The mass and energy budget of Cassiopeia A
  Further analysis of X-ray spectroscopy results recently obtained from the MOS CCD cameras on-board XMM-Newton provides a detailed description of the hot and cool X-ray emitting plasma in Cas A. Measurement of the Doppler broadening of the X-ray lines is consistent with the expected ion velocities, ~1500 km/s along the line of sight, in the post shock plasma. Assuming a constant total pressure throughout the remnant we estimate the total remnant mass as 10 Msun and the total thermal energy as 7E43 J. We derive the differential mass distribution as a function of ionisation age for both X-ray emitting components. This distribution is consistent with a hot component dominated by swept up mass heated by the primary shock and a cool component which are ablated clumpy ejecta material which were and are still being heated by interaction with the preheated swept up material. We calculate a balanced mass and energy budget for the supernova explosion giving 1E44 J in ejected mass; approximately 0.4 Msun of the ejecta were diffuse with an initial rms velocity of 15000 km/s while the remaining ~1.8 Msun were clumpy with an initial rms velocity of ~2400 km/s. Using the Doppler velocity measurements of the X-ray spectral lines we can project the mass into spherical coordinates about the remnant. This provides quantitative evidence for mass and energy beaming in the supernova explosion. The mass and energy occupy less than 4.5 sr (<40 % of the available solid angle) around the remnant and 64 % of the mass occurs in two jets within 45 degrees of a jet axis. We calculate a swept up mass of 7.9 Msun in the emitting plasma and estimate that the total mass lost from the progenitor prior to the explosion could be as high as ~20 Msun. 
R.Willingale, J.A.M.Bleeker, K.J. van der Heyden, J.S.Kaastra