy programming language to learn. You will receive a certificate of achievement signed by the instructor for the free version.For some courses there is also a verified certificate available if you are willing to pay a little extra. A verified certificate is a method of proving that you and only you did the work for the course which is good for putting on your resume.Your coursera profile will show which classes that you have taken and allow visitors to see how well you have done. You can mention on your resume that you have some experience in python from this class providing a link to your coursera profile just like you would provide the address to your own website if you have one. You will need to make sure that you make your profile visible to the general public though.
 I would say that taking a MOOC class will help in showing that you have some experience in a given programming language so it will count for something, but it won't count for nearly as much as an accredited course from your university. That said if you combine it with examples of programs you wrote using the language you learned on the class on github this would be in my opinion enough to lend credibility to your claim. You may not be familiar with  www.github.com  it is a website where you can host your source code and make it visible to the public. Making an account is free. Here is a website with some  resources for learning github . Similarly to coursera to include it in your resume provide the url for your account on your resume.

I upvoted for the valuable information on the coursera MOOC you suggested, however I have to say that your answer didn't actually address the question.


text:
Would it be acceptable to report a professor for poor teaching / attitude in a Masters graduate course?
I would like some advice about a specific professor in my program of study. I seriously feel that this professor has a problem teaching graduate students. On more than one instance, class was let out one hour early because the professor did not have enough material to last the entire allotted two hours of classroom time. The professor is an adjunct, part time lecturer and the class only meets once per week. 15 weeks are scheduled on the syllabus. The professor does not actually teach but flies through PowerPoint slides that are not even his own. For our midterm, I was able to find the answers to the questions online even before the actual exam.
I am a graduate student and have paid serious money to take this course. I would like some advice as to whether its advisable to report to the departmental head or dean regarding this matter. One final note, many of my peers come from a culture where group solidarity is prized over individual rights. Thanks for any feedback!

Is your goal to stop the professor from teaching future students, from you being required to take his class, from having to pay for the class, or make him improve his teaching in the future?

This is what course evaluations are for.

@user1938107 My goal would be make him improve his teaching going forward THIS semester if at all possible.  My classmates and I have a consensus. If he does not, the first option would be a backup.

A thing that might be of relevance is whether you can give us a background as to how much experience this professor has had teaching. If he's using someone else's slides, this may in fact be, for example, his first time teaching a the subject, and might be applicable in getting a grasp on the instructor's experience.

@Compass The latest that I could I find on my University's teaching evaluation system was that his earliest course was Fall 2013. This is his only course and he taught this course only once before

@Anthony This information will most likely be helpful to mention in your question.

You should discuss this situation with your department graduate chair or a similar authority.  It is important to give your program feedback so that they can improve.  However, keep your feedback constructive.  The word "report" is excessively negative.
I think you should adopt some perspective.  Often, graduate level courses are not treated as seriously as undergraduate courses because graduate students are expected to spend their time on independent research, not course work.  Also, while you may be paying a lot of tuition, it is unlikely that an adjunct professor is receiving very much pay.  Many adjuncts are working many jobs to pay their living expenses.  They often receive no training from employers.  Poor teaching by adjuncts can reflect problems with the structure of the institution rather than with the individual adjunct.

Regarding the second paragraph, one way to address that is actually complaining. This way the institution gets notified of the problem.

Good point about pay. General question - is the pay of an adjunct public information, or available by request, or does it depend?

The pay of employees of public universities is typically a public record.  Also see http://adjunct.chronicle.com/

@AnonymousPhysicist If I do share my observations, ( phrasing), is it the norm in academia for anonymity to be an option?

A minor point - at my institution all courses have a course coordinator/convenor that is a full time employee at the institution (or at least always have been in my experience). If there is such a person for the course you are taking, they might be a better place to start than the graduate chair.

@Anthony; off topic, but I just assumed everyone else was using a pseudonym.


text:
How to resolve disagreement with project teammates over which professor to work with?
I would like some advice about a conflict I am having in a graduate course taught by two professors. I am pursuing a masters (MS) degree in Finance and for the capstone course in the program, each group (3-4) students is required to complete an individual research project.
The professors responsible for the course both have PhDs in Finance but in slightly different research areas. My team-mates both insist that we only work with the professor who is more specialized/knowledgeable in our area.
As the course is taught by both professors  equally, I feel it is important to keep both professors abreast of our progress. I feel fairly confident that both have equal weight in evaluating us and I don't want to slight either. How should I explain this fact to my team members as I am the leader of our team?
For additional background, my team members are all from China whose academic culture is wholly different from Western standards.

