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- 18.2 0 0 18.2 163.0754 405.797 Tm
541
- (Change Colors and Text Size)Tj
542
- 0 0 0 rg
543
- ( | )Tj
544
- ET
545
- 389.138 403.176 m
546
- 470.528 403.176 l
547
- S
548
- 0 0 0.8 rg
549
- BT
550
- /TT0 1 Tf
551
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 389.1376 405.797 Tm
552
- (Contact Us)Tj
553
- 0 0 0 rg
554
- ( | )Tj
555
- ET
556
- 483.268 403.176 m
557
- 549.498 403.176 l
558
- S
559
- 0 0 0.8 rg
560
- BT
561
- /TT0 1 Tf
562
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 483.268 405.797 Tm
563
- (Site Map)Tj
564
- 0 0 0 rg
565
- ( | )Tj
566
- -18.79 -1.994 Td
567
- (Site Search )Tj
568
- 15.491 0 Td
569
- ( )Tj
570
- 2.608 0 Td
571
- ( )Tj
572
- ET
573
- 68.435 343.234 m
574
- 153.884 343.234 l
575
- S
576
- 0 0 0.8 rg
577
- BT
578
- /TT0 1 Tf
579
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 68.4354 345.8548 Tm
580
- (About AFB)Tj
581
- 0 0 0 rg
582
- ( | )Tj
583
- ET
584
- 166.624 343.234 m
585
- 254.094 343.234 l
586
- S
587
- 0 0 0.8 rg
588
- BT
589
- /TT0 1 Tf
590
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 166.6244 345.8548 Tm
591
- (Press Room)Tj
592
- 0 0 0 rg
593
- ( | )Tj
594
- ET
595
- 266.834 343.234 m
596
- 341.654 343.234 l
597
- S
598
- 0 0 0.8 rg
599
- BT
600
- /TT0 1 Tf
601
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 266.8336 345.8548 Tm
602
- (Bookstore)Tj
603
- 0 0 0 rg
604
- ( | )Tj
605
- ET
606
- 354.394 343.234 m
607
- 406.955 343.234 l
608
- S
609
- 0 0 0.8 rg
610
- BT
611
- /TT0 1 Tf
612
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 354.3938 345.8548 Tm
613
- (Donate)Tj
614
- 0 0 0 rg
615
- ( | )Tj
616
- ET
617
- 419.695 343.234 m
618
- 543.565 343.234 l
619
- S
620
- 0 0 0.8 rg
621
- BT
622
- /TT0 1 Tf
623
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 419.6954 345.8548 Tm
624
- (Policy Statement)Tj
625
- 0 0 0 rg
626
- ( )Tj
627
- ET
628
- 0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
629
- 159.5 307.873 m
630
- 159.5 309.873 l
631
- 452.5 309.873 l
632
- 451.5 308.873 l
633
- 160.5 308.873 l
634
- 160.5 308.873 l
635
- h
636
- f
637
- 0.875 0.875 0.875 rg
638
- 452.5 309.873 m
639
- 452.5 307.873 l
640
- 159.5 307.873 l
641
- 160.5 308.873 l
642
- 451.5 308.873 l
643
- 451.5 308.873 l
644
- h
645
- f
646
- 0 0 0 rg
647
- BT
648
- /TT2 1 Tf
649
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 42.4556 264.1342 Tm
650
- (Please direct your comments and suggestions to )Tj
651
- ET
652
- 416.029 261.513 m
653
- 542.664 261.513 l
654
- S
655
- 0 0 0.8 rg
656
- BT
657
- /TT2 1 Tf
658
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 416.0288 264.1342 Tm
659
660
- 0 0 0 rg
661
- ( )Tj
662
- -20.672 -1.41 Td
663
- (Copyright \251 2005 American Foundation for the Blind. All rights )Tj
664
- 11.931 -1.3 Td
665
- (reserved.)Tj
666
- /TT0 1 Tf
667
- 14 0 0 14 14 183.3926 Tm
668
- ( )Tj
669
- ET
670
- EMC
671
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Bottom ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 5 582 14 ]>>BDC
672
- Q
673
- 0 0 0 rg
674
- BT
675
- /T1_0 1 Tf
676
- 9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
677
- (http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvib990307.asp \(12 of 12\)5/5/2005 8:36:44 AM)Tj
678
- ET
679
- EMC
680
-
681
- endstream
682
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 778 582 787 ]>>BDC
683
- 0 0 0 rg
684
- 0 i
685
- BT
686
- /T1_0 1 Tf
687
- 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm
688
- (Enabling a Girl with Multiple Disabilities to Control Her Favorite Stimu\
689
- (rch Report - March 2005)Tj
690
- ET
691
- EMC
692
- /WebCaptureBG BMC
693
- /WebCaptureFN <</L 0 >>BDC
694
- q
695
- 0 18 612 756 re
696
- W* n
697
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top /Bottom /Left /Right ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [10 18 612 774 ]>>BDC
698
- Q
699
- 1 1 0.933 rg
700
- 10 18 602 756 re
701
- f
702
- EMC
703
- q
704
- 0 18 612 756 re
705
- W* n
706
- /Artifact <</Type /Layout /BBox [12 36 129.2 766 ]>>BDC
707
- Q
708
- 0.867 0.4 0.2 rg
709
- 12 36 117.2 730 re
710
- f
711
- EMC
712
- EMC
713
- EMC
714
- /Article <</MCID 0 >>BDC
715
- q
716
- 0 18 612 756 re
717
- W* n
718
