Modularity and Extreme Edges of the Internet
  We study the spectral properties of a diffusion process taking place on the Internet network focusing on the slowest decaying modes. These modes allow us to identify an underlying modular structure of the Internet roughly corresponding to individual countries. For instance in the slowest decaying mode the diffusion current flows from Russia towards US military sites. These two regions thus constitute the extreme edges of the Internet. Quantitatively the modular structure of the Internet manifests itself in approximately 10 times larger participation ratio of its slow decaying modes compared to the null model - a random scale-free network. We propose to use the fraction of nodes participating in slow decaying modes as a general measure of the modularity of a network. For the 100 slowest decaying modes of the Internet we measured this fraction to be around 30%. Finally we suggest, that the degree of isolation of an individual module can be assessed by comparing its participation in different diffusion modes. Using the proportionality of response as a criterion we find that the independent module approximation works well for the Internet. 
Kasper Astrup Eriksen, Ingve Simonsen, Sergei Maslov and Kim Sneppen