E . Increasing volumes of 35S - radiolabelled recombinant Myc - C9orf72L protein were incubated with equal amounts of GST - Rab1a immobilized on glutathione - coated beads in an equilibrium binding experiment . 8 µl of 35S - radiolabelled recombinant Myc - C9orf72L protein was incubated with GST as a negative control . Bound 35S - radiolabelled Myc - C9orf72L protein was visualized by phosphoimager . Coomassie stained GST - Rab1a and GST in the pull down samples are shown . Densitometry analysis of the amount of 35S - radiolabelled recombinant Myc - C9orf72L protein bound to GST - Rab1a in the different binding reactions was used to fit an equilibrium binding hyperbola ( R2 = 0 . 94 ) .

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E. Increasing volumes of 35S-radiolabelled recombinant Myc-C9orf72L protein were incubated with equal amounts of GST-Rab1a immobilized on glutathione-coated beads in an equilibrium binding experiment. 8 µl of 35S-radiolabelled recombinant Myc-C9orf72L protein was incubated with GST as a negative control. Bound 35S-radiolabelled Myc-C9orf72L protein was visualized by phosphoimager. Coomassie stained GST-Rab1a and GST in the pull down samples are shown. Densitometry analysis of the amount of 35S-radiolabelled recombinant Myc-C9orf72L protein bound to GST-Rab1a in the different binding reactions was used to fit an equilibrium binding hyperbola (R2=0.94).


A . HEK293 cells treated with non - targeting ( Ctrl ) or C9orf72 siRNA were transfected with HA - ULK1 , Myc - Rab1a or HA - ULK1 + Myc - Rab1a as indicated . Transfections were laced with mVenus to enable identification of transfected cells for analysis ( green ) . Transfected cells were probed with anti - HA and anti - Myc antibodies and processed for PLA . PLA proximity signals ( red ) per cell were determined from 3 independent experiments ( Mean ± SEM ; one - way ANOVA with Fisher ' s LSD test , * * * * P ≤ 0 . 0001 ) ; N ( cells ) = Ctrl / HA - ULK1 : 125 , Ctrl / Myc - Rab1a : 149 , Ctrl / HA - ULK1 + Myc - Rab1a : 163 , C9orf72 / HA - ULK1 : 136 , C9orf72 / Myc - Rab1a : 133 , C9orf72 / HA - ULK1 + Myc - Rab1a : 155 ) . Scale bar = 20µm .

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A. HEK293 cells treated with non-targeting (Ctrl) or C9orf72 siRNA were transfected with HA-ULK1, Myc-Rab1a or HA-ULK1+Myc-Rab1a as indicated. Transfections were laced with mVenus to enable identification of transfected cells for analysis (green). Transfected cells were probed with anti-HA and anti-Myc antibodies and processed for PLA. PLA proximity signals (red) per cell were determined from 3 independent experiments (Mean ± SEM; one-way ANOVA with Fisher's LSD test, **** P ≤ 0.0001); N (cells) = Ctrl/HA-ULK1: 125, Ctrl/Myc-Rab1a: 149, Ctrl/HA-ULK1+Myc-Rab1a: 163, C9orf72/HA-ULK1: 136, C9orf72/Myc-Rab1a: 133, C9orf72/HA-ULK1+Myc-Rab1a: 155). Scale bar = 20µm.


B . HeLa cells treated with non - targeting ( Ctrl ) or C9orf72 siRNA were co - transfected with mCherry - FIP200 ( red ) and empty vector ( EV ) or Myc - Rab1a ( Q70L ) ( green ) . Translocation of the ULK1 complex was quantified as the number of mCherry - FIP200 positive puncta per cell from 4 independent experiments ( Mean ± SEM ; one - way ANOVA with Fisher ' s LSD test , * P ≤ 0 . 05 , * * * * P ≤ 0 . 0001 ) ; N ( cells ) = Ctrl / EV : 101 ; Ctrl / Q70L : 106 ; C9orf72 / Q70L : 42 . C9orf72 knockdown was determined by RT - qPCR ( Appendix Fig S2 ) . Scale bar = 10 µm .

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B. HeLa cells treated with non-targeting (Ctrl) or C9orf72 siRNA were co-transfected with mCherry-FIP200 (red) and empty vector (EV) or Myc-Rab1a(Q70L) (green). Translocation of the ULK1 complex was quantified as the number of mCherry-FIP200 positive puncta per cell from 4 independent experiments (Mean ± SEM; one-way ANOVA with Fisher's LSD test, * P ≤ 0.05, **** P ≤ 0.0001); N (cells) = Ctrl/EV: 101; Ctrl/Q70L: 106; C9orf72/Q70L: 42. C9orf72 knockdown was determined by RT-qPCR (Appendix Fig S2). Scale bar = 10 µm.


C . HeLa cells treated with non - targeting ( Ctrl ) or C9orf72 siRNA were co - transfected with EGFP - LC3 ( green ) and empty vector ( EV ) or Myc - Rab1a ( Q70L ) ( red ) . Autophagosomes were quantified as the number of EGFP - LC3 positive puncta per cell ( Mean ± SEM ; one - way ANOVA with Fisher ' s LSD test , * * P ≤ 0 . 01 , * * * * P ≤ 0 . 0001 ) ; N ( cells ) = Ctrl / EV : 44 ; Ctrl / Q70L : 32 ; C9orf72 / Q70L : 47 . C9orf72 knockdown was determined by RT - qPCR ( Appendix Fig S2 ) . Scale bar = 10 µm .

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C. HeLa cells treated with non-targeting (Ctrl) or C9orf72 siRNA were co-transfected with EGFP-LC3 (green) and empty vector (EV) or Myc-Rab1a(Q70L) (red). Autophagosomes were quantified as the number of EGFP-LC3 positive puncta per cell (Mean ± SEM; one-way ANOVA with Fisher's LSD test, ** P ≤ 0.01, **** P ≤ 0.0001); N (cells) = Ctrl/EV: 44; Ctrl/Q70L: 32; C9orf72/Q70L: 47. C9orf72 knockdown was determined by RT-qPCR (Appendix Fig S2). Scale bar = 10 µm.


A . HeLa cells treated with non - targeting ( Ctrl ) or C9orf72 siRNA were immunostained for endogenous p62 . Accumulation of p62 was quantified by counting p62 positive puncta per cell from 3 independent experiments ( Mean ± SEM ; unpaired t - test , * * * * P ≤ 0 . 0001 ) ; N ( cells ) = Ctrl : 74 , C9orf72 : 55 ) . C9orf72 knockdown was confirmed by RT - qPCR ( Appendix Fig S2 ) . Scale bar = 10 µm .

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A. HeLa cells treated with non-targeting (Ctrl) or C9orf72 siRNA were immunostained for endogenous p62. Accumulation of p62 was quantified by counting p62 positive puncta per cell from 3 independent experiments (Mean ± SEM; unpaired t-test, **** P ≤ 0.0001); N (cells) = Ctrl: 74, C9orf72: 55). C9orf72 knockdown was confirmed by RT-qPCR (Appendix Fig S2). Scale bar = 10 µm.


B . Primary cortical neurons ( DIV5 ) were transduced with 4TU / cell EmGFP non - targeting control miRNA ( Ctrl ) or C9orf72 miRNA ( green ) ; for rescue experiments the cells were additionally transduced with 4TU / cell mVenus - tagged C9orf72s and C9orf72L ( verified by immunoblot , Appendix Fig S2 ) . Neurons were immunostained for endogenous p62 3 days post transduction . Accumulation of p62 was quantified by counting p62 positive puncta per soma from 2 independent experiments ( Mean ± SEM ; one - way ANOVA with Fisher ' s LSD test , * * P ≤ 0 . 01 ; N ( cells ) = Ctrl miRNA : 80 ; C9orf72 miRNA : 80 ; C9orf72 miRNA + C9orf72L + C9orf72S : 75 ) . Scale bar = 10 µm .

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B. Primary cortical neurons (DIV5) were transduced with 4TU/cell EmGFP non-targeting control miRNA (Ctrl) or C9orf72 miRNA (green); for rescue experiments the cells were additionally transduced with 4TU/cell mVenus-tagged C9orf72s and C9orf72L (verified by immunoblot, Appendix Fig S2). Neurons were immunostained for endogenous p62 3 days post transduction. Accumulation of p62 was quantified by counting p62 positive puncta per soma from 2 independent experiments (Mean ± SEM; one-way ANOVA with Fisher's LSD test, ** P ≤ 0.01; N (cells) = Ctrl miRNA: 80; C9orf72 miRNA: 80; C9orf72 miRNA+C9orf72L+C9orf72S: 75). Scale bar = 10 µm.


A , B . Two C9ALS / FTD iNeuron cultures ( 183 and 201 ) and their matching controls ( 170 and 155 ) were treated with vehicle ( Ctrl ) or bafilomycin A1 ( 100 nM ; 6 h - BafA1 ) and processed for immunoblot detection of LC3 . LC3 - II levels were normalized to α - Tubulin ( Mean ± SEM ; one - way ANOVA with Fisher ' s LSD test ; ns , not significant ; * P ≤ 0 . 05 ; * * P ≤ 0 . 01 ; * * * * P ≤ 0 . 0001 ; Ctrl 209 / Pat 201 , n = 4 ; Ctrl 155 / Pat 183 , n = 6 ) .

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A, B. Two C9ALS/FTD iNeuron cultures (183 and 201) and their matching controls (170 and 155) were treated with vehicle (Ctrl) or bafilomycin A1 (100 nM; 6 h - BafA1) and processed for immunoblot detection of LC3. LC3-II levels were normalized to α-Tubulin (Mean ± SEM; one-way ANOVA with Fisher's LSD test; ns, not significant; * P ≤ 0.05; ** P ≤ 0.01; **** P ≤ 0.0001; Ctrl 209/Pat 201, n=4; Ctrl 155/Pat 183, n=6).


