Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Each district has an alderman who was previously elected for life and must now be re-elected every 6 years.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Counties still have Beadles.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

This old position is more ceremonial in nature today, and the management functions are mainly carried out by Wordmouth, annual meetings of voters, representatives and officials (meetings occur in each district separately) [26].


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Dividing into counties is a very old custom, and their number has changed only 3 times: in 1394, Farringdon was divided into Farringdon Outer and Farringdon Inner; in 1550, in addition to the Inner Bridge, it was created The bridge is external [27]; and in 1978, the two counties merged into a single Bridge.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Nowadays, each house chooses an Alderman to the board of aldermen and people to the general board of the corporation.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The number of people a county sends to the City Council (2 to 10) depends on its size (not geographical, but the number of people eligible to vote).


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Elections


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City has a unique electoral system.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Most of the voters are businessmen, as well as companies located in the City.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In various constituencies that developed in the Middle Ages, unequal numbers of people vote.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Both businessmen working in the City and living in its territory participate in the elections.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The main reason for voting by non-residents of the City is that during the daytime the population of the City is about 330,000 people, who use the most services provided , as opposed to 7,000 permanent residents.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Nevertheless, the electoral system has been a subject of controversy for a long time.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Voting on the principle of workers was abolished in all other British local government elections in 1969.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In 2002, an Act of Parliament [29] reformed the voting system for electing members of the City of London Municipal Corporation.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Under the new system, the number of non-resident voters increased from 16,000 to 32,000.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Previously, disenfranchised firms received the right not only to vote, but also to nominate their candidacies for elections.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Companies with less than 10 employees can nominate 1 person; 10 to 50 can nominate one candidate for every 5 employees; and those with more than 50 people can nominate 10 candidates and an additional one from every 50 people.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

This form of voting has long been abolished in other parts of the UK.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Its opponents claim that it is the cause of institutional inertia [30].


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Corporation Obligations


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The corporation owns two stores within the City, the Smithfield Market and the Ledenhall Market.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The corporation owns a number of locations outside the City, including various parks and forests around Greater London, as well as most of the Epping Forest, Hampstead Heath, and many public spaces in North Ireland, even the Honorary Irish Society.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It also owns the Old Spitafield Market and the Billingsgate Fish Market, which are located in the City's neighboring London borough, Tower Hamlets.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The corporation is also the owner and sponsor of Old Bailey, the central criminal court of England and Wales.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City has its own independent police force, the City of London Police.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[32] The rest of Greater London is guarded by the city police based in New Scotland Yard.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

There is one hospital in the City, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, also known as Barts.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The hospital was opened in 1123.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Geography


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City of London is the smallest English ceremonial county in terms of population and area and the fourth most densely populated.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[33] Of the 326 English districts, it is the second smallest in population after Scilly and the smallest in area.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City of London is also the second smallest British city by population after St. Davids in Wales.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The altitude varies from sea level on the banks of the Thames to 21.6 meters at the intersection of High Holborn and Chansery Lane.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In the historic center, there are 2 small but noticeable hills: Ludgatehill to the west and Cornhill to the east; Walbrook, one of London's many underground rivers, flows between them — the City has another such Fleet.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Borders


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

To the west, where the City borders Westminster, the border crosses Victoria Embankment towards the Thames, runs west of Middle Temple, then turns along the Strand and then north along the Chancery - Lane, where City is bordered by Camden.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The border runs east along Holborn to Holborn Circus and then northeast along Chaterhouse Street.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

At its intersection with the Farringdon Road, the City is bordered by Islington.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The border goes north along Aldersgate and turns east, becoming Goswell Road.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

West Baltic Street is the northernmost point of the City.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The border includes the entire Barbican and continues west along Roppermaker Street and continues on the other side of Moorgate.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Then it goes north to the border with Hackney, then east, north, east again through the back streets, the northern border forms Worship Street, which bounds Broadgate houses.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The border then turns south to Norton Folgate, where the City is bordered by Tower Hamlets.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It continues south, bounding Bishopgate, and for a while goes south and southeast along Middlesex Street.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It then turns southwest, crosses Minories, cutting off from the City Tower, and then reaches the Thames.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Then the City's boundary runs in the middle of the river


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The borders of the City are marked by black columns with its emblem, and at the entrance from large streets there is a statue of a dragon.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Public gardens and street sculptures


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

There are no significant parks within the boundaries of the City, but there is a network of many public gardens and open spaces, many of which are maintained by the corporation.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

They range from real public gardens, such as Finsbury Circus, to church gardens.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Water bodies and works of art are often found on the territory of courtyards.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Climate


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Historically, the closest weather station was London Weather Center, located at the intersection of Kingsway and Holborn, but observations ceased in 2010.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Now official data is provided by St. James's Park.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The city is located in an oceanic climate zone (according to Köppen “Cfb”).


