A quantitative model for presynaptic free calcium dynamics during   different stimulation protocols
  The presynaptic free calcium dynamics of neurons due to various stimulation protocols is investigated in a mathematical model. The model includes calcium influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels, calcium buffering by endogenous and exogenous buffers as well as calcium efflux through ATP-driven plasma membrane calcium pumps and sodium/calcium exchangers. We want to support a specific way of modeling which starts on the level of single proteins. Each protein is represented by characteristics that are determined by single protein experiments and that are considered to be widely independent of neuron types. This allows the applications of the model to different classes of neurons and experiments. The procedure is demonstrated for single boutons of pyramidal neurons of the rat neocortex. The corresponding fluorescence measurements of Koester & Sakmann (2000, J. Physiol., 529, 625) are quantitatively reproduced. The model enables us to reconstruct the free calcium dynamics in neurons as it would have been without fluorescence indicators starting from the fluorescence data. We discuss the different calcium responses and find that during high-frequency stimulation an accumulation of free calcium occurs above some threshold stimulation frequency. The threshold frequency depends on the amount of fluorescence indicator used in the experiment. 
Frido Erler, Michael Meyer-Hermann, and Gerhard Soff