- 0 0 0 rg
719
- BT
720
- /TT0 1 Tf
721
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 749.3222 Tm
722
- (noise\). The study presented here assessed such a new )Tj
723
- 0 -1.3 TD
724
- (microswitch with a girl with minimal residual vision )Tj
725
- T*
726
- (and profound motor and intellectual disabilities, who )Tj
727
- 0 -1.3 TD
728
- (showed a combination of tracheal congestion and )Tj
729
- 0 -1.3 TD
730
- (unspecific or dystonic head movements. The girl\222s )Tj
731
- T*
732
- (activation of the microswitch \(by triggering both )Tj
733
- T*
734
- (microphones\) produced a brief period of her favorite )Tj
735
- T*
736
- (environmental stimuli.)Tj
737
- /TT1 1 Tf
738
- 21.7 0 0 21.7 152.2 536.5864 Tm
739
- (Method)Tj
740
- /TT2 1 Tf
741
- 19.6 0 0 19.6 152.2 493.634 Tm
742
- (Participant)Tj
743
- /TT0 1 Tf
744
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 450.4822 Tm
745
- (The girl, aged 8, was diagnosed with congenital )Tj
746
- 0 -1.3 TD
747
- (cerebropathy, low vision \(caused by optic atrophy\) )Tj
748
- T*
749
- (with attention for light displays, extensive motor )Tj
750
- 0 -1.3 TD
751
- (impairment, lack of speech, and profound intellectual )Tj
752
- 0 -1.3 TD
753
- (disability. She was also diagnosed with epilepsy that )Tj
754
- T*
755
- (was partially controlled by medication \(sodium )Tj
756
- T*
757
- (valproate and carbamazepine\) and typically sat in a )Tj
758
- T*
759
- (wheelchair. Given her extremely serious condition, no )Tj
760
- 0 -1.3 TD
761
- (specific responses had been established that she could )Tj
762
- T*
763
- (profitably use in her environment. The girl could emit )Tj
764
- T*
765
- (brief vocalization responses and could react with )Tj
766
- T*
767
- (smiles or other apparently positive facial expressions )Tj
768
- T*
769
- (\(such as alerting\) to environmental stimuli. She lived at )Tj
770
- 0 -1.3 TD
771
- (home with her parents and attended some basic )Tj
772
- 0 -1.3 TD
773
- (physiotherapy and stimulation sessions. Her parents )Tj
774
- T*
775
- (provided formal consent for the girl to participate in )Tj
776
- T*
777
- (this study.)Tj
778
- ET
779
- EMC
780
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Bottom ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 5 582 14 ]>>BDC
781
- Q
782
- 0 0 0 rg
783
- BT
784
- /T1_0 1 Tf
785
- 9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
786
- (http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvib990307.asp \(3 of 12\)5/5/2005 8:36:44 AM)Tj
787
- ET
788
- EMC
789
-
790
- endstream
791
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 778 582 787 ]>>BDC
792
- 0 0 0 rg
793
- 0 i
794
- BT
795
- /T1_0 1 Tf
796
- 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm
797
- (Enabling a Girl with Multiple Disabilities to Control Her Favorite Stimu\
798
- (rch Report - March 2005)Tj
799
- ET
800
- EMC
801
- /WebCaptureBG BMC
802
- /WebCaptureFN <</L 0 >>BDC
803
- q
804
- 0 18 612 756 re
805
- W* n
806
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top /Bottom /Left /Right ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [10 18 612 774 ]>>BDC
807
- Q
808
- 1 1 0.933 rg
809
- 10 18 602 756 re
810
- f
811
- EMC
812
- q
813
- 0 18 612 756 re
814
- W* n
815
- /Artifact <</Type /Layout /BBox [12 36 129.2 766 ]>>BDC
816
- Q
817
- 0.867 0.4 0.2 rg
818
- 12 36 117.2 730 re
819
- f
820
- EMC
821
- EMC
822
- EMC
823
- /Article <</MCID 0 >>BDC
824
- q
825
- 0 18 612 756 re
826
- W* n
827
- 0 0 0 rg
828
- BT
829
- /TT0 1 Tf
830
- 19.6 0 0 19.6 152.2 748.954 Tm
831
- (Target response, microswitch, control system, )Tj
832
- 0 -1.2 TD
833
- (and favorite stimuli)Tj
834
- /TT1 1 Tf
835
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 682.2822 Tm
836
- (Vocalization was defined as any brief sound emission )Tj
837
- 0 -1.3 TD
838
- (of 50 decibels \(dBs\) or higher. The microswitch that )Tj
839
- T*
840
- (was used for detecting such a response consisted of a )Tj
841
- 0 -1.3 TD
842
- (battery-powered electronic unit 8 by 6 by 2 centimeters )Tj
843
- 0 -1.3 TD
844
- (\(about 3 by 2 by .8 inches\) that was connected to a )Tj
845
- T*
846
- (throat microphone \(a piezo-electric sensor with a )Tj
847
- T*
848
- (diameter of 2.2 cm, or about 0.9 inch, and a thickness )Tj
