Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

In both districts, about 85-95% of students could not pass school exams (grade X), and no more than half of graduates are able to enter colleges.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Until 1993, teaching was conducted in Urdu until the age of 14, and then switched to English.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

In 1994, the Student Movement for Education and Culture of Ladakh (SECMOL) proclaimed Operation New Hope (ONH), a campaign for “cultural and local education features” and plans to do municipal schools are more functional and efficient [42].


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

They negotiate with NGOs, government, teachers and rural communities.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

By 2001, 50% of graduates in Lech District had already passed the matriculation exam.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

A public college was opened in Leh so that students could continue their education without leaving Ladakh [43].


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Media


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Rangul or Kargil Number is a local newspaper in English and Urdu.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

It is being printed in Kashmir.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

provides Ladakh journalists with the opportunity to publish.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Notes


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

βIncluding Aksai-Chin (37,555 km²), which is under Chinese control.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

γHe mentions the Dadikai people twice, first together with Gandarioi, and then on the list of kings of Xerxes when invading Greece.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

As well as the famous gold mining ants.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

ΔIn the 1st century, Pliny talks about the fact that the dardes mined gold.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

ε Ptolemy places Daradrai in the upper course of the Indus


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

STSM Petrich, Luciano.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

The Kingdom of Ladakh ca.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

950—1842 A.D.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

, Istituto Italiano per il media ed Estremo Oriente, 1977.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Xuanzang describes the journey from Ch'u-lu-to (Kuluta, Kullu) to Lo-hu-lo (Lahaul), then writes that he traveled “from there to the north about 2000 li, the road is very difficult, cold and snow falls”; he arrived in the kingdom Mo-lo-so, or Mar-SA, is synonymous with Mar-yul, the common name of Ladakh.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

The text also mentions Mo-lo-so, or San-po-ho, on the border with Suvarnagotra or Suvarnabhumi (Land of Gold), and coincides with the Kingdom of Women (Strirajya).


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

According to Tucci, Zan-Zun, or its southern parts, were called Indians in the 7th century.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

θLeh District is in Zone V, and Kargil District is in Zone IV on the Indian Seismic Hazard Map


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

At the beginning of the 20th century, thousands of herds of chiru were reported, they ate scarce vegetation, now they are very rare.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

No census was conducted in Jammu and Kashmir due to the war.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Sources


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Literature in English


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Allan, Nigel J.R. 1995 Karakorum Himalaya: Sourcebook for a Protected Area.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

IUCN.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

ISBN 969-8141-13-8


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Cunningham, Alexander.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Ladak: Physical, Statistical, and Historical; with notices of the surrounding countries.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Reprint: Sagar Publications, New Delhi.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Desideri (1932).


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

An Account of Tibet: The Travels of Ippolito Desideri 1712-1727.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Ippolito Desideri.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Edited by Filippo De Filippi.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Introduction by C. Wessels.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Reproduced by Rupa & Co, New Delhi.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Drew, Federal.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

The Northern Barrier of India: a popular account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

1st edition: Edward Stanford, London.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Francke, A.H. (1914), 1920, 1926.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Antiquities of Indian Tibet.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Vol.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

1: Personal Narrative; Vol.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

2: The Chronicles of Ladak and Minor Chronicles, texts and translations, with Notes and Maps.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Reprint: 1972.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

S. Chand & Co.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

, New Delhi.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Gillespie, A. (2007).


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Time, Self and the Other: The striving tourist in Ladakh, north India.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

In Livia Simao and Jaan Valsiner (eds) Other in question: Development of the self.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing, Inc.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Gillespie, A. (2007).


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

In the other we trust: Buying souvenirs in Ladakh, north India.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

In Ivana Marková and Alex Gillespie (Eds.), Trust and distrust: Sociocultural perspectives.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Gordon, T.E. 1876.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

The Roof of the World: Being the Narrative of a Journey over the high plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontier and the Oxus sources on Pamir.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Edinburgh.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Edmonton and Douglas.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Reprint: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Tapei.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Harvey, Andrew.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

A Journey in Ladakh.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Knight, E.F. 1893.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in: Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Longmans, Green, and Co.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

, London.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Reprint: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company, Taipei.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Knight, William, Henry.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Diary of a Pedestrian in Cashmere and Thibet.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Richard Bentley, London.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Reprint 1998: Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Moorcroft, William and Trebeck, George.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825, Vol.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

II.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Norberg-Hodge, Helena.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Rider Books, London.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Peissel, Michel.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

The Ants' Gold: The Discovery of the Greek El Dorado in the Himalayas.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Harvill Press, London.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Rizvi, Janet.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Ladakh, Crossroads of High Asia.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Oxford University Press.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

1st edition 1963.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

2nd revised edition 1996.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

3rd impression 2001.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

ISBN 019 564546 4.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Trekking in Zanskar & Ladakh: Nubra Valley, Tso Moriri & Pangong Lake, Step By step Details of Every Trek: a Most Authentic & Colorful Trekkers' guide with maps 2001-2002


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Zeisler, Bettina.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

“East of the Moon and West of the Sun? Approaches to a Land with Many Names, North of Ancient India and South of Khotan.” In: The Tibet Journal, Special issue.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

“The Earth Ox Papers”, edited by Roberto Vitali, pp.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Francke, A.H. (1914, 1926).


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Antiquities of Indian Tibet.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Two Volumes.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Calcutta.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Literature in Russian


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Komissaruk E.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

L. Essay on the historiography of Ladakh.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Series: History.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Philology.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Cultural studies.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Oriental studies.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

#3 (12).


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

P. 61-67.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Komissaruk E.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

L. The struggle for one's own language in Ladakh: the story of a magazine//Observatory of Culture.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

No. 2.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

P. 137—141.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Komissaruk E.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

L. The language of Ladakhi and the history of its study//Vostok.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Afro-Asian societies: history and modernity.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

No. 5. P. 178—184.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Komissaruk E.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

L. Moravian Church in Ladakh.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

The contribution of the Moravian brothers to the development of the Ladakhi language.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Series: History.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Philology.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Cultural studies.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Oriental studies.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

#20 (100).


