 Pagan itself . At least one army consisted of 14 @,@ 000 men of the erstwhile Persian Khwarezmid Empire under the command of Yalu Beg was sent to Yunnan to reinforce the Burma invasion force , which again was made up of Turks and other central Asians . On the Burmese side , the king managed to raise an army although given his low standing with his vassals , he probably could not have raised a large one . By mid @-@ 1283 , a Burmese army led by generals Ananda Pyissi and Yanda Pyissi was deployed at a fort at Ngasaunggyan .   = = Invasion ( 1283 – 85 ) = =   = = = Battle of Ngasaunggyan ( 1283 ) = = =   The invasion began on 22 September 1283 . Prince Sangqudar was the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the invasion force ; his deputies were Vice Governor Taipn , and commander Yagan Tegin . The Mongol armies marched to the border in two columns . One column advanced along the Taping River using over 200 boats ; the other proceeded by land and joined the first column at the Burmese fort at Ngasaunggyan . The Burmese chronicles report an overwhelming number of Mongol forces laying siege to the fort although their numbers are greatly exaggerated . ( The chronicles say that the Burmese army numbered 400 @,@ 000 men while the Mongol army numbered 20 million men and 6 million horses . ) The Burmese withstood the siege for over two months but the fort fell on 3 December 1283 .   = = = Invasion of northern Burma = = =   The defeat at Ngasaunggyan broke the back of Burmese defenses . The Burmese army lost several thousand men as well as senior commanders . Kaungsin , the next fort inline , fell just six days later on 9 December 1283 . The Mongol sources say that the Burmese lost 10 @,@ 000 men at Kaungsin . The Mongol armies pushed farther south into the Irrawaddy valley . They took the ancient Burmese capital of Tagaung , about 380 km north of Pagan on 5 February 1284 . There , the invaders paused their advance . They found the heat of the searing Irrawaddy valley excessive , and evacuated Tagaung , allowing the Burmese to return to Tagaung on 10 May 1284 . But the Mongol army renewed their offensive in the following dry season . They retook Tagaung , and defeated another Burmese stand south of Tagaung , probably near Hanlin , on 26 January 1285 , opening the way to Pagan , about 270 km south . After the defeat , the king panicked , and fled to Lower Burma . The evacuation proved premature . The Mongol forces did not advance on Pagan as it was not part of their invasion plan .   The country fell into chaos . In Lower Burma , the king found himself isolated , let alone plan a counterattack . Although his sons ruled the key Lower Burma ports ( Prome , Dala and Bassein ) , the king did not trust any of them , and he and his court settled at Hlegya , west of Prome . Without the full support of his sons , the presence of the king and his small army impressed no one . The governor of Pegu revolted that same year . The king managed to send two small expeditions to Pegu but they both failed . Now , the entire eastern half of Lower Burma ( Pegu and Martaban ) was in open revolt .   = = Peace negotiations ( 1285 – 87 ) = =   = = = Ceasefire = = =   Given his precarious position , Narathihapate decided to buy time , and sue for peace with the Mongols . In November / December 1285 , the king ordered his generals Ananda Pyissi and Maha Bo to enter into ceasefire negotiations . The Mongol commanders at Hanlin , who had organized northern Burma as a protectorate named Zhengmian ( Chinese : 征緬 ; Wade – Giles : Cheng @-@ Mien ) , agreed to a ceasefire but insisted on a full submission . They repeated their 1281 demand that the Burmese king send a formal delegation to the emperor . The two sides had reached a tentative agreement by 3 March 1286 , which calls for a full submission of the Pagan Empire , and central Burma to be organized as the province of Mianzhong ( Chinese : 緬中 ; Wade – Giles : Mien @-@ Chung ) . After a long deliberation , the king agreed to submit but wanted the Mongol troops to withdraw . In June 1286 , he sent an embassy led by Shin Ditha Pamauk , a learned monk , to the emperor 's court .   = = = Treaty of Beijing = = =   In January 1287 , the embassy arrived at Beijing ,
ĠPagan Ġitself Ġ. ĠAt Ġleast Ġone Ġarmy Ġconsisted Ġof Ġ14 Ġ@ , @ Ġ000 Ġmen Ġof Ġthe Ġer st while ĠPersian ĠKh ware z mid ĠEmpire Ġunder Ġthe Ġcommand Ġof ĠY al u ĠBeg Ġwas Ġsent Ġto ĠYun nan Ġto Ġreinforce Ġthe ĠBurma Ġinvasion Ġforce Ġ, Ġwhich Ġagain Ġwas Ġmade Ġup Ġof ĠTurks Ġand Ġother Ġcentral ĠAsians Ġ. ĠOn Ġthe ĠBur m ese Ġside Ġ, Ġthe Ġking Ġmanaged Ġto Ġraise Ġan Ġarmy Ġalthough Ġgiven Ġhis Ġlow Ġstanding Ġwith Ġhis Ġv ass als Ġ, Ġhe Ġprobably Ġcould Ġnot Ġhave Ġraised Ġa Ġlarge Ġone Ġ. ĠBy Ġmid Ġ@ - @ Ġ12 83 Ġ, Ġa ĠBur m ese Ġarmy Ġled Ġby Ġgenerals ĠAn anda ĠPy iss i Ġand ĠY anda ĠPy iss i Ġwas Ġdeployed Ġat Ġa Ġfort Ġat ĠN gas aun gg yan Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= ĠInvasion Ġ( Ġ12 83 ĠâĢĵ Ġ85 Ġ) Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= ĠBattle Ġof ĠN gas aun gg yan Ġ( Ġ12 83 Ġ) Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠThe Ġinvasion Ġbegan Ġon Ġ22 ĠSeptember Ġ12 83 Ġ. ĠPrince ĠSang qu dar Ġwas Ġthe Ġcommander Ġ@ - @ Ġin Ġ@ - @ Ġchief Ġof Ġthe Ġinvasion Ġforce Ġ; Ġhis Ġdeputies Ġwere ĠVice ĠGovernor ĠTa ip n Ġ, Ġand Ġcommander ĠY agan ĠTeg in Ġ. ĠThe ĠMongol Ġarmies Ġmarched Ġto Ġthe Ġborder Ġin Ġtwo Ġcolumns Ġ. ĠOne Ġcolumn Ġadvanced Ġalong Ġthe ĠT aping ĠRiver Ġusing Ġover Ġ200 Ġboats Ġ; Ġthe Ġother Ġproceeded Ġby Ġland Ġand Ġjoined Ġthe Ġfirst Ġcolumn Ġat Ġthe ĠBur m ese Ġfort Ġat ĠN gas aun gg yan Ġ. ĠThe ĠBur m ese Ġchron icles Ġreport Ġan Ġoverwhelming Ġnumber Ġof ĠMongol Ġforces Ġlaying Ġsiege Ġto Ġthe Ġfort Ġalthough Ġtheir Ġnumbers Ġare Ġgreatly Ġexaggerated Ġ. Ġ( ĠThe Ġchron icles Ġsay Ġthat Ġthe ĠBur m ese Ġarmy Ġnumbered Ġ400 Ġ@ , @ Ġ000 Ġmen Ġwhile Ġthe ĠMongol Ġarmy Ġnumbered Ġ20 Ġmillion Ġmen Ġand Ġ6 Ġmillion Ġhorses Ġ. Ġ) ĠThe ĠBur m ese Ġwith stood Ġthe Ġsiege Ġfor Ġover Ġtwo Ġmonths Ġbut Ġthe Ġfort Ġfell Ġon Ġ3 ĠDecember Ġ12 83 Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= ĠInvasion Ġof Ġnorthern ĠBurma Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠThe Ġdefeat Ġat ĠN gas aun gg yan Ġbroke Ġthe Ġback Ġof ĠBur m ese Ġdefenses Ġ. ĠThe ĠBur m ese Ġarmy Ġlost Ġseveral Ġthousand Ġmen Ġas Ġwell Ġas Ġsenior Ġcommanders Ġ. ĠK aun gs in Ġ, Ġthe Ġnext Ġfort Ġinline Ġ, Ġfell Ġjust Ġsix Ġdays Ġlater Ġon Ġ9 ĠDecember Ġ12 83 Ġ. ĠThe ĠMongol Ġsources Ġsay Ġthat Ġthe ĠBur m ese Ġlost Ġ10 Ġ@ , @ Ġ000 Ġmen Ġat ĠK aun gs in Ġ. ĠThe ĠMongol