---
license: mit
tags:
- regression
- latency
- triton
- leetcode
- kernel
- text regression
task_categories:
- text-generation
---

# Code-Regression

[Paper](https://huggingface.co/papers/2509.26476) | [GitHub Repository](https://github.com/google-deepmind/regress-lm/tree/main) | [Project Page](https://research.google/blog/simulating-large-systems-with-regression-language-models/)

A unified regression dataset collated from three sources (APPS, KBSS, CDSS) along with our own custom profiling for training and evaluating regression models that map code strings to a target metric. This dataset supports "code-to-metric regression," which involves predicting numeric outcomes of code executions using Regression Language Models (RLM), as described in the linked paper.

**Link for Graph-Regression dataset**: https://huggingface.co/datasets/akhauriyash/GraphArch-Regression

**Link for Base Gemma-Adapted RLM model**: https://huggingface.co/akhauriyash/RLM-GemmaS-Code-v0

## Schema
- **identifier** *(string)*: Source key for the example, e.g. `APPS_0`, `KBSS_1`, `CDSS_42`.
- **space** *(string)*: Logical dataset split/source (`APPS`, `KBSS`, or `CDSS`).
- **input** *(string)*: The input string (`shortest_onnx`).
- **target_metric** *(string)*: Always `val_accuracy`.
- **val_accuracy** *(number | null)*: The regression target.
- **metric_type** *(string)*: Auxiliary metric family for this row:
  - `memory_bytes` for APPS and CDSS
  - `latency_ms` for KBSS
- **metadata** *(string)*: A Python-dict-like string with source-specific information:
  - APPS: `problem_metainformation` cast to string.
  - KBSS: `{'stddev_ms': <value>}`.
  - CDSS: subset of fields `{s_id, p_id, u_id, date, language, original_language, filename_ext, status, cpu_time, memory, code_size}`.

This dataset has 7502559 rows:
  - APPS: 98932
  - CDSS (CodeNets): 7391012
  - KBSS (Triton Kernels): 12615

> Tip: turn `metadata` back into a dict with:
> ```python
> from ast import literal_eval
> meta = literal_eval(row["metadata"])
> ```

## How to load with 🤗 Datasets
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("akhauriyash/Code-Regression")
```

## Sample Usage with `RegressLM`

The `regress_lm` library provides the `RegressLM` class for decoding floating-point predictions from a given input and fine-tuning against new data. Below is an example of how to instantiate `RegressLM` and use it for inference.

```python
from regress_lm import core
from regress_lm import rlm

# Create RegressLM from scratch. Optionally, use `from_t5gemma_encoder`.
reg_lm = rlm.RegressLM.from_scratch(max_input_len=2048)

# Example (x,y) pairs, which can be fine-tuned against.
examples = [core.Example(x='hello', y=0.3), core.Example(x='world', y=-0.3)]
reg_lm.fine_tune(examples)

# Query inputs.
query1, query2 = core.ExampleInput(x='hi'), core.ExampleInput(x='bye')
samples1, samples2 = reg_lm.sample([query1, query2], num_samples=128)
```

## Testing Code-Regression with a basic Gemma RLM model

Use the code below as reference for evaluating a basic RegressLM model ( better, more models to come! :) )

```
import torch
import numpy as np
from datasets import load_dataset
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM
from scipy.stats import spearmanr
from tqdm import tqdm

