 and was received by the Yuan emperor . The Burmese delegation formally acknowledged Mongol suzerainty of their kingdom , and agreed to pay annual tribute tied to the agricultural output of the country . ( Indeed , the tribute was no longer nominal . ) In exchange , the emperor agreed to withdraw his troops . For the emperor , the Burma campaign was the only bright spot ; his other Southeast Asian expeditions had gone badly . He did not want to invest more troops pacify the rest of the kingdom . He preferred a vassal ruler . The Burmese embassy arrived back at Hlegya in May 1287 , and reported the terms to the king .   = = = Breakdown = = =   But the agreement broke down a month later . In late June , the defeated king and his small retinue left their temporary capital for Pagan . But on 1 July 1287 , the king was captured en route and assassinated by his second son Thihathu , the Viceroy of Prome . Anarchy ensued . Each region in the country which had not revolted broke away . No successor to Narathihapate , who could honor and enforce the terms of the treaty of Beijing , emerged . Indeed , a king would not emerge until May 1289 .   = = Mongol intervention ( 1287 ) = =   Given the chaos , the governor of Yunnan ignored the imperial orders of evacuation . The Mongol army commanded by Prince Ye @-@ sin Timour , a grandson of the emperor , marched south toward Pagan . According to mainstream traditional ( British colonial era ) scholarship , the Mongol army ignored the imperial orders to evacuate ; fought its way down to Pagan with the loss of 7000 men ; occupied the city ; and sent out detachments to receive homage , one of which reached south of Prome . But not all colonial period scholars agreed with the assessment as none of the contemporary Mongol / Chinese records specifically mentioned the conquest of Pagan or the temporary completeness of the conquest .   Recent research shows that the Mongol forces most probably never reached Pagan . They were held at bay by the Burmese defenses led by commanders Athinkhaya , Yazathingyan and Thihathu , and probably never got closer than 160 km north of Pagan . ( An inscription dated 16 February 1293 by the three brothers claimed that they defeated the Mongol army . ) Even if the Mongols did reach Pagan , the damage they inflicted was probably minimal . At any rate , the Mongol army suffered heavy casualties , and retreated north to Tagaung . They remained there as the treaty was now void .   = = Aftermath = =   The disintegration of the Pagan Empire was now complete . But the Mongols refused to fill in the power vacuum they had created . They would send no more expeditions to restore order . The emperor apparently had no interest in committing troops that would be required to pacify the fragmented country . Indeed , his real aim all along may have been " to keep the entire region of Southeast Asia broken and fragmented . " It would be another two years until one of Narathihapate 's sons , Kyawswa , emerged as king of Pagan in May 1289 . But the new " king " controlled just a small area around the capital , and had no real army . The real power in central Burma now rested with the three commander brothers .   The uneasy arrangement would persist until 1297 . The Mongols continued to occupy northern Burma to Tagaung as the province of Zhengmian ( Cheng @-@ Mien ) but ended the fictional central Burma province of Mianzhong on 18 August 1290 . Meanwhile , the power struggle in central Burma continued with the three brothers blatantly consolidating support . To check their rising power , Kyawswa submitted to the Mongols in January 1297 , and was recognized by the Yuan emperor Temür Khan as King of Pagan on 20 March 1297 . The emperor also gave Chinese titles to the brothers as subordinates of Kyawswa . The brothers resented the new arrangement as it directly reduced their power . On 17 December 1297 , the three brothers overthrew Kyawswa , and founded the Myinsaing Kingdom . The dethronement forced the Mongol government to intervene again , leading to the second Mongol invasion of Burma ( 1300 – 01 ) . The invasion failed . Two years later , on 4 April 1303 , the Mongols abolished the province of Zhengmian ( Cheng @-@ Mien ) , evacuated Tagaung , and returned to Yunnan .   = = Legacy = =   The war was one of several near simultaneous wars waged by the Mongol Empire and the Yuan dynasty in the late 13th century . Though it was never more than a minor frontier war to the Mongols , the war set off a series of enduring developments in Burma . The invasions ushered in a period of political fragmentation , and the rise of Tai @-@ Shan states throughout mainland Southeast Asia .   = = = Age of political fragmentation = = =
Ġand Ġwas Ġreceived Ġby Ġthe ĠYuan Ġemperor Ġ. ĠThe ĠBur m ese Ġdelegation Ġformally Ġacknowledged ĠMongol Ġsu zer ain ty Ġof Ġtheir Ġkingdom Ġ, Ġand Ġagreed Ġto Ġpay Ġannual Ġtribute Ġtied Ġto Ġthe Ġagricultural Ġoutput Ġof Ġthe Ġcountry Ġ. Ġ( ĠIndeed Ġ, Ġthe Ġtribute Ġwas Ġno Ġlonger Ġnominal Ġ. Ġ) ĠIn Ġexchange Ġ, Ġthe Ġemperor Ġagreed Ġto Ġwithdraw Ġhis Ġtroops Ġ. ĠFor Ġthe Ġemperor Ġ, Ġthe ĠBurma Ġcampaign Ġwas Ġthe Ġonly Ġbright Ġspot Ġ; Ġhis Ġother ĠSoutheast ĠAsian Ġexped itions Ġhad Ġgone Ġbadly Ġ. ĠHe Ġdid Ġnot Ġwant Ġto Ġinvest Ġmore Ġtroops Ġpac ify Ġthe Ġrest Ġof Ġthe Ġkingdom Ġ. ĠHe Ġpreferred Ġa Ġv ass al Ġruler Ġ. ĠThe ĠBur m ese Ġembassy Ġarrived Ġback Ġat ĠH le gy a