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

P. 169—188.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Borkin L. ME.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Three expeditions of the St. Petersburg Union of Scientists to India: the Western Himalayas (2011 and 2013), the Thar Desert and the Arabian Coast (2014)//Historical and Biological Research.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

VOL. 6. NO. 4. P. 124—133.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Grinevich Ye.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

, Kulikova N. Ladakh with legs and eyes.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

— 66 p.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Shustova A. M. YU.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

N. Roerich in Ladakh (to the 110th anniversary of Yu. N. Roerich)//Vostok.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

No. 5. P. 124—130.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Prophet E.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

K. Jesus' lost years.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

About the discoveries of Notovich, Abhadanadra, Roerich and Kaspari, documenting Jesus' seventeen-year journey in the East.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

M. Publisher: Longfellow.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

2011—360 p. ISBN 9785984420556


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Andreev A. AND. Russian travelers in Ladakh (late 18th - early 20th centuries) //Buddhist culture: history, source studies, linguistics and art.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Third Dorzhiev Readings: Proceedings of the conference.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Ulan-Ude, Ivolginsky Datsan, Alkhanay, July 8-10, 2008 /Ed.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

A. O. Boronoeva.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2009.


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

P. 243-256


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

References


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Category:Geography of India


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Category:India


Question: What is the area of Ladakh, a historical and geographical area located in India?

Ladakh

Category:Ladakh


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

Czechia is an internal state in Central Europe.


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

Coordinates:.


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

The coordinates of the extreme points:


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

North: 51º 03′ 33″ N


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

South: 48º 33′ 09″ N


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

west: 12º 05′ 33″ VD


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

east: 18º 51′ 40″ VD


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

The territory of the Czech Republic is 78,866 km² (including 77,276 km² of the earth's surface and 1,590 km² of water).


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

The total length of the border is 1,880 km.


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

It borders Poland (border length 658 km) in the north, Germany in the north-west and west (border length 646 km), Austria in the south (border length 362 km) and Slovakia in the east (border length 214 km).


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

Protrusions: Ashsky ledge, Friedlant ledge, Shluknov ledge, Broumov ledge, Yavornitsky ledge, Osoblazhsky ledge and Breclav ledge (Dyya triangle).


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

The Czech landscape is very diverse.


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

The western part (Bohemia) lies in the basins of the Laba (Elbe) and Vltava (Moldau) rivers, surrounded mainly by low mountains (the Sudetes and their part - the Giant Mountains), where the highest point of the country, Mount Snezka, is located 1,602 m high.


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

Moravia, the eastern part, is also quite hilly and lies mainly in the Morava River (March) basin, and also contains the source of the Odra River (Oder).


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

Rivers from the landlocked Czech Republic flow into three seas: the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea.


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

Climate


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

The climate is temperate with warm summers and cool, cloudy, humid winters, determined by a mixture of marine and continental influences.


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

In summer, the average air temperature is +16..


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

.+20°C, in winter 0..


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

.−3°C, in the mountains the air temperature is much lower.


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

See also


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

List of reptiles in the Czech Republic


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

List of clams in the Czech Republic


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech

References


Question: How long is the Czech Republic?

Geography of Czech


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg Population

The main population of Luxembourg is Luxembourgers.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg Population

The total number is 473 thousand people, including 285 thousand people in Luxembourg.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg Population

The Luxembourgish language of the Germanic group of the Indo-European family is spoken.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg Population

German and French are also spoken.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg/People

The writing system is based on the Latin alphabet.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg/People

The overwhelming majority of believers are Catholics, there are Protestants.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg/People

As of January 1, 2017, STATEC has 590,667 inhabitants, of which 47.7% are non-Luxembourgers.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg/People

The three most represented communities are Portuguese (16.4% of the total population), followed by French (7.5%) and Italian (3.6%).


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg/People

At the municipal level, the share of foreigners varies between 19.3% (Wahl) and 70.7% in Luxembourg City).


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Just over half of the inhabitants were born in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (52.3%).


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg/People

The population is very unevenly distributed across the territory.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg/People

In general, we can say that the southern municipalities of the country are much more populated than in the north.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg/People


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Age and gender composition


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg/People

As of January 1, 2016, the average age of residents of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was 39.2 years, for men, an average of 38.4 years, and for women 40.0 years.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg according to data for 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Luxembourgers are much older than the foreign population (41.6 years versus 36.4 years).


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

The proportion of young people has been declining over the years.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

While the share of people of working age increases slightly, the share of pensioners practically does not change.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Population growth is not distributed in the same way in all regions.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Luxembourg has a larger population than women, while the opposite is true among foreigners.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Luxembourg/People


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

At the beginning of 2017, the number of foreigners was 281.5 thousand people, or 47.6% of the total population.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Most of the migrants are residents of other EU countries.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Luxembourg Population and Natural Movement [4] Year


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

(30.06) PopulationBirthsDeathsNatural


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

YearPopulation170064 000171068 000172072 000173076 000174080 000175085 000176090 000177095 0001780100 0001790106 0001800112 0001810119 0001810119 0001830147 0001840164 0001850183 0001860204 0001870206 0001880210 5001890211 5001900234 7001910259 0001920263 0001930299 8001940284 0001950295 5871960313 9691970339 1741980364 4001990382 9662000438 7772007480 2222017590 6672030 (forecast) 615 9592050 (forecast) 720 603


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

The 3 Largest Cities (2008)


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Luxembourg - 75,552


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Esch-sur-Alzette - 28,746


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Dudelange - 18,343


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Language


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Luxembourgers born in Luxembourg are very different from those born abroad.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Similarly, the proportion of major languages differs among foreigners if they were born in Luxembourg or if they came to the country.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

If both parents were born in Luxembourg, Luxembourgish is almost always the main language.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

However, if one of the parents was born abroad, Luxembourgish is the main language in just over 75% of cases.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Almost all German immigrants use German or Luxembourgish as their primary language, and French is less commonly used as their main language.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

A significant proportion of Portuguese immigrants retain Portuguese as their primary language.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

See also


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Germans in Luxembourg


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Turks in Luxembourg


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Portuguese in Luxembourg


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

Notes


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People

References


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg in 2019?

