Adsorbate-induced Surface Stiffening: Surface Lattice Dynamics of   Ru(001)-(1x1)-O
  The dynamical properties of the high-density Ru(001)-(1$\times$1)-O phase has been investigated by a combined high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy and density functional theory study. Due to a strong static outward relaxation of the first Ru layer a soft Rayleigh phonon mode is expected. However, a Rayleigh mode stiffening together with a new high energy in-plane phonon mode above the bulk bands is found which is related to a strong adsorbate-induced intralayer force constant stiffening which counteracts an interlayer softening. This structurally rather simple system with one surface atom per (1$\times$1) unit cell demonstrates the limited applicability of previously adopted models. 
T. Moritz, W. Widdra, D. Menzel, K.-P. Bohnen, and R. Heid