<p>There are a number of video tutorials at Discovery of Sound in the Sea (dosits.org) that may be helpful, including:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://dosits.org/resources/resource-categories/dosits-videos/#tab-d1dbe147fa1c76d6197" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Science of Sound</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dosits.org/decision-makers/webinar-series/2020-webinar-series/fundamentals/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Fundamentals of Underwater Sound</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dosits.org/decision-makers/webinar-series/webinar-archive-2015-16/webinar-archive-science-of-sound/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Sound Movement &amp; Sound Measurement</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dosits.org/decision-makers/webinar-series/2021-webinar-series/webinar-passive-acoustic/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Passive Acoustic Monitoring Overview: Applications for Marine Mammals &amp; Fishes</a></li>
</ul>
<p>While these resources are focused on the marine environment, many of the fundamental ideas are the same for terrestrial/airborne acoustics (but not necessarily the equations, units of measurement or other details). Beginners might be best served to first learn about sound in their study environment and then learn about other environments (to minimize confusion in beginning).</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-04T06:19:31.050Z
Could you please clarify whether or not these resources would be OK for someone getting started with terrestrial sound? I suggest editing the post to mention that.
Dan Stowell
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-04T14:08:05.313Z
Edited based on my perspective- let me know if you disagree?
Shannon
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-04T14:26:32.533Z
looks good, thanks
Dan Stowell
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-01T00:11:58.260Z
2022-10-13T16:49:40.793Z
2022-10-13T16:49:40.793Z
Shannon
<p>There are some good introductory bioacoustics-focused videos on The Cornell Lab of Ornithology website: <a href="https://www.birds.cornell.edu/ccb/virtual-lab-sound-analysis-principles/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Virtual Lab: Sound Analysis Principles</a>, although it looks like they haven't finished producing all the material.</p>
<p>Short courses, if you have funding for travel and registration, are extremely useful:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://marine.unh.edu/academics/seabass" rel="nofollow noreferrer">BioAcoustic Summer School (SeaBASS)</a> provides funding to attend.</li>
<li>Centre Lyonnais d'Acoustique (Université de Lyon) hosts a <a href="https://www.eneslab.com/bioacoustic-winter-school" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Bioacoustics Winter School</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://biowaves.net/passive-acoustic-technology-training/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">BioWaves</a> had a comprehensive intro to Passive Acoustic Monitoring. Although I don't know if they are still offering the course.</li>
<li>The <a href="https://www.birds.cornell.edu/ccb/sound-analysis-workshop/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a> used to host a Sound Analysis Workshop but it is currently suspended until further notice.</li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-06-30T23:48:59.210Z
2022-10-13T16:51:51.853Z
2022-10-13T16:51:51.853Z
angie_zorka
<p>For software, Tessa Rhinehart has compiled a wonderful spreadsheet of bioacoustic software (on Github <a href="https://github.com/rhine3/bioacoustics-software" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> and downloadable spreadsheet <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Ba1MY4o5Sm1f08IekJcbxAtSjkDN71Z1RZ42kzrofJ0/edit#gid=0" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>) that is a nice high-level overview of the different options and functionalities associated with each. It includes stand-alone software platforms as well as relevant R (e.g., monitoR, warbleR, etc.) &amp; Python (Koogu, OpenSoundscape, etc.) packages.</p>
<p>For passive acoustic monitoring, I have some resources compiled <a href="https://carlybatist.commons.gc.cuny.edu/pam-training/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> from a workshop I recently did on this. Including video of the workshop recording, PDFs of the PPT I used, a 'links to other resources' section, etc. Also have a (non-exhaustive, introductory) list of scientific papers on PAM; if you click the 'by-topic' link the first section is 'general info &amp; reviews', if the students wanted a broad-level overview of the topic.</p>