Luxembourg/People


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Plague (Latin: pestis - “infection”) is an acute natural focal infectious disease of a group of quarantine infections that occurs with an exceptionally serious general condition, fever, lymph node damage, lungs and other internal organs, often with the development of sepsis.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The disease is characterized by high mortality and extremely high infectiousness.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In a number of studies (both historical and modern, for example [1]), the disease is called bubonic plague, since bubo became the main sign of plague back in the Middle Ages [2].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The causative agent is the plague bacillus (Latin: Yersinia pestis), discovered in June 1894 by Frenchman Alexander Yersin and Japanese Kitasato Shibasaburo.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In natural foci, the sources and reservoirs of the causative agent of the infection are rodents - marmots, gophers and gerbils, mouse-like rodents, rats (gray and black), less often domestic, as well as hares, cats and camels [3].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The carriers of the pathogen are 55 different types of fleas [4].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The incubation period is 2-6 days (less often up to 12 days).


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The most common forms of plague are bubonic and pulmonary.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Previously, mortality in the bubonic form of plague reached 95, with pulmonary plague - almost 100.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Currently, with proper treatment, mortality is 5—10 [5].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Medical sources, which show that their authors saw at least buboes, date back to the ancient world.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

For example, Rufus of Ephesus, who lived during the time of Emperor Trajan, referring to older doctors (whose names did not reach us), described several cases of definitely bubonic plague in Libya, Syria and Egypt [2] [4].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The well-known plague epidemics, which have claimed millions of lives, have left a deep mark on the history of all mankind.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Not all epidemics called “plague” in historical sources (“Thucydides plague” 430—425 BC, “Syracuse plague” 396 BC, etc. [2]) were epidemics of the disease that today is called plague.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Modern molecular genetic methods have provided new, previously inaccessible opportunities for identifying an infectious agent by analyzing archaeological remains for the presence of pathogen DNA.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

There are examples of both confirming and refuting the plague nature of epidemics.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

For example, the analysis of teeth for Yersinia pestis DNA tested positive in Black Death graves [6], but a negative result in the study of the burial of victims of the Athenian plague [7], which refutes the plague nature of the Athenian epidemic.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

History


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The plague in the Bible


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Textbooks and treatises on medicine traditionally call the Bible one of the oldest surviving sources, which has recorded a case of a plague epidemic [4].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The first book of Kings describes the war between the Israelites and the Philistines.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Israelis are haunted by military setbacks.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

After losing the battle, the Israelites bring to their camp the ark of the Lord's covenant, the ark with sacred relics, to raise their spirits.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

But this does not help them either — the Philistines win again, seize the ark, and solemnly deliver it to the city of Azot.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

There they put the ark at the feet of the statue of their god Dagon.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

And soon a terrible blow falls on the city of Azot and its entire district: a disease breaks out among people.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Those who survive firmly believe that this disease is God's punishment, and they are trying to get rid of the ark of the Lord and send it to another province of Philistines, the city of Gath.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

But the story of this terrible disease repeats itself completely in Gath.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

This is how verse 9 says verbatim: “After he was sent, there was the hand of the Lord in the city—a very great horror, and the Lord struck the inhabitants of the city, small to large, and appeared their growths” ().


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The Philistines did not rest and for the third time transported the war trophy, and with it the plague, to the city of Askralon.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Then all the rulers of the Philistines, the kings of the five cities of Philistine, gathered there and decided to return the ark to the Israelites, because they realized that this was the only way to prevent the spread illnesses.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Chapter 5 ends with a description of the atmosphere that prevailed in the doomed city.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

“And those who did not die were struck by growths, so that the cry of the city rose to heaven” ().


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Chapter 6 depicts the council of all the rulers of the Philistines, to which priests and soothsayers were called.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

They advised to offer God a sacrifice of duty — to put gifts in the ark before returning it to the Israelites.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

“According to the number of rulers of the Philistines, five growths of gold and five gold mice that devastate the earth; for the punishment is one for all of you, and on your rulers” ().


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

This biblical tradition is interesting in many ways: it contains a hidden message about an epidemic that has most likely spread to all five cities in Philistine.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

We could talk about bubonic plague, which affected people from young to old and was accompanied by the appearance of painful growths in the groin — buboes [4].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The most remarkable thing is that the Philistine priests seem to have associated this disease with the presence of rodents: hence the golden sculptures of mice that “devastate the earth.”


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

There is another passage in the Bible that is considered [4] a record that certifies another case of a plague epidemic.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The Fourth Book of Kings () tells the story of the campaign of the Assyrian king Sinakherib, who decided to devastate Jerusalem.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

A huge army surrounded the city, but did not take possession of it.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Sinakherib soon withdrew without a fight with the remnants of the army, in which the Angel of the Lord defeated 185,000 soldiers overnight.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Plague epidemics in historical times


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The first known pandemic is the so-called “Justinian plague” (551—580), which began in Egypt and spread throughout the civilized world at that time.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

More than 100 million people died [4].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In the 14th century, Europe experienced a terrible epidemic of the “black death” brought from East China [8].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Around the 1320s and 1330s, the plague began to spread across China and Central Asia, and penetrated into the Middle East and Egypt.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Muslim historical sources write about the huge mortality rate, the speed of spread of the disease and unprecedented infectiousness.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

