"""Precise framerate calculation function scheduling.

The :py:mod:`~pyglet.clock` module allows you to schedule functions
to run periodically, or for one-shot future execution. pyglet's default
event loop (:py:func:`~pyglet.app.run`) keeps an internal instance of
a :py:class:`~pyglet.clock.Clock`, which is ticked automatically.

..note:: Some internal modules will schedule items on the clock. If you
         are using a custom event loop, always remember to `tick` the clock!

Scheduling
==========

You can schedule a function to be called every time the clock is ticked::

    def callback(dt):
        print(f"{dt} seconds since last callback")

    clock.schedule(callback)

The `schedule_interval` method causes a function to be called every "n"
seconds::

    clock.schedule_interval(callback, 0.5)   # called twice a second

The `schedule_once` method causes a function to be called once "n" seconds
in the future::

    clock.schedule_once(callback, 5)        # called in 5 seconds

All the `schedule` methods will pass on any additional args or keyword args
you specify to the callback function::

    def move(dt, velocity, sprite):
        sprite.position += dt * velocity

    clock.schedule(move, velocity=5.0, sprite=alien)

You can cancel a function scheduled with any of these methods using
`unschedule`::

    clock.unschedule(move)

Using multiple clocks
=====================

The clock functions are all relayed to an instance of
:py:class:`~pyglet.clock.Clock` which is initialised with the module.  You can
get this instance to use directly::

    clk = pyglet.clock.get_default()

You can also replace the default clock with your own:

    myclk = pyglet.clock.Clock()
    pyglet.clock.set_default(myclk)

Each clock maintains its own set of scheduled functions and frequency
measurement.  Each clock must be "ticked" separately.

Multiple and derived clocks potentially allow you to separate "game-time" and
"wall-time", or to synchronise your clock to an audio or video stream instead
of the system clock.
"""

import time as _time

from typing import Callable
from heapq import heappop as _heappop
from heapq import heappush as _heappush
from heapq import heappushpop as _heappushpop
from operator import attrgetter as _attrgetter
from collections import deque as _deque


class _ScheduledItem:
    __slots__ = ['func', 'args', 'kwargs']

    def __init__(self, func, args, kwargs):
        self.func = func
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs


class _ScheduledIntervalItem:
    __slots__ = ['func', 'interval', 'last_ts', 'next_ts', 'args', 'kwargs']

    def __init__(self, func, interval, last_ts, next_ts, args, kwargs):
        self.func = func
        self.interval = interval
        self.last_ts = last_ts
        self.next_ts = next_ts
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs

    def __lt__(self, other):
        try:
            return self.next_ts < other.next_ts
        except AttributeError:
            return self.next_ts < other


class Clock:
    """Class for calculating and limiting framerate.

    It is also used for calling scheduled functions.
    """
    # List of functions to call every tick.
    _schedule_items = None

    # List of schedule interval items kept in sort order.
    _schedule_interval_items = None

    # If True, a sleep(0) is inserted on every tick.
    _force_sleep = False

    def __init__(self, time_function=_time.perf_counter):
        """Initialise a Clock, with optional custom time function.

        You can provide a custom time function to return the elapsed
        time of the application, in seconds. Defaults to time.perf_counter,
        but can be replaced to allow for easy time dilation effects or game
        pausing.
        """
        self.time = time_function
        self.next_ts = self.time()
        self.last_ts = None

        # Used by self.get_frequency to show update frequency
        self.times = _deque()
        self.cumulative_time = 0
        self.window_size = 60

        self._schedule_items = []
        self._schedule_interval_items = []
        self._current_interval_item = None

    @staticmethod
    def sleep(microseconds):
        _time.sleep(microseconds * 1e-6)

    def update_time(self):
        """Get the elapsed time since the last call to `update_time`.

        This updates the clock's internal measure of time and returns
        the difference since the last update (or since the clock was created).

        .. versionadded:: 1.2

        :rtype: float
        :return: The number of seconds since the last `update_time`, or 0
                 if this was the first time it was called.
        """
        ts = self.time()
        if self.last_ts is None:
            delta_t = 0
        else:
            delta_t = ts - self.last_ts
            self.times.appendleft(delta_t)
            if len(self.times) > self.window_size:
                self.cumulative_time -= self.times.pop()
        self.cumulative_time += delta_t
        self.last_ts = ts

        return delta_t

    def call_scheduled_functions(self, dt):
        """Call scheduled functions that elapsed on the last `update_time`.

        .. versionadded:: 1.2

        :Parameters:
            dt : float
                The elapsed time since the last update to pass to each
                scheduled function.  This is *not* used to calculate which
                functions have elapsed.

