 day that was headed Eva Gauthier ’ s Program Sets Whole Town Buzzing : Many People Are of Two Minds Regarding Jazz Numbers – Some Reluctantly Admit That They Like Them – Others Keep Silent or Condemn Them . The review divides the audience and critics into various camps : those who openly enjoyed and applauded the performance ; those who openly disliked and condemned it ; those unsure how to react to a performance they liked but felt was inappropriate ; and those who liked the performance but would not show approval for fear of looking foolish or uncultured .   = = Archival materials = =   Éva Gauthier papers , 1899 @-@ 1960 Music Division , The New York Public Library .   = Battle of Sullivan 's Island =   The Battle of Sullivan 's Island or the Battle of Fort Sullivan was fought on June 28 , 1776 , during the American Revolutionary War . It took place near Charleston , South Carolina , during the first British attempt to capture the city from American rebels . It is also sometimes referred to as the First Siege of Charleston , owing to a more successful British siege in 1780 .   The British organized an expedition in early 1776 for operations in the rebellious southern colonies of North America . Delayed by logistical concerns and bad weather , the expedition reached the coast of North Carolina in May 1776 . Finding conditions unsuitable for their operations , General Henry Clinton and Admiral Sir Peter Parker decided instead to act against Charleston . Arriving there in early June , troops were landed on Long Island , near Sullivan 's Island where Colonel William Moultrie commanded a partially constructed fort , in preparation for a naval bombardment and land assault . General Charles Lee , commanding the southern Continental theater of the war , would provide supervision .   The land assault was frustrated when the channel between the two islands was found to be too deep to wade , and the American defenses prevented an amphibious landing . The naval bombardment had little effect due to the sandy soil and the spongy nature of the fort 's palmetto log construction . Careful fire by the defenders wrought significant damage on the British fleet , which withdrew after an entire day 's bombardment . The British withdrew their expedition force to New York , and did not return to South Carolina until 1780 .   = = Background = =   When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775 , the city of Charleston in the colony of South Carolina was a center of commerce in southern North America . The city 's citizens joined other colonists in opposing the British parliament 's attempts to tax them , and militia recruitment increased when word arrived of the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord . Throughout 1775 and into 1776 , militia recruits arrived in the city from the colony 's backcountry , the city 's manufacturers and tradesmen began producing war materiel , and defensive fortifications began to take shape around the city .   = = = British operations = = =   British army forces in North America were primarily tied up with the Siege of Boston in 1775 . Seeking bases of operations where they had more control , the British planned an expedition to the southern colonies . Major General Henry Clinton , then in Boston , was to travel to Cape Fear , North Carolina , where he would join with largely Scottish Loyalists raised in the North Carolina backcountry , and a force of 2 @,@ 000 men from Ireland under the command of Major General Charles Cornwallis .   The plan was beset by difficulties from the start . The Irish expedition , originally supposed to depart at the beginning of December 1775 , was delayed by logistical difficulties , and its 2 @,@ 500 troops did not depart until February 13 , 1776 , escorted by 11 warships under the command of Admiral Sir Peter Parker . Clinton left Boston on January 20 with two companies of light infantry , and first stopped at New York City to confer with William Tryon , New York 's royal governor . Major General Charles Lee , sent by Major General George Washington to see to the defense of New York , coincidentally arrived there the same day as Clinton . New York was at that time extremely tense ; Patriot forces were beginning to disarm and evict Loyalists , and the British fleet anchored there was having difficulty acquiring provisions . Despite this , Clinton made no secret that his final target was in the south . Lee observed that this was " certainly a droll way of proceeding ; to communicate his full plan to the enemy is too novel to be credited . " This was not even the first notice of the expedition to the colonists ; a letter intercepted in December had already provided intelligence that the British were planning to go to the South .   Clinton arrived at Cape Fear on March 12 , expecting to find the European convoy already there . He met with the royal governors of North and South Carolina , Josiah Martin and William Campbell , and learned that the recruited Scottish Loyalists had been defeated at Moore 's Creek Bridge two weeks earlier . Clinton also received pleas for assistance from the royal governor of Georgia , James Wright , who had been arrested , and then escaped to
Ġday Ġthat Ġwas Ġheaded ĠEva ĠGa uth ier ĠâĢ Ļ Ġs ĠProgram ĠSets ĠWhole ĠTown ĠBuzz ing Ġ: ĠMany ĠPeople ĠAre Ġof ĠTwo ĠMind s ĠRegarding ĠJazz ĠNumbers ĠâĢĵ ĠSome ĠRel uct antly ĠAd mit ĠThat ĠThey ĠLike ĠThem ĠâĢĵ ĠOthers ĠKeep ĠSilent Ġor ĠCond emn ĠThem Ġ. ĠThe Ġreview Ġdivides Ġthe Ġaudience Ġand Ġcritics Ġinto Ġvarious Ġcamps Ġ: Ġthose Ġwho Ġopenly Ġenjoyed Ġand Ġapplauded Ġthe Ġperformance Ġ; Ġthose Ġwho Ġopenly Ġdisliked Ġand Ġcondemned Ġit Ġ; Ġthose Ġunsure Ġhow Ġto Ġreact Ġto Ġa Ġperformance Ġthey Ġliked Ġbut Ġfelt Ġwas Ġinappropriate Ġ; Ġand Ġthose Ġwho Ġliked Ġthe Ġperformance Ġbut Ġwould Ġnot Ġshow Ġapproval Ġfor Ġfear Ġof Ġlooking