Ask the two professors what they want you to do.

@mkennedy I don't thats a viable option. Naturally both professors will probably say to work with them both. Also simply by asking can be considered a slight as it implies a disrespect of their academic knowledge and status

Naturally both professors will probably say to work with them both — So then you have your answer. Why is that unrealistic?

Also simply asking can be a slight — [citation needed] — as it implies a disrespect of their academic knowledge and starus — [citation needed]

Faculty want to help you, @Anthony, it's their job.

@mkennedy Can you please turn your comment into a (slightly expanded) answer, so that I can vote for it?

To expand the comments above into an answer: ask the professors what they think is a good idea, ideally both at the same time (e.g., at the end of a class where they are both there).  You have less chance of coming off as disrespectful, since you approach from the perspective of a student desiring guidance.  If they say you should work with both, then that's probably a fine plan to follow as well.


text:
Using other college/universities notes for practice?
I like to get as much practice as I can before an exam so is it permissable to use other colleges or universities' practice exams or handouts for practice. I am not distributing them to anyone, selling them or profiting. Just want to get as much practice as possible. I was wondering if this is ok?

You want to study and it is OK. I am wondering why this may not be OK.

I'm worried I am violating copyright by using materials of another institution without being a student there. I am not distributing them or anything, just using them to study/learn but I just want to be 100% sure I am not doing anything wrong because I don't know much about the copyright and fair use laws

Reading does not violate copyright.

If they've put it up freely available online, then they have made it available for people like yourself to read. Enjoy!

Studying universities practice exams, handouts, pamphlets, books, etc. is perfect only if you respect their privacy and rights.

yeah I'm not 100% sure what their privacy and rights entail. Can I use it for my own studying and delete them after? I use google to find the files, download them then study off them and delete them after is that violation of anything?

@Practice You should look at the copy rights of the content you are downloading. Some academic publications are only available for universities' own students, while some other are published publicly to be used by other students too. I can not generally tell you what you can do.


text:
Is it ok to show up to a conference without registering if I don't eat any meals?
I'm planning to attend a prestigious conference in computer science. The registration fees are very high (~150$ per day). I'm presenting as well, but on a co-located event directly after the main conference.
I don't know whether my university will fund my registration fee for the whole conference. They will most certainly fund the fee for the little event where I'm presenting. In case they don't fund the whole conference, is it acceptable to show up to the conference without being registered? (Of course, I wouldn't have the conference meals with the other participants on the days I'm not registered.)

"The registration fees are very high (~150$ per day)." - comparing among the CS conferences I have attended, that is not "very high".

@O. R. Mapper, I admit, I only have one other conference to compare (which was "only" 300 € for the whole event)

Perhaps you could volunteer at this conference for free admission?

@jmite The asker wishes to attend the talks, not sit all day at the registration desk.

@David At conferences where I had a "volunteer" job, none of the volunteer duties took all day, and the students got to choose which task and shift they wanted so that they could attend the talks they were interested in. (The last time I did this, my volunteer job was to take minutes in the SIG business meeting at the conference, which took place after all of the sessions had concluded for the day.)

What do you mean by the term "acceptable"?

If you just go attend a few talks I think it's ok, one time a colleague gave a presentation at a conference in the same city where I was. I only wanted to see her talk, why would I pay $200 for that?!

Maybe you can get additional funding from other sources than your university? For example, a charity associated with your university or the organization sponsering the conference. Or maybe there is an event with associated travel funding at the conference (such as student research competition or a doctoral symposium) that you can still get in to. Or maybe you can volunteer in exchange for free entry (as others pointed out).

FYI, sometimes conferences have student travel grants. Look into it and apply. It is typically enough to cover registration.

Ya, had to lol at "very high", too, sorry. The one prestigious conference in my field that I attend annually charges 700 EUR per day (with special rates for multi-day tickets, like 2.4k for 5 days). 100 EUR/150 USD is what a local user group charges for their annual regional mini-conference.

I doubt that 150$ per day are to cover for meals only

No, it is not acceptable.
You can of course email the organisers and ask if you can participate without paying, but do not be surprised if they say no.
(Please note that conference registration fees cover lots of things besides the lunch. Among others, conference registration fees may cover the rent of the hall in which you are sitting, and expenses related to the speaker who is giving the talk. Conference organisers are definitely not expecting random people to come there without registering, unless they explicitly advertise this possibility.)