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The average temperature in it is slightly higher than in the outskirts.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

For example, in August, the average minimum temperature in the City [35] was 14.7°C, while Greenwich and Nazrow had 13.3°C [36] [37], and Weasley 11.6°C [38].


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

All data relate to the observation period 1971-2000.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Government services


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Police and security


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City has its own City of London police, separate from the Metropolitan Police Service, which protects the rest of Greater London.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

City Police operates 3 police stations located on Snow Hill, Wood Street and Bishopgate.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

There are 813 police officers, 85 special constables and 48 support officers on duty.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Operating only in the City of London, the police force is the smallest in England and Wales, both in terms of geographical area and in terms of the number of officers.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Police officers wear dark blue uniforms both when on duty and at home.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

To distinguish officers on duty, they must wear wristbands with white and red stripes.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City police's personal number is not white, like the capital's cops, but yellow is three-digit for constables and double-digit for sergeants.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Also during the patrol, the police wear Prussian helmets.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City plays the role of the financial center of the United Kingdom and occupies one of the most important places in the country's economy, collecting about 2.5% of the UK's gross national product, [40].


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Because of this, he became a target of political violence.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In the early 1990s, the Provisional IRA organized several bombs in the City, such as the Bishopgate Bombing of 1993.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Fire Department


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

There is a high risk of fire in the City, especially in St. Paul's Cathedral, Old Bailey, Mansion House, Guidhall and numerous high-rise buildings.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

There's only one fire station in the City in Dougate.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[41] The City relies primarily on the fire services of the surrounding areas.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

A total of 1,814 fires occurred in 2006/07, the lowest number among London boroughs.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

From 2003 to 2007, there were no deaths in the fire.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Demographics


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

According to data published by the Office for National Statistics, about 7,000 people lived in the City in 2011; [42] about the same number lived at the time of the 2001 census.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[43] In 2001, the ethnic groups in the population were distributed as follows: 84.6% White, 6.8% Indo-Pakistani, 2.6% Black, 2.3% Mixed, 2.0% Chinese and 1.7% other groups.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[43] On the right is a graph of the City's population since 1801, based on ten-year censuses.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In the first half of the 19th century, the number was stable at 120,000 to 140,000, but it fell sharply from 1851 to 1991 and only increased slightly between 1991 and 2001.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The only noticeable change since 1801 occurred in 1994.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

People working in the City have higher average weekly gross earnings than people in London and the UK (England, Wales and Scotland): £773.30 compared to £598.60 and £491.00 respectively.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[44] However, there are significant gender disparities (£1,085.90 for men and £653.50 for women).


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[44] According to the 2001 Census, the City stands out from 376 districts in England and Wales.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[43] The City has the largest (proportional to the total number of families) families without a car or van, single people, people with higher education, and the highest rate of overcrowding.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[43] The City also leads the Greater London area in terms of the number of living atheists and the number of employees.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Economics


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Like New York, the City is one of the world's financial capitals and is home to many banks and insurance institutions.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City is home to the London Stock Exchange (stocks and bonds), Lloyd's of London (insurance) and the Bank of England.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City has offices of more than 500 banks and is a recognized leader in trading Eurobonds, foreign exchange, futures contracts and global insurance.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In 2009, the City of London accounted for 2.4% of the UK's GDP.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

London is the largest foreign exchange market in the world, with most trading taking place in the City of London.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

According to 2009 data, out of $3.98 billion daily global turnover, $1.85 billion, or 36.7% of the total, was calculated at the auction in London.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

[3] The pound sterling, the currency of the United Kingdom, is the fourth largest in the world in terms of purchase and the third most used as a reserve currency.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

In 1991, Canary Wharf appeared a few miles east of the City, becoming another financial services center in London.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

There are many banks and other institutions that were previously located within the City.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Although both City and Canary Wharf are developing abundantly, City Corporation has concluded that its policies may force some companies to prefer a competitor as a venue for an office.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

HQ


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Many global companies are headquartered in the City, including Aviva, [45] BT Group, [46] Lloyds Banking Group, [47] Old Mutual, [48] Prudential, [49] Standard Chartered, [50] and Unilever.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The City is headquartered by a number of the world's largest law firms, including Allen & Overy, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, DLA Piper, Hogan Lovells, Linklaters, Eversheds and Slaughter and May.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Architecture


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Along with Southwark and Westminster, the City of London served as one of the three centers from which London was formed.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

