Radiation of Neutron Stars Produced by Superfluid Core
  We find that neutron star interior is transparent for collisionless electron sound, the same way as it is transparent for neutrinos. In the presence of magnetic field the electron sound is coupled with electromagnetic radiation and form the fast magnetosonic wave. We find that electron sound is generated by superfluid vortices in the stellar core. Thermally excited helical vortex waves produce fast magnetosonic waves in the stellar crust which propagate toward the surface and transform into outgoing electromagnetic radiation. The vortex radiation has the spectral index -0.45 and can explain nonthermal radiation of middle-aged pulsars observed in the infrared, optical and hard X-ray bands. The radiation is produced in the stellar interior which allows direct determination of the core temperature. Comparing the theory with available spectra observations we find that the core temperature of the Vela pulsar is T=8*10^8K, while the core temperature of PSR B0656+14 and Geminga exceeds 2*10^8K. This is the first measurement of the temperature of a neutron star core. The temperature estimate rules out equation of states incorporating Bose condensations of pions or kaons and quark matter in these objects. Based on the temperature estimate and cooling models we determine the critical temperature of triplet neutron superfluidity in the Vela core Tc=(7.5\pm 1.5)*10^9K which agrees well with recent data on behavior of nucleon interactions at high energies. Another finding is that in the middle aged neutron stars the vortex radiation, rather then thermal conductivity, is the main mechanism of heat transfer from the stellar core to the surface. Electron sound opens a perspective of direct spectroscopic study of superdense matter in the neutron star interiors. 
Anatoly A. Svidzinsky