        :rtype: bool
        :return: True if any functions were called, otherwise False.
        """
        now = self.last_ts
        result = False  # flag indicates if any function was called

        # handle items scheduled for every tick
        if self._schedule_items:
            result = True
            # duplicate list in case event unschedules itself
            for item in list(self._schedule_items):
                item.func(dt, *item.args, **item.kwargs)

        # check the next scheduled item that is not called each tick
        # if it is scheduled in the future, then exit
        interval_items = self._schedule_interval_items
        try:
            if interval_items[0].next_ts > now:
                return result

        # raised when the interval_items list is empty
        except IndexError:
            return result

        # NOTE: there is no special handling required to manage things
        #       that are scheduled during this loop, due to the heap
        self._current_interval_item = item = None
        get_soft_next_ts = self._get_soft_next_ts
        while interval_items:

            # the scheduler will hold onto a reference to an item in
            # case it needs to be rescheduled.  it is more efficient
            # to push and pop the heap at once rather than two operations
            if item is None:
                item = _heappop(interval_items)
            else:
                item = _heappushpop(interval_items, item)

            # a scheduled function may try to unschedule itself,
            # so we need to keep a reference to the current
            # item no longer on heap to be able to check
            self._current_interval_item = item

            # if next item is scheduled in the future then break
            if item.next_ts > now:
                break

            # execute the callback
            try:
                item.func(now - item.last_ts, *item.args, **item.kwargs)
            except ReferenceError:
                pass    # weakly-referenced object no longer exists.

            if item.interval:

                # Try to keep timing regular, even if overslept this time;
                # but don't schedule in the past (which could lead to
                # infinitely-worsening error).
                item.next_ts = item.last_ts + item.interval
                item.last_ts = now

                # test the schedule for the next execution
                if item.next_ts <= now:
                    # the scheduled time of this item has already
                    # passed, so it must be rescheduled
                    if now - item.next_ts < 0.05:
                        # missed execution time by 'reasonable' amount, so
                        # reschedule at normal interval
                        item.next_ts = now + item.interval
                    else:
                        # missed by significant amount, now many events have
                        # likely missed execution. do a soft re-schedule to
                        # avoid lumping many events together.
                        # in this case, the next dt will not be accurate
                        item.next_ts = get_soft_next_ts(now, item.interval)
                        item.last_ts = item.next_ts - item.interval
            else:
                # not an interval, so this item will not be rescheduled
                self._current_interval_item = item = None

        if item is not None:
            _heappush(interval_items, item)

        return True

    def tick(self, poll=False):
        """Signify that one frame has passed.

        This will call any scheduled functions that have elapsed.

        :Parameters:
            `poll` : bool
                If True, the function will call any scheduled functions
                but will not sleep or busy-wait for any reason.  Recommended
                for advanced applications managing their own sleep timers
                only.

                Since pyglet 1.1.

        :rtype: float
        :return: The number of seconds since the last "tick", or 0 if this was
            the first frame.
        """
        if not poll and self._force_sleep:
            self.sleep(0)

        delta_t = self.update_time()
        self.call_scheduled_functions(delta_t)
        return delta_t

    def get_sleep_time(self, sleep_idle):
        """Get the time until the next item is scheduled.

        Applications can choose to continue receiving updates at the
        maximum framerate during idle time (when no functions are scheduled),
        or they can sleep through their idle time and allow the CPU to
        switch to other processes or run in low-power mode.

        If `sleep_idle` is ``True`` the latter behaviour is selected, and
        ``None`` will be returned if there are no scheduled items.

        Otherwise, if `sleep_idle` is ``False``, or if any scheduled items
        exist, a value of 0 is returned.

        :Parameters:
            `sleep_idle` : bool
                If True, the application intends to sleep through its idle
                time; otherwise it will continue ticking at the maximum
                frame rate allowed.

        :rtype: float
        :return: Time until the next scheduled event in seconds, or ``None``
                 if there is no event scheduled.

        .. versionadded:: 1.1
        """
        if self._schedule_items or not sleep_idle:
            return 0.0

        if self._schedule_interval_items:
            return max(self._schedule_interval_items[0].next_ts - self.time(), 0.0)

        return None

    def get_frequency(self):
        """Get the average clock update frequency of recent history.

        The result is the average of a sliding window of the last "n" updates,
        where "n" is some number designed to cover approximately 1 second.
        This is **not** the Window redraw rate.

        :rtype: float
        :return: The measured updates per second.
        """
        if not self.cumulative_time:
            return 0
        return len(self.times) / self.cumulative_time

    def _get_nearest_ts(self):
        """Get the nearest timestamp.

