CMB Observations: improvements of the performance of correlation   radiometers by signal modulation and synchronous detection
  Observation of the fine structures (anisotropies, polarization, spectral distortions) of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is hampered by instabilities, 1/f noise and asymmetries of the radiometers used to carry on the measurements. Addition of modulation and synchronous detection allows to increase the overall stability and the noise rejection of the radiometers used for CMB studies. In this paper we discuss the advantages this technique has when we try to detect CMB polarization. The behaviour of a two channel correlation receiver to which phase modulation and synchronous detection have been added is examined. Practical formulae for evaluating the improvements are presented. 
Daniele Spiga (1), Elia Battistelli (2), Giuliano Boella (1), Massimo   Gervasi (1), Mario Zannoni (1), Giorgio Sironi (1) (...