The Amplitude of Mass Fluctuations
  We determine the linear amplitude of mass fluctuations in the universe, sigma_8, from the abundance of massive clusters at redshifts z=0.5 to 0.8. The evolution of massive clusters depends exponentially on the amplitude of mass fluctuations and thus provides a powerful measure of this important cosmological parameter. The relatively high abundance of massive clusters observed at z>0.5, and the relatively slow evolution of their abundance with time, suggest a high amplitude of mass fluctuations: sigma_8=0.9 +-10% for Omega_m=0.4, increasing slightly to sigma_8=0.95 for Omega_m=0.25 and sigma_8=1.0 for Omega_m=0.1 (flat CDM models). We use the cluster abundance observed at z=0.5 to 0.8 to derive a normalization relation from the high-redshift clusters, which is only weakly dependent on Omega_m: sigma_8*Omega_m^0.14 = 0.78 +-0.08. When combined with recent constraints from the present-day cluster mass function (sigma_8*Omega_m^0.6=0.33 +-0.03) we find sigma_8=0.98 +-0.1 and Omega_m=0.17 +-0.05. Low sigma_8 values (<0.7) are unlikely; they produce an order of magnitude fewer massive clusters than observed. 
Neta A. Bahcall and Paul Bode (Princeton University)