It might be worse than not acceptable. It might not even be possible. I went to the american physical society's march meeting, and they had staff at the doors making sure you were wearing your conference name tag. Consequently, you couldn't get into the convention center without registering (or defeating this measure some other way, I guess you could try to forge a name tag or something).

You can of course email the organisers and ask if you can participate without paying I would not actually recommend this unless you have a reason much more compelling than "I couldn't get funding".  I think it will simply annoy the organizers, who are usually influential people whose bad side you don't want to be on.

@NateEldredge, certainly this is not true. The organizers are usually not influential, but local academics which are not influential. The most influential people are usually the PC members and especially chairs. Not organizers. Emailing the organizers with a reasonable reason is a good advice.

This is definitely not a situation where Python's EAFP applies...

@Dilworth: Maybe they are not terribly influential, but I hope you agree that a request that boils down to "I know there is a cost assigned to it, but can I get it for free anyway?" is a bit brazen in a certain way.

@NowIGetToLearnWhatAHeadIs Agreed. I recently left a job at an organization that handles conference spaces. As a matter of basic security, most of the time people are not allowed in many areas of those venues without some kind of badge. In a large enough building, multiple events can be happening at the same time, and everyone in a building must be registered and badged so you can account for everyone in an emergency.

@O.R.Mapper, yes it boils down to this, and it is a completely legitimate request. From experience, it has been done before, and with success.

@Jukka, could you please explain the term "acceptable"? Is it a legal/moral or normative advice?

@Dilworth: "Not acceptable" in precisely the same sense as sitting in a cafe without ordering anything.

@O.R.Mapper I have once contacted the organizers of a conference to ask if I could still get the student discount even though I wasn't a student anymore but had no institution to fund me. The people who answered were employees of the company that organized the event and the answer was positive. I suspect no member of the organizing committee was actually informed.

@O.R.Mapper, as I answered David Richarby before: the supermarket is intended for profit. Academic conferences are for dissemination of knowledge.

@JukkaSuomela, I see now. So you mean it is not a normative behavior.

@Dilworth: Yes, and as he correctly responded, it seems even worse to refuse to pay the one who is just trying to pay for their expenses instead of making a profit. We don't have to reiterate the entire discussion now, do we?

@CapeCode: I wonder what the answer would have been, had you asked for taking part for free. As it stands, the company still had the choice between getting no money at all from you on the one hand, and getting the student entrance fee on the other hand. Possibilities for discounts are often available in commercial offerings (especially as, in many situations, "student status" is somewhat open to interpretation), but that's a long way from getting the whole thing totally for free.

@O.R.Mapper, it is a different discussion than the one with Richarby: here we are discussing the consequences of you asking to waive the payment of a product. You insinuated that the same consequence would hold with the conference, which is wrong. And the reason is that supermarkets are for profit and academic conferences are not, and so the organizers will be sympathetic to your request. While, if you try it in a supermarket you'll fail to get a waiver with 100 per cent.

@Dilworth: I do not see a real difference between the question whether it is "OK" and the impression you will leave for trying. That academic conferences are not for profit may make it easier to abuse people's goodwill about letting you in for free, but that doesn't mean completely foregoing the registration procedures and not paying even a bit will leave a positive impression.

@NateEldredge Your comment is nonsense. Some conferences have a young researcher support program for exactly these cases. Having organised a few conferences, I can say that this kind of requests are common, even from senior researchers: organisers might reject them, but surely they won't spend their time taking revenge.

It may not be acceptable but I always see it in conferences in the US and people don't appear ashamed to admit it.

People are discussing whether its OK or not.  I'd rather respond in context of career impact.  The risk is that the people who invited you would think of you as a "schnorrer", and your future invitations may dry up.
Also, many conferences employ professional conference organizers.  If there is a chunk of unpaid attendees, you may impact the relationship between the community holding the conference and the paid organizer, making it a little more difficult for that conference to be held in the future.
If you can pay for one day, do it, and be thankful that the conference had a mechanism that allowed you to do so.
Sometimes, though, if the event is internal to YOUR university, organizers make accommodations for local faculty and students to attend at discount or no cost.  Good local attendance can enhance the reputation of a department.  If this applies in this case, you should talk to the conference organizer.

(its = possessive, it's = "it is" or "it has". See for example http://www.wikihow.com/Use-Its-and-It's.)

Tl;dr: You should ask your mentor what the particular policy and culture at the conference you are attending is.

