Athermodynamic Alignment in the Two-Dimensional Enstrophy Cascade
  We study inertial-range statistics in the direct enstrophy cascade of two-dimensional turbulence via a numerical simulation of the forced Navier-Stokes equation. In particular, we obtain the distribution of the enstrophy flux and of the angle of alignment of the large-scale vorticity gradient with the small-scale vorticity transport vector. These distributions are surprisingly symmetrical and ``athermodynamic'', not explainable by a local eddy-viscosity approximation with coefficient of either positive or negative sign. By a systematic evaluation of the role of various triadic interactions, we can trace the origin of the strong symmetry to the dominance of infrared non-local triads in the enstrophy cascade. 
Xin Wang, Shiyi Chen, Robert E. Ecke, Gregory L. Eyink