Systematic Finite-Sampling Inaccuracy in Free Energy Differences and   Other Nonlinear Quantities
  Systematic inaccuracy is inherent in any computational estimate of a non-linear average, such as the free energy difference (Delta-F) between two states or systems, because of the availability of only a finite number of data values, N. In previous work, we outlined the fundamental statistical description of this ``finite-sampling error.'' We now give a more complete presentation of (i) rigorous general bounds on the free energy and other nonlinear averages, which underscore the universality of the phenomenon; (ii) asymptotic N->infinity expansions of the average behavior of the finite-sampling error in Delta-F estimates; (iii) illustrative examples of large-N behavior, both in free-energy and other calculations; and (iv) the universal, large-N relation between the average finite-sampling error and the fluctuation in the error. An explicit role is played by Levy and Gaussian limiting distributions. 
Daniel M. Zuckerman and Thomas B. Woolf