Evidence from 13C NMR for protonation of carbamyl-P and N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate in the active site of aspartate transcarbamylase.
Nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to study the binding of [13C]carbamyl-P (90% enriched) to the catalytic subunit of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase. Upon forming a binary complex, there is a small change in the chemical shift of the carbonyl carbon resonance, 2 Hz upfield at pH 7.0, indicating that the environments of the carbonyl group in the active site and in water are similar. When succinate, an analog of L-aspartate, is added to form a ternary complex, there is a large downfield change in the chemical shift for carbamyl-P, consistent with interaction between the carbonyl group and a proton donor of the enzyme. The change might also be caused by a ring current froma nearby aromatic amino acid residue. From the pH dependence of this downfield change and from the effects of L-aspartate analogs other than succinate, the form of the enzyme involved is proposed to be an isomerized ternary complex, previously observed in temperature jump and proton NMR studies. The downfield change to chemical shift for carbamyl-P bound to the isomerized complex is 17.7 +/- 1.0 Hz. Using this value, the relative ability of other four-carbon dicarboxylic acids to form isomerized ternary complexes with the enzyme and carbamyl-P has been evaluated quantitatively. The 13C peak for the transition state analog N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), 90% enriched specifically at the amide carbonyl group, is shifted 20 Hz downfield of the peak for free PALA upon binding to the catalytic subunit at pH 7.0. In contrast, the peak for [1-13C] phosphonaceatmide shifts upfield by about 6 Hz upon binding. Since PALA induces isomerization of the enzyme and phosphonacetamide does not, these data provide further evidence consistent with protonation of the carbonyl group only upon isomerization. The degrees of protonation is strong acids of the carbonyl groups of PALA, phosphonacetamide and urethan (a model for the labile carbamyl-P) have been determined, as have the chemical shifts for these compounds upon full protonation. From these data it is calculated that the amide carbonyl groups of carbamyl-P and PALA might be protonated to a maximum of about 20% in the isomerized complexes at pH 7.0. The change in conformation of the enzyme-carbamyl-P complex upon binding L-aspartate, previously proposed to aid catalysis by compressing the two substrates together in the active site, may be accompanied by polarization of the C=O bond, making this ordinarily unreactive group a much better electrophile. A keto analog of PALA, 4,5-dicarboxy-2-ketopentyl phosphonate, also binds tightly to the catalytic subunit and induces a very similar conformational change, whereas an alcohol analog, 4,5-dicarboxy-2-hydroxypentyl phosphonate, does not bind tightly, indicating the critical importance of an unhindered carbonyl group with trigonal geometry.
Evidence from 13C NMR for protonation of carbamyl-P and N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate in the active site of aspartate transcarbamylase. Nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to study the binding of [13C]carbamyl-P (90% enriched) to the catalytic subunit of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase. Upon forming a binary complex, there is a small change in the chemical shift of the carbonyl carbon resonance, 2 Hz upfield at pH 7.0, indicating that the environments of the carbonyl group in the active site and in water are similar. When succinate, an analog of L-aspartate, is added to form a ternary complex, there is a large downfield change in the chemical shift for carbamyl-P, consistent with interaction between the carbonyl group and a proton donor of the enzyme. The change might also be caused by a ring current froma nearby aromatic amino acid residue. From the pH dependence of this downfield change and from the effects of L-aspartate analogs other than succinate, the form of the enzyme involved is proposed to be an isomerized ternary complex, previously observed in temperature jump and proton NMR studies. The downfield change to chemical shift for carbamyl-P bound to the isomerized complex is 17.7 +/- 1.0 Hz. Using this value, the relative ability of other four-carbon dicarboxylic acids to form isomerized ternary complexes with the enzyme and carbamyl-P has been evaluated quantitatively. The 13C peak for the transition state analog N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), 90% enriched specifically at the amide carbonyl group, is shifted 20 Hz downfield of the peak for free PALA upon binding to the catalytic subunit at pH 7.0. In contrast, the peak for [1-13C] phosphonaceatmide shifts upfield by about 6 Hz upon binding. Since PALA induces isomerization of the enzyme and phosphonacetamide does not, these data provide further evidence consistent with protonation of the carbonyl group only upon isomerization. The degrees of protonation is strong acids of the carbonyl groups of PALA, phosphonacetamide and urethan (a model for the labile carbamyl-P) have been determined, as have the chemical shifts for these compounds upon full protonation. From these data it is calculated that the amide carbonyl groups of carbamyl-P and PALA might be protonated to a maximum of about 20% in the isomerized complexes at pH 7.0. The change in conformation of the enzyme-carbamyl-P complex upon binding L-aspartate, previously proposed to aid catalysis by compressing the two substrates together in the active site, may be accompanied by polarization of the C=O bond, making this ordinarily unreactive group a much better electrophile. A keto analog of PALA, 4,5-dicarboxy-2-ketopentyl phosphonate, also binds tightly to the catalytic subunit and induces a very similar conformational change, whereas an alcohol analog, 4,5-dicarboxy-2-hydroxypentyl phosphonate, does not bind tightly, indicating the critical importance of an unhindered carbonyl group with trigonal geometry.