 them to have military personnel or equipment on board . The massacre of surviving Flight 825 passengers at the crash site is often omitted or attributed to forces other than ZIPRA ; in his 1984 memoirs Nkomo repeated his claim that ZIPRA fighters had helped the survivors , and wrote simply that " I truly have no idea how the ten died " .   A monument to those killed in the Rhodesian attack on Chikumbi was built in Zambia in 1998 , and dedicated jointly by the Zambian and Zimbabwean governments . A memorial to the victims of the two Rhodesian Viscount incidents , dubbed the Viscount Memorial , was erected on the grounds of the Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria , South Africa in 2012 , and inaugurated on 1 September that year . The names of the dead passengers and crew are engraved on two granite slabs that stand upright , side by side , the pair topped by an emblem symbolising an aircraft . A pole beside the monument flies the Rhodesian flag .   A British parliamentary motion put forward by Labour MP Kate Hoey in February 2013 to retrospectively condemn the Viscount attacks and memorialise the victims on the anniversary of the second shootdown prompted outcry in the Zimbabwean press , with the Herald branding it a racist " Rhodie motion " intended to antagonise the Mugabe administration and its supporters . Dumiso Dabengwa , a former ZIPRA commander , described the move as a provocation motivated by race that went against the spirit of the amnesty enacted at Lancaster House . Christopher Mutsvangwa , a diplomat and political analyst , took a similar line , calling Hoey 's proposed commemoration " a provocation ... [ that ] means they only regard the death of white people alone during the struggle . There is no mention of what happened to our sons and daughters in and outside the country . " ZAPU 's official response to Hoey 's motion included the assertion that in all conflicts " civilians get caught up in cross @-@ fires due to faulty intelligence reports and other communication errors " , and juxtaposed the civilians killed in the Viscount shootdowns with those killed at Chikumbi .   = = = Newspaper and journal articles = = =   = Tikal =   Tikal ( / tiˈkäl / ) ( Tik ’ al in modern Mayan orthography ) is the ruins of an ancient city found in a rainforest in Guatemala . Ambrosio Tut , a gum @-@ sapper , reported the ruins to La Gaceta , a Guatemalan newspaper , which named the site Tikal . After the Berlin Academy of Sciences ' magazine republished the report in 1853 , archeologists and treasure hunters began visiting the forest . Today tourism to the site may help protect the rainforest . It is one of the largest archaeological sites and urban centers of the pre @-@ Columbian Maya civilization . It is located in the archaeological region of the Petén Basin in what is now northern Guatemala . Situated in the department of El Petén , the site is part of Guatemala 's Tikal National Park and in 1979 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site .   