At least in the humanities and social sciences, it depends.
A. There are many conferences where registration is heavily monitored and you cannot audit sessions for free. These tend to be conferences that rely on registration fees to pay for their hotel/facility costs or the running costs of the sponsoring organizations.
B. There are conferences that would prefer it if people registered/paid, but otherwise do not enforce registration to attend sessions.
C. And then there are some conferences that are entirely paid through internal and external grants and not conference registration fees, so they are entirely open to the public (although some sessions and meals may be restricted).
D. Finally, there are also some communities of scholars that think that type A conferences are morally bankrupt, and so actively encourage their students to "borrow" their name tag / registration badges  (which leads to all hilarity during the after-panel social interactions): "I always imagined you as ..... um... older... Dr. Goodall.... um.... congrats on your transition?."

A TL;DR should really go at the top of your post. In this case, we've already read it, and it loses it's point a bit. ;-)

Yes, it is possible, and even students and postdocs in top (and rich) schools do this sometimes. However, your question is unclear, since you asked whether it is "OK". But it is not clear OK by which standards? Moral? Legal? Is it normative? Is it widely acceptable?
You can see by Juka Suomela's answer that some academics does not see this as "acceptable", i.e., they perceive this behavior as a morally bad behavior. Some people, me included, have a different value system, and they perceive this as mildly okay, but it is unclear whether the latter group of people is marginal.

How is this different from sneaking into a cinema without paying? Or is that also OK by your moral standards?

@DavidRicherby: a cinema doesn't cost 150$ a day for unpaid talkers that have to pay fees themselves to publish at these conferences ...

@Marcel Well, eight hours in the cinema isn't cheap but your argument seems to be that it's more acceptable to take expensive things without paying for them than it is for less expensive things, which seems odd. And your language suggests you feel that conferences are some kind of money-making enterprise: please bear in mind that they actually operate at essentially break-even.

@DavidRicherby, it is different, because academic conferences are not for profit events, and their agenda is the dissemination of knowledge. Fees are taken as a necessary evil, not as a means by itself (in contrast to cinemas).

@Dilworth But attending without paying means that the costs are spread over fewer people, meaning that fees are higher. "Ah", you say. "But the fees were set before they knew how many would attend!" True but any loss the conference makes this year will probably have to be made up by having higher fees next year; conversely, any profit made this year will probably result in lower fees next year due to the organizing institution having a little more cash they can use to subsidize.

@Dilworth And how is it better to refuse to pay somebody who's just trying to cover their costs than to pay somebody who's trying to make a profit? It sounds worse, to me: shouldn't I be supporting the conference organizers and freeloading off the filthy capitalist cinema companies, rather than the other way around?

@DavidRicherby, clearly your arguments are sound and correct. But it is still a question of values. E.g., one can say that it is not "fair" for junior people to be penalized by not attending conference due to lack of funding, while other senior, or richer departments or countries can afford paying higher fees. There is not absolute right or wrong here. That's my point (in contrast to Jukka  who implied there is an absolute right here).

Yes, this is also valid in my University, but only for the conferences which are held in the University, and not other resorts. In fact, professors also sent and make unpaid reservations for undergraduate or graduate students which want to hear the talks. However, for conferences held in another institutions  this is not the case anymore.

@DavidRicherby, I explained in my previous comment: some may argue that the distribution of funding is unfair in the first place, etc. We're not here to be judges, but to give advice.

Aside from conference and registration. The hotel rent their hall for functions and most of the time its per head payment which include all the charges. Since they have to issue you card to wear during conference to identify you as paid participant.
So to avoid being refused entry and feeling bad infront of others just go present at your slot and enjoy what is offered on the day you are legally paid for.
Request can be made but if lot of students do this it can raise concerns for management and organizers.

Many conferences are not held in hotels, but in premises owned by the university.

even if its in university, they have to make arrangements for participants and that include meals and tea breaks beside bottled waters and other stuff so it reduce cost but not eleminate the cost.

@ShahenshaKhan, I'd not participate in meals and tea breaks exactly to eliminate that cost.

University buildings are not necessarily free, either. It is fairly common that conference organisers have to pay some rent for the lecture halls that they use. Furthermore, conferences are often organised at least in part outside the normal opening hours of the buildings (especially in summer), and the conference organisers will also have to cover the extra cost of having the building open (e.g. security/janitor services).

