High-fidelity quantum logic operations using linear optical elements
  Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn [Nature 409, 46 (2001)] have shown that quantum logic operations can be performed using linear optical elements and additional ancilla photons. Their approach is probabilistic in the sense that the logic devices fail to produce an output with a failure rate that scales as 1/n, where n is the number of ancilla. Here we present an alternative approach in which the logic devices always produce an output with an intrinsic error rate that scales as 1/n^2,which may have several advantages in quantum computing applications. 
J.D. Franson, M.M. Donegan, M.J. Fitch, B.C. Jacobs, and T.B. Pittman