def force_repulsive(dist):
  """
  Repulsive force between nodes.

  Parameters
  ----------
  dist : np.ndarray, [N, N, 1]
    Distance between nodes.
  area : int, optional
    Area of the layout space, by default 1

  Returns
  -------
  force_repulsive : np.ndarray, [N, N, 1]
    Repulsive force between nodes.
  """
  k_squared = 1 / dist.shape[0]
  fr = -k_squared / dist
  return fr