849
- T*
850
- (of 0.5 cm, or about .02 inch\) that was kept at the girl\222s )Tj
851
- 0 -1.3 TD
852
- (larynx with a light neckband, and an airborne )Tj
853
- T*
854
- (microphone that was placed on a table next to the girl\222s )Tj
855
- T*
856
- (face. Activation of the microswitch \(by triggering both )Tj
857
- T*
858
- (microphones\) turned on a battery-powered control )Tj
859
- T*
860
- (system that recorded the response and, during )Tj
861
- 0 -1.3 TD
862
- (intervention, activated the girl\222s favorite stimuli for six )Tj
863
- 0 -1.3 TD
864
- (seconds \(Lancioni et al., 2002\).)Tj
865
- 0 -2.399 TD
866
- (Favorite stimuli \(that is, stimuli that were considered to )Tj
867
- 0 -1.3 TD
868
- (be pleasant for the girl\) were selected through stimulus-)Tj
869
- T*
870
- (preference screening \(Crawford & Schuster, 1993\). )Tj
871
- T*
872
- (The screening covered multiple stimuli, each of which )Tj
873
- T*
874
- (was presented 15\22635 nonconsecutive times. Only the )Tj
875
- T*
876
- (stimuli that were followed by the girl\222s positive )Tj
877
- T*
878
- (reactions \(alerting, orienting, or smiling\) in 70% or )Tj
879
- T*
880
- (more of the presentations were selected. The stimuli )Tj
881
- T*
882
- (selected for the study included light displays, several )Tj
883
- 0 -1.3 TD
884
- (types of music and songs, various kinds of noise, and )Tj
885
- T*
886
- (vibratory inputs.)Tj
887
- ET
888
- EMC
889
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Bottom ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 5 582 14 ]>>BDC
890
- Q
891
- 0 0 0 rg
892
- BT
893
- /T1_0 1 Tf
894
- 9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
895
- (http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvib990307.asp \(4 of 12\)5/5/2005 8:36:44 AM)Tj
896
- ET
897
- EMC
898
-
899
- endstream
900
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 778 582 787 ]>>BDC
901
- 0 0 0 rg
902
- 0 i
903
- BT
904
- /T1_0 1 Tf
905
- 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm
906
- (Enabling a Girl with Multiple Disabilities to Control Her Favorite Stimu\
907
- (rch Report - March 2005)Tj
908
- ET
909
- EMC
910
- /WebCaptureBG BMC
911
- /WebCaptureFN <</L 0 >>BDC
912
- q
913
- 0 18 612 756 re
914
- W* n
915
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top /Bottom /Left /Right ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [10 18 612 774 ]>>BDC
916
- Q
917
- 1 1 0.933 rg
918
- 10 18 602 756 re
919
- f
920
- EMC
921
- q
922
- 0 18 612 756 re
923
- W* n
924
- /Artifact <</Type /Layout /BBox [12 36 129.2 766 ]>>BDC
925
- Q
926
- 0.867 0.4 0.2 rg
927
- 12 36 117.2 730 re
928
- f
929
- EMC
930
- EMC
931
- EMC
932
- /Article <</MCID 0 >>BDC
933
- q
934
- 0 18 612 756 re
935
- W* n
936
- 0 0 0 rg
937
- BT
938
- /TT0 1 Tf
939
- 19.6 0 0 19.6 152.2 748.954 Tm
940
- (Experimental conditions)Tj
941
- /TT1 1 Tf
942
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 705.8022 Tm
943
- (The girl was observed during an ABAB sequence of )Tj
944
- 0 -1.3 TD
945
- (sessions, in which A represented a baseline phase and )Tj
946
- T*
947
- (B represented an intervention phase \(Richards, Taylor, )Tj
948
- 0 -1.3 TD
949
- (Ramasamy, & Richards, 1999\). A postintervention )Tj
950
- 0 -1.3 TD
951
- (assessment was conducted two months after the second )Tj
952
- T*
953
- (intervention phase. Typically, eight or nine sessions )Tj
954
- T*
955
- (per day occurred within the study periods. Each session )Tj
956
- T*
957
- (lasted five minutes, and the girl\222s responses were )Tj
958
- 0 -1.3 TD
959
- (recorded automatically through the control system. A )Tj
960
- T*
961
- (research assistant checked whether any response that )Tj
962
- T*
963
- (was recorded by the system and was followed by )Tj
964
- T*
965
- (favorite stimuli was a false positive \(that is, was due to )Tj
966
- T*
967
- (something other than the girl\222s vocalization\). A second )Tj
968
- 0 -1.3 TD
969
- (research assistant checked the reliability of the )Tj
970
- 0 -1.3 TD
971
- (recording of false positives over a total of 45 sessions )Tj
972
- T*
973
- (throughout the study. Interrater reliability was )Tj
974
- T*
975
- (computed for groups of five sessions, each divided into )Tj
