A statistical-mechanical approach to CDMA multiuser detection:   propagating beliefs in a densely connected graph
  The task of CDMA multiuser detection is to simultaneously estimate binary symbols of $K$ synchronous users from the received $N$ base-band CDMA signals. Mathematically, this can be formulated as an inference problem on a complete bipartite graph. In the research on graphically represented statistical models, it is known that the belief propagation (BP) can exactly perform the inference in a polynomial time scale of the system size when the graph is free from cycles in spite that the necessary computation for general graphs exponentially explodes in the worst case. In addition, recent several researches revealed that the BP can also serve as an excellent approximation algorithm even if the graph has cycles as far as they are relatively long. However, as there exit many short cycles in a complete bipartite graph, one might suspect that the BP would not provide a good performance when employed for the multiuser detection.   The purpose of this paper is to make an objection to such suspicion. More specifically, we will show that appropriate employment of the central limit theorem and the law of large numbers to BP, which is one of the standard techniques in statistical mechanics, makes it possible to develop a novel multiuser detection algorithm the convergence property of which is considerably better than that of the conventional multistage detection without increasing the computational cost significantly. Furthermore, we will also provide a scheme to analyse the dynamics of the proposed algorithm, which can be naturally linked to the equilibrium analysis recently presented by Tanaka. 
Yoshiyuki Kabashima