def padto(msg, length):
    """Pads 'msg' with zeroes until it's length is divisible by 'length'.
    If the length of msg is already a multiple of 'length', does nothing."""
    L = len(msg)
    if L % length:
        msg += '\x00' * (length - L % length)
    assert len(msg) % length == 0
    return msg