Ġin ĠMay Ġ12 87 Ġ, Ġand Ġreported Ġthe Ġterms Ġto Ġthe Ġking Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= ĠBreak down Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠBut Ġthe Ġagreement Ġbroke Ġdown Ġa Ġmonth Ġlater Ġ. ĠIn Ġlate ĠJune Ġ, Ġthe Ġdefeated Ġking Ġand Ġhis Ġsmall Ġret in ue Ġleft Ġtheir Ġtemporary Ġcapital Ġfor ĠPagan Ġ. ĠBut Ġon Ġ1 ĠJuly Ġ12 87 Ġ, Ġthe Ġking Ġwas Ġcaptured Ġen Ġroute Ġand Ġassassinated Ġby Ġhis Ġsecond Ġson ĠTh ih ath u Ġ, Ġthe ĠV icer oy Ġof ĠP rome Ġ. ĠAnarchy Ġensued Ġ. ĠEach Ġregion Ġin Ġthe Ġcountry Ġwhich Ġhad Ġnot Ġrevol ted Ġbroke Ġaway Ġ. ĠNo Ġsuccessor Ġto ĠNar ath ih ap ate Ġ, Ġwho Ġcould Ġhonor Ġand Ġenforce Ġthe Ġterms Ġof Ġthe Ġtreaty Ġof ĠBeijing Ġ, Ġemerged Ġ. ĠIndeed Ġ, Ġa Ġking Ġwould Ġnot Ġemerge Ġuntil ĠMay Ġ12 89 Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= ĠMongol Ġintervention Ġ( Ġ12 87 Ġ) Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠGiven Ġthe Ġchaos Ġ, Ġthe Ġgovernor Ġof ĠYun nan Ġignored Ġthe Ġimperial Ġorders Ġof Ġevacuation Ġ. ĠThe ĠMongol Ġarmy Ġcommanded Ġby ĠPrince ĠYe Ġ@ - @ Ġsin ĠTim our Ġ, Ġa Ġgrandson Ġof Ġthe Ġemperor Ġ, Ġmarched Ġsouth Ġtoward ĠPagan Ġ. ĠAccording Ġto Ġmainstream Ġtraditional Ġ( ĠBritish Ġcolonial Ġera Ġ) Ġscholarship Ġ, Ġthe ĠMongol Ġarmy Ġignored Ġthe Ġimperial Ġorders Ġto Ġevacuate Ġ; Ġfought Ġits Ġway Ġdown Ġto ĠPagan Ġwith Ġthe Ġloss Ġof Ġ7000 Ġmen Ġ; Ġoccupied Ġthe Ġcity Ġ; Ġand Ġsent Ġout Ġdetach ments Ġto Ġreceive Ġhomage Ġ, Ġone Ġof Ġwhich Ġreached Ġsouth Ġof ĠP rome Ġ. ĠBut Ġnot Ġall Ġcolonial Ġperiod Ġscholars Ġagreed Ġwith Ġthe Ġassessment Ġas Ġnone Ġof Ġthe Ġcontemporary ĠMongol Ġ/ ĠChinese Ġrecords Ġspecifically Ġmentioned Ġthe Ġconquest Ġof ĠPagan Ġor Ġthe Ġtemporary Ġcomple teness Ġof Ġthe Ġconquest Ġ. Ġ Ġ ĠRecent Ġresearch Ġshows Ġthat Ġthe ĠMongol Ġforces Ġmost Ġprobably Ġnever Ġreached ĠPagan Ġ. ĠThey Ġwere Ġheld Ġat Ġbay Ġby Ġthe ĠBur m ese Ġdefenses Ġled Ġby Ġcommanders ĠAth ink h aya Ġ, ĠYaz athing yan Ġand ĠTh ih ath u Ġ, Ġand Ġprobably Ġnever Ġgot Ġcloser Ġthan Ġ160 Ġkm Ġnorth Ġof ĠPagan Ġ. Ġ( ĠAn Ġinscription Ġdated Ġ16 ĠFebruary Ġ12 93 Ġby Ġthe Ġthree Ġbrothers Ġclaimed Ġthat Ġthey Ġdefeated Ġthe ĠMongol Ġarmy Ġ. Ġ) ĠEven Ġif Ġthe ĠMong ols Ġdid Ġreach ĠPagan Ġ, Ġthe Ġdamage Ġthey Ġinflicted Ġwas Ġprobably Ġminimal Ġ. ĠAt Ġany Ġrate Ġ, Ġthe ĠMongol Ġarmy Ġsuffered Ġheavy Ġcasualties Ġ, Ġand Ġretreated Ġnorth Ġto ĠTag aun g Ġ. ĠThey Ġremained Ġthere Ġas Ġthe Ġtreaty Ġwas Ġnow Ġvoid Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= ĠAfter math Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠThe Ġdisinteg ration Ġof Ġthe ĠPagan ĠEmpire Ġwas Ġnow Ġcomplete Ġ. ĠBut Ġthe ĠMong ols Ġrefused Ġto Ġfill Ġin Ġthe Ġpower Ġvacuum Ġthey