        Schedule from now, unless now is sufficiently close to last_ts, in
        which case use last_ts.  This clusters together scheduled items that
        probably want to be scheduled together.  The old (pre 1.1.1)
        behaviour was to always use self.last_ts, and not look at ts.  The
        new behaviour is needed because clock ticks can now be quite
        irregular, and span several seconds.
        """
        last_ts = self.last_ts or self.next_ts
        ts = self.time()
        if ts - last_ts > 0.2:
            return ts
        return last_ts

    def _get_soft_next_ts(self, last_ts, interval):

        def taken(ts, e):
            """Check if `ts` has already got an item scheduled nearby."""
            # TODO this function is slow and called very often.
            # Optimise it, maybe?
            for item in self._schedule_interval_items:
                if abs(item.next_ts - ts) <= e:
                    return True
                elif item.next_ts > ts + e:
                    return False

            return False

        # sorted list is required to produce expected results
        # taken() will iterate through the heap, expecting it to be sorted
        # and will not always catch the smallest value, so sort here.
        # do not remove the sort key...it is faster than relaying comparisons
        # NOTE: do not rewrite as popping from heap, as that is super slow!
        self._schedule_interval_items.sort(key=_attrgetter('next_ts'))

        # Binary division over interval:
        #
        # 0                          interval
        # |--------------------------|
        #   5  3   6   2   7  4  8   1          Order of search
        #
        # i.e., first scheduled at interval,
        #       then at            interval/2
        #       then at            interval/4
        #       then at            interval*3/4
        #       then at            ...
        #
        # Schedule is hopefully then evenly distributed for any interval,
        # and any number of scheduled functions.

        next_ts = last_ts + interval
        if not taken(next_ts, interval / 4):
            return next_ts

        dt = interval
        divs = 1
        while True:
            next_ts = last_ts
            for i in range(divs - 1):
                next_ts += dt
                if not taken(next_ts, dt / 4):
                    return next_ts
            dt /= 2
            divs *= 2

            # Avoid infinite loop in pathological case
            if divs > 16:
                return next_ts

    def schedule(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
        """Schedule a function to be called every frame.

        The function should have a prototype that includes ``dt`` as the
        first argument, which gives the elapsed time, in seconds, since the
        last clock tick.  Any additional arguments given to this function
        are passed on to the callback::

            def callback(dt, *args, **kwargs):
                pass

        :Parameters:
            `func` : callable
                The function to call each frame.
        """
        item = _ScheduledItem(func, args, kwargs)
        self._schedule_items.append(item)

    def schedule_once(self, func, delay, *args, **kwargs):
        """Schedule a function to be called once after `delay` seconds.

        The callback function prototype is the same as for `schedule`.

        :Parameters:
            `func` : callable
                The function to call when the timer lapses.
            `delay` : float
                The number of seconds to wait before the timer lapses.
        """
        last_ts = self._get_nearest_ts()
        next_ts = last_ts + delay
        item = _ScheduledIntervalItem(func, 0, last_ts, next_ts, args, kwargs)
        _heappush(self._schedule_interval_items, item)

    def schedule_interval(self, func, interval, *args, **kwargs):
        """Schedule a function to be called every `interval` seconds.

        Specifying an interval of 0 prevents the function from being
        called again (see `schedule` to call a function as often as possible).

        The callback function prototype is the same as for `schedule`.

        :Parameters:
            `func` : callable
                The function to call when the timer lapses.
            `interval` : float
                The number of seconds to wait between each call.

        """
        last_ts = self._get_nearest_ts()
        next_ts = last_ts + interval
        item = _ScheduledIntervalItem(func, interval, last_ts, next_ts, args, kwargs)
        _heappush(self._schedule_interval_items, item)

    def schedule_interval_soft(self, func, interval, *args, **kwargs):
        """Schedule a function to be called every ``interval`` seconds.

        This method is similar to `schedule_interval`, except that the
        clock will move the interval out of phase with other scheduled
        functions in order to distribute CPU load more evenly.

        This is useful for functions that need to be called regularly,
        but not relative to the initial start time.  :py:mod:`pyglet.media`
        does this for scheduling audio buffer updates, which need to occur
        regularly -- if all audio updates are scheduled at the same time
        (for example, mixing several tracks of a music score, or playing
        multiple videos back simultaneously), the resulting load on the
        CPU is excessive for those intervals but idle outside.  Using
        the soft interval scheduling, the load is more evenly distributed.

        Soft interval scheduling can also be used as an easy way to schedule
        graphics animations out of phase; for example, multiple flags
        waving in the wind.