976
- T*
977
- (five intervals of one minute. Agreements \(that is, one-)Tj
978
- T*
979
- (minute intervals for which the research assistants )Tj
980
- T*
981
- (reported the same number of false positives, which )Tj
982
- T*
983
- (could also be zero\) were divided by the total number of )Tj
984
- T*
985
- (one-minute intervals that were observed and were )Tj
986
- T*
987
- (multiplied by 100. The mean reliability was 97%, with )Tj
988
- T*
989
- (a range of 92% to 100%.)Tj
990
- /TT2 1 Tf
991
- 0 -2.353 TD
992
- (Baseline phases.)Tj
993
- /TT1 1 Tf
994
- 0 -2.345 TD
995
- (The two baseline phases included 14 and 9 sessions, )Tj
996
- 0 -1.3 TD
997
- (respectively. The microswitch and control system were )Tj
998
- ET
999
- EMC
1000
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Bottom ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 5 582 14 ]>>BDC
1001
- Q
1002
- 0 0 0 rg
1003
- BT
1004
- /T1_0 1 Tf
1005
- 9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
1006
- (http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvib990307.asp \(5 of 12\)5/5/2005 8:36:44 AM)Tj
1007
- ET
1008
- EMC
1009
-
1010
- endstream
1011
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 778 582 787 ]>>BDC
1012
- 0 0 0 rg
1013
- 0 i
1014
- BT
1015
- /T1_0 1 Tf
1016
- 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm
1017
- (Enabling a Girl with Multiple Disabilities to Control Her Favorite Stimu\
1018
- (rch Report - March 2005)Tj
1019
- ET
1020
- EMC
1021
- /WebCaptureBG BMC
1022
- /WebCaptureFN <</L 0 >>BDC
1023
- q
1024
- 0 18 612 756 re
1025
- W* n
1026
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top /Bottom /Left /Right ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [10 18 612 774 ]>>BDC
1027
- Q
1028
- 1 1 0.933 rg
1029
- 10 18 602 756 re
1030
- f
1031
- EMC
1032
- q
1033
- 0 18 612 756 re
1034
- W* n
1035
- /Artifact <</Type /Layout /BBox [12 36 129.2 766 ]>>BDC
1036
- Q
1037
- 0.867 0.4 0.2 rg
1038
- 12 36 117.2 730 re
1039
- f
1040
- EMC
1041
- EMC
1042
- EMC
1043
- /Article <</MCID 0 >>BDC
1044
- q
1045
- 0 18 612 756 re
1046
- W* n
1047
- 0 0 0 rg
1048
- BT
1049
- /TT0 1 Tf
1050
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 749.3222 Tm
1051
- (available, but microswitch activation did not produce )Tj
1052
- 0 -1.3 TD
1053
- (the occurrence of favorite stimuli. At the start of the )Tj
1054
- T*
1055
- (sessions, the girl was prompted to respond \(by talking )Tj
1056
- 0 -1.3 TD
1057
- (or making noise at her ear\). The prompt was repeated )Tj
1058
- 0 -1.3 TD
1059
- (during the sessions after periods of nonresponse of )Tj
1060
- T*
1061
- (about one minute.)Tj
1062
- /TT1 1 Tf
1063
- 0 -2.353 TD
1064
- (Intervention phases.)Tj
1065
- /TT0 1 Tf
1066
- 0 -2.345 TD
1067
- (The two intervention phases included 81 and 86 )Tj
1068
- 0 -1.3 TD
1069
- (sessions, respectively. The procedural conditions were )Tj
1070
- T*
1071
- (the same as during the baseline phases except that )Tj
1072
- T*
1073
- (activation of the microswitch produced the occurrence )Tj
1074
- T*
1075
- (of favorite stimuli. A new activation occurring while )Tj
1076
- T*
1077
- (the previous one was still being followed by the )Tj
1078
- T*
1079
- (preferred stimuli \(that is, within the six-second interval )Tj
1080
- T*
1081
- (in which the stimuli were on\) was not recorded and did )Tj
1082
- T*
1083
- (not cause the presentation of an additional stimulus )Tj
1084
- T*
1085
- (\(Lancioni & Lems, 2001\).)Tj
1086
- /TT1 1 Tf
1087
- 0 -2.353 TD
1088
- (Postintervention assessment.)Tj
1089
- /TT0 1 Tf
1090
- 0 -2.345 TD
1091
- (After the end of the second intervention phase, sessions )Tj
1092
- 0 -1.3 TD
1093
- (that were comparable to those that occurred during the )Tj
1094
- T*
1095
- (intervention continued to be held. Twenty of these )Tj
1096
- T*
1097
- (sessions \(carried out two months after the end of the )Tj
1098
- T*
1099
- (second intervention phase\) served as the )Tj
1100
- 0 -1.3 TD
1101
- (postintervention assessment.)Tj
1102
- /TT2 1 Tf
1103
- 21.7 0 0 21.7 152.2 81.6664 Tm
1104
- (Results)Tj
1105
- /TT0 1 Tf
1106
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 39.0822 Tm
1107
- (During the first baseline phase \(14 sessions\), the girl )Tj
