[validation] Fix peer punishment for bad blocks
[validation] Fix peer punishment for bad blocks

Summary:
> Because the call to MaybePunishNode() in
> PeerLogicValidation::BlockChecked() only previously happened if the
> REJECT code was > 0 and < REJECT_INTERNAL, then there are cases were
> MaybePunishNode() can get called where it wasn't previously:
>
> - when AcceptBlockHeader() fails with CACHED_INVALID.
> - when AcceptBlockHeader() fails with BLOCK_MISSING_PREV.
>
> Note that BlockChecked() cannot fail with an 'internal' reject code. The
> only internal reject code was REJECT_HIGHFEE, which was only set in
> ATMP.
>
> This change restores the behaviour pre-commit
> https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/5d08c9c579ba8cc7b684105c6a08263992b08d52
>  which did punish nodes that
> sent us CACHED_INVALID and BLOCK_MISSING_PREV blocks.

This is a backport of Core [[https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/17004 | PR17004]] [1/5]
Commit https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/17004/commits/a1a07cfe99fc8cee30ba5976dc36b47b1f6532ab

Test Plan: `ninja all check-all`

Reviewers: O1 Bitcoin ABC, #bitcoin_abc, jasonbcox

Reviewed By: O1 Bitcoin ABC, #bitcoin_abc, jasonbcox

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D8181

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