runtime: move stack scanning into the parallel mark phase
runtime: move stack scanning into the parallel mark phase

This change reduces the cost of the stack scanning by frames.
It moves the stack scanning from the serial root enumeration
phase to the parallel tracing phase.  The output that follows
are timings for the issue 6482 benchmark

Baseline

BenchmarkGoroutineSelect	      50	 108027405 ns/op
BenchmarkGoroutineBlocking	      50	  89573332 ns/op
BenchmarkGoroutineForRange	      20	  95614116 ns/op
BenchmarkGoroutineIdle		      20	 122809512 ns/op


Stack scan by frames, non-parallel

BenchmarkGoroutineSelect	      20	 297138929 ns/op
BenchmarkGoroutineBlocking	      20	 301137599 ns/op
BenchmarkGoroutineForRange	      10	 312499469 ns/op
BenchmarkGoroutineIdle		      10	 209428876 ns/op


Stack scan by frames, parallel

BenchmarkGoroutineSelect	      20	 183938431 ns/op
BenchmarkGoroutineBlocking	      20	 170109999 ns/op
BenchmarkGoroutineForRange	      20	 179628882 ns/op
BenchmarkGoroutineIdle		      20	 157541498 ns/op


The remaining performance disparity is due to inefficiencies
in gentraceback and its callees.  The effect was isolated by
using a parallel stack scan where scanstack was modified to do
a conservative scan of the stack segments without gentraceback
followed by a call of gentrackback with a no-op callback.

The output that follows are the top-10 most frequent tops of
stacks as determined by the Linux perf record facility.

Baseline

+  25.19%  gc.test  gc.test            [.] runtime.xchg
+  19.00%  gc.test  gc.test            [.] scanblock
+   8.53%  gc.test  gc.test            [.] scanstack
+   8.46%  gc.test  gc.test            [.] flushptrbuf
+   5.08%  gc.test  gc.test            [.] procresize
+   3.57%  gc.test  gc.test            [.] runtime.chanrecv
+   2.94%  gc.test  gc.test            [.] dequeue
+   2.74%  gc.test  gc.test            [.] addroots
+   2.25%  gc.test  gc.test            [.] runtime.ready
+   1.33%  gc.test  gc.test            [.] runtime.cas64


Gentraceback

+  18.12%  gc.test  gc.test             [.] runtime.xchg
+  14.68%  gc.test  gc.test             [.] scanblock
+   8.20%  gc.test  gc.test             [.] runtime.gentraceback
+   7.38%  gc.test  gc.test             [.] flushptrbuf
+   6.84%  gc.test  gc.test             [.] scanstack
+   5.92%  gc.test  gc.test             [.] runtime.findfunc
+   3.62%  gc.test  gc.test             [.] procresize
+   3.15%  gc.test  gc.test             [.] readvarint
+   1.92%  gc.test  gc.test             [.] addroots
+   1.87%  gc.test  gc.test             [.] runtime.chanrecv

R=golang-dev, dvyukov, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://codereview.appspot.com/17410043

rdp/rogerpack2005-golang,d0f/go-zh,glycerine/jeaten-go-arrayof-structof,rdp/rogerpack2005-golang,webfd/go-zh,bryanxu/go-zh,sanjosh/sanjos100-tipc,bryanxu/go-zh,sanjosh/sanjos100-tipc,glycerine/jeaten-go-arrayof-structof,sanjosh/sanjos100-tipc,bryanxu/go-zh,webfd/go-zh,bryanxu/go-zh,sanjosh/sanjos100-tipc,glycerine/jeaten-go-arrayof-structof,sanjosh/sanjos100-tipc,d0f/go-zh,rdp/rogerpack2005-golang,d0f/go-zh,bryanxu/go-zh,rdp/rogerpack2005-golang,webfd/go-zh,d0f/go-zh,glycerine/jeaten-go-arrayof-structof,sanjosh/sanjos100-tipc,webfd/go-zh,webfd/go-zh,d0f/go-zh,bryanxu/go-zh,d0f/go-zh,d0f/go-zh,webfd/go-zh,bryanxu/go-zh,bryanxu/go-zh,glycerine/jeaten-go-arrayof-structof,rdp/rogerpack2005-golang,webfd/go-zh,glycerine/jeaten-go-arrayof-structof,rdp/rogerpack2005-golang,glycerine/jeaten-go-arrayof-structof,sanjosh/sanjos100-tipc,sanjosh/sanjos100-tipc,rdp/rogerpack2005-golang,glycerine/jeaten-go-arrayof-structof,webfd/go-zh,d0f/go-zh,rdp/rogerpack2005-golang