1108
- ET
1109
- EMC
1110
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Bottom ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 5 582 14 ]>>BDC
1111
- Q
1112
- 0 0 0 rg
1113
- BT
1114
- /T1_0 1 Tf
1115
- 9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
1116
- (http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvib990307.asp \(6 of 12\)5/5/2005 8:36:44 AM)Tj
1117
- ET
1118
- EMC
1119
-
1120
- endstream
1121
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1122
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1123
- 0 i
1124
- BT
1125
- /T1_0 1 Tf
1126
- 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm
1127
- (Enabling a Girl with Multiple Disabilities to Control Her Favorite Stimu\
1128
- (rch Report - March 2005)Tj
1129
- ET
1130
- EMC
1131
- /WebCaptureBG BMC
1132
- /WebCaptureFN <</L 0 >>BDC
1133
- q
1134
- 0 18 612 756 re
1135
- W* n
1136
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top /Bottom /Left /Right ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [10 18 612 774 ]>>BDC
1137
- Q
1138
- 1 1 0.933 rg
1139
- 10 18 602 756 re
1140
- f
1141
- EMC
1142
- q
1143
- 0 18 612 756 re
1144
- W* n
1145
- /Artifact <</Type /Layout /BBox [12 36 129.2 766 ]>>BDC
1146
- Q
1147
- 0.867 0.4 0.2 rg
1148
- 12 36 117.2 730 re
1149
- f
1150
- EMC
1151
- EMC
1152
- EMC
1153
- /Article <</MCID 0 >>BDC
1154
- q
1155
- 0 18 612 756 re
1156
- W* n
1157
- 0 0 0 rg
1158
- BT
1159
- /TT0 1 Tf
1160
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 745.4222 Tm
1161
- (had a mean frequency of about 6 independent )Tj
1162
- 0 -1.3 TD
1163
- (responses per session \(see )Tj
1164
- ET
1165
- 0 0 0.8 RG
1166
- 0.874 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d
1167
- 346.285 719.141 m
1168
- 407.455 719.141 l
1169
- S
1170
- 0 0 0.8 rg
1171
- BT
1172
- /TT0 1 Tf
1173
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 346.2848 721.7622 Tm
1174
- (Figure 1)Tj
1175
- 0 0 0 rg
1176
- (\). During the first )Tj
1177
- -10.664 -1.41 Td
1178
- (intervention phase \(81 sessions\), the mean frequency )Tj
1179
- T*
1180
- (increased to about 17 independent responses per )Tj
1181
- 0 -1.3 TD
1182
- (session. This frequency dropped to about half during )Tj
1183
- T*
1184
- (the second baseline phase \(9 sessions\) and increased to )Tj
1185
- T*
1186
- (a mean of over 19 per session during the second )Tj
1187
- T*
1188
- (intervention phase \(86 sessions\). The intervention )Tj
1189
- T*
1190
- (frequencies were maintained at the postintervention )Tj
1191
- 0 -1.3 TD
1192
- (assessment \(20 sessions\). The differences between the )Tj
1193
- T*
1194
- (baseline responding frequencies and the intervention )Tj
1195
- 0 -1.303 TD
1196
- (and postintervention frequencies were significant \()Tj
1197
- /TT1 1 Tf
1198
- (p)Tj
1199
- /TT0 1 Tf
1200
- ( )Tj
1201
- 0 -1.3 TD
1202
- (< .01\) according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test )Tj
1203
- T*
1204
- (\(Siegel & Castellan, 1988\). Of the responses that were )Tj
1205
- T*
1206
- (recorded, only about 5% appeared to be false positives.)Tj
1207
- /TT2 1 Tf
1208
- 21.7 0 0 21.7 152.2 365.0153 Tm
1209
- (Discussion)Tj
1210
- /TT0 1 Tf
1211
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 322.431 Tm
1212
- (These data show that the girl learned to use )Tj
1213
- 0 -1.3 TD
1214
- (vocalization to increase environmental stimulation )Tj
1215
- T*
1216
- (effectively and that the new microswitch kept false )Tj
1217
- 0 -1.3 TD
1218
- (positive responses to a low level. This evidence )Tj
1219
- 0 -1.3 TD
1220
- (supports the notion that vocalization may be a reliable )Tj
1221
- T*
1222
- (and useful response for people with profound visual, )Tj
1223
- T*
1224
- (motor, and intellectual disabilities and underlines the )Tj
1225
- T*
1226
- (relevance of the new microswitch \(see Lancioni et al., )Tj
1227
- 0 -1.3 TD
1228
- (2001; Richards et al., 1999\). Indeed, this microswitch )Tj
1229
- T*
1230
- (may allow the use of vocalization with individuals with )Tj
1231
- T*
1232
- (bronchotracheal congestion and dystonic movements )Tj
1233
- T*
1234
- (of the head. For some of these individuals, vocalization )Tj
1235
- T*
1236
- (may be the only response available to learn to control )Tj