Tikal was the capital of a conquest state that became one of the most powerful kingdoms of the ancient Maya . Though monumental architecture at the site dates back as far as the 4th century BC , Tikal reached its apogee during the Classic Period , c . 200 to 900 AD . During this time , the city dominated much of the Maya region politically , economically , and militarily , while interacting with areas throughout Mesoamerica such as the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the distant Valley of Mexico . There is evidence that Tikal was conquered by Teotihuacan in the 4th century AD . Following the end of the Late Classic Period , no new major monuments were built at Tikal and there is evidence that elite palaces were burned . These events were coupled with a gradual population decline , culminating with the site ’ s abandonment by the end of the 10th century .   Tikal is the best understood of any of the large lowland Maya cities , with a long dynastic ruler list , the discovery of the tombs of many of the rulers on this list and the investigation of their monuments , temples and palaces .   = = Etymology = =   The name Tikal may be derived from ti ak 'al in the Yucatec Maya language ; it is said to be a relatively modern name meaning " at the waterhole " . The name was apparently applied to one of the site 's ancient reservoirs by hunters and travelers in the region . It has alternatively been interpreted as meaning " the place of the voices " in the Itza Maya language . Tikal , however , is not the ancient name for the site but rather the name adopted shortly after its discovery in the 1840s . Hieroglyphic inscriptions at the ruins refer to the ancient city as Yax Mutal or Yax Mut
Ġthem Ġto Ġhave Ġmilitary Ġpersonnel Ġor Ġequipment Ġon Ġboard Ġ. ĠThe Ġmassacre Ġof Ġsurviving ĠFlight Ġ8 25 Ġpassengers Ġat Ġthe Ġcrash Ġsite Ġis Ġoften Ġomitted Ġor Ġattributed Ġto Ġforces Ġother Ġthan ĠZIP RA Ġ; Ġin Ġhis Ġ1984 Ġmemoir s ĠN k omo Ġrepeated Ġhis Ġclaim Ġthat ĠZIP RA Ġfighters Ġhad Ġhelped Ġthe Ġsurvivors Ġ, Ġand Ġwrote Ġsimply Ġthat Ġ" ĠI Ġtruly Ġhave Ġno Ġidea Ġhow Ġthe Ġten Ġdied Ġ" Ġ. Ġ Ġ ĠA Ġmonument Ġto Ġthose Ġkilled Ġin Ġthe ĠRhodes ian Ġattack Ġon ĠCh ik umb i Ġwas Ġbuilt Ġin ĠZamb ia Ġin Ġ1998 Ġ, Ġand Ġdedicated Ġjointly Ġby Ġthe ĠZamb ian Ġand ĠZimbabwe an