Families of K3 surfaces over curves satisfying the equality of   Arakelov-Yau's type and modularity
  Let $f:X\to C$ be a family of semistable K3 surfaces with non-empty set $S$ of singular fibres having infinite local monodromy. Then, when the so called Arakelov-Yau inequality reaches equality, we prove that $C\setminus S$ is a modular curve and the family comes essentially from a family of elliptic curves through a so called Nikulin-Kummer construction. In particular, when $C=\BBb P^1$, the family of elliptic curves must be one of Beauville's 6 examples where Arakelov inequality reaches equality. 
Xiaotao Sun, Sheng-Li Tan, Kang Zuo