An analysis of reading out the state of a charge quantum bit
  We provide a unified picture for the master equation approach and the quantum trajectory approach to a measurement problem of a two-state quantum system (a qubit), an electron coherently tunneling between two coupled quantum dots (CQD's) measured by a low transparency point contact (PC) detector. We show that the master equation of ``partially'' reduced density matrix can be derived from the quantum trajectory equation (stochastic master equation) by simply taking a ``partial'' average over the all possible outcomes of the measurement. If a full ensemble average is taken, the traditional (unconditional) master equation of reduced density matrix is then obtained. This unified picture, in terms of averaging over (tracing out) different amount of detection records (detector states), for these seemingly different approaches reported in the literature is particularly easy to understand using our formalism. To further demonstrate this connection, we analyze an important ensemble quantity for an initial qubit state readout experiment, $P(N,t)$, the probability distribution of finding $N$ electrons that have tunneled through the PC barrier in time $t$. The simulation results of $P(N,t)$ using 10000 quantum trajectories and corresponding measurement records are, as expected, in very good agreement with those obtained from the Fourier analysis of the ``partially'' reduced density matrix. However, the quantum trajectory approach provides more information and more physical insights into the ensemble and time averaged quantity $P(N,t)$. Each quantum trajectory resembles a single history of the qubit state in a single run of the continuous measurement experiment. We finally discuss, in this approach, the possibility of reading out the state of the qubit system in a single-shot experiment. 
Hsi-Sheng Goan