Restore stripping of elf binaries in ramdisk
Restore stripping of elf binaries in ramdisk

veritas-shine/minix3-rpi,veritas-shine/minix3-rpi,veritas-shine/minix3-rpi,veritas-shine/minix3-rpi,veritas-shine/minix3-rpi,veritas-shine/minix3-rpi,veritas-shine/minix3-rpi,veritas-shine/minix3-rpi