Metallicity Evolution of Damped Lyman Alpha Systems In Lambda CDM   Cosmology
  Utilizing a new, high mass resolution hydrodynamic simulation we compute the metallicity evolution of damped Lyman alpha systems (DLAs) and find a reasonable agreement with observations. In particular, the observed slow evolution of the DLA metallicity occurs naturally in the simulation due to the combined effects of physical and observational selection. The slow metallicity evolution is caused by the steady transformation, with increasing time, of the highest metallicity systems to "galaxies", thus depleting this category, while all the lower metallicity systems show, individually, an increase in metallicity. Although the trend of DLA metallicity with redshift is in good agreement with observations, it appears that the average metallicity of simulated DLAs is higher than observed by 0.3-0.5 dex in the probed redshift range (z=0-5). Our study indicates that this difference may be attributed to observational selection effects due to dust obscuration. If we allow for a dust obscuration effect, our model reproduces the observed metallicity evolution in both amplitude and slope. We find that DLAs are not a simple population but probe a range of different systems and the mix changes with redshift. About 50% of all metals in the gaseous phase is in DLAs at all times from z=5 to z=1, making a rapid downturn at z\le 1 to ~20% by z=0, as metals are swept into the hotter components of the IGM as well as locked up in stars. While not the primary focus of this study, we find that the model provides good matches to observations with respect to column density distribution and evolution of neutral gas content, if the same dust obscuration is taken into account. We find Omega_{DLA,comp}=(1-3)E-3, depending on the effect of dust obscuration. 
Renyue Cen, Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Jason X. Prochaska and Arthur M.   Wolfe