By 1346, the plague had been brought to the Crimea, and from there to Europe.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In 1348, it killed almost 15 million people, accounting for a quarter of Europe's total population.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In 1351, the plague hit Poland.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

By 1352, 25 million people, a third of the population, had died in Europe [9].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In 1350-1352, the “black death” came from the Baltic to Pskov, Novgorod and spread further through the Russian lands, the number of victims is unknown, but some cities (Beloozero, Glukhov), apparently, died out completely; among the dead were Grand Duke Simeon the Proud himself and his two young sons [10].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Several major epidemics occurred in the middle of the 17th century.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In Russia, about 700,000 people became victims of the epidemic of 1654—1655.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The Great London Epidemic of 1664—65 claimed the lives of almost a quarter of the city's population.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In 1720-1722, the bubonic plague epidemic in Marseille and a number of cities in Provence claimed the lives of 100,000 people [2].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The outbreak of plague began in 1771 in Russia, penetrating from the Ottoman Empire.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In the summer of 1771, up to a thousand people died every day in Moscow, the flight of nobility and senior officials gave rise to panic and riots in the city.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

At the end of the 19th century, the third plague pandemic began in Central and Southern China.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In Asia, the plague was particularly fierce in Hong Kong and Bombay, and spread in small outbreaks to all other continents.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In India alone, 6 million people died [4].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In the 20th century, major plague epidemics were recorded in India.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In 1898-1963, 12,662.1 thousand people died of plague in this country [4].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Plague as a biological weapon


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The use of the plague pathogen as a biological weapon has deep historical roots.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In particular, events in ancient China and medieval Europe showed the use of corpses of infected animals (horses and cows), human bodies by the Huns, Turks and Mongols to infect water sources and water supply systems.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

There are historical records of cases of the ejection of infected material during the siege of some cities (Siege of Kaffa).


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

During the Second World War, the Japanese military developed samples of biological weapons designed for the mass discharge of a specially prepared carrier of plague - infected fleas.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In the development of biological weapons, the Japanese special detachment 731, operating in China, Korea and Manchuria, infected civilians and prisoners for further medical research and experiments and the study of prospects for the use of biological agents as weapons of mass destruction.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The group developed a strain of the plague pathogen, 60 times superior in virulence to the natural sample of the plague pathogen, according to the developers, a kind of absolutely effective weapon of mass lesions with natural distribution.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Various aerial bombs and projectiles have been developed to drop and distribute infected carriers, for example, bombs to contaminate the surface of the earth, aerosol spray bombs and shells shrapnel action, affecting human tissues.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Ceramic bombs were developed that take into account the peculiarities of the use of living organisms - fleas, and the need to maintain their activity and viability in conditions of discharge, for which they created special life support conditions (in particular, oxygen was pumped) [11].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Current status


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Every year, the number of cases of plague is about 2.5 thousand people, and without a downward trend.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

According to available data, according to the World Health Organization, from 1989 to 2004, about forty thousand cases were recorded in 24 countries, with a mortality rate of about 7% of the sick people.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In a number of countries in Asia (Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and Vietnam), Africa (Congo [12], Tanzania and Madagascar), and the Western Hemisphere (USA, Peru), cases of human infection are recorded almost annually [13].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

At the same time, more than 20,000 people are at risk of infection in Russia every year on the territory of natural foci (with a total area of more than 253,000 km²).


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

For Russia, the situation is complicated by the annual detection of new cases in the states neighboring Russia (Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China), import through transport and trade flows from the countries of the southeastern Asia's specific vector of plague is Xenopsylla cheopis fleas [14].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

From 2001 to 2006, 752 strains of the causative agent of plague were recorded in Russia.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

At the moment, the most active natural foci are located in the territories of the Astrakhan region, the Kabardino-Balkarian and Karachay-Cherkess republics, the republics of Altai, Dagestan, Kalmykia, Tyva.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Of particular concern is the lack of systematic monitoring of the activity of foci located in the Ingush and Chechen Republics [14].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In July 2016, a ten-year-old boy who fell ill with bubonic plague was taken to a hospital in the Kosh-Agachsky District of the Altai Republic in Russia [15].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In 2001-2003, 7 cases of plague (with one death) were registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 23 (3 deaths) in Mongolia, 109 people fell ill in China in 2001-2002 (9 deaths).


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The prognosis of the epizootic and epidemic situation in the natural foci of the Republic of Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia adjacent to the Russian Federation remains unfavorable [13].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In the summer of 2009, the city of Ziketan was quarantined in the Hainan Tibet Autonomous Region because it was diagnosed with an outbreak of pulmonary plague that killed several people [16] [17].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In December 2013, a plague epidemic broke out in Madagascar.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

It has spread to five districts out of 112.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

As of December 13, 89 people fell ill.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Of these, 39 died [18].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

At the end of August 2014, Madagascar again experienced an outbreak of plague, which by the end of November 2014 had claimed 40 lives out of 119 cases [19].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

A new outbreak of plague occurred in Madagascar in the fall of 2017: as of early November, more than 2,000 cases of plague and 165 deaths were recorded [20].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Forecast


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Under the conditions of modern therapy, mortality in bubonic form does not exceed 5—10% [21], but in other forms, the recovery rate is quite high if treatment is started early.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In some cases, a fleeting septic form of the disease is possible, which is poorly amenable to lifetime diagnosis and treatment (“fulminant form of plague”).