( A ) Wild - type primary B cells were treated with 5 μg / mL of anti - kappa antibody ( a - k chain , top ) or 1 µM LatrunculinA ( LatA , bottom ) . Intracellular calcium flux was measured by flow cytometry in the presence of Src - inhibitor ( PP2 ) , Syk - inhibitor ( BAY 613606 ) or vehicle control .

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(A) Wild-type primary B cells were treated with 5 μg/mL of anti-kappa antibody (a-k chain, top) or 1 µM LatrunculinA (LatA, bottom). Intracellular calcium flux was measured by flow cytometry in the presence of Src-inhibitor (PP2), Syk-inhibitor (BAY 613606) or vehicle control.


( B ) Wild - type primary B cells were treated with vehicle control ( - ) , 5 μg / mL anti - kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time . Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS - PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho - Lyn ( Y507 ) and actin as loading control . The intensity of phosphorylated proteins , normalized to actin , was referred to the respective unstimulated sample , set as 1 .

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(B) Wild-type primary B cells were treated with vehicle control (-), 5 μg/mL anti-kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time. Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho-Lyn (Y507) and actin as loading control. The intensity of phosphorylated proteins, normalized to actin, was referred to the respective unstimulated sample, set as 1.


( C and D ) Wild - type primary B cells were treated with vehicle control ( - ) , 5 µg / mL anti - kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time . Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS - PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho - Syk ( pSyk ) , phospho - CD19 ( pCD19 ) , phospho - Akt ( pAkt ) , phospho - ERK ( pERK ) and total ERK as loading control . The intensity of phosphorylated proteins , normalized to ERK , was referred to the respective unstimulated sample , set as 1 .

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(C and D) Wild-type primary B cells were treated with vehicle control (-), 5 µg/mL anti-kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time. Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho-Syk (pSyk), phospho-CD19 (pCD19), phospho-Akt (pAkt), phospho-ERK (pERK) and total ERK as loading control. The intensity of phosphorylated proteins, normalized to ERK, was referred to the respective unstimulated sample, set as 1.


( E and F ) Wild - type primary B cells were treated with vehicle control ( - ) , 5 µg / mL anti - kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time . Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS - PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho - PLCγ2 ( pPLCγ2 ) and total ERK as loading control . The intensity of phosphorylated proteins , normalized to ERK , was referred to the respective unstimulated sample , set as 1 .

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(E and F) Wild-type primary B cells were treated with vehicle control (-), 5 µg/mL anti-kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time. Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho-PLCγ2 (pPLCγ2) and total ERK as loading control. The intensity of phosphorylated proteins, normalized to ERK, was referred to the respective unstimulated sample, set as 1.


( G and H ) Wild - type primary B cells were treated with vehicle control ( - ) , 5 µg / mL anti - kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time . Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS - PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho - CD22 ( pCD22 ) , phospho - SHP1 ( pSHP1 ) , and CD22 or total ERK as loading controls . The intensity of phosphorylated proteins , normalized to CD22 or ERK , was referred to the respective unstimulated sample , set as 1 .

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(G and H) Wild-type primary B cells were treated with vehicle control (-), 5 µg/mL anti-kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time. Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho-CD22 (pCD22), phospho-SHP1 (pSHP1), and CD22 or total ERK as loading controls. The intensity of phosphorylated proteins, normalized to CD22 or ERK, was referred to the respective unstimulated sample, set as 1.


( I ) Wild - type and Cd22 - / - primary B cells were treated with 5 µg / mL anti - kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA and intracellular calcium flux was measured by flow cytometry .

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(I) Wild-type and Cd22-/- primary B cells were treated with 5 µg/mL anti-kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA and intracellular calcium flux was measured by flow cytometry.


( J ) Wild - type and Cd22Y2 , 5 , 6F primary B cells were treated with 5 µg / mL anti - kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA and intracellular calcium flux was measured by flow cytometry .

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(J) Wild-type and Cd22Y2,5,6F primary B cells were treated with 5 µg/mL anti-kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA and intracellular calcium flux was measured by flow cytometry.


( K and L ) Wild - type , Cd22 - / - and Cd22Y2 , 5 , 6F primary B cells were treated with vehicle control ( - ) or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time . Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS - PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho - CD19 ( pCD19 ) , phospho - Akt ( pAkt ) , phospho - ERK ( pERK ) and actin as loading control . The intensity of phosphorylated proteins , normalized to actin , was referred to the unstimulated sample of the wild type cells , set as 1 .

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(K and L) Wild-type, Cd22-/- and Cd22Y2,5,6F primary B cells were treated with vehicle control (-) or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time. Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho-CD19 (pCD19), phospho-Akt (pAkt), phospho-ERK (pERK) and actin as loading control. The intensity of phosphorylated proteins, normalized to actin, was referred to the unstimulated sample of the wild type cells, set as 1.


( A ) Determining the number and density of CD22 , CD19 , IgM and IgD on the surface of wild - type primary B cells . Cells were stained with PE - conjugated antibody against CD22 ( blue profile ) , CD19 ( red profile ) , IgM ( red profile ) or IgD ( red profile ) and their fluorescence profiles compared to those of standard beads ( grey profiles ) , which each possess a well - defined number of binding sites ( st0 = blank , st1 - st4 = increasing number of binding sites ) against the primary antibody . For IgM , where the range of expression is large , the low and high 25 percentiles were calculated as in Mattila et al . 2013 and shown in brackets . Data are representative of three independent experiments .

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(A) Determining the number and density of CD22, CD19, IgM and IgD on the surface of wild-type primary B cells. Cells were stained with PE-conjugated antibody against CD22 (blue profile), CD19 (red profile), IgM (red profile) or IgD (red profile) and their fluorescence profiles compared to those of standard beads (grey profiles), which each possess a well-defined number of binding sites (st0=blank, st1-st4=increasing number of binding sites) against the primary antibody. For IgM, where the range of expression is large, the low and high 25 percentiles were calculated as in Mattila et al. 2013 and shown in brackets.Data are representative of three independent experiments.


( B - E ) Dual - colour SIM analysis of CD22 , IgM , IgD and CD19 . Wild - type primary B cells were fixed , stained with Atto633 or 488 - conjugated antibody against CD22 , IgM or IgD and Alexa647 - conjugated antibody against CD19 and settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips . Cells were then embedded in agarose , imaged with SIM and analysed . ( B ) SIM images of CD22 , IgM , IgD and CD19 . ( C ) Cross - correlation function . ( D ) Pearson correlation coefficient . ( E ) Cluster size calculated from autocorrelation analysis .

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(B-E) Dual-colour SIM analysis of CD22, IgM, IgD and CD19. Wild-type primary B cells were fixed, stained with Atto633 or 488-conjugated antibody against CD22, IgM or IgD and Alexa647-conjugated antibody against CD19 and settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips. Cells were then embedded in agarose, imaged with SIM and analysed.(B) SIM images of CD22, IgM, IgD and CD19.(C) Cross-correlation function.(D) Pearson correlation coefficient.(E) Cluster size calculated from autocorrelation analysis.


Figure 3 . CD22 is highly clustered on the surface of resting B cells ( A - C ) dSTORM analysis of CD22 , CD19 , IgM and IgD . Wild - type primary B cells were stained with Alexa647 - conjugated antibody against CD22 , Cy5 - conjugated antibody against CD19 or IgD , or Cy5 - conjugated Fab fragments against IgM and settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips . Cells were then fixed , imaged with dSTORM and analysed . ( A ) 2D ( top and middle ) and pseudo 3D ( bottom ) dSTORM images were reconstructed from single molecule localizations . The white dashed square is shown in magnification ( middle ) and pseudo 3D ( bottom ) . ( B and C ) Quantification of the distribution of CD22 , CD19 , IgM and IgD with H function and Hopkins index . Error bars ( Hopkins index ) and thin lines ( H function ) denote mean ± SEM . Data are pooled from at least three experiments per receptor . * P < 0 . 001 , * * P < 0 . 0001 ( Student ' s t - test ) .

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Figure 3. CD22 is highly clustered on the surface of resting B cells(A-C) dSTORM analysis of CD22, CD19, IgM and IgD. Wild-type primary B cells were stained with Alexa647-conjugated antibody against CD22, Cy5-conjugated antibody against CD19 or IgD, or Cy5-conjugated Fab fragments against IgM and settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips. Cells were then fixed, imaged with dSTORM and analysed.(A) 2D (top and middle) and pseudo 3D (bottom) dSTORM images were reconstructed from single molecule localizations. The white dashed square is shown in magnification (middle) and pseudo 3D (bottom).(B and C) Quantification of the distribution of CD22, CD19, IgM and IgD with H function and Hopkins index. Error bars (Hopkins index) and thin lines (H function) denote mean ± SEM. Data are pooled from at least three experiments per receptor.*P < 0.001, **P < 0.0001 (Student's t-test).


( A - C ) Single - particle - tracking of CD22 , CD19 , IgM and IgD . Wild - type primary B cells were stained with Atto633 - conjugated Fab fragments against CD22 , CD19 , IgM and IgD , settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips and imaged . Single particle trajectories were then analysed . ( A ) Trajectories of CD22 showing diffusion of single particles over 6 s . ( B ) Magnified region from ( A ) traces one particle ( current position indicated with white dashed circle , trajectory in red ) over 6 s . ( C ) Diffusion coefficients of 300 representative CD22 , CD19 , IgM and IgD particles . Bars indicate the median . Data are pooled from at least three experiments per receptor . * P < 0 . 0001 ( Student ' s t - test ) .

