Efficiency of Mesoscopic Detectors
  We consider a mesoscopic measuring device whose conductance is sensitive to the state of a two-level system. The detector is described with the help of its scattering matrix. Its elements can be used to calculate the relaxation and decoherence time of the system, and determine the characteristic time for a reliable measurement. We derive conditions needed for an efficient ratio of decoherence and measurement time. To illustrate the theory we discuss the distribution function of the efficiency of an ensemble of open chaotic cavities. 
S. Pilgram and M. Buttiker