Ġgovernments Ġ. ĠA Ġmemorial Ġto Ġthe Ġvictims Ġof Ġthe Ġtwo ĠRhodes ian ĠV isc ount Ġincidents Ġ, Ġdubbed Ġthe ĠV isc ount ĠMemorial Ġ, Ġwas Ġerected Ġon Ġthe Ġgrounds Ġof Ġthe ĠVo ort rek ker ĠMonument Ġin ĠPret oria Ġ, ĠSouth ĠAfrica Ġin Ġ2012 Ġ, Ġand Ġinaug urated Ġon Ġ1 ĠSeptember Ġthat Ġyear Ġ. ĠThe Ġnames Ġof Ġthe Ġdead Ġpassengers Ġand Ġcrew Ġare Ġengraved Ġon Ġtwo Ġgranite Ġsl abs Ġthat Ġstand Ġupright Ġ, Ġside Ġby Ġside Ġ, Ġthe Ġpair Ġtopped Ġby Ġan Ġemblem Ġsymbol ising Ġan Ġaircraft Ġ. ĠA Ġpole Ġbeside Ġthe Ġmonument Ġflies Ġthe ĠRhodes ian Ġflag Ġ. Ġ Ġ ĠA ĠBritish Ġparliamentary Ġmotion Ġput Ġforward Ġby ĠLabour ĠMP ĠKate ĠH oe y Ġin ĠFebruary Ġ2013 Ġto Ġretrospect ively Ġcondemn Ġthe ĠV isc ount Ġattacks Ġand Ġmemorial ise Ġthe Ġvictims Ġon Ġthe Ġanniversary Ġof Ġthe Ġsecond Ġshoot down Ġprompted Ġoutcry Ġin Ġthe ĠZimbabwe an Ġpress Ġ, Ġwith Ġthe ĠHerald Ġbranding Ġit Ġa Ġracist Ġ" ĠRhod ie Ġmotion Ġ" Ġintended Ġto Ġantagon ise Ġthe ĠMug abe Ġadministration Ġand Ġits Ġsupporters Ġ. ĠDum iso ĠD ab eng wa Ġ, Ġa Ġformer ĠZIP RA Ġcommander Ġ, Ġdescribed Ġthe Ġmove Ġas Ġa Ġprovocation Ġmotivated Ġby Ġrace Ġthat Ġwent Ġagainst Ġthe Ġspirit Ġof Ġthe Ġamnesty Ġenacted Ġat ĠLancaster ĠHouse Ġ. ĠChristopher ĠM uts v ang wa Ġ, Ġa Ġdiplomat Ġand Ġpolitical Ġanalyst Ġ, Ġtook Ġa Ġsimilar Ġline Ġ, Ġcalling ĠH oe y Ġ' s Ġproposed Ġcommem oration Ġ" Ġa Ġprovocation Ġ... Ġ[ Ġthat Ġ] Ġmeans Ġthey Ġonly Ġregard Ġthe Ġdeath Ġof Ġwhite Ġpeople Ġalone Ġduring Ġthe Ġstruggle Ġ. ĠThere Ġis Ġno Ġmention Ġof Ġwhat Ġhappened Ġto Ġour Ġsons Ġand Ġdaughters Ġin Ġand Ġoutside Ġthe Ġcountry Ġ. Ġ" ĠZ AP U Ġ' s Ġofficial Ġresponse Ġto ĠH oe y Ġ' s Ġmotion Ġincluded Ġthe Ġassertion Ġthat Ġin Ġall Ġconflicts Ġ" Ġcivilians Ġget Ġcaught Ġup Ġin Ġcross Ġ@ - @ Ġfires Ġdue Ġto Ġfaulty Ġintelligence Ġreports Ġand Ġother Ġcommunication Ġerrors Ġ" Ġ, Ġand Ġjuxtap osed Ġthe Ġcivilians Ġkilled Ġin Ġthe ĠV isc ount Ġshoot downs Ġwith Ġthose Ġkilled Ġat ĠCh ik umb i Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= ĠNewspaper Ġand Ġjournal Ġarticles Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ Ġ= ĠTik al Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠTik al Ġ( Ġ/ Ġti ËĪ k Ã¤ l Ġ/ Ġ) Ġ( ĠTik ĠâĢ Ļ Ġal Ġin Ġmodern ĠMay an Ġorth ography Ġ) Ġis Ġthe Ġruins Ġof Ġan Ġancient Ġcity Ġfound Ġin Ġa Ġrain forest Ġin ĠGuatemala Ġ. ĠAmb ros io ĠTut Ġ, Ġa Ġgum Ġ@ - @ Ġsa pper Ġ, Ġreported Ġthe Ġruins Ġto ĠLa ĠG ac eta Ġ, Ġa ĠGuatem alan Ġnewspaper Ġ, Ġwhich Ġnamed Ġthe Ġsite ĠTik al Ġ. ĠAfter Ġthe ĠBerlin ĠAcademy Ġof ĠSciences Ġ' Ġmagazine Ġrep ublished Ġthe Ġreport Ġin Ġ18 53 Ġ, Ġarche ologists Ġand Ġtreasure Ġhunters Ġbegan Ġvisiting Ġthe Ġforest Ġ. ĠToday