        .. versionadded:: 1.1

        :Parameters:
            `func` : callable
                The function to call when the timer lapses.
            `interval` : float
                The number of seconds to wait between each call.

        """
        next_ts = self._get_soft_next_ts(self._get_nearest_ts(), interval)
        last_ts = next_ts - interval
        item = _ScheduledIntervalItem(func, interval, last_ts, next_ts, args, kwargs)
        _heappush(self._schedule_interval_items, item)

    def unschedule(self, func):
        """Remove a function from the schedule.

        If the function appears in the schedule more than once, all occurrences
        are removed.  If the function was not scheduled, no error is raised.

        :Parameters:
            `func` : callable
                The function to remove from the schedule.

        """
        # clever remove item without disturbing the heap:
        # 1. set function to an empty lambda -- original function is not called
        # 2. set interval to 0               -- item will be removed from heap eventually
        valid_items = set(item for item in self._schedule_interval_items if item.func == func)

        if self._current_interval_item:
            if self._current_interval_item.func == func:
                valid_items.add(self._current_interval_item)

        for item in valid_items:
            item.interval = 0
            item.func = lambda x, *args, **kwargs: x

        self._schedule_items = [i for i in self._schedule_items if i.func != func]


# Default clock.
_default = Clock()


def set_default(default) -> None:
    """Set the default clock to use for all module-level functions.

    By default, an instance of :py:class:`~pyglet.clock.Clock` is used.
    """
    global _default
    _default = default


def get_default():
    """Get the pyglet default Clock.

    Return the :py:class:`~pyglet.clock.Clock` instance that is used by all
    module-level clock functions.
    """
    return _default


def tick(poll: bool = False) -> float:
    """Signify that one frame has passed on the default clock.

    This will call any scheduled functions that have elapsed,
    and return the elapsed seconds since the last tick. The
    return value will be 0.0 if this is the first tick.

    :Parameters:
        `poll` : bool
            If True, the function will call any scheduled functions
            but will not sleep or busy-wait for any reason.  Recommended
            for advanced applications managing their own sleep timers
            only.

            Since pyglet 1.1.
    """
    return _default.tick(poll)


def get_sleep_time(sleep_idle: bool) -> float:
    """Get the time until the next item is scheduled on the default clock.

    Returns the time until the next scheduled event in seconds, or
    ``None`` if there is no event scheduled.

    See `Clock.get_sleep_time` for details.

    :Parameters:
        `sleep_idle` : bool
            If True, the application intends to sleep through its idle
            time; otherwise it will continue ticking at the maximum
            frame rate allowed.
    """
    return _default.get_sleep_time(sleep_idle)


def get_frequency() -> float:
    """Get the average clock update frequency.

    The result is the sliding average of the last "n" updates,
    where "n" is some number designed to cover approximately 1
    second. This is the internal clock update rate, **not** the
    Window redraw rate. Platform events, such as moving the
    mouse rapidly, will cause the clock to refresh more often.
    """
    return _default.get_frequency()


def schedule(func: Callable, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
    """Schedule 'func' to be called every frame on the default clock.

    The arguments passed to func are ``dt``, followed by any ``*args`` and
    ``**kwargs`` given here.
    """
    _default.schedule(func, *args, **kwargs)


def schedule_interval(func: Callable, interval: float, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
    """Schedule ``func`` on the default clock every ``interval`` seconds.

    The arguments passed to ``func`` are ``dt`` (time since last function
    call), followed by any ``*args`` and ``**kwargs`` given here.
    """
    _default.schedule_interval(func, interval, *args, **kwargs)


def schedule_interval_soft(func: Callable, interval: float, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
    """Schedule ``func`` on the default clock every interval seconds.

    The clock will move the interval out of phase with other scheduled
    functions in order to distribute CPU load more evenly.

    The arguments passed to ``func`` are ``dt`` (time since last function
    call), followed by any ``*args`` and ``**kwargs`` given here.

    :see: `Clock.schedule_interval_soft`
    """
    _default.schedule_interval_soft(func, interval, *args, **kwargs)


def schedule_once(func: Callable, delay: float, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
    """Schedule ``func`` to be called once after ``delay`` seconds.

    This function uses the default clock. ``delay`` can be a float. The
    arguments passed to ``func`` are ``dt`` (time since last function call),
    followed by any ``*args`` and ``**kwargs`` given here.

    If no default clock is set, the func is queued and will be scheduled
    on the default clock as soon as it is created.
    """
    _default.schedule_once(func, delay, *args, **kwargs)


def unschedule(func: Callable) -> None:
    """Remove ``func`` from the default clock's schedule.

    No error is raised if the ``func`` was never scheduled.
    """
    _default.unschedule(func)
