Contact-Based Architecture for Resource Discovery (CARD) in Large Scale   MANets
  In this paper we propose a novel architecture, CARD, for resource discovery in large scale Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANets) which, may scale up to thousands of nodes and may span wide geographical regions. Unlike previously proposed schemes, our architecture avoids expensive mechanisms such as global flooding as well as complex coordination between nodes to form a hierarchy. CARD is also independent of any external source of information such as GPS. In our architecture nodes within a limited number of hops from each node form the neighborhood of that node. Resources within the neighborhood can be readily accessed with the help of a proactive scheme within the neighborhood. For accessing resources beyond the neighborhood, each node also maintains a few distant nodes called contacts. Contacts help in creating a small world in the network and provide an efficient way to query for resources beyond the neighborhood. As the number of contacts of a node increases, the network view (reachability) of the node increases. Paths to contacts are validated periodically to adapt to mobility. We present mechanisms for contact selection and maintenance that attempt to increase reachability while minimizing overhead. Our simulation results show a clear trade-off between increase in reachability on one hand, and contact selection and maintenance overhead on the other. Our results suggest that CARD can be configured to provide a desirable reachability distribution for different network sizes. Comparisons with other schemes for resource discovery, such as flooding and bordercasting, show our architecture to be much more efficient and scalable. 
Saurabh Garg, Priyatham Pamu, Nitin Nahata, Ahmed Helmy