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Infection


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The causative agent of plague is resistant to low temperatures, is well preserved in sputum, but at a temperature of +55° C it dies within 10-15 minutes, and when boiled - almost instantly.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The gate of infection is damaged skin (when a flea bites, usually Xenopsylla cheopis), mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, digestive tract, conjunctiva.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

According to the main carrier, natural foci of plague are divided into gophers, severe, sandpipers, vole and pika.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In addition to wild rodents, the epizootic process sometimes includes so-called synanthropic rodents (in particular, rats and mouse-like), as well as some wild animals (hares, foxes) that are objects hunting.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Camels suffer from plague from pets.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In a natural focus, infection usually occurs through the bite of a flea that previously fed on a sick rodent.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The likelihood of infection increases significantly when synanthropic rodents are included in the epizootic.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Infection also occurs when hunting rodents and their further processing.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Mass diseases of people occur when a sick camel is slaughtered, skinned, cut, processed.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

An infected person, in turn, is a potential source of plague, from which the pathogen can be transmitted to another person or animal, depending on the form of the disease by airborne droplets, contact or transmissible routes.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Fleas are a specific carrier of the plague pathogen.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

This is due to the peculiarities of the device of the flea digestive system: just before the stomach, the flea esophagus forms a thickening - goiter.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

When an infected animal (rat) bites, the plague bacterium settles in the flea goiter and begins to multiply intensively, completely clogging it (the so-called “plague block”).


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Blood cannot enter the stomach, so the flea regurgitates the blood along with the pathogen back into the wound.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

And since such a flea is constantly tormented by hunger, it passes from host to host in the hope of getting its portion of blood and manages to infect a large number of people before it dies (such fleas live no more than ten days, but experiments on rodents have shown that one flea can infect up to 11 hosts).


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

When fleas infected with plague bacteria bite, a person may have a papule or pustule filled with hemorrhagic contents (cutaneous form) at the site of the bite.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The process then spreads through the lymphatic vessels without the manifestation of lymphangitis.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The multiplication of bacteria in macrophages of the lymph nodes leads to their sharp increase, fusion and the formation of a conglomerate (“bubo”).


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Further generalization of the infection, which is not strictly mandatory, especially in the conditions of modern antibiotic therapy, can lead to the development of a septic form accompanied by the defeat of almost all internal organs.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

From an epidemiological point of view, it is important that plague bacteremia develops, as a result, a sick person himself becomes a source of infection by contact or vector-borne means.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

However, the most important role is played by the “dropouts” of infection into the lung tissue with the development of the pulmonary form of the disease.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Since the development of plague pneumonia, a pulmonary form of the disease has already been transmitted from person to person by airborne droplets - extremely dangerous, with a very rapid course.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Symptomatology


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The bubonic form of plague is characterized by the appearance of sharply painful conglomerates, most often inguinal lymph nodes on one side.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The incubation period is 2-6 days (less often 1-12 days).


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Within a few days, the size of the conglomerate increases, the skin above it may become hyperemic.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

At the same time, there is an increase in other groups of lymph nodes - secondary buboes.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The lymph nodes of the primary focus are softened, when they are punctured, purulent or hemorrhagic contents are obtained, microscopic analysis of which reveals a large number of gram-negative with bipolar staining of sticks.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In the absence of antibiotic therapy, suppurated lymph nodes are opened.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Then there is a gradual healing of fistulas.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The severity of the condition of patients gradually increases by the 4th-5th day, the temperature may be elevated, sometimes high fever immediately appears, but at first the condition of patients often remains as a whole satisfactory.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

This explains the fact that a person infected with bubonic plague can fly from one part of the world to another, considering himself healthy.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

However, at any time, the bubonic form of plague can cause generalization of the process and go into a secondary septic or secondary pulmonary form.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In these cases, the condition of patients very quickly becomes extremely difficult.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Symptoms of intoxication increase by the hour.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The temperature after a severe chill rises to high febrile numbers.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

All signs of sepsis are noted: muscle pain, severe weakness, headache, dizziness, congestion, up to its loss, sometimes excitement (the patient rushes in bed), insomnia.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

With the development of pneumonia, cyanosis increases, a cough appears with the separation of frothy bloody sputum containing a huge number of plague sticks.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

It is this sputum that becomes a source of infection from person to person with the development of the now primary pulmonary plague.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Septic and pulmonary forms of plague occur, like any severe sepsis, with manifestations of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome: minor hemorrhages on the skin may appear, possible bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract (vomiting with bloody masses, melena), severe tachycardia, rapid and requiring correction (dopamine) drop in blood pressure.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Auscultatory is a picture of bilateral focal pneumonia.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Clinical picture


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The clinical picture of the primary septic or primary pulmonary form does not fundamentally differ from secondary forms, but primary forms often have a shorter incubation period - up to several hours.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Diagnosis


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The most important role in diagnosis in modern conditions is played by an epidemiological history.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Arrival from plague endemic zones (Vietnam, Burma, Bolivia, Ecuador, Karakalpakstan, etc.), or from anti-plague stations of a patient with the signs of bubonic form described above or with signs of the most severe - with hemorrhages and bloody sputum - pneumonia with severe lymphadenopathy is a serious argument for the doctor of first contact to take all measures to localize the alleged plague and accurate diagnose it.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

It should be emphasized that in the conditions of modern drug prevention, the likelihood of illness of personnel who have been in contact with a coughing patient with plague for some time is very small.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Currently, there are no cases of primary pulmonary plague (that is, cases of person-to-person infection) among medical personnel.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

An accurate diagnosis must be established through bacteriological studies.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The material for them is punctate of the suppurated lymph node, sputum, the patient's blood, separated by fistulas and ulcers.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Laboratory diagnostics are carried out using a fluorescent specific antiserum, which stains smears of separated ulcers, lymph node punctate, and a culture obtained on blood agar.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Treatments


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In the Middle Ages, the plague was practically not treated, the actions were mainly reduced to cutting out or cauterizing plague buboes.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

No one knew the real cause of the disease, so there was no idea how to treat it.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Doctors tried to use the most bizarre means.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

One such drug included a mixture of 10-year-old molasses, finely chopped snakes, wine and 60 other components.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

According to another method, the patient had to take turns sleeping on his left side, then on his right side.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Since the 13th century, they have been trying to limit the plague epidemic with the help of quarantines.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

For the first time, a vaccine effective against bubonic plague was created at the beginning of the 20th century by Vladimir Khavkin from temperature-killed plague sticks.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Live vaccines, that is, vaccines obtained from live plague bacilli using bacteriophages, are more effective.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

For the first time, a live vaccine against plague was created and tested in 1934 by Pokrovskaya Magdalina Petrovna.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The turning point in the treatment of plague was achieved in 1947, when Soviet doctors were the first in the world to use streptomycin to treat plague in Manchuria.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

As a result, all patients treated with streptomycin recovered, including a patient with pulmonary plague, who was already considered hopeless [11].