<p>I second Cornell's <a href="https://www.birds.cornell.edu/ccb/virtual-lab-sound-analysis-principles/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Virtual Lab</a>! During COVID, it replaced the Sound Analysis Workshops they used to do in-person.</p>
<p>WILDLABS has some nice videos from their Tech Tutors &amp; Virtual Meetup series on bioacoustics, such as these:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><a href="https://wildlabs.net/event/wildlabs-virtual-meetup-recording-acoustic-monitoring" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Virtual Meetup Recording: Acoustic Monitoring</a></p>
</li>
<li><p>Carlos Abrahams: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYdgU7SxcuY" rel="nofollow noreferrer">How do I perform automated recordings of bird assemblages?</a></p>
</li>
<li><p>Tessa Rhinehart: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gBaxOsaXPA" rel="nofollow noreferrer">How do I scale up acoustic surveys with Audiomoths and automated processing?</a></p>
</li>
<li><p>Zephyr Gold &amp; Marconi Campos-Cerquiera: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTtvksmK0QI" rel="nofollow noreferrer">How do I use pattern matching analysis to label acoustic data with RFCxArbimon?</a></p>
</li>
<li><p>Jamie Macaulay: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqwy1daloMY" rel="nofollow noreferrer">How do I analyze large acoustic datasets using PAMGuard?</a></p>
</li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-01T11:30:06.660Z
2022-10-13T16:54:47.313Z
2022-10-13T16:54:47.313Z
Carly Batist
<p>This may sound quite silly but the Raven Pro manual is actually really good.</p>
<p><a href="https://ravensoundsoftware.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Raven14UsersManual.pdf" rel="noreferrer">https://ravensoundsoftware.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Raven14UsersManual.pdf</a></p>
<p>Appendix B is a &quot;Biologists Introduction to Spectral Analysis&quot;. It's well written and accessible to folks from a variety of backgrounds.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-05T00:00:33.270Z
2022-07-05T00:00:33.270Z
K.J. Palmer
<p>If you are interested in Marine bioacoustics,</p>
<blockquote>
<p>W.W.L. Au &amp; M.C. Hastings, 2008, &quot;Principles of Marine Bioacoustics&quot;, Springer (<a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-0-387-78365-9" rel="nofollow noreferrer">link</a>)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>covers the combined knowledge of Whitlow Au and Mardi Hastings and really replaces the classic reference &quot;Sonar of Dolphins&quot; by Au.</p>
<p>My own book</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Zimmer, 2011, Passive acoustic monitoring of cetaceans, Cambridge University Press (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977107" rel="nofollow noreferrer">doi</a>)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>tries to combine hands-on MATLAB code with bio-acoustical basics.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-01T22:17:51.567Z
Zimmer 2011 was essential for me at the start of my grad school journey! May be more detailed than would be appropriate for a summer intern, but for a starting masters or PhD student, can't recommend enough.
selene
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-02T09:56:17.790Z
I agree to above comments, but both books can be used to generate material of interest. Also, never underestimate the intellectual capabilities of motivated next-generation bio-acousticians.
WMXZ
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-01T06:03:07.673Z
2022-10-13T16:56:52.523Z
2022-10-13T16:56:52.523Z
WMXZ
<p>A really great intro is the  WWF guide that Ella Browning and others produced.  Available as a free PDF here:</p>
<p><a href="https://www.wwf.org.uk/project/conservationtechnology/acoustic-monitoring" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.wwf.org.uk/project/conservationtechnology/acoustic-monitoring</a></p>
<p>Highly recommended for anyone getting into bioacoustics...!</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-05T12:19:43.320Z
2022-10-13T16:59:57.833Z
2022-10-13T16:59:57.833Z
Carlos Abrahams
<p>The Open Source Book <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-97540-1?fbclid=IwAR1OD0nlqo_e5E_YZzvBg54Ip81HNo_or6ivPq3ju4XWq68sqSV-JV8jStE" rel="noreferrer">&quot;Exploring Animal Behavior through Sound&quot;</a> has chapters on:</p>
<ol>
<li>History of Sound Recording and Analysis Equipment</li>
<li>Choosing Equipment for Animal Bioacoustics Research</li>
<li>Collecting, Documenting, and Archiving Bioacoustical Data and Metadata</li>
<li>Introduction to Acoustic Terminology and Signal Processing</li>
<li>Source-Path-Receiver Model for Airborne Sounds</li>
<li>Introduction to Sound Propagation Under Water</li>
<li>Analysis of Soundscapes as an Ecological Tool</li>