Also, even if everything related to the venue was free, it is still often the case that some of the speakers cost a lot of money. A single 1-hour invited talk might easily cost the conference organisers 2ke (flights + hotel + food). Especially in a small conference, the expenses of the invited speakers easily add up to a nontrivial sum, and it is only feasible if there are sufficiently many paying conference participants.

Well as almost every one said, its not only meal and tea. Speakers, proceedings, website management, conference management, arrangements, planning, scgeduling, setup for speakers, the accomodation for invited guess, key note speakers, every single thing cost money. If you want to go ask organizer simple is that.


text:
how reference a translation of an already translated text?
Somebody wrote a text in Latin, let’s call her Alice and let’s call the text De Nihilo. This text was then translated into German by Bob. In my work, I translate Bob’s translation into English.
In the author–date system of the CMoS style, I have adopted this solution for referencing a translation of an already translated text:

My own translation of the following translation from Bob. (Bob 1987; translation in German of De Nihilo by Bob).¹

¹ “[Latin Text]” (Alice 47BC).

Is my solution the correct one?

Can you clarify, do you mean: translated from Latin to German by author X then translated from German to English by you; or, translated from Latin to German by author X and translated from Latin to German by you?

The first option is the correct one:
"My own translation from German to English by me" (authorX year; German text, which is a translation by authorX from a Latin of authorY). 1
[footnote] 1 "Latin text source" (AuthorY date).

@kiphok: I edited your question according to my understanding to make the situation more clear and your example more readable. Please check whether everything is still according to your intentions and [edit] it if you have any corrections to make.

Are you referencing these texts to support the ideas in your work, or are you doing comparative linguistics studies of different translations? I've got two answers in mind, and that depends.

What you have proposed is the solution I have adopted with one difference: the first sentence must be within quotes.
I am referencing a very important Latin source, which says that the two modes (authentic and plagal) are use in the same composition (they are not, as commonly and falsely thought, two difference scales or two differents tonalities, but two differents frames referering the the harmonic and arithmetic division of the octave).

STEM texts
In STEM texts, the main goal of providing the reference is to give attribution to ideas. Thus, the reference acknowledges that Alice wrote De Nihilo in 47 BC.

As Alice has pointed out long ago (Alice, 47 BC), nothingness does not exist.  ...  Alice, De Nihilo, 47 BC, Rome, Manuscript Publishing.

The secondary goal is to point the reader to the available translation, in case he wants to verify the source himself. In your case, this is the German translation Bob made.

As Alice has pointed out long ago (Alice, 47 BC), nothingness does not exist.  ...  Alice, De Nihilo, 47 BC, Rome, Manuscript Publishing = Alice, Über Nichts, 1987, München, Hanser.

No one cares if you made your own translation into English; readers value ideas first.
Language studies
In language studies, you are likely interested in how exactly the same idea was expressed, maybe to the point where you are pointing out differences between several translations. Alice and Bob deserve separate mentions now. If you have taken the effort to translate De Nihilo into English, this deserves to be published, say, in appendix A of your work.

Alice is genuinely worried by the nothingness conundrum (Alice, 47 BC), but Bob's German translation fails to convey this emotion (Alice, 1987). My English translation (appendix A) seems to resolve this problem.  ...  Alice, De Nihilo, 47 BC, Rome, Manuscript Publishing.  Alice, Über Nichts, German translation by Bob, 1987, München, Hanser.

authors: игорь Пестриков


text:
Need a thesis extension due to mental illness, but supervisor seems unwilling. How to proceed?
"Prependum" clarification:
Strictly speaking, the supervisor has no actual authority in this decision (I think)-- it is between myself and the course convenor. However, I feel that `overruling' my supervisor by appealing to the convenor is unprofessional, and would inevitably affect the working relationship. This could be very counterproductive, and make an extension somehow pointless without the willing agreement of my supervisor. More importantly, they are the only potential academic referee (who knows me well) for use in a PhD application.

I know there is a similar question here, but I am looking for advice in my particular hairy circumstance.