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Treatment of plague patients is currently carried out with antibiotics, sulfonamides and therapeutic anti-plague serum.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Prevention of possible foci of the disease consists in carrying out special quarantine measures in port cities, deratizing all ships that sail on international flights, creating special anti-plague institutions in steppe areas where rodents are found, detection of plague epizootics among rodents and their control.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Anti-plague sanitary measures in Russia


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

If a plague is suspected, this is immediately notified to the sanitary and epidemiological station of the district.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The notice is filled out by the doctor who suspects the infection, and its forwarding is provided by the chief physician of the institution where such a patient is found.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The patient should be immediately hospitalized in the box of the infectious diseases hospital.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

A doctor or paramedical worker of a medical institution, when a patient or suspected of plague is found, must stop further admission of patients and prohibit entry and exit from the medical institutions.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Staying in the office, ward, the medical worker must inform the chief physician in an accessible way about the identification of the patient and demand anti-plague suits and disinfectants.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In cases of receiving a patient with lung damage, before putting on a full anti-plague suit, the medical worker must treat the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and nose with a solution of streptomycin.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In the absence of a cough, you can limit yourself to treating your hands with a disinfection solution.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

After taking measures to separate the sick person from the healthy in a medical institution or at home, a list of persons who have had contact with the patient is compiled, indicating the surname, first name, patronymic, age, place of work , profession, home address.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Until the arrival of a consultant from the anti-plague institution, the health worker remains in the hearth.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The issue of its isolation is decided on a case-by-case basis.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The consultant takes the material for bacteriological examination, after which it is possible to begin specific treatment of the patient with antibiotics.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

If a patient is identified on a train, plane, ship, airport, railway station, medical workers remain the same, although organizational measures will be different.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

It is important to emphasize that the isolation of a suspicious patient with others should begin immediately after he is identified.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The chief physician of the institution, having received a report on the identification of a patient suspected of plague, takes measures to stop communication between hospital departments, floors of the polyclinic, prohibits leaving the building where a patient was found.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

At the same time, it organizes the transmission of an emergency message to a higher organization and an anti-plague institution.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The form of information may be arbitrary with the mandatory presentation of the following data: surname, first name, patronymic, age of the sick person, place of residence, profession and place of work, date of detection, start time diseases, objective data, preliminary diagnosis, primary measures taken to localize the focus, position and surname of the doctor who identified the patient.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Simultaneously with the information, the manager requests consultants and the necessary assistance.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

However, in some situations, it may be more appropriate to carry out hospitalization (until an accurate diagnosis is established) in the institution where the patient is at the time of assuming that it's plague.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Treatment measures are inseparable from the prevention of infection of personnel, who must immediately wear 3-layer gauze masks, shoe covers, a scarf made of 2 layers of gauze that completely covers the hair, and protective glasses to prevent sputum splashes from entering the eye mucosa.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

According to the rules established in the Russian Federation, personnel must wear an anti-plague suit or use special means similar in the properties of anti-infection protection.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

All staff who have been in contact with the patient remain for further assistance.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

A special medical post isolates the compartment where the patient and his treating staff are located from contact with other people.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

A toilet and a treatment room must enter the isolated compartment.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

All staff immediately receive prophylactic antibiotic treatment for all days they spend in isolation.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The treatment of plague is complex and includes the use of etiotropic, pathogenetic and symptomatic agents.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

For the treatment of plague, streptomycin antibiotics are most effective: streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, pasomycin.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

At the same time, streptomycin is most widely used.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In the bubonic form of plague, the patient is injected intramuscularly with streptomycin 3-4 times a day (daily dose of 3 g), tetracycline antibiotics (vibromycin, morphocycline) iv 4 g/day.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In case of intoxication, saline solutions, hemodesis are administered intravenously.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The drop in blood pressure in bubonic form in itself should be regarded as a sign of generalization of the process, a sign of sepsis; at the same time, there is a need for resuscitation measures, administration of dopamine, installation of a permanent catheter.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In pulmonary and septic forms of plague, the dose of streptomycin is increased to 4-5 g/day, and tetracycline to 6 g. In forms resistant to streptomycin, levomycetin succinate can be administered up to 6-8 g iv.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

When the condition improves, the dose of antibiotics is reduced: streptomycin - up to 2 g/day until the temperature normalizes, but for at least 3 days, tetracyclines - up to 2 g/day daily inside, levomycetin - up to 3 g /day, a total of 20—25 g. Biseptol is also used with great success in the treatment of plague.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

With pulmonary, septic form, development of hemorrhage, they immediately begin to relieve the syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation: plasmapheresis is performed (intermittent plasmapheresis in plastic bags can be carried out on any centrifuge with special or air cooling with a capacity of its cups of 0.5 liters or more) in the volume of plasma to be removed 1-1.5 liters when replaced by the same the amount of freshly frozen plasma.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In the presence of hemorrhagic syndrome, daily injections of freshly frozen plasma should not be less than 2 liters. Before relief of acute manifestations of sepsis, plasmapheresis is performed daily.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

The disappearance of signs of hemorrhagic syndrome, stabilization of blood pressure usually during sepsis are grounds for stopping plasmapheresis sessions.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

At the same time, the effect of plasmapheresis in the acute period of the disease is observed almost immediately, signs of intoxication decrease, the need for dopamine to stabilize blood pressure decreases, muscle pain subsides, shortness of breath decreases.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

