A Proposed Artificial Neural Network Classifier to Identify Tumor   Metastases
  In this paper we propose a classification scheme to isolate truly benign tumors from those that initially start off as benign but subsequently show metastases. A non-parametric artificial neural network methodology has been chosen because of the analytical difficulties associated with extraction of closed-form stochastic-likelihood parameters given the extremely complicated and possibly non-linear behavior of the state variables. 
M. Khoshnevisan, Sukanto Bhattacharya, Florentin Smarandache