The Issue
I am currently writing an Honours Thesis in an Australian university due in less than a month. Since the end of last year, I have suffered from severe depression (been to hospital; self-harm; seeing a psychiatrist; etc) and have made this known to the Honours convenor who has pre-approved any reasonable extension I might ask for.
The problem is with my thesis supervisor. They are highly averse to extending the project, as they are a very busy person. I understand this; it is not their responsibility. However, they also believe that obtaining an extension would be inequitable for other Honours students. I have made them fully aware of my condition, and stressed to them the magnitude of the impact it has on my studies. For instance, I (conservatively) estimated that I work less than half of the amount of time I would be able to if not afflicted. I also have had a meeting with them with several visible cuts on my arm.
Their response to my concerns is that regardless of my condition, I have made significant progress. They believe I am capable of obtaining a High Distinction with my current progress. It is apparent from their other comments that they do not understand what depression truly is (i.e. "everyone gets nervous at the end of an Honours thesis").
At this point, I feel very pressured by my supervisor into submitting my thesis on time, but I do not think this is fair. I think that regardless of their perception of my academic performance, I have had dramatically less opportunity than other students due to my severe condition. However, it seems that mental illness is so poorly understood in this situation that what I think is a reasonable and fair extension (i.e. 6 months onto a 6 month thesis) is probably never going to happen in my institution, despite my gathering of evidence over the last six months in the form of letters from a psychologist.
On one hand, I recognize that it's not fair to ask my supervisor to continue supervising for the duration of an extension (and neither do I think they will willingly). On the other hand, I have been open and clear about the possibility of this happening from the very beginning of my project, and I believe they are seriously wrong about what they deem equitable. Their claim that an extension would be inequitable makes it clear to me that they are judging my condition based on my academic performance rather than on the actual opportunity I have had.

The Question
I'm really unsure what to do in this situation and would appreciate advice. Here are options I've considered:

With the aid of my psychologist, push for a significant extension that I believe to be equitable. This is problematic, as it is difficult even for me to judge how long that should be. Furthermore, my supervisor probably won't be available. If they are, they will be so reluctantly and perhaps begrudgingly.

Concede to my supervisor's wish for me to finish on time, and possibly end up with ~HD anyway.

Obtain a short extension (~1-2 months) and spend that time refining my thesis without the aid of my supervisor.

What country are you in? Depending on the location, you may have some legal protections. If you [edit] your post to specify, someone may be able to offer some more specific advice.

@ff524 Okay, I did originally say the country but I edited it out for increased confidentiality. Oh well, I'll put it back in.

The answer to this is to approach the department chair, dean, or whatever office deals with disabilities. They have the answers as to what university policy will or will not allow, and generally universities don't particularly like individual professors making such decisions (because each one may interpret it differently).

@JonCuster -  I'm not quite sure what you mean. I have approval for a small extension from the department already; essentially the choice is mine, not my supervisor's. However, his/her reluctance to cooperate could cause problems. This is something a department can't fix.

In the US at least, there will be an office that deals with implementing university policy in this area. The supervisor's reluctance to cooperate can and will be fixed by them if they determine that your disability warrants it. Disobeying federal law tends not to be in professor's self-interest. This depends if the appropriate university office determines that you qualify, and then what the policy remedy is.

This is in UK (and probably US) not at the discretion of the supervisor. In these countries, there is a dedicated office to deal with the issue and they issue directives as to how you are to be treated. Alas, if you are in a country which does not provide this protection, then you should see whether there is the analogue of such protection or some student union, ombudsman or similar.

@CaptainEmacs - Thanks, that gives me some perspective. I think it's probably the same in Australia, as my supervisor said at some point "it's between you and the convenor...". I have a great deal of respect for my supervisor however, and it feels wrong to  'overrule' him in this manner. I fear it would affect the working relationship. I'm not sure how to reconcile this.

@sudo This is a problem, of course. In many places, there are semi-compulsory courses to raise awareness, but there is little that can be done if the supervisor is not aware of this. In the meantime, I can only offer the suggestion to try the best possible in the range of your possibilities (which is not much of an advice) and make a balance between not too much damaging your relation with the supervisor and your legitimate interest to get a fair shot towards your potential achievements.

'It is apparent from their other comments that they do not understand what depression truly is (i.e. "everyone gets nervous at the end of an Honours thesis").' - at least based upon your description, "nervous" there is not referring to your condition, but to your desire for an extension. You write "I (conservatively) estimated that I work less than half of the amount of time I would be able to if not afflicted" - your supervisor is not telling you that you should "get over with being afflicated" or anything like that; they are telling you that by "work[ing] less than half", your results ...

... are already fully sufficient.

@O.R.Mapper - "sufficient" is fine if the end goal is graduating. I intend on getting into academia, and with the competition, I should be given every chance to do my best. I don't know where the attitude of mediocrity is coming from in the responses to this question. The reality is that marks matter in this world-- even if they shouldn't. I am certain I could do better if given the time. I'm not a perfectionist; I'm merely asking for the same time that everyone else gets.

