Determining the Genus of a Map by Local Observation of a Simple Random   Process
  Given a graph embedded in an orientable surface, a process consisting of random excitations and random node and face balancing is constructed and analyzed. It is shown that given a priori bounds g' on the genus and n' on the number of nodes, one can determine the genus of the surface from local observations of the process restricted to any connected subgraph which cannot be separated from the rest of the graph by fewer than 16g' nodes. The observation time and the computation time are polynomial in n'^g'.   The process constructs slightly perturbed random ``discrete analytic functions'' on the surface, and the key fact in the analysis is that such a function cannot vanish on a large piece of the surface. 
Itai Benjamini and Laszlo Lovasz