<li>Detection and Classification Methods for Animal Sounds</li>
<li>Fundamental Data Analysis Tools &amp; Concepts for Bioacoustical Research</li>
<li>Behavioral and Physiological Audiometric Methods for Animals</li>
<li>Vibrational and Acoustic Communication in Animals</li>
<li>Echolocation in Bats, Odontocetes, Birds, and Insectivores</li>
<li>The Effects of Noise on Animals</li>
</ol>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-06T18:13:30.033Z
I saw that this book came out and assumed I'd have to pay for it - amazing that it is open access!!
selene
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-06T13:58:58.473Z
2022-10-06T13:58:58.473Z
Shannon
<p>Also Almo Farina and Stuart Gage's book, <a href="https://www.wiley.com/en-au/Ecoacoustics:+The+Ecological+Role+of+Sounds-p-9781119230694" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Ecoacoustics: The ecological role of sounds</a> is a great start.</p>
<p>Many university libraries have it as a PDF.</p>
<p><strong>Reference:</strong></p>
<p>Farina, A., &amp; Gage, S. H. (Eds.). (2017). Ecoacoustics: The ecological role of sounds. John Wiley &amp; Sons.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-06T05:55:37.900Z
2022-10-13T17:01:31.327Z
2022-10-13T17:01:31.327Z
Simon Linke
<p>This &quot;pocket handbook&quot; compiled by Christine Erbe for JASCO is full of useful information about underwater acoustics and marine mammals: <a href="http://oalib.hlsresearch.com/PocketBook%203rd%20ed.pdf" rel="noreferrer">http://oalib.hlsresearch.com/PocketBook%203rd%20ed.pdf</a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-05T21:40:48.483Z
2022-07-05T21:40:48.483Z
Samara H
<p>I would also add:</p>
<ul>
<li>SDU (University of Southern Denmark) hosts a <a href="https://www.sdu.dk/en/forskning/sound-communication-behaviour/education/graduate-course-bioacoustics" rel="noreferrer">2 week course, every 2 years, on bioacoustics</a>. Course is not cheap and you need to apply for a spot. I found it to be super useful and practical (for both in-air and underwater applications). It looks like applications have closed for the course running this August, but keep it in mind for the future.</li>
<li>PAMGuard (free opensource software for passive acoustic monitoring) has several <a href="https://www.pamguard.org/42_UserTutorial.html" rel="noreferrer">freely available tutorials</a>. This is not really for someone who is completely new to bioacoustics, but is helpful from a practical standpoint.</li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-01T13:02:00.560Z
2022-07-01T22:19:19.150Z
2022-07-01T22:19:19.150Z
Chloe
<p>I think it is important to mention R Murray Shafer's <a href="https://books.google.co.nz/books/about/The_Tuning_of_the_World.html?id=SIufAAAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Tuning of the World</a>. This text coined &quot;the soundscape&quot;.</p>
<p>Almo Farina's <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-007-7374-5" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Soundscape Ecology</a> is a more biological introduction to the field.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-07-03T20:14:58.740Z
2022-07-10T22:17:16.230Z
2022-07-10T22:17:16.230Z
Louise Wilson
<p>We have a handful of new students and summer interns starting in the lab who have never worked with acoustics before. Of course, it falls on their supervisor to introduce them to bioacoustics. However, there are currently no complementary “intro to bio/acoustics” classes at the University I currently work at. And in the interest of time (especially for summer interns who are only here for a short while), I’d love to provide them with some additional resources.</p>
<p>Because of its interdisciplinary nature, there are many aspects of bioacoustics from theory and general principles (e.g., digital signal processing, propagation modeling, wave tracing, localization), to data collection (e.g., types of passive acoustic monitoring, instrumentation), programming and software (e.g., Audacity, Triton, Raven, Ishmael, XBAT, etc.), and the biological aspects (e.g., sound production, sound reception, types and purposes of sounds).</p>
<p>Not that they can quickly learn everything, but I want to make sure that when they are handed data to analyze, they have a good idea of how it was collected, what they are doing, and why. For example, you can show someone how to open a wav file and draw boxes around a signal, but it doesn’t mean they understand the bigger picture.</p>
<p>In lieu of a class (which I may now need to create!), are there additional <strong>straightforward</strong> and <strong>practical</strong> resources that will lead students through the pipeline of biology, data collection, signal processing, and analysis, specifically for the field of bioacoustics? (Preferably ones that don’t assume you’re an engineer?)</p>

