[VM] Reland 'Use quadratic probing in hash_table.h'
[VM] Reland 'Use quadratic probing in hash_table.h'

This was reverted due to https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/issues/31944 which
now looks unrelated. Originally reviewed at
https://dart-review.googlesource.com/c/sdk/+/34760

R=a35dd5b79fac84b2bb3b026a16b8becc55af5961@google.com

Change-Id: I78d54e9081bbeac36d01a843f4d281a076c00748
Reviewed-on: https://dart-review.googlesource.com/36340
Reviewed-by: Martin Kustermann <a35dd5b79fac84b2bb3b026a16b8becc55af5961@google.com>
Commit-Queue: Erik Corry <b520ba1e7f871f909b0b4a9e1cf9a391adc0e954@google.com>

dart-lang/sdk,dartino/dart-sdk,dart-lang/sdk,dart-lang/sdk,dart-archive/dart-sdk,dart-archive/dart-sdk,dartino/dart-sdk,dartino/dart-sdk,dart-lang/sdk,dart-lang/sdk,dart-archive/dart-sdk,dart-lang/sdk,dartino/dart-sdk,dartino/dart-sdk,dart-lang/sdk,dart-archive/dart-sdk,dart-archive/dart-sdk,dart-archive/dart-sdk,dartino/dart-sdk,dart-archive/dart-sdk,dartino/dart-sdk,dart-lang/sdk,dart-archive/dart-sdk,dart-archive/dart-sdk,dartino/dart-sdk,dartino/dart-sdk