Can clocks really run backwards?
  In an apparently unexplored region of relativistic spacetime, a simple thought experiment demonstrates that conjoined Lorentz transformations predict a proper clock at rest will run backwards and that prediction violates the logical principle of causality. Shown first in a modification of the standard clock paradox thought experiment, this fault carries over to finite accelerations of the moving observer. After re-examination of the standard clock paradox, a logical fault was also found in the concept of spacetime. A two-dimensional treatment of the Earth orbit predicts that our astronomers should measure proper time on distant variable objects in our own Galaxy as impossibly running backwards on approach-then-recede trajectories. The excellent record of relativity aside, we still have much new physics to learn about our spatially three-dimensional universe. It is suggested that space is not a freely stretching medium but is something that is substantive and is being produced. 
Charles B. Leffert (Wayne State University)