[backport#17205] ci: Enable address sanitizer (ASan) stack-use-after-return checking
[backport#17205] ci: Enable address sanitizer (ASan) stack-use-after-return checking

Summary:
8d22ab0e503ccaa464cbecd94d1059dbc5a61f4a ci: Enable address sanitizer (ASan) stack-use-after-return checking (practicalswift)

Pull request description:

  Enable address sanitizer (ASan) stack-use-after-return checking (`detect_stack_use_after_return=1`).

  Example:

  ```
  #include <iostream>
  #include <string>

  const std::string& get_string(int i) {
      return std::to_string(i);
  }

  int main() {
      std::cout << get_string(41) << "\n";
  }
  ```

  Without address sanitizer (ASan) stack-use-after-return checking:

  ```
  $ ./stack-use-after-return

  $
  ```

  With address sanitizer (ASan) stack-use-after-return checking:

  ```
  $ ASAN_OPTIONS="detect_stack_use_after_return=1" ./stack-use-after-return
  =================================================================
  ==10400==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: stack-use-after-return on address 0x7f7fa0400030 at pc 0x00000049d2cc bp 0x7ffcbd617070 sp 0x7ffcbd616820
  READ of size 2 at 0x7f7abbecd030 thread T0
      #0 0x439781 in fwrite
      #1 0x7f7ac0504cb3 in std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >& std::__ostream_insert<char, std::char_traits<char> >(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, long) (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6+0x113cb3)
      #2 0x4f9b5f in main stack-use-after-return.cpp:9:15
      #3 0x7f7abf440b96 in __libc_start_main
      #4 0x41bbc9 in _start
  …
  $
  ```

---

Backport of Core [[https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/17205 | PR17205]]

Test Plan:
  cmake -GNinja -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ -DENABLE_SANITIZERS=address
  ninja all check check-functional

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, jasonbcox

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, jasonbcox

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D8756

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