X-Ray Evidence for Flare Density Variations and Continual Chromospheric   Evaporation in Proxima Centauri
  Using the XMM-Newton X-ray observatory to monitor the nearest star to the Sun, Proxima Centauri, we recorded the weakest X-ray flares on a magnetically active star ever observed. Correlated X-ray and optical variability provide strong support for coronal energy and mass supply by a nearly continuous sequence of rapid explosive energy releases. Variable emission line fluxes were observed in the He-like triplets of OVII and NeIX during a giant flare. They give direct X-ray evidence for density variations, implying densities between 2x10^{10} - 4x10^{11} cm^{-3} and providing estimates of the mass and the volume of the line-emitting plasma. We discuss the data in the context of the chromospheric evaporation scenario. 
Manuel Guedel (PSI, Switz.), Marc Audard (PSI & Columbia Univ),   Stephen L. Skinner (Univ. Colorado), Matthias I. Horvath (...