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(A-C) Single-particle-tracking of CD22, CD19, IgM and IgD. Wild-type primary B cells were stained with Atto633-conjugated Fab fragments against CD22, CD19, IgM and IgD, settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips and imaged. Single particle trajectories were then analysed.(A) Trajectories of CD22 showing diffusion of single particles over 6 s.(B) Magnified region from (A) traces one particle (current position indicated with white dashed circle, trajectory in red) over 6 s.(C) Diffusion coefficients of 300 representative CD22, CD19, IgM and IgD particles. Bars indicate the median. Data are pooled from at least three experiments per receptor. *P < 0.0001 (Student's t-test).


( D - F ) Single - particle - tracking of CD22 in primary LifeAct - GFP - expressing B cells . Cells were labelled with Atto633 - conjugated Fab fragments against CD22 , settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips and imaged . Single particle trajectories were then analysed . ( D ) Trajectories of CD22 ( left ) showing diffusion of single particles over 6 s and overlaid with a still image of F - actin intensity ( middle ) . Areas of high F - actin density ( grey line boundaries ) with trajectories of CD22 classified as being inside ( red ) and outside ( blue ) of F - actin rich areas . ( E ) Diffusion coefficients of CD22 particles from ( D ) whose trajectories were classed as inside ( in ) or outside ( out ) of actin rich areas . The overall diffusion is also shown ( all ) . Bars and numbers are the median . Data are pooled from two different experiments . * P < 0 . 0001 ( Student ' s t - test ) . ( F ) Correlation analysis . For each position in each CD22 track , the actin intensity was measured and compared to the same number of random positions on the same cell . Values from different cells were normalized so that the average intensity in F - actin rich regions corresponds to a value of one and the average for F - actin low regions to zero .

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(D-F) Single-particle-tracking of CD22 in primary LifeAct-GFP-expressing B cells. Cells were labelled with Atto633-conjugated Fab fragments against CD22, settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips and imaged. Single particle trajectories were then analysed.(D) Trajectories of CD22 (left) showing diffusion of single particles over 6 s and overlaid with a still image of F-actin intensity (middle). Areas of high F-actin density (grey line boundaries) with trajectories of CD22 classified as being inside (red) and outside (blue) of F-actin rich areas.(E) Diffusion coefficients of CD22 particles from (D) whose trajectories were classed as inside (in) or outside (out) of actin rich areas. The overall diffusion is also shown (all). Bars and numbers are the median. Data are pooled from two different experiments. *P < 0.0001 (Student's t-test).(F) Correlation analysis. For each position in each CD22 track, the actin intensity was measured and compared to the same number of random positions on the same cell. Values from different cells were normalized so that the average intensity in F-actin rich regions corresponds to a value of one and the average for F-actin low regions to zero.


( G ) Wild - type primary B cells were labelled with Atto633 - conjugated Fab fragments against CD22 , settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips and treated with vehicle control ( DMSO ) or 1µM LatA . Single particle trajectories were then analysed . Bars and numbers indicate the median . Data are pooled from two experiments . * P < 0 . 0001 ( Student ' s t - test ) .

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(G) Wild-type primary B cells were labelled with Atto633-conjugated Fab fragments against CD22, settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips and treated with vehicle control (DMSO) or 1µM LatA. Single particle trajectories were then analysed. Bars and numbers indicate the median. Data are pooled from two experiments.*P < 0.0001 (Student's t-test).


( H - J ) Wild - type primary B cells were stained with Alexa647 - conjugated antibody against CD22 and settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips . Cells were then fixed , imaged with dSTORM and analysed . ( H ) 2D ( top ) and pseudo 3D ( bottom ) dSTORM images were reconstructed from single molecule localizations . The white dashed square is shown in pseudo 3D ( bottom ) . ( I - J ) Quantification of the distribution of CD22 Hopkins index and with H function . Error bars ( Hopkins index ) and thin lines ( H function ) denote mean ± SEM . Data are pooled from two different experiments .

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(H-J) Wild-type primary B cells were stained with Alexa647-conjugated antibody against CD22 and settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips. Cells were then fixed, imaged with dSTORM and analysed.(H) 2D (top) and pseudo 3D (bottom) dSTORM images were reconstructed from single molecule localizations. The white dashed square is shown in pseudo 3D (bottom).(I-J) Quantification of the distribution of CD22 Hopkins index and with H function. Error bars (Hopkins index) and thin lines (H function) denote mean ± SEM.Data are pooled from two different experiments.


( K ) Flow cytometric analysis of F - actin by intracellular phalloidin staining of unstimulated or LatA treated wild - type B cells for the indicated length of time .

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(K) Flow cytometric analysis of F-actin by intracellular phalloidin staining of unstimulated or LatA treated wild-type B cells for the indicated length of time.


( L ) Flow cytometric analysis of CD22 surface expression in resting or stimulated B cells with 10µg / ml anti - µ chain ( Jackson ImmunoResearch ) , 1µM or 10µM LatA for 5 and 15 minutes . Error bars denote mean ± SD .

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(L) Flow cytometric analysis of CD22 surface expression in resting or stimulated B cells with 10µg/ml anti-µ chain (Jackson ImmunoResearch), 1µM or 10µM LatA for 5 and 15 minutes. Error bars denote mean ± SD.


( A - B ) Wild - type and CD45 - deficient primary B cells were stained with Alexa647conjugated antibody against CD22 and settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips . Cells were then fixed , imaged with dSTORM and analysed . ( A ) 2D ( top ) and pseudo 3D ( bottom ) dSTORM images were reconstructed from single molecule localizations . The white dashed square is shown in pseudo 3D ( bottom ) . ( B ) Error bars ( Hopkins index ) and thin lines ( H function ) denote mean ± SEM . Data are pooled from three experiments .

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(A-B) Wild-type and CD45-deficient primary B cells were stained with Alexa647conjugated antibody against CD22 and settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips. Cells were then fixed, imaged with dSTORM and analysed.(A) 2D (top) and pseudo 3D (bottom) dSTORM images were reconstructed from single molecule localizations. The white dashed square is shown in pseudo 3D (bottom).(B) Error bars (Hopkins index) and thin lines (H function) denote mean ± SEM. Data are pooled from three experiments.


( C - E ) Wild - type and CD45 - deficient primary B cells were labelled with Atto633 - conjugated Fab fragments against CD22 or IgM , settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips and imaged . Single particle trajectories were then analysed . ( C ) Trajectories of CD22 in wild - type ( left ) and CD45 - deficient cells ( right ) showing diffusion of single particles over 6 s . ( D ) Diffusion coefficients of 300 representative CD22 and IgM particles . Bars and numbers indicate the median . Data are pooled from three experiments . ( E ) Confinement analysis of CD22 and IgM . Bars and numbers indicate the median .

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(C-E) Wild-type and CD45-deficient primary B cells were labelled with Atto633-conjugated Fab fragments against CD22 or IgM, settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips and imaged. Single particle trajectories were then analysed.(C) Trajectories of CD22 in wild-type (left) and CD45-deficient cells (right) showing diffusion of single particles over 6 s.(D) Diffusion coefficients of 300 representative CD22 and IgM particles. Bars and numbers indicate the median. Data are pooled from three experiments.(E) Confinement analysis of CD22 and IgM. Bars and numbers indicate the median.


( F ) Two - population analysis of CD22 diffusion . Diffusion coefficient were plotted on a logarithmic scale and fitted to two Gaussian - shaped curves to account for slower ( light grey ) and faster ( dark grey ) diffusing populations . Wild - type ( blue line and circles , left ) and CD45 - deficient ( blue line and squares , left middle ) primary B cells were compared in an overlay ( right middle ) and their proportions plotted ( right ) .

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(F) Two-population analysis of CD22 diffusion. Diffusion coefficient were plotted on a logarithmic scale and fitted to two Gaussian-shaped curves to account for slower (light grey) and faster (dark grey) diffusing populations. Wild-type (blue line and circles, left) and CD45-deficient (blue line and squares, left middle) primary B cells were compared in an overlay (right middle) and their proportions plotted (right).


( G and H ) CD45 - deficient primary B cells were labelled with Atto633 - conjugated Fab fragments against CD22 or IgM , settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips , treated with vehicle control ( DMSO ) or 1µM LatA and imaged . Single particle trajectories were then analysed and diffusion coefficients calculated . ( G ) Diffusion coefficients of 300 representative CD22 and IgM particles . Bars and numbers indicate the median . ( H ) Confinement analysis . Bars and numbers indicate the median .

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(G and H) CD45-deficient primary B cells were labelled with Atto633-conjugated Fab fragments against CD22 or IgM, settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips, treated with vehicle control (DMSO) or 1µM LatA and imaged. Single particle trajectories were then analysed and diffusion coefficients calculated.(G) Diffusion coefficients of 300 representative CD22 and IgM particles. Bars and numbers indicate the median.(H) Confinement analysis. Bars and numbers indicate the median.


( I and J ) CD45 - deficient primary B cells were stained with Alexa 647 - conjugated antibody against CD22 , settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips and treated with vehicle control or sialidase . Cells were then fixed , imaged with dSTORM and analysed . ( I ) 2D ( top ) and pseudo 3D ( bottom ) dSTORM images were reconstructed from single molecule localizations . The white dashed square is shown in pseudo 3D ( bottom ) . ( J ) Quantification of the distribution of CD22 with Hopkins index and H function . Error bars ( Hopkins index ) and thin lines ( H function ) denote mean ± SEM . Data are pooled from two experiments . * P < 0 . 05 , * * P < 0 . 001 , * * * P < 0 . 0001 ( Student ' s t - test ) .

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(I and J) CD45-deficient primary B cells were stained with Alexa 647-conjugated antibody against CD22, settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips and treated with vehicle control or sialidase. Cells were then fixed, imaged with dSTORM and analysed.(I) 2D (top) and pseudo 3D (bottom) dSTORM images were reconstructed from single molecule localizations. The white dashed square is shown in pseudo 3D (bottom).(J) Quantification of the distribution of CD22 with Hopkins index and H function. Error bars (Hopkins index) and thin lines (H function) denote mean ± SEM.Data are pooled from two experiments.*P<0.05, **P<0.001, ***P<0.0001 (Student's t-test).