@Sudo: I understood "capable of obtaining a High Distinction" as not merely sufficient for graduating, but indeed as sufficient for beating any reasonably expectable competition. Of course, the information about that is rather sketchy in this question (and is indeed not in the focus here); I am just trying to point out that "I'm not a perfectionist" may be an erroneous self-assessment from your supervisor's point of view. "asking for the same time that everyone else gets" is procedurally legitimate, but learning whether to invest any effort to do better even though you "could do better" ...

... is usually also seen as a valuable goal in "free-form" projects such as theses. Your supervisor might be seeing that goal "at stake". In clearer words: One possible scenario here is that, despite your mental issues, your academic progress is not harmed; your supervisor recognizes that, but you don't. They are trying to make you aware that your mental issues are not harming your work output, while you interpret their statements as signals they expect you to work better, as if your mental issues did not exist. At least, that's what parts of your account sound like to me.

@O.R.Mapper - I cannot understand how it would be possible for my academic progress not to be harmed by so much time lost that could otherwise be spent on the project. Additionally, when you say "reasonably expectable competition", I'm not sure what kind of competition you're thinking of. There are departments at Berkeley and Oxford I have my eye on. Though not likely I will get in, I should not shortchange myself I think.

As you say, it sounds like your supervisor does not understand depression at all. Or at the very least, he or she doesn't realise that what you're experiencing is depression and not just typical thesis stress. That's very unfortunate, but all too common (in the general population, not just supervisors). You have every right to an extension.
However, given that you are depressed, you may not be the best judge of your own progress right now. Even students who aren't depressed have difficulty accurately assessing the progress of their research and thesis. Your supervisor has a lot of confidence in you, and seems to think you're "almost done". I'm reading between the lines a bit, but it sounds like your supervisor is a good supervisor apart from being clueless about mental health.
I think it might be worthwhile to have a meeting with your supervisor, and with someone who will be in your corner on the mental health issue (the Honours convenor, perhaps?). The three of you can then put together a plan to finish your thesis. Try to keep an open mind. I don't mean that you should let yourself be pressured into taking on more than you can handle right now. I just mean that there may not be as much work remaining as you thought.

This answer almost sounds like it was written by my supervisor, haha. Yes, apart from an apparent lack of understanding of mental illness, they are a superb supervisor. The Honours convenor is also clueless (by their own humble admission), but arrangements with them were made at the beginning of the project. There is nobody at the university 'in my corner' I'm afraid, although I'm investigating an "Access & Inclusion" department at this time. This is what I find worrying: even if I am ready to submit a good thesis, I do not think it fair that I don't get the time to exemplify it.

The answer from @mhwombat is very good and I have upvoted it, but I wanted to share some thoughts that won't fit in a comment.
My son has Tourette Syndrome, OCD, ADHD and anxiety.  We had the experience last May that his accommodation for extra time to turn in assignments was suddenly and arbitrarily removed from his accommodation plan.  Overnight, his anxiety went sky-high.  He got so nervous about the turning in of the homework assignments, that he couldn't think straight any more.
Two weeks of this, and mercifully, the principal (director of the school) notified me that the teachers were going to continue to allow him to turn things in late, on an informal basis.  As soon as I conveyed this to my son, he relaxed and started to be able to do good work again.
So, based on this experience, I would advise you to negotiate a reasonable extension, enough to take the edge off the anxiety.  Of course, even with the extension, you will probably have some anxiety.  But it would be best to keep your anxiety to where you can still function and do good work.
You may find that having the extension in place gives you the peace of mind you need, and you are able to complete your project without actually using the extension after all.  You never know!
Work with your therapist during this time, to check whether a sense of perfectionism is perhaps getting in your way.  This is something that I have seen in my son.  I have seen him not turn in homework assignments because he had skipped a couple of the problems.  You may want to share your draft with your therapist, in fact.
Regarding your concern about maintaining a good relationship with your thesis supervisor --
(a) What are your mid and long-range goals in terms of continued collaboration with this person?  If you do not plan to continue the collaboration beyond the Honors Thesis, then it might be helpful for you to start detaching emotionally.  Are there some other people in your life whose good opinion of you is important to you?
(b) The beauty of working with a Student Disability office is that they can help the professor understand what adjustments may be needed.  I was glad to read that you are looking into Access & Inclusion.  Please let us know what you find out.  Also, try to find a support group for students, or people, with disabilities.
(c) Don't assume your supervisor noticed your injuries or understood them.  Take the time to explain things to him or her.  (In general, it is, in my opinion, better to explain your condition and how it affects your studies, with words rather than by displaying your injuries.  I'm not saying you have to use long-sleeved shirts.  You don't have to hide injuries or scars.  But at the same time I wouldn't want you to fall into exhibitionism.  I wasn't sure from what you wrote, whether there might have been an element of this.  Also, keep in mind that a person can have a handicapping condition, without there necessarily being any self-harm going on.  In other words, please don't ever feel that you need to harm yourself in order to get people to take your difficulties seriously.)
(d) Don't take it personally if someone doesn't "get" it.

