Remove image from edit() mixin as Stylus lib ver of Jeet won't support
Remove image from edit() mixin as Stylus lib ver of Jeet won't support

mojotech/jeet,ccurtin/jeet,nagyistoce/jeet,mojotech/jeet,greyhwndz/jeet,pramodrhegde/jeet,rafaelstz/jeet,travisc5/jeet,jakecleary/jeet,durvalrafael/jeet,macressler/jeet,lucasoneves/jeet