Imaging Local Sources of Intermodulation in Superconducting Microwave   Devices
  This work presents new experimental results on low-temperature (LT) characterization of local rf properties of passive superconducting (SC) microwave devices using a novel Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM). In this technique, a modulated laser beam is focused onto and scanned over the surface of a resonant SC device to probe the spatial distribution of rf current. The highly localized photo-induced change of the kinetic inductance of the SC device produces both a shift of the resonant frequency f_0 and change of the quality factor Q. An image of these changes is recorded as the laser spot is scanned over the device. We present the first measurements of spatially resolved intermodulation response in a High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) co-planar waveguide resonator, opening up a new window into the local origins of nonlinearity in the HTS materials. 
A. P. Zhuravel, A. V. Ustinov, D. Abraimov, and Steven M. Anlage