( K and L ) Wild - type and CD45 - deficient primary B cells were treated with vehicle control ( - ) or 1 µM LatA for the indicated times . Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS - PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho - CD22 ( p - CD22 ) and total CD22 as loading control . The intensity of p - CD22 , normalized to CD22 , was referred to the unstimulated sample of the wild - type cells , set as 1 .

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(K and L) Wild-type and CD45-deficient primary B cells were treated with vehicle control (-) or 1 µM LatA for the indicated times. Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho-CD22 (p-CD22) and total CD22 as loading control. The intensity of p-CD22, normalized to CD22, was referred to the unstimulated sample of the wild-type cells, set as 1.


( A - E ) Wild - type and Cd22R130E primary B cells were labelled with Atto 633 - conjugated Fab fragments against CD22 or IgM , settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips and imaged . Single particle trajectories were then analysed . ( A ) Trajectories of CD22 in Wild - type ( left ) and Cd22R130E cells ( right ) showing diffusion of single particles over 6 s . B ) Diffusion coefficients of 300 representative CD22 and IgM particles . Bars and numbers indicate the median . ( C ) Confinement analysis . Bars and numbers indicate the median . ( D and E ) Two - population analysis of CD22 diffusion . Analysis of CD22 diffusion plotted on a logarithmic scale and fitted to two Gaussian - shaped curves to account for slower and faster diffusing populations . ( D ) Wild - type ( blue line and circles ) and Cd22R130E ( blue dotted line and squares middle ) primary B cells were compared in an overlay ( left ) and the proportions of the faster diffusing populations plotted ( right ) . ( E ) Proportions of faster - diffusing populations .

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(A-E) Wild-type and Cd22R130E primary B cells were labelled with Atto 633-conjugated Fab fragments against CD22 or IgM, settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips and imaged. Single particle trajectories were then analysed.(A) Trajectories of CD22 in Wild-type (left) and Cd22R130E cells (right) showing diffusion of single particles over 6 s.B) Diffusion coefficients of 300 representative CD22 and IgM particles. Bars and numbers indicate the median.(C) Confinement analysis. Bars and numbers indicate the median.(D and E) Two-population analysis of CD22 diffusion. Analysis of CD22 diffusion plotted on a logarithmic scale and fitted to two Gaussian-shaped curves to account for slower and faster diffusing populations.(D) Wild-type (blue line and circles) and Cd22R130E (blue dotted line and squares middle) primary B cells were compared in an overlay (left) and the proportions of the faster diffusing populations plotted (right).(E) Proportions of faster-diffusing populations.


( F and G ) Wild - type and Cd22R130E primary B cells were stained with Alexa 647 - conjugated antibody against CD22 and settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips . Cells were then fixed , imaged with dSTORM and analysed . ( F ) 2D ( top ) and pseudo 3D ( bottom ) dSTORM images were reconstructed from single molecule localizations . The white dashed square is shown in pseudo 3D ( bottom ) . ( G ) Quantification of the distribution of CD22 with Hopkins index and H function . Error bars ( Hopkins index ) and thin lines ( H function ) denote mean ± SEM . Data are pooled from three experiments .

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(F and G) Wild-type and Cd22R130E primary B cells were stained with Alexa 647-conjugated antibody against CD22 and settled onto nonstimulatory coverslips. Cells were then fixed, imaged with dSTORM and analysed.(F) 2D (top) and pseudo 3D (bottom) dSTORM images were reconstructed from single molecule localizations. The white dashed square is shown in pseudo 3D (bottom).(G) Quantification of the distribution of CD22 with Hopkins index and H function. Error bars (Hopkins index) and thin lines (H function) denote mean ± SEM. Data are pooled from three experiments.


( H ) Wild - type and Cd22R130E primary B cells were treated with 1 µM LatA and intracellular calcium flux was measured by flow cytometry .

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(H) Wild-type and Cd22R130E primary B cells were treated with 1 µM LatA and intracellular calcium flux was measured by flow cytometry.


( I - K ) Wild - type and Cd22R130E primary B cells were treated with vehicle control ( - ) or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time . Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS - PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho - CD19 ( p - CD19 ) , phospho - Akt ( pAkt ) , phospho - ERK ( pERK ) and actin and total ERK as loading controls . The intensity of phosphorylated proteins , normalized to actin or ERK , was referred to the unstimulated sample of the wild type cells , set as 1 . Data are representative of at least two experiments .

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(I-K) Wild-type and Cd22R130E primary B cells were treated with vehicle control (-) or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time. Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho-CD19 (p-CD19), phospho-Akt (pAkt), phospho-ERK (pERK) and actin and total ERK as loading controls. The intensity of phosphorylated proteins, normalized to actin or ERK, was referred to the unstimulated sample of the wild type cells, set as 1.Data are representative of at least two experiments.


( B ) Total lysates from HEK293T transfected with Flag - OFD1 were IP with anti - myosin VI antibodies ( 1295 and 1296 ) and an unrelated rabbit antibody ( anti - GST , as control ) . IB was performed with anti - Flag and anti - myosin VI antibodies . ( C ) Total lysates from HEK293T transfected with Flag - OFD1 or Flag ( as control ) were IP with anti - Flag antibody - conjugated beads . IB was performed with anti - Flag and anti - myosin VI antibodies .

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(B) Total lysates from HEK293T transfected with Flag-OFD1 were IP with anti-myosin VI antibodies (1295 and 1296) and an unrelated rabbit antibody (anti-GST, as control). IB was performed with anti-Flag and anti-myosin VI antibodies. (C) Total lysates from HEK293T transfected with Flag-OFD1 or Flag (as control) were IP with anti-Flag antibody-conjugated beads. IB was performed with anti-Flag and anti-myosin VI antibodies.


( D ) Selected sections deriving from TEM analysis of A549 wild - type versus myosin VI KO cells . The cells were immunogold - labelled with anti - myosin VI antibody . The centrioles in the images are indicated with white dashed circles . Scale bar , 200 nm . Top : representation of the estimated localisation of myosin VI at the centrioles .

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(D) Selected sections deriving from TEM analysis of A549 wild-type versus myosin VI KO cells. The cells were immunogold-labelled with anti-myosin VI antibody. The centrioles in the images are indicated with white dashed circles. Scale bar, 200 nm. Top: representation of the estimated localisation of myosin VI at the centrioles.


( F ) GST pulldown assay using myosin VI tail ( 835 - 1295 ) construct ( or GST alone as control ) and lysates from HEK293T cells transfected with the indicated Flag - OFD1 constructs ( or Flag alone , as control ) . IB was performed with anti - Flag antibody . Ponceau staining as indicated .

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(F) GST pulldown assay using myosin VI tail (835-1295) construct (or GST alone as control) and lysates from HEK293T cells transfected with the indicated Flag-OFD1 constructs (or Flag alone, as control). IB was performed with anti-Flag antibody. Ponceau staining as indicated.


D ) Quantification of OFD1 intensity at the mother or daughter centrioles . Results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity . Bars represent mean ± SD . Mother centrioles : Mock , n = 148 cells ; MyoVI KD , n = 199 cells , from four independent experiments . Daughter centrioles : Mock , n = 101 cells ; MyoVI KD , n = 148 cells , from three independent experiments . * * * * P < 0 , 0001 by Mann - Whitney test .

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D) Quantification of OFD1 intensity at the mother or daughter centrioles. Results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity. Bars represent mean ± SD. Mother centrioles: Mock, n=148 cells; MyoVI KD, n=199 cells, from four independent experiments. Daughter centrioles: Mock, n=101 cells; MyoVI KD, n=148 cells, from three independent experiments. **** P<0,0001 by Mann-Whitney test.


( F - G ) IF analysis of Cep164 signal . hTERT - RPE1 cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI and / or OFD1 . Four days after transfection , cells were treated with nocodazole ( 1 hour , 6 μg / ml ) and immunostained with anti - OFD1 , anti - centrin1 and anti - Cep164 antibodies . ( F ) Representative images . Scale bar , 1 μm . ( G ) Quantification of Cep164 intensity at the mother centrioles . Results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity . Bars represent mean ± SD . Mock , n = 147 cells ; OFD1 KD , n = 146 cells ; MyoVI KD , n = 150 cells ; MyoVI + OFD1 KD , n = 151 cells , from four independent experiments . * * P < 0 , 005 ; * * * * P < 0 , 0001 by Kruskal - Wallis test .

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(F-G) IF analysis of Cep164 signal. hTERT-RPE1 cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI and/or OFD1. Four days after transfection, cells were treated with nocodazole (1 hour, 6 μg/ml) and immunostained with anti-OFD1, anti-centrin1 and anti-Cep164 antibodies. (F) Representative images. Scale bar, 1 μm. (G) Quantification of Cep164 intensity at the mother centrioles. Results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity. Bars represent mean ±SD. Mock, n=147 cells; OFD1 KD, n=146 cells; MyoVI KD, n=150 cells; MyoVI + OFD1 KD, n=151 cells, from four independent experiments. ** P<0,005; **** P<0,0001 by Kruskal-Wallis test.


( A ) Growth curve of hTERT - RPE1 cells transfected with myosin VI siRNA . A representative plot of three independent experiments is shown . ( B ) Growth curve of BJ - hTERT cells transfected with myosin VI siRNA . A representative plot of two independent experiments is shown .

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(A) Growth curve of hTERT-RPE1 cells transfected with myosin VI siRNA. A representative plot of three independent experiments is shown. (B) Growth curve of BJ-hTERT cells transfected with myosin VI siRNA. A representative plot of two independent experiments is shown.