Ġfoolish Ġor Ġunc ult ured Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= ĠArch ival Ġmaterials Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠÃī va ĠGa uth ier Ġpapers Ġ, Ġ1899 Ġ@ - @ Ġ1960 ĠMusic ĠDivision Ġ, ĠThe ĠNew ĠYork ĠPublic ĠLibrary Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= ĠBattle Ġof ĠSullivan Ġ' s ĠIsland Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠThe ĠBattle Ġof ĠSullivan Ġ' s ĠIsland Ġor Ġthe ĠBattle Ġof ĠFort ĠSullivan Ġwas Ġfought Ġon ĠJune Ġ28 Ġ, Ġ17 76 Ġ, Ġduring Ġthe ĠAmerican ĠRevolutionary ĠWar Ġ. ĠIt Ġtook Ġplace Ġnear ĠCharleston Ġ, ĠSouth ĠCarolina Ġ, Ġduring Ġthe Ġfirst ĠBritish Ġattempt Ġto Ġcapture Ġthe Ġcity Ġfrom ĠAmerican Ġrebels Ġ. ĠIt Ġis Ġalso Ġsometimes Ġreferred Ġto Ġas Ġthe ĠFirst ĠSiege Ġof ĠCharleston Ġ, Ġowing Ġto Ġa Ġmore Ġsuccessful ĠBritish Ġsiege Ġin Ġ17 80 Ġ. Ġ Ġ ĠThe ĠBritish Ġorganized Ġan Ġexpedition Ġin Ġearly Ġ17 76 Ġfor Ġoperations Ġin Ġthe Ġrebellious Ġsouthern Ġcolonies Ġof ĠNorth ĠAmerica Ġ. ĠDel ayed Ġby Ġlogistical Ġconcerns Ġand Ġbad Ġweather Ġ, Ġthe Ġexpedition Ġreached Ġthe Ġcoast Ġof ĠNorth ĠCarolina Ġin ĠMay Ġ17 76 Ġ. ĠFinding Ġconditions Ġunsu itable Ġfor Ġtheir Ġoperations Ġ, ĠGeneral ĠHenry ĠClinton Ġand ĠAdmiral ĠSir ĠPeter ĠParker Ġdecided Ġinstead Ġto Ġact Ġagainst ĠCharleston Ġ. ĠArri ving Ġthere Ġin Ġearly ĠJune Ġ, Ġtroops Ġwere Ġlanded Ġon ĠLong ĠIsland Ġ, Ġnear ĠSullivan Ġ' s ĠIsland Ġwhere ĠColonel ĠWilliam ĠM oult rie Ġcommanded Ġa Ġpartially Ġconstructed Ġfort Ġ, Ġin Ġpreparation Ġfor Ġa Ġnaval Ġbombardment Ġand Ġland Ġassault Ġ. ĠGeneral ĠCharles ĠLee Ġ, Ġcommanding Ġthe Ġsouthern ĠContinental Ġtheater Ġof Ġthe Ġwar Ġ, Ġwould Ġprovide Ġsupervision Ġ. Ġ Ġ ĠThe Ġland Ġassault Ġwas Ġfrustrated Ġwhen Ġthe Ġchannel Ġbetween Ġthe Ġtwo Ġislands Ġwas Ġfound Ġto Ġbe Ġtoo Ġdeep Ġto Ġw ade Ġ, Ġand Ġthe ĠAmerican Ġdefenses Ġprevented Ġan Ġamphib ious Ġlanding Ġ. ĠThe Ġnaval Ġbombardment Ġhad Ġlittle Ġeffect Ġdue Ġto Ġthe Ġsandy Ġsoil Ġand Ġthe Ġsp ong y Ġnature Ġof Ġthe Ġfort Ġ' s Ġpal met to Ġlog Ġconstruction Ġ. ĠCare ful Ġfire Ġby Ġthe Ġdefenders Ġwrought Ġsignificant Ġdamage Ġon Ġthe ĠBritish Ġfleet Ġ, Ġwhich Ġwithdrew Ġafter Ġan Ġentire Ġday Ġ' s Ġbombardment Ġ. ĠThe ĠBritish Ġwithdrew Ġtheir Ġexpedition Ġforce Ġto ĠNew ĠYork Ġ, Ġand Ġdid Ġnot Ġreturn Ġto ĠSouth ĠCarolina Ġuntil Ġ17 80 Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= ĠBackground Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠWhen Ġthe ĠAmerican ĠRevolutionary ĠWar Ġbroke Ġout Ġin Ġ17 75 Ġ, Ġthe Ġcity Ġof ĠCharleston Ġin Ġthe Ġcolony Ġof ĠSouth ĠCarolina Ġwas Ġa Ġcenter Ġof Ġcommerce Ġin Ġsouthern ĠNorth ĠAmerica Ġ. ĠThe Ġcity Ġ' s Ġcitizens Ġjoined Ġother Ġcolonists Ġin Ġopposing Ġthe ĠBritish Ġparliament Ġ' s Ġattempts Ġto Ġtax Ġthem Ġ, Ġand Ġmilitia Ġrecruitment Ġincreased Ġwhen Ġword Ġarrived Ġof Ġthe ĠApril Ġ17 75 ĠBattles Ġof ĠLexington Ġand ĠConcord Ġ. ĠThroughout Ġ17 75 Ġand Ġinto Ġ17 76 Ġ, Ġmilitia Ġrecruits