<resources><education>
Holistic intro to bioacoustics for newbies
# Holistic intro to bioacoustics for newbies

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-06-30)

We have a handful of new students and summer interns starting in the lab who have never worked with acoustics before. Of course, it falls on their supervisor to introduce them to bioacoustics. However, there are currently no complementary “intro to bio/acoustics” classes at the University I currently work at. And in the interest of time (especially for summer interns who are only here for a short while), I’d love to provide them with some additional resources.

Because of its interdisciplinary nature, there are many aspects of bioacoustics from theory and general principles (e.g., digital signal processing, propagation modeling, wave tracing, localization), to data collection (e.g., types of passive acoustic monitoring, instrumentation), programming and software (e.g., Audacity, Triton, Raven, Ishmael, XBAT, etc.), and the biological aspects (e.g., sound production, sound reception, types and purposes of sounds).

Not that they can quickly learn everything, but I want to make sure that when they are handed data to analyze, they have a good idea of how it was collected, what they are doing, and why. For example, you can show someone how to open a wav file and draw boxes around a signal, but it doesn’t mean they understand the bigger picture.

In lieu of a class (which I may now need to create!), are there additional **straightforward** and **practical** resources that will lead students through the pipeline of biology, data collection, signal processing, and analysis, specifically for the field of bioacoustics? (Preferably ones that don’t assume you’re an engineer?)

**Tags:** resources, education


---

## 11 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2022-07-01. Score: 26

There are a number of video tutorials at Discovery of Sound in the Sea (dosits.org) that may be helpful, including:

* [Science of Sound](https://dosits.org/resources/resource-categories/dosits-videos/#tab-d1dbe147fa1c76d6197)
* [Fundamentals of Underwater Sound](https://dosits.org/decision-makers/webinar-series/2020-webinar-series/fundamentals/)
* [Sound Movement & Sound Measurement](https://dosits.org/decision-makers/webinar-series/webinar-archive-2015-16/webinar-archive-science-of-sound/)
* [Passive Acoustic Monitoring Overview: Applications for Marine Mammals & Fishes](https://dosits.org/decision-makers/webinar-series/2021-webinar-series/webinar-passive-acoustic/)

While these resources are focused on the marine environment, many of the fundamental ideas are the same for terrestrial/airborne acoustics (but not necessarily the equations, units of measurement or other details). Beginners might be best served to first learn about sound in their study environment and then learn about other environments (to minimize confusion in beginning).

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: Could you please clarify whether or not these resources would be OK for someone getting started with terrestrial sound? I suggest editing the post to mention that.  
> **username_1**: Edited based on my perspective- let me know if you disagree?  
> **username_2**: looks good, thanks  

---

### Answer by username_0 on 2022-06-30. Score: 24

There are some good introductory bioacoustics-focused videos on The Cornell Lab of Ornithology website: [Virtual Lab: Sound Analysis Principles](https://www.birds.cornell.edu/ccb/virtual-lab-sound-analysis-principles/), although it looks like they haven't finished producing all the material.

Short courses, if you have funding for travel and registration, are extremely useful:

* [BioAcoustic Summer School (SeaBASS)](https://marine.unh.edu/academics/seabass) provides funding to attend.
* Centre Lyonnais d'Acoustique (Université de Lyon) hosts a [Bioacoustics Winter School](https://www.eneslab.com/bioacoustic-winter-school).
* [BioWaves](https://biowaves.net/passive-acoustic-technology-training/) had a comprehensive intro to Passive Acoustic Monitoring. Although I don't know if they are still offering the course.
* The [Cornell Lab of Ornithology](https://www.birds.cornell.edu/ccb/sound-analysis-workshop/) used to host a Sound Analysis Workshop but it is currently suspended until further notice.


---

### Answer by username_3 on 2022-07-01. Score: 19

For software, Tessa Rhinehart has compiled a wonderful spreadsheet of bioacoustic software (on Github [here](https://github.com/rhine3/bioacoustics-software) and downloadable spreadsheet [here](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Ba1MY4o5Sm1f08IekJcbxAtSjkDN71Z1RZ42kzrofJ0/edit#gid=0)) that is a nice high-level overview of the different options and functionalities associated with each. It includes stand-alone software platforms as well as relevant R (e.g., monitoR, warbleR, etc.) & Python (Koogu, OpenSoundscape, etc.) packages.

For passive acoustic monitoring, I have some resources compiled [here](https://username_3.commons.gc.cuny.edu/pam-training/) from a workshop I recently did on this. Including video of the workshop recording, PDFs of the PPT I used, a 'links to other resources' section, etc. Also have a (non-exhaustive, introductory) list of scientific papers on PAM; if you click the 'by-topic' link the first section is 'general info & reviews', if the students wanted a broad-level overview of the topic.

I second Cornell's [Virtual Lab](https://www.birds.cornell.edu/ccb/virtual-lab-sound-analysis-principles/)! During COVID, it replaced the Sound Analysis Workshops they used to do in-person.

WILDLABS has some nice videos from their Tech Tutors & Virtual Meetup series on bioacoustics, such as these:

* [Virtual Meetup Recording: Acoustic Monitoring](https://wildlabs.net/event/wildlabs-virtual-meetup-recording-acoustic-monitoring)
* username_7 username_7: [How do I perform automated recordings of bird assemblages?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYdgU7SxcuY)
* Tessa Rhinehart: [How do I scale up acoustic surveys with Audiomoths and automated processing?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gBaxOsaXPA)
* Zephyr Gold & Marconi Campos-Cerquiera: [How do I use pattern matching analysis to label acoustic data with RFCxArbimon?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTtvksmK0QI)
* Jamie Macaulay: [How do I analyze large acoustic datasets using PAMGuard?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqwy1daloMY)


---

### Answer by username_4 on 2022-07-05. Score: 13

This may sound quite silly but the Raven Pro manual is actually really good.