( G ) Representative bright field images of cells treated with the indicated p53 and myosin VI siRNAs . Scale bar , 200 μm .

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(G) Representative bright field images of cells treated with the indicated p53 and myosin VI siRNAs. Scale bar, 200 μm.


( I ) Quantification of OFD1 intensity at the mother or daughter centrioles . hTERT - RPE1 cells treated or not with Nutlin - 3 , were incubated with nocodazole for 1 hour ( 6 μg / ml ) and immunostained with anti - OFD1 , anti - centrin1 and anti - Cep164 antibodies . Mother centrioles were identified by the coincident staining of centrin1 and Cep164 , while daughter centrioles were centrin1 - only stained . Results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity . Bars represent mean ± SD . Mother centrioles : Mock , n = 148 cells ; Nutlin - 3 , n = 169 cells , from four independent experiments . Daughter centrioles : Mock , n = 101 cells ; Nutlin - 3 , n = 122 cells , from three independent experiments . ns , not significant by Mann - Whitney test .

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(I) Quantification of OFD1 intensity at the mother or daughter centrioles. hTERT-RPE1 cells treated or not with Nutlin-3, were incubated with nocodazole for 1 hour (6 μg/ml) and immunostained with anti-OFD1, anti-centrin1 and anti-Cep164 antibodies. Mother centrioles were identified by the coincident staining of centrin1 and Cep164, while daughter centrioles were centrin1-only stained. Results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity. Bars represent mean ±SD. Mother centrioles: Mock, n=148 cells; Nutlin-3, n=169 cells, from four independent experiments. Daughter centrioles: Mock, n=101 cells; Nutlin-3, n=122 cells, from three independent experiments. ns, not significant by Mann-Whitney test.


( J ) Quantification of Cep164 intensity at the mother centrioles in hTERT - RPE1 cells treated as in ( I ) . Results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity . Bars represent mean ± SD . Mock , n = 195 cells ; Nutlin - 3 , n = 196 cells , from four independent experiments . ns , not significant by Mann - Whitney test .

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(J) Quantification of Cep164 intensity at the mother centrioles in hTERT-RPE1 cells treated as in (I). Results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity. Bars represent mean ±SD. Mock, n=195 cells; Nutlin-3, n=196 cells, from four independent experiments. ns, not significant by Mann-Whitney test.


( A ) Super - resolution analysis of OFD1 localisation at the centrioles . hTERT - RPE1 cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI , immunostained with anti - OFD1 and anti - acetylated tubulin antibodies and visualised using structured illumination microscopy ( SIM ) . Representative images are shown , scale bar , 500 nm . A scheme of the estimated localisation of OFD1 in the two conditions is depicted on the right side .

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(A) Super-resolution analysis of OFD1 localisation at the centrioles. hTERT-RPE1 cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI, immunostained with anti-OFD1 and anti-acetylated tubulin antibodies and visualised using structured illumination microscopy (SIM). Representative images are shown, scale bar, 500 nm. A scheme of the estimated localisation of OFD1 in the two conditions is depicted on the right side.


( C ) dSTORM super - resolution analysis of the distal appendage markers FBF1 and ODF2 in control and myosin VI - depleted cells . To emphasise the symmetry of the structures , the signals from all nine appendages were averaged ( bottom ) . Representative images are shown ; scale bar , 200 nm .

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(C) dSTORM super-resolution analysis of the distal appendage markers FBF1 and ODF2 in control and myosin VI-depleted cells. To emphasise the symmetry of the structures, the signals from all nine appendages were averaged (bottom). Representative images are shown; scale bar, 200 nm.


FRAP analysis of centriole - associated GFP - OFD1 . hTERT - RPE cells stably expressing GFP - OFD1 and centrin1 - dTomato were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI . After four days , cells were treated with nocodazole ( 1 hour , 6 μg / ml ) and subjected to live - cell imaging . ( E ) A representative graph of one out of three experiments . For each time point , the fraction of recovery of GFP - OFD1 is shown . Results are expressed as means with 95 % confidence interval . n = 12 cells ( Mock ) , n = 13 cells ( MyoVI KD ) . ( F ) Quantification of the half - time of fluorescence recovery ( t1 / 2 , ) and of the mobile fraction of GFP - OFD1 . Results are expressed as mean ± SD . n = 41 cells ( Mock ) , n = 31 cells ( MyoVI KD ) , from three independent experiments . ns , not significant ; * * * P < 0 , 0005 by Unpaired T - test .

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FRAP analysis of centriole-associated GFP-OFD1. hTERT-RPE cells stably expressing GFP-OFD1 and centrin1-dTomato were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI. After four days, cells were treated with nocodazole (1 hour, 6 μg/ml) and subjected to live-cell imaging. (E) A representative graph of one out of three experiments. For each time point, the fraction of recovery of GFP-OFD1 is shown. Results are expressed as means with 95% confidence interval. n=12 cells (Mock), n=13 cells (MyoVI KD). (F) Quantification of the half-time of fluorescence recovery (t1/2,) and of the mobile fraction of GFP-OFD1. Results are expressed as mean ±SD. n=41 cells (Mock), n=31 cells (MyoVI KD), from three independent experiments. ns, not significant; *** P<0,0005 by Unpaired T-test.


( B ) IF analysis of PCM1 signal . hTERT - RPE1 cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI and immunostained with anti - PCM1 and anti - Cep135 antibodies . Upper panel , representative images , scale bar , 2 μm . Lower panel , quantification of PCM1 intensity . Results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity . Bars represent mean ± SD . Mock , n = 96 cell ; MyoVI KD , n = 98cells , from two independent experiments . * * * * P < 0 , 0001 by Mann - Whitney test . ( C ) IF analysis of PCM1 signal . hTERT - RPE1 cells were treated with Nutlin - 3 for 24 hours and immunostained with anti - PCM1 and anti - Cep135 antibodies . Panels as in B . Mock , n = 96 cells ; Nutlin - 3 , n = 100 cells , from two independent experiments . * * * * P < 0 , 0001 by Mann - Whitney test . ( D ) IF analysis of PCM1 signal . hTERT - RPE1 p53 KO cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI and immunostained with anti - PCM1 and anti - Cep164 antibodies . Panels as in B . Quantification of PCM1 intensity refers to a 3 μm circle around the mother centriole , identified with anti - Cep164 staining . Mock , n = 128 cells ; MyoVI KD , n = 114 cells from three independent experiments . ns , not significant by Mann - Whitney test .

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(B) IF analysis of PCM1 signal. hTERT-RPE1 cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI and immunostained with anti-PCM1 and anti-Cep135 antibodies. Upper panel, representative images, scale bar, 2 μm. Lower panel, quantification of PCM1 intensity. Results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity. Bars represent mean ±SD. Mock, n=96 cell; MyoVI KD, n=98cells, from two independent experiments. **** P<0,0001 by Mann-Whitney test. (C) IF analysis of PCM1 signal. hTERT-RPE1 cells were treated with Nutlin-3 for 24 hours and immunostained with anti-PCM1 and anti-Cep135 antibodies. Panels as in B. Mock, n=96 cells; Nutlin-3, n=100 cells, from two independent experiments. **** P<0,0001 by Mann-Whitney test. (D) IF analysis of PCM1 signal. hTERT-RPE1 p53 KO cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI and immunostained with anti-PCM1 and anti-Cep164 antibodies. Panels as in B. Quantification of PCM1 intensity refers to a 3 μm circle around the mother centriole, identified with anti-Cep164 staining. Mock, n=128 cells; MyoVI KD, n=114 cells from three independent experiments. ns, not significant by Mann-Whitney test.


( B ) IF analysis of OFD1 signal at the centriolar satellites upon serum starvation . hTERT - RPE1 p53 KO cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI . After four days , cells were fixed ( growing ) or serum starved for 24 hours ( SS ) . Cells were immunostained with anti - OFD1 and anti - PCM1 antibodies . The intensity of OFD1 signal in the area covered by PCM1 was quantified and normalised against the intensity of PCM1 staining in the same area . Left , representative images , scale bar , 2 μm . Right , results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity . Bars represent mean ± SD . Mock _ growing , n = 150 cells ; Mock _ SS , n = 149 cells ; MyoVI KD _ growing , n = 149 cells ; MyoVI KD _ SS , n = 150 cells , from three independent experiments . ns , not significant ; * P < 0 , 05 ; * * * * P < 0 , 0001 by Kruskal - Wallis test .

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(B) IF analysis of OFD1 signal at the centriolar satellites upon serum starvation. hTERT-RPE1 p53 KO cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI. After four days, cells were fixed (growing) or serum starved for 24 hours (SS). Cells were immunostained with anti-OFD1 and anti-PCM1 antibodies. The intensity of OFD1 signal in the area covered by PCM1 was quantified and normalised against the intensity of PCM1 staining in the same area. Left, representative images, scale bar, 2 μm. Right, results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity. Bars represent mean ±SD. Mock_growing, n=150 cells; Mock_SS, n=149 cells; MyoVI KD_growing, n=149 cells; MyoVI KD_SS, n=150 cells, from three independent experiments. ns, not significant; * P<0,05; **** P<0,0001 by Kruskal-Wallis test.


( C ) IB analysis of OFD1 after serum starvation in control and myosin VI - depleted cells . hTERT - RPE1 p53 KO cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI . After four days , cells were serum starved for 24 hours ( SS ) . Lysates were analysed by IB with anti - OFD1 , anti - myosin VI , anti - p62 , and anti - LC3 antibodies . Anti - GAPDH was used as loading control . The amount of OFD1 protein was normalised against GAPDH signal and is expressed as percentage of OFD1 levels in cells grown in serum - starved conditions compared to cells grown in media containing serum . Bars represent mean ± SD . n = 5 independent experiments . * P < 0 , 05 by Kruskal - Wallis test .