An intensive care specialist must be part of the medical team providing treatment for a patient with pulmonary or septic plague.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Notes


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Literature


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Domaradsky I. IN. — MOSCOW, 1998.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Li Y, Cui Y, Hauck Y, Platonov ME, Dai E, Song Y, Guo Z, Pourcel C, Dentovskaya SV, Anisimov AP, Yang R, Vergnaud G. Genotyping and physiological analysis of Yersinia pestis by MLVA: insights into the worldwide expansion of Central Asia plague foci.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

PLoS One.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

2009 Jun 22; 4 (6): e6000.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Anisimov AP, Amoako KK.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Treatment of plague: promising alternatives to antibiotics.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

J Med Microbiol.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

2006 Nov; 55 (Pt 11) :1461-75.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Review.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Zhukov-Verezhnikov N. N. A diagnosis of plague and cholera.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

— MOSCOW, 1944.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Nithard Bulst.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

//Odyssey.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

A man in history.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Moscow, 2000, pp. 152—185


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Platonov M. E.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

, Yevseyeva V. V., Dentovskaya S. V., Anisimov A. P.//Molecular genetics.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

2013; (2): 3-12.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Anisimov A. P. Yersinia pestis factors that ensure the circulation and preservation of the pathogen of plague in ecosystems of natural foci//Molecular genetics.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

No. 3. — P. 3-23 and No. 4. — P. 3-11.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

(per.)


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Sergey Nekhamkin The Last Plague.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Arguments of the week


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

№ 34 (475) September 19, 2015


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

A.M. Barnes, T.J. Quan, J. D. Poland: Plague in the United States.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1985, S. 9—14.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Ole Jørgen Benedictow: Svarte Dauen og senere Pestepidemier i Norge.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Oslo 2002, ISBN 82-7477-108-7.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Klaus Bergdolt: Der Schwarze Tod in Europa.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Beck, München 1994, ISBN 3-406-38064-6 (4. Auflage ebenda 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-62885-6).


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Klaus Bergdolt: Die Pest 1348 in Italy.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Fünfzig zeitgenössische Quellen.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Heidelberg 1989.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Klaus Bergdolt: Pest.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (Hrsg.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

De Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4, S. 1122-1127.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Friedrich Hoffmann: Gründliche Untersuchung Von der Pest, Uhrsprung und Wesen: Nebst angehängten Bedencken, Wie man sich vor selbiger præserviren, und sie sicher curiren könne?


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Rüdiger, Berlin 1710 ().


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

J.D. Marshall, R.J.T. Joy, N. V. Ai et al.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

: Plague in Vietnam 1965—1966.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In: American Journal of Epidemiology 86 (1967), S. 603—616.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Claudia Eberhard Metzger, Renate Ries: Verkannt und heimtückisch — Die ungebrochene Macht der Seuchen.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Birkhäuser, Basel 1996, ISBN 3-7643-5399-6.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

William Hardy McNeill: Plagues and Peoples.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Penguin 1979.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Franz Schnyder: Pest und Pestverordnungen im alten Luzern, Stans 1932 (Diss. Basel)


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Manfred Vasold: Die Pest.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1779-3.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Karl Georg Zinn: Kanonen und Pest.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1989, ISBN 3-531-12107-3.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Klaus Schwarz: Die Pest in Bremen.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Epidemien und freier Handel in einer Deutschen Hansestadt 1350-1710.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Staatsarchiv, Bremen 1996, ISBN 3-925729-19-4.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Volker Zimmermann: Krankheit und Gesellschaft: Die Pest.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

In: Sudhoffs Archiv, Band 72, 1988, S. 1-13.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

References


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

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Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Domaradsky I. //Medical parasitology and parasitic diseases.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

No. 2. P. 10-13.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Mikhel D. IN. The Plague and the Epidemiological Revolution in Russia, 1897—1914.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

#3. P. 142—164.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Mikhel D. V.//Neva.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

P. 230-245.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Supotnitsky M. V., Morozov A. G. /Nezavisimaya Gazeta


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

— 2015.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

— No. 221 (6552), October 14.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Boris Zhukov.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

//Around the World.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

2008, july.


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Category:Natural focal infections


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Category:Highly dangerous infections


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Category:Biological weapons


Question: How many people died from pneumonia in 2018?

The plague

Category:Zoonoses


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Mani (April 14, 216 in Mardin, Ctesiphon, Parthian Empire — 273 or 276, Gundeshapur, Sassanid Empire) was a spiritual teacher, founder of Manichaeism, and an outstanding ancient Persian artist and poet.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

His real name is Suraik, son of Fatak (Ancient Greek: Patkios).


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Christian writers retain his own name, Kurbik in a distorted form, but he is known by his honorary nickname Ancient Greek: Mani, meaning “spirit” or “mind”.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Biography


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Origins


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Mani's father was a Parthian prince of Arshakid origin named Patik, who lived in Hamadan, the capital of Midia; his mother, Mariam, came from the Armenian princely house of Kamsarakans.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Like many at that time, Mani's father was passionate about the search for religious truth.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Mani was born on April 14, 216 in the Babylonian region in the town of Mardinu, near Ctesiphon, and was brought up by his father in his faith.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

According to Arab sources, the Mani family belonged to the movement of “washers” (this is confirmed by the Cologne Mani Code), but which part of the “washers” — Mandeans or Elkasaits — should be determined it's hard today.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Childhood


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

When Mani was 12 years old, he was given his first revelation.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

The “King of Light Paradise” gave Mani the message “Leave that community! You're not one of her followers. It's up to you to straighten customs and curb your pleasures. However, due to your young age, it is not time for you to speak openly” [1].