1237
- ET
1238
- EMC
1239
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Bottom ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 5 582 14 ]>>BDC
1240
- Q
1241
- 0 0 0 rg
1242
- BT
1243
- /T1_0 1 Tf
1244
- 9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
1245
- (http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvib990307.asp \(7 of 12\)5/5/2005 8:36:44 AM)Tj
1246
- ET
1247
- EMC
1248
-
1249
- endstream
1250
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 778 582 787 ]>>BDC
1251
- 0 0 0 rg
1252
- 0 i
1253
- BT
1254
- /T1_0 1 Tf
1255
- 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm
1256
- (Enabling a Girl with Multiple Disabilities to Control Her Favorite Stimu\
1257
- (rch Report - March 2005)Tj
1258
- ET
1259
- EMC
1260
- /WebCaptureBG BMC
1261
- /WebCaptureFN <</L 0 >>BDC
1262
- q
1263
- 0 18 612 756 re
1264
- W* n
1265
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top /Bottom /Left /Right ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [10 18 612 774 ]>>BDC
1266
- Q
1267
- 1 1 0.933 rg
1268
- 10 18 602 756 re
1269
- f
1270
- EMC
1271
- q
1272
- 0 18 612 756 re
1273
- W* n
1274
- /Artifact <</Type /Layout /BBox [12 36 129.2 766 ]>>BDC
1275
- Q
1276
- 0.867 0.4 0.2 rg
1277
- 12 36 117.2 730 re
1278
- f
1279
- EMC
1280
- EMC
1281
- EMC
1282
- /Article <</MCID 0 >>BDC
1283
- q
1284
- 0 18 612 756 re
1285
- W* n
1286
- 0 0 0 rg
1287
- BT
1288
- /TT0 1 Tf
1289
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 152.2 744.8511 Tm
1290
- (environmental stimuli and make some recognizable )Tj
1291
- 0 -1.3 TD
1292
- (progress in development and, possibly, in the quality of )Tj
1293
- T*
1294
- (their lives \(Felce & Perry, 1995; Holburn, Nguyen, & )Tj
1295
- 0 -1.3 TD
1296
- (Vietze, 2004; Schalock et al., 2002; Watson, Hayes, & )Tj
1297
- 0 -1.3 TD
1298
- (Vietze, 1982\).)Tj
1299
- 0 -2.399 TD
1300
- (In spite of the encouraging results, general conclusions )Tj
1301
- 0 -1.3 TD
1302
- (cannot be drawn because the research is still at a )Tj
1303
- T*
1304
- (preliminary stage \(Green & Reid, 1994; Kazdin, 2001\). )Tj
1305
- T*
1306
- (New studies will need to extend the assessment of this )Tj
1307
- T*
1308
- (response-microswitch combination with other persons )Tj
1309
- T*
1310
- (with profound multiple disabilities, to determine the )Tj
1311
- T*
1312
- (overall applicability of the combination and the )Tj
1313
- T*
1314
- (generality of the findings, and to identify ways of )Tj
1315
- T*
1316
- (reducing the cost of the present microswitch \(which is )Tj
1317
- T*
1318
- (about $200\), to make it more affordable in educational )Tj
1319
- T*
1320
- (and home settings.)Tj
1321
- /TT1 1 Tf
1322
- 21.7 0 0 21.7 152.2 322.8353 Tm
1323
- (References)Tj
1324
- /TT0 1 Tf
1325
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 162.2 280.2511 Tm
1326
- (Crawford, M. R., & Schuster, J. W. \(1993\). Using )Tj
1327
- 0 -1.303 TD
1328
- (microswitches to teach toy use. )Tj
1329
- /TT2 1 Tf
1330
- (Journal of )Tj
1331
- T*
1332
- (Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 5)Tj
1333
- /TT0 1 Tf
1334
- (, 349\226368. )Tj
1335
- 0 -2.399 TD
1336
- (Felce, D., & Perry, J. \(1995\). Quality of life: Its )Tj
1337
- 0 -1.303 TD
1338
- (definition and measurement. )Tj
1339
- /TT2 1 Tf
1340
- (Research in )Tj
1341
- T*
1342
- (Developmental Disabilities, 16)Tj
1343
- /TT0 1 Tf
1344
- (, 51\22674. )Tj
1345
- 0 -2.399 TD
1346
- (Green, C. W., & Reid, D. H. \(1994\). A )Tj
1347
- 0 -1.3 TD
1348
- (comprehensive evaluation of a train-the-trainers )Tj
1349
- T*
1350
- (model for training education staff to assemble )Tj
1351
- ET
1352
- EMC
1353
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Bottom ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 5 582 14 ]>>BDC
1354
- Q
1355
- 0 0 0 rg
1356
- BT
1357
- /T1_0 1 Tf
1358
- 9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
1359
- (http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvib990307.asp \(8 of 12\)5/5/2005 8:36:44 AM)Tj
1360
- ET
1361
- EMC
1362
-
1363
- endstream
1364
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 778 582 787 ]>>BDC
1365
- 0 0 0 rg
1366
- 0 i
1367
- BT
1368
- /T1_0 1 Tf
1369