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(C) IB analysis of OFD1 after serum starvation in control and myosin VI-depleted cells. hTERT-RPE1 p53 KO cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI. After four days, cells were serum starved for 24 hours (SS). Lysates were analysed by IB with anti-OFD1, anti-myosin VI, anti-p62, and anti-LC3 antibodies. Anti-GAPDH was used as loading control. The amount of OFD1 protein was normalised against GAPDH signal and is expressed as percentage of OFD1 levels in cells grown in serum-starved conditions compared to cells grown in media containing serum. Bars represent mean ±SD. n=5 independent experiments. * P<0,05 by Kruskal-Wallis test.


( D ) IF analysis of primary cilium upon serum starvation . hTERT - RPE1 p53 KO cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI . After four days , cells were fixed ( growing ) or serum starved for 24 hours ( SS ) . Cells were immunostained with anti - acetylated tubulin ( to identify the cilia ) , anti - Cep135 ( to identify the centrioles ) and DAPI . Left , representative images , scale bar , 2 μm . Right , results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity . Bars represent mean ± SD . n = 3 independent experiments . 100 - 200 cells / condition were counted for each experiment . * * * P < 0 . 001 by two - way ANOVA test .

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(D) IF analysis of primary cilium upon serum starvation. hTERT-RPE1 p53 KO cells were transfected with siRNA against myosin VI. After four days, cells were fixed (growing) or serum starved for 24 hours (SS). Cells were immunostained with anti-acetylated tubulin (to identify the cilia), anti-Cep135 (to identify the centrioles) and DAPI. Left, representative images, scale bar, 2 μm. Right, results are expressed as fold change with respect to mock average intensity. Bars represent mean ±SD. n=3 independent experiments. 100-200 cells/condition were counted for each experiment. ***P < 0.001 by two-way ANOVA test.


A Infiltration of GRIp65 - 84 induced cell death similar to GRIp31 - 96 . Bacterially produced 37 nM GST , GST ‐ GRIp31 - 96 or biochemically pure GRI ‐ peptides ( GRIp31 - 96 , GRIp31 - 51 , GRIp47 - 68 , GRIp65 - 84 , GRIp80 - 96 ) were infiltrated into leaves of Col ‐ 0 plants .

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A Infiltration of GRIp65-84 induced cell death similar to GRIp31-96. Bacterially produced 37 nM GST, GST‐GRIp31-96 or biochemically pure GRI‐peptides (GRIp31-96, GRIp31-51, GRIp47-68, GRIp65-84, GRIp80-96) were infiltrated into leaves of Col‐0 plants.


B Infiltration of increasing concentrations of GRIp65 - 84 into Col ‐ 0leaves , electrolyte leakage was measured after 12 h . Background ( red line ) shows ion leakage from infiltration of leaves with increasing concentrations of ( inactive ) GRIp80 - 96 .

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B Infiltration of increasing concentrations of GRIp65-84 into Col‐0leaves, electrolyte leakage was measured after 12 h. Background (red line) shows ion leakage from infiltration of leaves with increasing concentrations of (inactive) GRIp80-96.


C Infiltration of leaves with 37 nM GRIp31 - 96 induced elevated ion leakage in Col ‐ 0 and prk4 , but not in prk5 ‐ 1 or prk5 ‐ 2 . Infiltration with GST caused the same background effect for all lines .

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C Infiltration of leaves with 37 nM GRIp31-96 induced elevated ion leakage in Col‐0 and prk4, but not in prk5‐1 or prk5‐2. Infiltration with GST caused the same background effect for all lines.


D Genomic complementation of prk5 rescues the insensitivity to induction of elevated ion leakage by GRIp31 - 96 .

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D Genomic complementation of prk5 rescues the insensitivity to induction of elevated ion leakage by GRIp31-96.


E Enzymatic superoxide production from xanthine / xanthine oxidase ( XXO ) induced more electrolyte leakage in gri compared to Col ‐ 0 or prk5 ‐ 1 , prk5 ‐ 2 and prk4 after infiltration into leaves . Infiltration with xanthine buffer ( X ) was used as a control .

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E Enzymatic superoxide production from xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XXO) induced more electrolyte leakage in gri compared to Col‐0 or prk5‐1, prk5‐2 and prk4 after infiltration into leaves. Infiltration with xanthine buffer (X) was used as a control.


B PRK5 ‐ CFP localized to the cell periphery in Col ‐ 0mesophyll protoplasts . C - F Co ‐ localization of PRK5 ‐ CFP and PM localized CAAX ‐ YFP in Col ‐ 0mesophyll protoplasts . ( C ) overlay ; ( D ) PRK5 ‐ CFP ( 465 - 510 nm ) ; ( E ) CAAX ‐ YFP ( 521 - 587 nm ) ; ( F ) chloroplast ( 636 - 711 nm ) .

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B PRK5‐CFP localized to the cell periphery in Col‐0mesophyll protoplasts.C-F Co‐localization of PRK5‐CFP and PM localized CAAX‐YFP in Col‐0mesophyll protoplasts. (C) overlay; (D) PRK5‐CFP (465-510 nm); (E) CAAX‐YFP (521-587 nm); (F) chloroplast (636-711 nm).


H Kinase activity of PRK5 in in vitro phosphorylation assays using γ32P ‐ ATP and myelin ‐ basic protein ( MBP ) as a substrate in the presence of 10 mM MnCl2 . GST ‐ PRK5 and GST ‐ PRK4 did not show kinase activity . Mutation of conserved residues in kinase subdomains VIb and VII to reconstitute the consensus kinase domain motif restored GST ‐ PRK5H500DA520G kinase activity . GST ‐ CRK7 was used as a positive control . Upper panel shows autoradiograph , and lower panel shows the Coomassie ‐ stained 15 % SDS - polyacrylamide gel .

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H Kinase activity of PRK5 in in vitro phosphorylation assays using γ32P‐ATP and myelin‐basic protein (MBP) as a substrate in the presence of 10 mM MnCl2. GST‐PRK5 and GST‐PRK4 did not show kinase activity. Mutation of conserved residues in kinase subdomains VIb and VII to reconstitute the consensus kinase domain motif restored GST‐PRK5H500DA520G kinase activity. GST‐CRK7 was used as a positive control. Upper panel shows autoradiograph, and lower panel shows the Coomassie‐stained 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gel.


A In vitro ‐ produced 35S ‐ labeled ectodomains of PRK5 ( PRK540 - 281 ) or PRK4 ( PRK440 - 279 ) were incubated with bacterially produced GST , GST ‐ GRI or GST ‐ GRI31 - 96 and purified . GST ‐ GRI31 - 96 but not GST directly bound to the ectodomain of PRK5 . Binding of GST ‐ GRI to PRK5 ectodomain and binding of GST ‐ GRI31 - 96 and GST ‐ GRI to the ectodomain of PRK4 were strongly reduced . Upper part : autoradiograph , lower part : Coomassie ‐ stained 12 % SDS - polyacrylamide gel . Asterisks in the Coomassie ‐ stained gel indicate GST , GST ‐ GRI and GST ‐ GRI31 - 96 , respectively . Supplementary Fig S12 shows a Western blot of the GST ‐ tagged proteins .

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A In vitro‐produced 35S‐labeled ectodomains of PRK5 (PRK540-281) or PRK4 (PRK440-279) were incubated with bacterially produced GST, GST‐GRI or GST‐GRI31-96 and purified. GST‐GRI31-96 but not GST directly bound to the ectodomain of PRK5. Binding of GST‐GRI to PRK5 ectodomain and binding of GST‐GRI31-96 and GST‐GRI to the ectodomain of PRK4 were strongly reduced. Upper part: autoradiograph, lower part: Coomassie‐stained 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Asterisks in the Coomassie‐stained gel indicate GST, GST‐GRI and GST‐GRI31-96, respectively. Supplementary Fig S12 shows a Western blot of the GST‐tagged proteins.


B Infiltration of 37 nM GST , GRIp31 - 96 , GRIp65 - 84 or Y ‐ GRIp65 - 84 into Col ‐ 0 or prk5 ‐ 2 leaves . Tyrosine ‐ labeled GRIp65 - 84 still induced cell death in Col ‐ 0 but not in prk5 ‐ 2 plants .

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B Infiltration of 37 nM GST, GRIp31-96, GRIp65-84 or Y‐GRIp65-84 into Col‐0 or prk5‐2 leaves. Tyrosine‐labeled GRIp65-84 still induced cell death in Col‐0 but not in prk5‐2 plants.


C 125I ‐ labeled Y ‐ GRIp65 - 84 ( 0 . 46 nM ) bound specifically to Col ‐ 0membrane fractions ( light gray bars ) , the binding was significantly reduced in prk5 plants . Excess of non ‐ radioactive Y ‐ GRIp65 - 84 ( 10 μM ) reduced binding to background levels ( dark gray bars ; all bars show the average of three samples , triangles show individual data points ) .

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C 125I‐labeled Y‐GRIp65-84 (0.46 nM) bound specifically to Col‐0membrane fractions (light gray bars), the binding was significantly reduced in prk5 plants. Excess of non‐radioactive Y‐GRIp65-84 (10 μM) reduced binding to background levels (dark gray bars; all bars show the average of three samples, triangles show individual data points).


D Immunoprecipitation of PRK5 ‐ c ‐ myc , PRK4 ‐ c ‐ myc or YFP expressed in protoplasts with rabbit polyclonal anti ‐ c ‐ myc antibody , immunoblotted with mouse monoclonal anti ‐ c ‐ myc antibody .

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D Immunoprecipitation of PRK5‐c‐myc, PRK4‐c‐myc or YFP expressed in protoplasts with rabbit polyclonal anti‐c‐myc antibody, immunoblotted with mouse monoclonal anti‐c‐myc antibody.