Ġtourism Ġto Ġthe Ġsite Ġmay Ġhelp Ġprotect Ġthe Ġrain forest Ġ. ĠIt Ġis Ġone Ġof Ġthe Ġlargest Ġarchaeological Ġsites Ġand Ġurban Ġcenters Ġof Ġthe Ġpre Ġ@ - @ ĠColumb ian ĠMaya Ġcivilization Ġ. ĠIt Ġis Ġlocated Ġin Ġthe Ġarchaeological Ġregion Ġof Ġthe ĠPet Ã©n ĠBasin Ġin Ġwhat Ġis Ġnow Ġnorthern ĠGuatemala Ġ. ĠSit uated Ġin Ġthe Ġdepartment Ġof ĠEl ĠPet Ã©n Ġ, Ġthe Ġsite Ġis Ġpart Ġof ĠGuatemala Ġ' s ĠTik al ĠNational ĠPark Ġand Ġin Ġ1979 Ġit Ġwas Ġdeclared Ġa ĠUNESCO ĠWorld ĠHeritage ĠSite Ġ. Ġ Ġ ĠTik al Ġwas Ġthe Ġcapital Ġof Ġa Ġconquest Ġstate Ġthat Ġbecame Ġone Ġof Ġthe Ġmost Ġpowerful Ġkingdoms Ġof Ġthe Ġancient ĠMaya Ġ. ĠThough Ġmonumental Ġarchitecture Ġat Ġthe Ġsite Ġdates Ġback Ġas Ġfar Ġas Ġthe Ġ4 th Ġcentury ĠBC Ġ, ĠTik al Ġreached Ġits Ġap o gee Ġduring Ġthe ĠClassic ĠPeriod Ġ, Ġc Ġ. Ġ200 Ġto Ġ900 ĠAD Ġ. ĠDuring Ġthis Ġtime Ġ, Ġthe Ġcity Ġdominated Ġmuch Ġof Ġthe ĠMaya Ġregion Ġpolitically Ġ, Ġeconomically Ġ, Ġand Ġmilit arily Ġ, Ġwhile Ġinteracting Ġwith Ġareas Ġthroughout ĠMes o amer ica Ġsuch Ġas Ġthe Ġgreat Ġmet ropolis Ġof ĠTe ot ihu acan Ġin Ġthe Ġdistant ĠValley Ġof ĠMexico Ġ. ĠThere Ġis Ġevidence Ġthat ĠTik al Ġwas Ġconquered Ġby ĠTe ot ihu acan Ġin Ġthe Ġ4 th Ġcentury ĠAD Ġ. ĠFollowing Ġthe Ġend Ġof Ġthe ĠLate ĠClassic ĠPeriod Ġ, Ġno Ġnew Ġmajor Ġmonuments Ġwere Ġbuilt Ġat ĠTik al Ġand Ġthere Ġis Ġevidence Ġthat Ġelite Ġpal aces Ġwere Ġburned Ġ. ĠThese Ġevents Ġwere Ġcoupled Ġwith Ġa Ġgradual Ġpopulation Ġdecline Ġ, Ġculminating Ġwith Ġthe Ġsite ĠâĢ Ļ Ġs Ġabandonment Ġby Ġthe Ġend Ġof Ġthe Ġ10 th Ġcentury Ġ. Ġ Ġ ĠTik al Ġis Ġthe Ġbest Ġunderstood Ġof Ġany Ġof Ġthe Ġlarge Ġlow land ĠMaya Ġcities Ġ, Ġwith Ġa Ġlong Ġdyn astic Ġruler Ġlist Ġ, Ġthe Ġdiscovery Ġof Ġthe Ġtom bs Ġof Ġmany Ġof Ġthe Ġrulers Ġon Ġthis Ġlist Ġand Ġthe Ġinvestigation Ġof Ġtheir Ġmonuments Ġ, Ġtemples Ġand Ġpal aces Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= ĠE tymology Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠThe Ġname ĠTik al Ġmay Ġbe Ġderived Ġfrom Ġti Ġak Ġ' al Ġin Ġthe ĠY uc ate c ĠMaya Ġlanguage Ġ; Ġit Ġis Ġsaid Ġto Ġbe Ġa Ġrelatively Ġmodern Ġname Ġmeaning Ġ" Ġat Ġthe Ġwater hole Ġ" Ġ. ĠThe Ġname Ġwas Ġapparently Ġapplied Ġto Ġone Ġof Ġthe Ġsite Ġ' s Ġancient Ġreservoirs Ġby Ġhunters Ġand Ġtravelers Ġin Ġthe Ġregion Ġ. ĠIt Ġhas Ġalternatively Ġbeen Ġinterpreted Ġas Ġmeaning Ġ" Ġthe Ġplace Ġof Ġthe Ġvoices Ġ" Ġin Ġthe ĠIt za ĠMaya Ġlanguage Ġ. ĠTik al Ġ, Ġhowever Ġ, Ġis Ġnot Ġthe Ġancient Ġname Ġfor Ġthe Ġsite Ġbut Ġrather Ġthe Ġname Ġadopted Ġshortly Ġafter Ġits Ġdiscovery Ġin Ġthe Ġ1840 s Ġ. ĠHier ogly ph ic Ġins criptions Ġat Ġthe Ġruins Ġrefer Ġto Ġthe Ġancient Ġcity Ġas ĠY ax ĠMut al Ġor ĠY ax ĠMut