Strip more Docker binaries from DFS image
Strip more Docker binaries from DFS image

gizmotronic/os,ibuildthecloud/os,gizmotronic/os,rancherio/os,rancher/os,juliengk/os,SvenDowideit/os,juliengk/os,ibuildthecloud/os,rancherio/os,rancherio/os,SvenDowideit/os,rancher/os