- 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm
1370
- (Enabling a Girl with Multiple Disabilities to Control Her Favorite Stimu\
1371
- (rch Report - March 2005)Tj
1372
- ET
1373
- EMC
1374
- /WebCaptureBG BMC
1375
- /WebCaptureFN <</L 0 >>BDC
1376
- q
1377
- 0 18 612 756 re
1378
- W* n
1379
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top /Bottom /Left /Right ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [10 18 612 774 ]>>BDC
1380
- Q
1381
- 1 1 0.933 rg
1382
- 10 18 602 756 re
1383
- f
1384
- EMC
1385
- q
1386
- 0 18 612 756 re
1387
- W* n
1388
- /Artifact <</Type /Layout /BBox [12 36 129.2 766 ]>>BDC
1389
- Q
1390
- 0.867 0.4 0.2 rg
1391
- 12 36 117.2 730 re
1392
- f
1393
- EMC
1394
- EMC
1395
- EMC
1396
- /Article <</MCID 0 >>BDC
1397
- q
1398
- 0 18 612 756 re
1399
- W* n
1400
- 0 0 0 rg
1401
- BT
1402
- /TT0 1 Tf
1403
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 162.2 749.2711 Tm
1404
- (adaptive switches. )Tj
1405
- /TT1 1 Tf
1406
- (Journal of Developmental and )Tj
1407
- 0 -1.303 TD
1408
- (Physical Disabilities, 6,)Tj
1409
- /TT0 1 Tf
1410
- ( 219\226238. )Tj
1411
- 0 -2.399 TD
1412
- (Gutowski, S. J. \(1996\). Response acquisition for )Tj
1413
- 0 -1.3 TD
1414
- (music or beverages in adults with profound multiple )Tj
1415
- 0 -1.303 TD
1416
- (handicaps. )Tj
1417
- /TT1 1 Tf
1418
- (Journal of Developmental and Physical )Tj
1419
- T*
1420
- (Disabilities, 8)Tj
1421
- /TT0 1 Tf
1422
- (, 221\226231. )Tj
1423
- 0 -2.399 TD
1424
- (Holburn, S., Nguyen, D., & Vietze, P. M. \(2004\). )Tj
1425
- 0 -1.3 TD
1426
- (Computer-assisted learning for adults with profound )Tj
1427
- 0 -1.303 TD
1428
- (multiple disabilities. )Tj
1429
- /TT1 1 Tf
1430
- (Behavioral Interventions, 19, )Tj
1431
- /TT0 1 Tf
1432
- (25\226)Tj
1433
- 0 -1.3 TD
1434
- (37. )Tj
1435
- 0 -2.402 TD
1436
- (Kazdin, A. E. \(2001\). )Tj
1437
- /TT1 1 Tf
1438
- (Behavior modification in )Tj
1439
- 0 -1.303 TD
1440
- (applied settings)Tj
1441
- /TT0 1 Tf
1442
- ( \(6th ed.\). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/)Tj
1443
- 0 -1.3 TD
1444
- (Thomson Learning. )Tj
1445
- 0 -2.399 TD
1446
- (Lancioni, G. E., & Lems, S. \(2001\). Using a )Tj
1447
- 0 -1.3 TD
1448
- (microswitch for vocalization responses with persons )Tj
1449
- 0 -1.303 TD
1450
- (with multiple disabilities. )Tj
1451
- /TT1 1 Tf
1452
- (Disability and )Tj
1453
- T*
1454
- (Rehabilitation, 23)Tj
1455
- /TT0 1 Tf
1456
- (, 745\226748. )Tj
1457
- 0 -2.399 TD
1458
- (Lancioni, G. E., O\222Reilly, M. F., Oliva, D., & Coppa, )Tj
1459
- 0 -1.3 TD
1460
- (M. M. \(2001\). A microswitch for vocalization )Tj
1461
- T*
1462
- (responses to foster environmental control in children )Tj
1463
- 0 -1.303 TD
1464
- (with multiple disabilities. )Tj
1465
- /TT1 1 Tf
1466
- (Journal of Intellectual )Tj
1467
- T*
1468
- (Disability Research, 45)Tj
1469
- /TT0 1 Tf
1470
- (, 271\226275. )Tj
1471
- 0 -2.399 TD
1472
- (Lancioni, G. E., Singh, N. N., O\222Reilly, M. F., Oliva, )Tj
1473
- 0 -1.3 TD
1474
- (D., Baccani, S., & Canevaro, A. \(2002\). Using simple )Tj
1475
- T*
1476
- (hand-movement responses with optic microswitches )Tj
1477
- ET
1478
- EMC
1479
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Bottom ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 5 582 14 ]>>BDC
1480
- Q
1481
- 0 0 0 rg
1482
- BT
1483
- /T1_0 1 Tf
1484
- 9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
1485
- (http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvib990307.asp \(9 of 12\)5/5/2005 8:36:44 AM)Tj
1486
- ET
1487
- EMC
1488
-
1489
- endstream
1490
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 778 582 787 ]>>BDC
1491
- 0 0 0 rg
1492
- 0 i
1493
- BT
1494
- /T1_0 1 Tf
1495
- 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm
1496
- (Enabling a Girl with Multiple Disabilities to Control Her Favorite Stimu\
1497
- (rch Report - March 2005)Tj
1498
- ET
1499
- EMC
1500
- /WebCaptureBG BMC
1501
- /WebCaptureFN <</L 0 >>BDC
1502
- q
1503
- 0 18 612 756 re
1504
- W* n
1505
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top /Bottom /Left /Right ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [10 18 612 774 ]>>BDC
1506
- Q
1507
- 1 1 0.933 rg
1508
- 10 18 602 756 re
1509
- f
1510
- EMC
1511
- q