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

From that moment on, Mani opposes his father's will, and breaks with his parents.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Obeying the order of the Heavenly Messenger, Mani is in solitude.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Perhaps during this period he studied various religious literature.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Finally, Mani receives the long-awaited order from above to speak openly with his message.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

According to Fichrist, an angel appeared to him in 240/241, telling him that it was time to speak openly and loudly to declare his teachings.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Following the angel's instructions, Mani communicates the revelation to his father and converts his family into a new faith.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

The beginning of the sermon


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

However, he did not initially begin preaching in Mesopotamia, but in India.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Most likely, these were the far eastern outskirts of Iran, joining northwestern India, where Buddhism flourished at the time.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

The encounter with this world religion made a deep impression on Mani; this was reflected in the fact that Mani adopted some principles of community organization and methods to preach his teachings.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Mani's activities in India lasted a little more than a year, after which he boarded the ship and returned to Persidou province.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

From there he went to the Province of Mesena (Maishan).


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

The ruler of Maishan was Mihrshah, brother of Sassanid king Shapur, the worst enemy of Mani's teachings.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

The prophet came to Mihrshah for a feast in the garden, and showed a miracle from which Mihrshah lost consciousness, and when he regained consciousness, he admitted the correctness of Mani's teachings.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

After this conversion, Mani went to preach to Babylonia, then to Mussels and Parthia.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

At Shapur's Court


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

During his stay in the capital, Ctesiphon, Mani was able to establish contact with King Shapur and received three consecutive audiences with him, which were arranged by the king's other brother, Peroz, who had previously converted to a new faith.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Mani by that time was already known enough in the kingdom of Sassanid to be accepted at such a high level.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Mani came to the first audience, accompanied by his father and disciples Simeon and Zakko, presented his book, and preached to Shapur (Manichaean sources report that he preached on Shapur a deep impression).


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Perhaps a relationship of trust was established between them, because Shapur allowed Mani to preach throughout the kingdom, and even accepted him into his retinue, in which Mani accompanied Shapur to his hikes to the west.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

In the same retinue was Mani's rival and future enemy Kartir, who dreamed of restoring the old Zoroastrian religion throughout the kingdom, which had been greatly supplanted since the Hellenistic era.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Apparently, King Shapur at that time did not decide which religion to choose as the state religion — Zoroastrianism or Manichaeism.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Mani was supported by two converted brothers of the king, but it is not known which of the king's entourage supported Kartir.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Throughout the 30 years of Shapur's reign, there was a balanced balance between the two rival religions, but it can be assumed that the king's personal sympathies were on the side of Mani.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Around this time, the beginning of the process of mixing Iranian priestly groups, and bringing them to a single teaching - magicians centered in Shize (Mussel Atropatena) and herbades in Persida (Fars).


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

The result was the emergence of a real Zoroastrian community and the creation of canonical literature — Apastak and Avesta.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Magicians occupied a leading position, and later, during the reign of the Sassanid dynasty, as members of the Inquisition Court, furiously persecuted Christians, Manichaeans, Buddhists and others religious minorities.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

In short, Zoroastrianism consolidated in the middle of the 3rd century to repel Manichaeism.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

This, in turn, has led to an even greater ingenuity of Mani and his associates: they preach in the west and east, and undertake missionary trips to various parts of the empire.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

One of his disciples, Addai, preached and founded a Manichaean community even in Egypt.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

But things were especially successful in the east of the empire and Mesopotamia, where 100 years later, the Manichaean sermons of the disciples of Mani Adday and Ozeos were still remembered.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

A visual idea of Mani is given by the Christian “Acts of Archelaus”: Mani appeared in front of people in wide fluttering pants, dyed yellow-green and green, in a sky blue cloak and with a long an ebony stick in his hand (this was the traditional clothing of the priests of Mithra).


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Mani probably had a connection with the religion of Mithra, although in the letter he refers to himself as “Mani, the Apostle of Jesus Christ.”


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Opal and Death


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

In mid-April 273, King Shapur died, and his son Ormizd I inherited the throne.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Mani paid him a visit right away.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Like his father, the new king treated Mani favorably and renewed the letter of protection issued by his father.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

However, Ormizd ruled for no more than a year — he died while Mani was in Babylonia.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Ormizd was succeeded by his brother Bahram I.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Mani preached on the banks of the Tigris, intending to go to the Kushan kingdom, but Bahram forbade him to do so.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Bahram then summoned Mani to his residence in Betlabad.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

There is no doubt that Kartir, who under Bahram was a kind of minister responsible for religion and ideology, was behind this challenge.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Coptic sources report that the complaint against Mani was filed by magicians (“Mani taught against our law”), and she reached the king up the bureaucratic ladder.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

During the audience, which looked more like an interrogation, Bahram did not listen to Mani's arguments, called him a worthless person who “does not lead to war or hunt,” cannot heal, and is not knowledgeable in drugs.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

The stormy interrogation ended with Mani reminding the king of the blessings that Shapur and Ormizd had done him, and concluded by saying: “Do what you want with me!”


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Then the king ordered Mani to be shackled.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Three chains were placed on his arms, three pairs of shackles on his legs, and one chain was hung around his neck.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Then the shackles were sealed and he was taken to prison.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Mani stayed in this position from January 19 to February 14, 276.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

During these 26 days, Mani, according to an ancient Eastern custom, allowed him to see and talk to his disciples.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

He felt that it was coming to an end, so he gave his close disciples the necessary instructions.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

They were later reported to the church by Mar Ammo, who was present there.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

In the end, 60-year-old Mani ran out of strength and died of exhaustion.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

According to other versions, Mani was either crucified or skinned alive.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

The news of his death quickly spread throughout Betlabad.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

A lot of people flocked to the city, gathering in crowds.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

The king ordered Mani to pierce Mani's body with a burning torch to make sure he was dead.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

After that, the dead body was cut into pieces, and the severed head was placed above the city gate of Betlabad.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

The earthly remains were later buried by loyal disciples in Ctesiphon.


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

Mani as an artist


Question: When was the prophet Mani born?

Mani (prophet)

The Muslim tradition considers Mani to be the founding father of Persian painting, an inimitable and unrivaled artist.