Spatially Resolved Nonlinearity Measurements of YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-d}$   Bi-crystal Grain Boundaries
  We have developed a near-field microwave microscope to locally excite a superconducting film and measure second and third harmonic responses at microwave frequencies. We study the local nonlinear response of a YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-d}$ thin film grown on a bi-crystal SrTiO$_3$ substrate. The location of the bi-crystal grain boundary is clearly identified by the microscope through higher harmonic response, and the spatial resolution is on the order of the magnetic loop probe size, about 500$\mu m$. The harmonic power and spatial resolution are successfully modeled with a one-dimensional extended Josephson junction simulation. From the model, the 2nd order harmonic response is dominated by Josephson vortex generation and flow. A geometry-free nonlinear scaling current density $J_{NL}\simeq 10^4\sim 10^5 A/cm^2$ is also exstracted from the data, indicating that the grain boundary weak link is the dominant nonlinear source in this case. 
Sheng-Chiang Lee, Steven M. Anlage