1512
- 0 18 612 756 re
1513
- W* n
1514
- /Artifact <</Type /Layout /BBox [12 36 129.2 766 ]>>BDC
1515
- Q
1516
- 0.867 0.4 0.2 rg
1517
- 12 36 117.2 730 re
1518
- f
1519
- EMC
1520
- EMC
1521
- EMC
1522
- /Article <</MCID 0 >>BDC
1523
- q
1524
- 0 18 612 756 re
1525
- W* n
1526
- 0 0 0 rg
1527
- BT
1528
- /TT0 1 Tf
1529
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 162.2 749.2711 Tm
1530
- (with two persons with multiple disabilities. )Tj
1531
- /TT1 1 Tf
1532
- (Research )Tj
1533
- 0 -1.303 TD
1534
- (and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities)Tj
1535
- /TT0 1 Tf
1536
- (, )Tj
1537
- /TT1 1 Tf
1538
- (27)Tj
1539
- /TT0 1 Tf
1540
- (, )Tj
1541
- 0 -1.3 TD
1542
- (276\226279. )Tj
1543
- 0 -2.399 TD
1544
- (Lancioni, G. E., Singh, N. N., O\222Reilly, M. F., Oliva, )Tj
1545
- 0 -1.3 TD
1546
- (D., Scalini, L., Vigo, C. M., & Groeneweg, J. \(2004\). )Tj
1547
- T*
1548
- (Microswitch clusters to support responding and )Tj
1549
- 0 -1.3 TD
1550
- (appropriate posture of students with multiple )Tj
1551
- 0 -1.303 TD
1552
- (disabilities: Three case evaluations. )Tj
1553
- /TT1 1 Tf
1554
- (Disability and )Tj
1555
- 0 -1.303 TD
1556
- (Rehabilitation, 26,)Tj
1557
- /TT0 1 Tf
1558
- ( 501\226505. )Tj
1559
- 0 -2.399 TD
1560
- (McCathren, R. B., Yoder, P. J., & Warren, S. F. )Tj
1561
- 0 -1.3 TD
1562
- (\(1999\). The relationship between prelinguistic )Tj
1563
- 0 -1.3 TD
1564
- (vocalization and later expressive vocabulary in young )Tj
1565
- 0 -1.303 TD
1566
- (children with developmental delay. )Tj
1567
- /TT1 1 Tf
1568
- (Journal of )Tj
1569
- T*
1570
- (Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42,)Tj
1571
- /TT0 1 Tf
1572
- ( 915\226)Tj
1573
- 0 -1.3 TD
1574
- (924. )Tj
1575
- 0 -2.399 TD
1576
- (O\222Brien, Y., Glenn, S., & Cunningham, C. \(1994\). )Tj
1577
- 0 -1.3 TD
1578
- (Contingency awareness in infants and children with )Tj
1579
- T*
1580
- (severe and profound learning disabilities. )Tj
1581
- /TT1 1 Tf
1582
- 0 -1.303 TD
1583
- (International Journal of Disability, Development and )Tj
1584
- 0 -1.3 TD
1585
- (Education, 41,)Tj
1586
- /TT0 1 Tf
1587
- ( 231\226243. )Tj
1588
- 0 -2.399 TD
1589
- (Richards, S. B., Taylor, R. L., Ramasamy, R., & )Tj
1590
- 0 -1.303 TD
1591
- (Richards, R. Y. \(1999\). )Tj
1592
- /TT1 1 Tf
1593
- (Single-subject research: )Tj
1594
- 0 -1.303 TD
1595
- (Applications in educational and clinical settings.)Tj
1596
- /TT0 1 Tf
1597
- ( )Tj
1598
- 0 -1.3 TD
1599
- (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning. )Tj
1600
- 0 -2.399 TD
1601
- (Schalock, R., Brown, I., Brown, R., Cummins, R. A., )Tj
1602
- 0 -1.3 TD
1603
- (Felce, D., Matikka, L., Keith, K.-D., & Parmenter, T. )Tj
1604
- ET
1605
- EMC
1606
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Bottom ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 5 582 14 ]>>BDC
1607
- Q
1608
- 0 0 0 rg
1609
- BT
1610
- /T1_0 1 Tf
1611
- 9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
1612
- (http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvib990307.asp \(10 of 12\)5/5/2005 8:36:44 AM)Tj
1613
- ET
1614
- EMC
1615
-
1616
- endstream
1617
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [18 778 582 787 ]>>BDC
1618
- 0 0 0 rg
1619
- 0 i
1620
- BT
1621
- /T1_0 1 Tf
1622
- 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm
1623
- (Enabling a Girl with Multiple Disabilities to Control Her Favorite Stimu\
1624
- (rch Report - March 2005)Tj
1625
- ET
1626
- EMC
1627
- /WebCaptureBG BMC
1628
- /WebCaptureFN <</L 0 >>BDC
1629
- q
1630
- 0 18 612 756 re
1631
- W* n
1632
- /Artifact <</Attached [/Top /Bottom /Left /Right ]/Type /Pagination /BBox [10 18 612 774 ]>>BDC
1633
- Q
1634
- 1 1 0.933 rg
1635
- 10 18 602 756 re
1636
- f
1637
- EMC
1638
- q
1639
- 0 18 612 756 re
1640
- W* n
1641
- /Artifact <</Type /Layout /BBox [12 36 129.2 766 ]>>BDC
1642
- Q
1643
- 0.867 0.4 0.2 rg
1644
- 12 36 117.2 730 re
1645
- f
1646
- EMC
1647
- EMC
1648
- EMC
1649
- /Article <</MCID 0 >>BDC
1650
- q
1651
- 0 18 612 756 re
1652
- W* n
1653
- 0 0 0 rg
1654
- BT
1655
- /TT0 1 Tf
1656
- 18.2 0 0 18.2 162.2 749.3222 Tm
1657
- (\(2002\). Conceptualization, measurement, and )Tj
1658
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