<https://ravensoundsoftware.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Raven14UsersManual.pdf>

Appendix B is a "Biologists Introduction to Spectral Analysis". It's well written and accessible to folks from a variety of backgrounds.


---

### Answer by username_5 on 2022-07-01. Score: 12

If you are interested in Marine bioacoustics,

> W.W.L. Au & M.C. Hastings, 2008, "Principles of Marine Bioacoustics", Springer ([link](https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-0-387-78365-9))

covers the combined knowledge of Whitlow Au and Mardi Hastings and really replaces the classic reference "Sonar of Dolphins" by Au.

My own book

> Zimmer, 2011, Passive acoustic monitoring of cetaceans, Cambridge University Press ([doi](https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977107))

tries to combine hands-on MATLAB code with bio-acoustical basics.

> **Comments:**
> **username_6**: Zimmer 2011 was essential for me at the start of my grad school journey! May be more detailed than would be appropriate for a summer intern, but for a starting masters or PhD student, can't recommend enough.  
> **username_5**: I agree to above comments, but both books can be used to generate material of interest. Also, never underestimate the intellectual capabilities of motivated next-generation bio-acousticians.  

---

### Answer by username_7 on 2022-07-05. Score: 9

A really great intro is the WWF guide that Ella Browning and others produced. Available as a free PDF here:

<https://www.wwf.org.uk/project/conservationtechnology/acoustic-monitoring>

Highly recommended for anyone getting into bioacoustics...!


---

### Answer by username_1 on 2022-10-06. Score: 8

The Open Source Book ["Exploring Animal Behavior through Sound"](https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-97540-1?fbclid=IwAR1OD0nlqo_e5E_YZzvBg54Ip81HNo_or6ivPq3ju4XWq68sqSV-JV8jStE) has chapters on:

1. History of Sound Recording and Analysis Equipment
2. Choosing Equipment for Animal Bioacoustics Research
3. Collecting, Documenting, and Archiving Bioacoustical Data and Metadata
4. Introduction to Acoustic Terminology and Signal Processing
5. Source-Path-Receiver Model for Airborne Sounds
6. Introduction to Sound Propagation Under Water
7. Analysis of Soundscapes as an Ecological Tool
8. Detection and Classification Methods for Animal Sounds
9. Fundamental Data Analysis Tools & Concepts for Bioacoustical Research
10. Behavioral and Physiological Audiometric Methods for Animals
11. Vibrational and Acoustic Communication in Animals
12. Echolocation in Bats, Odontocetes, Birds, and Insectivores
13. The Effects of Noise on Animals

> **Comments:**
> **username_6**: I saw that this book came out and assumed I'd have to pay for it - amazing that it is open access!!  

---

### Answer by username_8 on 2022-07-06. Score: 7

Also Almo Farina and Stuart Gage's book, [Ecoacoustics: The ecological role of sounds](https://www.wiley.com/en-au/Ecoacoustics:+The+Ecological+Role+of+Sounds-p-9781119230694) is a great start.

Many university libraries have it as a PDF.

**Reference:**

Farina, A., & Gage, S. H. (Eds.). (2017). Ecoacoustics: The ecological role of sounds. John Wiley & Sons.


---

### Answer by username_9 on 2022-07-05. Score: 7

This "pocket handbook" compiled by Christine Erbe for JASCO is full of useful information about underwater acoustics and marine mammals: <http://oalib.hlsresearch.com/PocketBook%203rd%20ed.pdf>


---

### Answer by username_10 on 2022-07-01. Score: 6

I would also add:

* SDU (University of Southern Denmark) hosts a [2 week course, every 2 years, on bioacoustics](https://www.sdu.dk/en/forskning/sound-communication-behaviour/education/graduate-course-bioacoustics). Course is not cheap and you need to apply for a spot. I found it to be super useful and practical (for both in-air and underwater applications). It looks like applications have closed for the course running this August, but keep it in mind for the future.
* PAMGuard (free opensource software for passive acoustic monitoring) has several [freely available tutorials](https://www.pamguard.org/42_UserTutorial.html). This is not really for someone who is completely new to bioacoustics, but is helpful from a practical standpoint.


---

### Answer by username_11 on 2022-07-03. Score: 4

I think it is important to mention R Murray Shafer's [Tuning of the World](https://books.google.co.nz/books/about/The_Tuning_of_the_World.html?id=SIufAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y). This text coined "the soundscape".

Almo Farina's [Soundscape Ecology](https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-007-7374-5) is a more biological introduction to the field.


---

