assets/xss-filtering: Strip any query parameters from img src attribute
assets/xss-filtering: Strip any query parameters from img src attribute

When attempting to replace a relative image url with the one for getting
the image bytes from the archive content, ensure that query parameters
will be stripped from the image src attribute otherwise the image path
will not be found in the archive.

SoftwareHeritage/swh-web-ui,SoftwareHeritage/swh-web-ui,SoftwareHeritage/swh-web-ui