E Binding of 125I ‐ Y ‐ GRIp65 - 84 ( 0 . 46 nM ) to immunoprecipitates ( using anti ‐ c ‐ myc antibodies ) from prk5 ‐ 2 protoplasts transfected with PRK5 ‐ c ‐ myc , PRK4 ‐ c ‐ myc or YFP , respectively . Binding was competed out with 10 μM unlabeled Y ‐ GRIp65 - 84 . Bars show the average of two samples , and triangles show individual data points . Western blot is shown in panel ( D ) .

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E Binding of 125I‐Y‐GRIp65-84 (0.46 nM) to immunoprecipitates (using anti‐c‐myc antibodies) from prk5‐2 protoplasts transfected with PRK5‐c‐myc, PRK4‐c‐myc or YFP, respectively. Binding was competed out with 10 μM unlabeled Y‐GRIp65-84. Bars show the average of two samples, and triangles show individual data points. Western blot is shown in panel (D).


F Analysis of 125I ‐ Y ‐ GRIp65 - 84 ( 0 . 46 nM ) binding competed out with increasing amounts of unlabeled Y ‐ GRIp65 - 84 to Col ‐ 0membrane extracts . Fifty percent inhibition ( IC50 ) occurred at 25 . 2 nM . Red line shows binding average competition according to a sigmoid curve , dotted lines show 95 % confidence intervals , and circles show data points .

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F Analysis of 125I‐Y‐GRIp65-84 (0.46 nM) binding competed out with increasing amounts of unlabeled Y‐GRIp65-84 to Col‐0membrane extracts. Fifty percent inhibition (IC50) occurred at 25.2 nM. Red line shows binding average competition according to a sigmoid curve, dotted lines show 95% confidence intervals, and circles show data points.


G Excess of GRIp65 - 84 ( 10 μM ) but not of GRIp31 - 96 or other peptides ( GRIp31 - 51 , GRIp47 - 68 , GRIp80 - 96 ) competed the binding of 0 . 46 nM 125I ‐ Y ‐ GRIp65 - 84 to membrane extracts from Col ‐ 0 ( all bars show the average of two samples , triangles show individual data points ) .

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G Excess of GRIp65-84 (10 μM) but not of GRIp31-96 or other peptides (GRIp31-51, GRIp47-68, GRIp80-96) competed the binding of 0.46 nM 125I‐Y‐GRIp65-84 to membrane extracts from Col‐0 (all bars show the average of two samples, triangles show individual data points).


A Recombinant AtMC9 ( rAtMC9 ) cleaved GRI25 - 168in vitro . Bacterially produced MBP ‐ GRI25 - 168 ( from 0 to 2 pmol left to right ) was incubated with 1 pmol rAtMC9 or inactive rAtMC9mut ( rAtMC9C147AC29A ) , and cleavage products were analyzed by Western blot with anti ‐ MBP and anti ‐ AtMC9 antibodies . Arrowheads in the anti ‐ MBP blot ( from top to bottom ) indicate MBP ‐ GRI25 - 168 ( 63 . 5 kDa ) , MBPMCS ( 53 . 5 kDa ) , rAtMC9 ‐ cleaved MBP ‐ GRI25 - 168 ( 46 kDa ) . Arrowheads in the anti ‐ AtMC9 blot indicate : 1 : N ‐ terminal domain + p20 + p10 subunits of AtMC9 , 2 : p20 + p10 subunits of AtMC9 , 3 : N ‐ terminal domain + p20 subunit of AtMC9 , 4 : p20 subunit of AtMC9 .

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A Recombinant AtMC9 (rAtMC9) cleaved GRI25-168in vitro. Bacterially produced MBP‐GRI25-168 (from 0 to 2 pmol left to right) was incubated with 1 pmol rAtMC9 or inactive rAtMC9mut (rAtMC9C147AC29A), and cleavage products were analyzed by Western blot with anti‐MBP and anti‐AtMC9 antibodies. Arrowheads in the anti‐MBP blot (from top to bottom) indicate MBP‐GRI25-168 (63.5 kDa), MBPMCS (53.5 kDa), rAtMC9‐cleaved MBP‐GRI25-168 (46 kDa). Arrowheads in the anti‐AtMC9 blot indicate: 1: N‐terminal domain + p20 + p10 subunits of AtMC9, 2: p20 + p10 subunits of AtMC9, 3: N‐terminal domain + p20 subunit of AtMC9, 4: p20 subunit of AtMC9.


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B Infiltration of wild‐type, prk5‐1 and atmc9‐1 leaves with 37 nM GRIp31-96, GRIp65-84, GRIp68-78 or GST. GRIp65-84 and GRIp68-78 but not GRIp31-96 were able to induce elevated ion leakage in the atmc9‐1 mutant.


D Infiltration of Col ‐ 0leaves with 37 nM of GRIp65 - 84 , GRIp68 - 78 , Y ‐ GRIp68 - 78 , GRIp31 - 96 or GST . Y ‐ GRIp68 - 78 showed similar activity in cell death induction compared to the other GRI ‐ derived peptides .

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D Infiltration of Col‐0leaves with 37 nM of GRIp65-84, GRIp68-78, Y‐GRIp68-78, GRIp31-96 or GST. Y‐GRIp68-78 showed similar activity in cell death induction compared to the other GRI‐derived peptides.


E 125I ‐ labeled Y ‐ GRIp68 - 78 ( 0 . 46 nM ) bound specifically to Col ‐ 0membrane fractions ( light gray bars ) , the binding was significantly reduced in prk5 ‐ 1 and prk5 ‐ 2 plants . Excess of non ‐ radioactive Y ‐ GRIp65 - 84 ( 10 μM ) reduced binding to background levels ( dark gray bars ; all bars show the average of four samples , triangles show individual data points ) .

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E 125I‐labeled Y‐GRIp68-78 (0.46 nM) bound specifically to Col‐0membrane fractions (light gray bars), the binding was significantly reduced in prk5‐1 and prk5‐2 plants. Excess of non‐radioactive Y‐GRIp65-84 (10 μM) reduced binding to background levels (dark gray bars; all bars show the average of four samples, triangles show individual data points).


F Excess of GRIp68 - 78 and GRIp65 - 84 ( 10 μM ) but not of GRIp31 - 96 or other peptides ( GRIp31 - 51 , GRIp47 - 68 , GRIp80 - 96 ) competed the binding of 0 . 46 nM 125I ‐ Y ‐ GRIp68 - 78 to membrane extracts from Col ‐ 0 ( all bars show average of four samples , triangles show individual data points ) .

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F Excess of GRIp68-78 and GRIp65-84 (10 μM) but not of GRIp31-96 or other peptides (GRIp31-51, GRIp47-68, GRIp80-96) competed the binding of 0.46 nM 125I‐Y‐GRIp68-78 to membrane extracts from Col‐0 (all bars show average of four samples, triangles show individual data points).


G Saturation binding curve for 125I ‐ Y ‐ GRIp68 - 78 to Col ‐ 0membrane extracts . Specific binding was calculated by subtracting non ‐ specific binding from the total binding . The affinity of 125I ‐ Y ‐ GRIp68 - 78 to the receptor ( Kd = 1 . 9 nM ) was calculated by non ‐ linear regression analysis . Scatchard plot is shown in Supplementary Fig SI7 .

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G Saturation binding curve for 125I‐Y‐GRIp68-78 to Col‐0membrane extracts. Specific binding was calculated by subtracting non‐specific binding from the total binding. The affinity of 125I‐Y‐GRIp68-78 to the receptor (Kd = 1.9 nM) was calculated by non‐linear regression analysis. Scatchard plot is shown in Supplementary Fig SI7.


C . Fluorescence micrographs of HeLa cells transfected with plasmids encoding human GFP - Cwh43 , GFP - Cwh43 - k696fs or GFP - Cwh43 - Leu533ter fusion proteins . To label the ER , HeLa cells were transduced with a baculovirus encoding a fluorescently labeled RFP - calreticulin fusion protein containing an ER retention signal ( RFP - calreticulin - KDEL ) . To label the Golgi apparatus , cells were immunostained for golgin - 97 ( red ) . When compared with wild type GFP - Cwh43 , GFP - Cwh43 - k696fs and GFP - Cwh43 - Leu533 showed decreased association with the Golgi apparatus ( but not the ER ) and were diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm . Scale bar is approximately 5 µm .

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C. Fluorescence micrographs of HeLa cells transfected with plasmids encoding human GFP-Cwh43, GFP-Cwh43-k696fs or GFP-Cwh43-Leu533ter fusion proteins. To label the ER, HeLa cells were transduced with a baculovirus encoding a fluorescently labeled RFP-calreticulin fusion protein containing an ER retention signal (RFP-calreticulin-KDEL). To label the Golgi apparatus, cells were immunostained for golgin-97 (red). When compared with wild type GFP-Cwh43, GFP-Cwh43-k696fs and GFP-Cwh43-Leu533 showed decreased association with the Golgi apparatus (but not the ER) and were diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Scale bar is approximately 5 µm.


D . Western blot analysis of total membrane , aqueous and lipid ( GPI - anchor - containing ) Triton X - 114 extracts derived from wild type HeLa cells and two independent CRISPR CWH43 knockout ( KO ) HeLa cell lines in which a mutated CWH43 gene encodes a protein that is truncated near Leu533 and CWH43 mRNA and protein are markedly reduced . Cells were transfected to overexpress a control GFP plasmid , a plasmid encoding human wild type Cwh43 with GFP fused to the N - terminus , or a plasmid encoding human CWH43 harboring the iNPH - associated mutation ( Lys696AsnfsTer23 ) with GFP fused to the N - terminus . The Western blot was stained using an antibody directed against CD59 , a GPI - anchored protein .

