from typing import List
from typing import Tuple


def _standardize(item: str, mapping: dict) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
    """Standardizes item from mapping
    
    Args:
        item (str): the item to match
        mapping (dict): the item mapping

    Returns:
        List[Tuple[str, str]]

    """
    if item in mapping:
        return [(item, item)]
    return [(k, v) for k, v in mapping.items()
               if (item in v or
                   item.title() in v or
                   item.lower() in v or
                   item.upper() in k or
                   item.upper() in v)
           ]