REPO_ID = "akhauriyash/RLM-GemmaS-Code-v0"
DATASET = "akhauriyash/Code-Regression"
dataset = load_dataset(DATASET, split="train")
tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(REPO_ID, trust_remote_code=True)
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained(REPO_ID, trust_remote_code=True).to(device).eval()
MAX_ITEMS, BATCH_SIZE, spaces, results = 512, 16, ["KBSS", "CDSS", "APPS"], {}
language = None # Specify language for CDSS, e.g. "python"
n_out_tokens = getattr(model.config, "num_tokens_per_obj", 8) * getattr(model.config, "max_num_objs", 1)
n_out_tokens = model.config.num_tokens_per_obj * model.config.max_num_objs

for SPACE in spaces:
    inputs, targets = [], []
    for row in tqdm(dataset, desc=f"Processing {SPACE} till {MAX_ITEMS} items"):
        if row.get("space") == SPACE and "input" in row and "target" in row:
            try:
                lang = eval(row['metadata'])['language'] if SPACE == "CDSS" else None
                if SPACE != "CDSS" or language is None or lang == language:
                    targets.append(float(row["target"]))
                    if SPACE == "CDSS":
                        inputs.append(f"# {SPACE}
# Language: {lang}
{row['input']}")
                    else:
                        inputs.append(f"{SPACE}
{row['input']}")
            except: continue
            if len(inputs) >= MAX_ITEMS: break
    preds = []
    for i in tqdm(range(0, len(inputs), BATCH_SIZE)):
        enc = tok(inputs[i:i+BATCH_SIZE], return_tensors="pt", truncation=True, padding=True, max_length=2048).to(device)
        batch_preds = []
        for _ in range(8):
            out = model.generate(**enc, max_new_tokens=n_out_tokens, min_new_tokens=n_out_tokens, do_sample=True, top_p=0.95, temperature=1.0)
            decoded = [tok.token_ids_to_floats(seq.tolist()) for seq in out]
            decoded = [d[0] if isinstance(d, list) and d else float("nan") for d in decoded]
            batch_preds.append(decoded)
        preds.extend(torch.tensor(batch_preds).median(dim=0).values.tolist())
    spear, _ = spearmanr(np.array(targets), np.array(preds))
    results[SPACE] = spear; print(f"Spearman ρ for {SPACE}: {spear:.3f}")

print("Spearman ρ | KBSS | CDSS | APPS")
print(f"{REPO_ID} | " + " | ".join(f"{results[s]:.3f}" for s in spaces))

```


We got the following results when testing on a random subset of the Code-Regression dataset.

```
Model ID                                 | KBSS  | CDSS  | APPS
akhauriyash/RegressLM-gemma-s-RLM-table3 | 0.527 | 0.787 | 0.926 
```

# Credits

This dataset was collated from several sources, along with our own latency and memory profiling. We thank the authors for their efforts.

APPS:
Hendrycks, D., Basart, S., Kadavath, S., Mazeika, M., Arora, A., Guo, E., Burns, C., Puranik, S., He, H., Song, D., & Steinhardt, J. (2021). Measuring Coding Challenge Competence With APPS. NeurIPS.

CDSS (CodeNet):
Puri, R., Kung, D. S., Janssen, G., Zhang, W., Domeniconi, G., Zolotov, V., Dolby, J., Chen, J., Choudhury, M., Decker, L., & others. (2021). Codenet: A large-scale ai for code dataset for learning a diversity of coding tasks. 

KBSS (KernelBook):
Paliskara, S., & Saroufim, M. (2025). KernelBook. https://huggingface.co/datasets/GPUMODE/KernelBook

## Citations

If you found this dataset useful for your research, please cite the original sources above as well as:

```bibtex
@article{akhauri2025regressionlanguagemodelscode,
      title={Regression Language Models for Code}, 
      author={Yash Akhauri and Xingyou Song and Arissa Wongpanich and Bryan Lewandowski and Mohamed S. Abdelfattah},
      journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.26476},
      year={2025}
}

@article{akhauri2025performance,
  title={Performance Prediction for Large Systems via Text-to-Text Regression},
  author={Akhauri, Yash and Lewandowski, Bryan and Lin, Cheng-Hsi and Reyes, Adrian N and Forbes, Grant C and Wongpanich, Arissa and Yang, Bangding and Abdelfattah, Mohamed S and Perel, Sagi and Song, Xingyou},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.21718},
  year={2025}
}
```