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D. Western blot analysis of total membrane, aqueous and lipid (GPI-anchor-containing) Triton X-114 extracts derived from wild type HeLa cells and two independent CRISPR CWH43 knockout (KO) HeLa cell lines in which a mutated CWH43 gene encodes a protein that is truncated near Leu533 and CWH43 mRNA and protein are markedly reduced. Cells were transfected to overexpress a control GFP plasmid, a plasmid encoding human wild type Cwh43 with GFP fused to the N-terminus, or a plasmid encoding human CWH43 harboring the iNPH-associated mutation (Lys696AsnfsTer23) with GFP fused to the N-terminus. The Western blot was stained using an antibody directed against CD59, a GPI-anchored protein.


Confocal fluorescence immunocytochemistry images of a single cultured mouse ciliated ependymal cell . Cilia were visualized using an antibody for acetylated alpha tubulin ( green ) . Cwh43 immunoreactivity was visualized using a specific anti - Cwh43 antibody ( red ) . Scale bar ( left column ) is approximately 4 µm . Images in the column on the right represent a Z - stack reconstruction of confocal images showing localization of Cwh43 immunoreactivity in cilia of a mouse ependymal cell . Scale bar ( right column ) is approximately 5 µm .

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Confocal fluorescence immunocytochemistry images of a single cultured mouse ciliated ependymal cell. Cilia were visualized using an antibody for acetylated alpha tubulin (green). Cwh43 immunoreactivity was visualized using a specific anti-Cwh43 antibody (red). Scale bar (left column) is approximately 4 µm. Images in the column on the right represent a Z-stack reconstruction of confocal images showing localization of Cwh43 immunoreactivity in cilia of a mouse ependymal cell. Scale bar (right column) is approximately 5 µm.


A . Scatter plot comparing ventricular volume from CWH43WT / WT ( wild type , WT ) , heterozygous CWH43WT / M533 , homozygous CWH43M533 / M533 and CWH43M533 / A530 mice at 6 months . Ventricular volume was calculated from T2 - weighted MR images of the mouse brain using a custom automated computer algorithm . Horizontal bars indicate the mean of the measurements in each column . Statistical significance for each mutant mouse line compared to WT was determined using the unpaired t - test ( P = 0 . 0015 for CWH43WT / M533 ; P = 0 . 0014 for CWH43M533 / M533 ; P = 0 . 006 for CWH43M533 / A530 ) .

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A. Scatter plot comparing ventricular volume from CWH43WT/WT (wild type, WT), heterozygous CWH43WT/M533, homozygous CWH43M533/M533 and CWH43M533/A530 mice at 6 months. Ventricular volume was calculated from T2-weighted MR images of the mouse brain using a custom automated computer algorithm. Horizontal bars indicate the mean of the measurements in each column. Statistical significance for each mutant mouse line compared to WT was determined using the unpaired t-test (P=0.0015 for CWH43WT/M533; P=0.0014 for CWH43M533/M533; P=0.006 for CWH43M533/A530).


D . Box plot showing rotarod performance data for CWH43WT / WT , CWH43WT / M533 , CWH43M533 / M533 and CWH43M533 / A530 mice at 7 months of age . Data shown are the mean , 1st quartile , 3rd quartile , minimum and maximum for each group of mice . Statistical significance was determined using the unpaired t - test . When compared to wild type CWH43WT / WT mice ( n = 10 ) , balance time on the rotarod was decreased significantly among heterozygous CWH43WT / M533 mice ( * P = 0 . 04 , n = 8 ) , homozygous CWH43M533 / M533 mice ( * P = 0 . 03 , n = 7 ) , and compound heterozygous CWH43M533 / A530 mice ( * P = 0 . 03 , n = 4 ) .

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D. Box plot showing rotarod performance data for CWH43WT/WT, CWH43WT/M533, CWH43M533/M533 and CWH43M533/A530 mice at 7 months of age. Data shown are the mean, 1st quartile, 3rd quartile, minimum and maximum for each group of mice. Statistical significance was determined using the unpaired t-test. When compared to wild type CWH43WT/WT mice (n=10), balance time on the rotarod was decreased significantly among heterozygous CWH43WT/M533 mice (*P=0.04, n=8), homozygous CWH43M533/M533 mice (*P=0.03, n=7), and compound heterozygous CWH43M533/A530 mice (*P=0.03, n=4).


Scanning electron micrographs of the ependymal surface of the lateral ventricle of CWH43 WT and CWH43M533 / M533 mice . Scale bar is approximately 40 µm . The graph on the right quantifies the data from the electron micrographs on the left . Data shown are the mean ± SEM . * = P = 0 . 004 , n = 4 , unpaired t - test .

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Scanning electron micrographs of the ependymal surface of the lateral ventricle of CWH43 WT and CWH43M533/M533 mice. Scale bar is approximately 40 µm. The graph on the right quantifies the data from the electron micrographs on the left. Data shown are the mean ± SEM. * = P=0.004, n = 4, unpaired t-test.


Western blot analysis of total membrane , aqueous and lipid ( GPI - anchor - containing ) Triton X - 114 extracts derived from wild type , CWH43M533 / M533 and CWH43WT / M533mouse brain or kidney . The Western blot was stained using an antibody directed against CD59 , a GPI - anchored protein .

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Western blot analysis of total membrane, aqueous and lipid (GPI-anchor-containing) Triton X-114 extracts derived from wild type, CWH43M533/M533 and CWH43WT/M533mouse brain or kidney. The Western blot was stained using an antibody directed against CD59, a GPI-anchored protein.


Fluorescence immunohistochemistry for CD59 in the ependymal layer and choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle from CWH43WT / WT , CWH43M533 / M533 and CWH43M533 / A530 mice . Arrowheads point to apical surfaces of ependymal and choroid plexus cells . Nuclei are counterstained using DAPI ( blue ) . Scale bar is approximately 5 µm .

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Fluorescence immunohistochemistry for CD59 in the ependymal layer and choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle from CWH43WT/WT, CWH43M533/M533 and CWH43M533/A530 mice. Arrowheads point to apical surfaces of ependymal and choroid plexus cells. Nuclei are counterstained using DAPI (blue). Scale bar is approximately 5 µm.


( B ) Representative images of importin β cargo gradients detected by Rango - 3 FLIM / FRET imaging . Scale bars , 20µm .

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(B) Representative images of importin β cargo gradients detected by Rango-3 FLIM/FRET imaging. Scale bars, 20µm.


( C ) Line scans of Rango - 3 FRET efficiency ( E ) in 10 µm - wide

(C) Line scans of Rango-3 FRET efficiency (E) in 10 µm-wide areas


( D - F ) Quantification of the Rango - 3 E gradients ( top panels ) and average cellular Rango - 3 E ( bottom ) in involving untreated oocytes ( controls ) or oocytes injected with RanT24N mRNA , importin β ( 71 - 876 ) protein or treated with 20 µM IPZ . Data for each panel are from at least 2 separate experiments . Means ± SDs , t - test , oocyte numbers indicated in brackets .

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(D-F) Quantification of the Rango-3 E gradients (top panels) and average cellular Rango-3 E (bottom) in involving untreated oocytes (controls) or oocytes injected with RanT24N mRNA, importin β(71-876) protein or treated with 20 µM IPZ. Data for each panel are from at least 2 separate experiments. Means ± SDs, t-test, oocyte numbers indicated in brackets.


( G ) Nonlinear single - exponential regression was used to fit the average of radial Rango - 3 τdonor line scans in control oocyte with the one - phase decay model . The dashed line corresponds to the average of spindle pole distance from chromosomes in the same cell .

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(G) Nonlinear single-exponential regression was used to fit the average of radial Rango-3 τdonor line scans in control oocyte with the one-phase decay model. The dashed line corresponds to the average of spindle pole distance from chromosomes in the same cell.


( H ) Immunoblotting in biochemical pull - downs with recombinant Ran proteins added to human DL D1 cell lysates . A representative of at least 5 repeats .

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(H) Immunoblotting in biochemical pull-downs with recombinant Ran proteins added to human DL D1 cell lysates. A representative of at least 5 repeats.


( A ) Quantification of chromosomal cargo gradients ( top ) and average Rango - 3 E in oocytes injected with increasing concentrations of Ran mutant mRNA concentrations . Data from oocytes imaged side - by - side within one experiment . Means ± SDs , one - side ANOVA , Tukey ' s test . Numbers of analyzed oocytes are indicated in the brackets in the top panel and are identical for both panels .

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(A) Quantification of chromosomal cargo gradients (top) and average Rango-3 E in oocytes injected with increasing concentrations of Ran mutant mRNA concentrations. Data from oocytes imaged side-by-side within one experiment. Means ± SDs, one-side ANOVA, Tukey's test. Numbers of analyzed oocytes are indicated in the brackets in the top panel and are identical for both panels.


( C ) Linescans of the estimated Rango - 3 FRET efficiency ( E ) in 10 µm - wide

(C) Linescans of the estimated Rango-3 FRET efficiency (E) in 10 µm-wide areas


( D ) Quantification of the Rango - 3 E gradients ( top panels ) and average cellular Rango - 3 E ( bottom ) oocytes that were treated side - by - side by the injection of mRNA for Rango - 3 , alongside with buffer ( controls ) or 2000ng / µl mRNA for RanT24N or RanT24N , T42A . Means ± SDs , one - side ANOVA , Tukey ' s test , oocyte numbers indicated in brackets .

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(D) Quantification of the Rango-3 E gradients (top panels) and average cellular Rango-3 E (bottom) oocytes that were treated side-by-side by the injection of mRNA for Rango-3, alongside with buffer (controls) or 2000ng/µl mRNA for RanT24N or RanT24N, T42A. Means ± SDs, one-side ANOVA, Tukey's test, oocyte numbers indicated in brackets.


( B ) Chromosomal gradients detected by RBP3 FLIM / FRET imaging . Scale bars , 20µm .

(B) Chromosomal gradients detected by RBP3 FLIM/FRET imaging. Scale bars, 20µm.