Causality and Sound Speed for General Scalar Field Models, including w <   -1, tachyonic, phantom, k-essence and curvature corrections
  The result from the SN1a projects suggest that the dark energy can be represented by a fluid with w<-1. However, it is commonly argued that a fluid with |w|>1 contradicts causality.   Here, we will show that a fluid with |w|>1 does not contradict causality if $w$ is not constant. Scalar field are the most promising candidates for describing the dark energy and they do not have a constant equation of state parameter w. Scalar potentials may lead to regions where w is larger or smaller than one and even regions where the group velocity $d p/d\rho$ diverges.   We study the evolution of scalar field perturbations and we show that the "sound speed" is always smaller than the speed of light independently of the value of w=p/\rho or d p/d\rho. In general, it is neither the phase velocity nor the group velocity that gives the "sound speed". In the analysis we include the special cases of $|w|>1$, tachyonic, phantom, k-essence scalar fields and curvature corrections. Our results show that scalar fields do not contradict causality as long as there is dispersion. 
Axel de la Macorra and Hector Vucetich