Ġhad Ġcreated Ġ. ĠThey Ġwould Ġsend Ġno Ġmore Ġexped itions Ġto Ġrestore Ġorder Ġ. ĠThe Ġemperor Ġapparently Ġhad Ġno Ġinterest Ġin Ġcommitting Ġtroops Ġthat Ġwould Ġbe Ġrequired Ġto Ġpac ify Ġthe Ġfragmented Ġcountry Ġ. ĠIndeed Ġ, Ġhis Ġreal Ġaim Ġall Ġalong Ġmay Ġhave Ġbeen Ġ" Ġto Ġkeep Ġthe Ġentire Ġregion Ġof ĠSoutheast ĠAsia Ġbroken Ġand Ġfragmented Ġ. Ġ" ĠIt Ġwould Ġbe Ġanother Ġtwo Ġyears Ġuntil Ġone Ġof ĠNar ath ih ap ate Ġ' s Ġsons Ġ, ĠKy aw sw a Ġ, Ġemerged Ġas Ġking Ġof ĠPagan Ġin ĠMay Ġ12 89 Ġ. ĠBut Ġthe Ġnew Ġ" Ġking Ġ" Ġcontrolled Ġjust Ġa Ġsmall Ġarea Ġaround Ġthe Ġcapital Ġ, Ġand Ġhad Ġno Ġreal Ġarmy Ġ. ĠThe Ġreal Ġpower Ġin Ġcentral ĠBurma Ġnow Ġrested Ġwith Ġthe Ġthree Ġcommander Ġbrothers Ġ. Ġ Ġ ĠThe Ġuneasy Ġarrangement Ġwould Ġpersist Ġuntil Ġ12 97 Ġ. ĠThe ĠMong ols Ġcontinued Ġto Ġoccupy Ġnorthern ĠBurma Ġto ĠTag aun g Ġas Ġthe Ġprovince Ġof ĠZheng m ian Ġ( ĠCheng Ġ@ - @ ĠM ien Ġ) Ġbut Ġended Ġthe Ġfictional Ġcentral ĠBurma Ġprovince Ġof ĠM ian zh ong Ġon Ġ18 ĠAugust Ġ12 90 Ġ. ĠMeanwhile Ġ, Ġthe Ġpower Ġstruggle Ġin Ġcentral ĠBurma Ġcontinued Ġwith Ġthe Ġthree Ġbrothers Ġblatantly Ġconsolid ating Ġsupport Ġ. ĠTo Ġcheck Ġtheir Ġrising Ġpower Ġ, ĠKy aw sw a Ġsubmitted Ġto Ġthe ĠMong ols Ġin ĠJanuary Ġ12 97 Ġ, Ġand Ġwas Ġrecognized Ġby Ġthe ĠYuan Ġemperor ĠTem Ã¼r ĠKhan Ġas ĠKing Ġof ĠPagan Ġon Ġ20 ĠMarch Ġ12 97 Ġ. ĠThe Ġemperor Ġalso Ġgave ĠChinese Ġtitles Ġto Ġthe Ġbrothers Ġas Ġsubordinates Ġof ĠKy aw sw a Ġ. ĠThe Ġbrothers Ġres ented Ġthe Ġnew Ġarrangement Ġas Ġit Ġdirectly Ġreduced Ġtheir Ġpower Ġ. ĠOn Ġ17 ĠDecember Ġ12 97 Ġ, Ġthe Ġthree Ġbrothers Ġoverth rew ĠKy aw sw a Ġ, Ġand Ġfounded Ġthe ĠMy ins a ing ĠKingdom Ġ. ĠThe Ġdet h ron ement Ġforced Ġthe ĠMongol Ġgovernment Ġto Ġintervene Ġagain Ġ, Ġleading Ġto Ġthe Ġsecond ĠMongol Ġinvasion Ġof ĠBurma Ġ( Ġ1300 ĠâĢĵ Ġ01 Ġ) Ġ. ĠThe Ġinvasion Ġfailed Ġ. ĠTwo Ġyears Ġlater Ġ, Ġon Ġ4 ĠApril Ġ130 3 Ġ, Ġthe ĠMong ols Ġabolished Ġthe Ġprovince Ġof ĠZheng m ian Ġ( ĠCheng Ġ@ - @ ĠM ien Ġ) Ġ, Ġevacuated ĠTag aun g Ġ, Ġand Ġreturned Ġto ĠYun nan Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= ĠLegacy Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠThe Ġwar Ġwas Ġone Ġof Ġseveral Ġnear Ġsimultaneous Ġwars Ġwaged Ġby Ġthe ĠMongol ĠEmpire Ġand Ġthe ĠYuan Ġdynasty Ġin Ġthe Ġlate Ġ13 th Ġcentury Ġ. ĠThough Ġit Ġwas Ġnever Ġmore Ġthan Ġa Ġminor Ġfrontier Ġwar Ġto Ġthe ĠMong ols Ġ, Ġthe Ġwar Ġset Ġoff Ġa Ġseries Ġof Ġenduring Ġdevelopments Ġin ĠBurma Ġ. ĠThe Ġinv asions Ġushered Ġin Ġa Ġperiod Ġof Ġpolitical Ġfragmentation Ġ, Ġand Ġthe Ġrise Ġof ĠTai Ġ@ - @ ĠShan Ġstates Ġthroughout Ġmainland ĠSoutheast ĠAsia Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= ĠAge Ġof Ġpolitical Ġfragmentation Ġ= Ġ= Ġ=