This is a very compassionate answer and I appreciate it. I feel you are correct about your observation regarding an extension relieving anxiety: in the past, extensions have allowed me to work more effectively even without having to actually invoke them. The relationship with the supervisor: we seem to work very well together; it is possible I will work with them in the future. They are also a close colleague of a relation of mine, so there is a small personal aspect to it. I am not an exhibitionist in the sense you describe; short sleeves were incidental. I will think upon your answer...

It depends a lot on the university's policies. I know of one Australian university where extension decisions are not in the academics' hands. Find out the extension process for your university, get medical certificates and make sure you follow the process. If you miss deadlines for applying for extensions, you can get into difficult situations.

I already have the official go-ahead for an extension if I desire. My concern is whether it is in my best interest taking into consideration supervisor relations/availability.


text:
Are theses perfect? readers opinions on honest mistakes? (whatever degree)
I used to have a big concern for a little statistical mistake in my thesis (which wont be published), and now I have overcome that fear.
During that time of fear, my parents told me that all the thesis have mistakes. Even teachers, friends, everyone told me that thesis aren't perfect.
what do you think? How can a reader verify that a mistake was a honest mistake and not manipulation on purpose?

A perfect thesis is a done thesis.

The question in the title is very different than the question in the last paragraph. What specific question do you want answered?

I prefer the last one

No one will read the whole thing. Few will ever even look at it. Even heavily peer reviewed journal articles have rampant mistakes; you should always re-derive complex results for yourself before trying to build on them.

Yes, many theses have mistakes. Some even have intentional errors. How a given work is judged depends on many factors, too numerous to list. If it was an honest answer then some rework will lead to a more valid result. If that valid result is essentially the same as what you wrote, it will almost certainly be dismissed as an oversight.
But you can't change the past. It is what it is. You could, perhaps, produce a publication based on your thesis work in which you cite the thesis and correct the error.
Ultimately a reader can accept your work as acceptable if not perfect or reject it. You have no control over that. Someone who tries to reproduce your results and comes up with very different results will probably write about it in their own publication. You should be the one to do this instead.

How can someone try to reproduce my results if the data is froma company and the thesis will not be published?

From the description of the problem and your results. This assumes it is "seen" by people. If it is never seen there is no issue whatever as long as your advisor and the university has accepted it.

My fear on those dark days was that maybe someday someone will have access to thesis and try to revoke my degree.

Not. Going. To. Happen. It is incredibly rare. But think about a follow up publication.

What is a follow up publication?

Any paper of yours on the same topic, in which you cite the thesis.

@holla, If someone wants to "prove" a false thing, then data can be falsified, for example. Scientific misconduct.

@holla, probably because you are honest. ;)

@Buffy Intentional errors are a very stupid thing to do, if the topic is of any consequence (and thus likely to be further pursued by others). Jan Hendrik Schoen found that out to his cost (albeit, to be fair, the errors probably were unintentional during his thesis write-up and only then started becoming intentional). If someone goes for intentional errors, it should be in a topic nobody cares about. But then, why do the thesis?

To add to what Buffy said, perhaps, if you can't publish the company specific data reanalysis, you could do some paper on the general flaw.  (e.g. "regressing presmoothed data artificially inflates the apparent rsq")  Or even a different dataset that you analyze properly and then put some warning about how a mistake could be made and then cite*/correct the other paper (even in a footnote...you don't even need to redisplay the data for this sort of "rowback" correction).  But at least you are still getting SOME correction out there.
*And yes, you can cite unpublished work.

I dont want to publish my work, I just want to have a cool life.

It's probably fine.  If it bugs you a lot, then figure out some method to put a correction out there (like Buffy suggests).  If it bugs you less (than the work of doing a publication to sneak the rowback in) than leave it as is.  You're probably fine.  Nobody will read it. I bet even your company doesn't rely on it.  And gawd knows there are a lot of company techreports with mistakes in them.

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