Ġarmies Ġpushed Ġfarther Ġsouth Ġinto Ġthe ĠIr raw addy Ġvalley Ġ. ĠThey Ġtook Ġthe Ġancient ĠBur m ese Ġcapital Ġof ĠTag aun g Ġ, Ġabout Ġ380 Ġkm Ġnorth Ġof ĠPagan Ġon Ġ5 ĠFebruary Ġ12 84 Ġ. ĠThere Ġ, Ġthe Ġinvaders Ġpaused Ġtheir Ġadvance Ġ. ĠThey Ġfound Ġthe Ġheat Ġof Ġthe Ġse aring ĠIr raw addy Ġvalley Ġexcessive Ġ, Ġand Ġevacuated ĠTag aun g Ġ, Ġallowing Ġthe ĠBur m ese Ġto Ġreturn Ġto ĠTag aun g Ġon Ġ10 ĠMay Ġ12 84 Ġ. ĠBut Ġthe ĠMongol Ġarmy Ġrenewed Ġtheir Ġoffensive Ġin Ġthe Ġfollowing Ġdry Ġseason Ġ. ĠThey Ġret ook ĠTag aun g Ġ, Ġand Ġdefeated Ġanother ĠBur m ese Ġstand Ġsouth Ġof ĠTag aun g Ġ, Ġprobably Ġnear ĠHan lin Ġ, Ġon Ġ26 ĠJanuary Ġ12 85 Ġ, Ġopening Ġthe Ġway Ġto ĠPagan Ġ, Ġabout Ġ270 Ġkm Ġsouth Ġ. ĠAfter Ġthe Ġdefeat Ġ, Ġthe Ġking Ġpanicked Ġ, Ġand Ġfled Ġto ĠLower ĠBurma Ġ. ĠThe Ġevacuation Ġproved Ġpremature Ġ. ĠThe ĠMongol Ġforces Ġdid Ġnot Ġadvance Ġon ĠPagan Ġas Ġit Ġwas Ġnot Ġpart Ġof Ġtheir Ġinvasion Ġplan Ġ. Ġ Ġ ĠThe Ġcountry Ġfell Ġinto Ġchaos Ġ. ĠIn ĠLower ĠBurma Ġ, Ġthe Ġking Ġfound Ġhimself Ġisolated Ġ, Ġlet Ġalone Ġplan Ġa Ġcounter attack Ġ. ĠAlthough Ġhis Ġsons Ġruled Ġthe Ġkey ĠLower ĠBurma Ġports Ġ( ĠP rome Ġ, ĠD ala Ġand ĠBas sein Ġ) Ġ, Ġthe Ġking Ġdid Ġnot Ġtrust Ġany Ġof Ġthem Ġ, Ġand Ġhe Ġand Ġhis Ġcourt Ġsettled Ġat ĠH le gy a Ġ, Ġwest Ġof ĠP rome Ġ. ĠWithout Ġthe Ġfull Ġsupport Ġof Ġhis Ġsons Ġ, Ġthe Ġpresence Ġof Ġthe Ġking Ġand Ġhis Ġsmall Ġarmy Ġimpressed Ġno Ġone Ġ. ĠThe Ġgovernor Ġof ĠP egu Ġrevol ted Ġthat Ġsame Ġyear Ġ. ĠThe Ġking Ġmanaged Ġto Ġsend Ġtwo Ġsmall Ġexped itions Ġto ĠP egu Ġbut Ġthey Ġboth Ġfailed Ġ. ĠNow Ġ, Ġthe Ġentire Ġeastern Ġhalf Ġof ĠLower ĠBurma Ġ( ĠP egu Ġand ĠMart aban Ġ) Ġwas Ġin Ġopen Ġrevolt Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= ĠPeace Ġnegotiations Ġ( Ġ12 85 ĠâĢĵ Ġ87 Ġ) Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= ĠCe ase fire Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠGiven Ġhis Ġprecarious Ġposition Ġ, ĠNar ath ih ap ate Ġdecided Ġto Ġbuy Ġtime Ġ, Ġand Ġsue Ġfor Ġpeace Ġwith Ġthe ĠMong ols Ġ. ĠIn ĠNovember Ġ/ ĠDecember Ġ12 85 Ġ, Ġthe Ġking Ġordered Ġhis Ġgenerals ĠAn anda ĠPy iss i Ġand ĠMah a ĠBo Ġto Ġenter Ġinto Ġceasefire Ġnegotiations Ġ. ĠThe ĠMongol Ġcommanders Ġat ĠHan lin Ġ, Ġwho Ġhad Ġorganized Ġnorthern ĠBurma Ġas Ġa Ġprotect orate Ġnamed ĠZheng m ian Ġ( ĠChinese Ġ: Ġå ¾ ģ ç· ¬ Ġ; ĠWade ĠâĢĵ ĠGiles Ġ: ĠCheng Ġ@ - @ ĠM ien Ġ) Ġ, Ġagreed Ġto Ġa Ġceasefire Ġbut Ġinsisted Ġon Ġa Ġfull Ġsubmission Ġ. ĠThey Ġrepeated Ġtheir Ġ12 81 Ġdemand Ġthat Ġthe ĠBur m ese Ġking Ġsend Ġa Ġformal Ġdelegation Ġto Ġthe Ġemperor Ġ. ĠThe Ġtwo Ġsides Ġhad Ġreached Ġa Ġtentative Ġagreement Ġby Ġ3 ĠMarch Ġ12 86 Ġ, Ġwhich Ġcalls Ġfor Ġa Ġfull Ġsubmission Ġof Ġthe ĠPagan ĠEmpire Ġ, Ġand Ġcentral ĠBurma Ġto Ġbe Ġorganized Ġas Ġthe Ġprovince Ġof ĠM ian zh ong Ġ( ĠChinese Ġ: Ġç · ¬ ä¸Ń Ġ; ĠWade ĠâĢĵ ĠGiles Ġ: ĠM ien Ġ@ - @ ĠChung Ġ) Ġ. ĠAfter Ġa Ġlong Ġdeliber ation Ġ, Ġthe Ġking Ġagreed Ġto Ġsubmit Ġbut Ġwanted Ġthe ĠMongol Ġtroops Ġto Ġwithdraw Ġ. ĠIn ĠJune Ġ12 86 Ġ, Ġhe Ġsent Ġan Ġembassy Ġled Ġby ĠShin ĠD ith a ĠPam au k Ġ, Ġa Ġlearned Ġmonk Ġ, Ġto Ġthe Ġemperor Ġ' s Ġcourt Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= ĠTreaty Ġof ĠBeijing Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠIn ĠJanuary Ġ12 87 Ġ, Ġthe Ġembassy Ġarrived Ġat ĠBeijing Ġ,