Ġarrived Ġin Ġthe Ġcity Ġfrom Ġthe Ġcolony Ġ' s Ġback country Ġ, Ġthe Ġcity Ġ' s Ġmanufacturers Ġand Ġtrades men Ġbegan Ġproducing Ġwar Ġmater iel Ġ, Ġand Ġdefensive Ġfort ifications Ġbegan Ġto Ġtake Ġshape Ġaround Ġthe Ġcity Ġ. Ġ Ġ Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= ĠBritish Ġoperations Ġ= Ġ= Ġ= Ġ Ġ ĠBritish Ġarmy Ġforces Ġin ĠNorth ĠAmerica Ġwere Ġprimarily Ġtied Ġup Ġwith Ġthe ĠSiege Ġof ĠBoston Ġin Ġ17 75 Ġ. ĠSeeking Ġbases Ġof Ġoperations Ġwhere Ġthey Ġhad Ġmore Ġcontrol Ġ, Ġthe ĠBritish Ġplanned Ġan Ġexpedition Ġto Ġthe Ġsouthern Ġcolonies Ġ. ĠMajor ĠGeneral ĠHenry ĠClinton Ġ, Ġthen Ġin ĠBoston Ġ, Ġwas Ġto Ġtravel Ġto ĠCape ĠFear Ġ, ĠNorth ĠCarolina Ġ, Ġwhere Ġhe Ġwould Ġjoin Ġwith Ġlargely ĠScottish ĠLoyal ists Ġraised Ġin Ġthe ĠNorth ĠCarolina Ġback country Ġ, Ġand Ġa Ġforce Ġof Ġ2 Ġ@ , @ Ġ000 Ġmen Ġfrom ĠIreland Ġunder Ġthe Ġcommand Ġof ĠMajor ĠGeneral ĠCharles ĠCornwall is Ġ. Ġ Ġ ĠThe Ġplan Ġwas Ġbes et Ġby Ġdifficulties Ġfrom Ġthe Ġstart Ġ. ĠThe ĠIrish Ġexpedition Ġ, Ġoriginally Ġsupposed Ġto Ġdepart Ġat Ġthe Ġbeginning Ġof ĠDecember Ġ17 75 Ġ, Ġwas Ġdelayed Ġby Ġlogistical Ġdifficulties Ġ, Ġand Ġits Ġ2 Ġ@ , @ Ġ500 Ġtroops Ġdid Ġnot Ġdepart Ġuntil ĠFebruary Ġ13 Ġ, Ġ17 76 Ġ, Ġescorted Ġby Ġ11 Ġwarships Ġunder Ġthe Ġcommand Ġof ĠAdmiral ĠSir ĠPeter ĠParker Ġ. ĠClinton Ġleft ĠBoston Ġon ĠJanuary Ġ20 Ġwith Ġtwo Ġcompanies Ġof Ġlight Ġinfantry Ġ, Ġand Ġfirst Ġstopped Ġat ĠNew ĠYork ĠCity Ġto Ġconfer Ġwith ĠWilliam ĠTry on Ġ, ĠNew ĠYork Ġ' s Ġroyal Ġgovernor Ġ. ĠMajor ĠGeneral ĠCharles ĠLee Ġ, Ġsent Ġby ĠMajor ĠGeneral ĠGeorge ĠWashington Ġto Ġsee Ġto Ġthe Ġdefense Ġof ĠNew ĠYork Ġ, Ġcoinc identally Ġarrived Ġthere Ġthe Ġsame Ġday Ġas ĠClinton Ġ. ĠNew ĠYork Ġwas Ġat Ġthat Ġtime Ġextremely Ġtense Ġ; ĠPatriot Ġforces Ġwere Ġbeginning Ġto Ġdisarm Ġand Ġevict ĠLoyal ists Ġ, Ġand Ġthe ĠBritish Ġfleet Ġanchored Ġthere Ġwas Ġhaving Ġdifficulty Ġacquiring Ġprovisions Ġ. ĠDespite Ġthis Ġ, ĠClinton Ġmade Ġno Ġsecret Ġthat Ġhis Ġfinal Ġtarget Ġwas Ġin Ġthe Ġsouth Ġ. ĠLee Ġobserved Ġthat Ġthis Ġwas Ġ" Ġcertainly Ġa Ġd roll Ġway Ġof Ġproceeding Ġ; Ġto Ġcommunicate Ġhis Ġfull Ġplan Ġto Ġthe Ġenemy Ġis Ġtoo Ġnovel Ġto Ġbe Ġcredited Ġ. Ġ" ĠThis Ġwas Ġnot Ġeven Ġthe Ġfirst Ġnotice Ġof Ġthe Ġexpedition Ġto Ġthe Ġcolonists Ġ; Ġa Ġletter Ġintercepted Ġin ĠDecember Ġhad Ġalready Ġprovided Ġintelligence Ġthat Ġthe ĠBritish Ġwere Ġplanning Ġto Ġgo Ġto Ġthe ĠSouth Ġ. Ġ Ġ ĠClinton Ġarrived Ġat ĠCape ĠFear Ġon ĠMarch Ġ12 Ġ, Ġexpecting Ġto Ġfind Ġthe ĠEuropean Ġconvoy Ġalready Ġthere Ġ. ĠHe Ġmet Ġwith Ġthe Ġroyal Ġgovernors Ġof ĠNorth Ġand ĠSouth ĠCarolina Ġ, ĠJos iah ĠMartin Ġand ĠWilliam ĠCampbell Ġ, Ġand Ġlearned Ġthat Ġthe Ġrecruited ĠScottish ĠLoyal ists Ġhad Ġbeen Ġdefeated Ġat ĠMoore Ġ' s ĠCreek ĠBridge Ġtwo Ġweeks Ġearlier Ġ. ĠClinton Ġalso Ġreceived Ġpleas Ġfor Ġassistance Ġfrom Ġthe Ġroyal Ġgovernor Ġof ĠGeorgia Ġ, ĠJames ĠWright Ġ, Ġwho Ġhad Ġbeen Ġarrested Ġ, Ġand Ġthen Ġescaped Ġto