It is connected to Southwark by the picturesque Tower Bridge, and to Westminster - Fleet Street, outside the city wall (more precisely, Temple Bar, Temple Outpost) passing into the Strand.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The Tower of London, a World Heritage Site, reminds us of the medieval period of the City's history.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Up to 80 percent of the City's historic buildings were destroyed by the Great Fire of London (1666), after which the main buildings, including the city's St. Paul's Cathedral, were rebuilt under the direction of Christopher Wren.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Fire, bombing and post-war restructuring led to the fact that quite a few historical buildings remained intact in the City.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

To this day, such as the Monument to the Great Fire of London (“monument”), St. Paul's Cathedral, Guidhall, the Royal Stock Exchange, Manshin House and many churches built by Christopher Wren, the creator of St. Paul's Cathedral.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Not far from the Tower of London, you can see the remains of the Roman Wall.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Architectural objects attract tourists, archaeologists and researchers to the City.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The architectural appearance of the City is characterized by sharp contrasts of ancient monuments (especially Renovsky classicism) with ultra-modern buildings, such as the Mary-X skyscraper.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Skyscrapers


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Built


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The number of tall buildings and skyscrapers of the City, mainly located in the financial sector, is increasing.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Most skyscrapers are concentrated in the eastern part of the City, which is considered to be its financial core.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

To the north, there are three high-rise residential buildings and the CitiPoint commercial tower.


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

The 13 tallest skyscrapers built (above 100 meters) in our time:


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Timeline of the tallest buildings and structures


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Notes


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

References


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Official websites


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

— website for City visitors


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Geographic information


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

City of London Corporation:


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

City of London Police:


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Locations Information


Question: What is the role of the modern City of London?

City of London

Category:Greater London


Question: What is the meaning of carburation?

carburettor

Carburetor (French: Carburateur) is an internal combustion engine power system unit designed to prepare a combustible mixture of the best composition by mixing (carburation, French: carburation) liquid fuel with air and regulating the amount of its supply to the engine cylinders.


Question: What is the meaning of carburation?

carburettor

It has the widest application on various engines that ensure the operation of a wide variety of devices.


Question: What is the meaning of carburation?

carburettor

On mass cars, since the 80s of the XX century, carburetor fuel supply systems have been replaced by injectors.


Question: What is the meaning of carburation?

carburettor

Basics of the device and types of carburettors


Question: What is the meaning of carburation?

carburettor

Carburettors are divided into bubbling, currently not in use, membrane-needle and float carburettors, which make up the vast majority of all carburettors.


Question: What is the meaning of carburation?

carburettor

The bubbling carburetor is a gas tank in which at some distance from the fuel surface there is a blank board and two wide nozzles - supplying air from the atmosphere and taking the mixture into engine.


Question: What is the meaning of carburation?

carburettor

The air passed under the board above the surface of the fuel and, saturated with its vapors, formed a combustible mixture.


Question: What is the meaning of carburation?

carburettor

Despite all the primitive nature, this carburetor is the only one that provided a mixture with air of the vapor fraction of the fuel.


Question: What is the meaning of carburation?

carburettor

The throttle was on the engine separately.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The bubbling carburetor made the engine very demanding on the fractional composition of the fuel, since its evaporation had to occupy a very narrow temperature range, the entire design was explosive, cumbersome, difficult to regulate.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The fuel-air mixture in the long path partially condensed, this process depended more often on the weather.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The membrane-needle carburetor is a separate complete unit and, as the name suggests, consists of several chambers separated by membranes rigidly connected to each other by a rod that ends with a needle that closes the fuel supply valve seat.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The chambers are connected by channels with different sections of the mixing chamber and with the fuel channel.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

An option is the connection between the membranes and the valve by unequal arms.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The characteristics of such carburettors were determined by calibrated springs, on which the membranes and/or levers rested.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The system is designed so that the ratio of vacuum, fuel pressure and mixture speed ensures the proper ratio of fuel and air.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The advantage of such a carburetor is — along with simplicity — the ability to work in literally any position in relation to gravity.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Disadvantages are the relative complexity of adjustment, some instability of the characteristic (due to the spring), sensitivity to accelerations perpendicular to the membranes, a narrow range of the amount of mixture on output, slow transitions between steady-state modes.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Such carburettors are used on engines that do not have a certain spatial position under operating conditions (engines of gasoline cutters, lawn mowers, piston aircraft, for example, AK - 82BP stood on LA-5), or simply on cheap structures.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

It is this carburetor that stands as an auxiliary carburetor on a ZIL-138 gas cylinder car.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Finally, the float carburetor, diverse in its many modifications, makes up the vast majority of modern carburettors and consists of a float chamber that provides a stable fuel inflow, a mixing chamber that actually represents a venturi, and numerous dosing systems consisting of fuel and air channels, metering elements - jets, valves and actuators.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Float carburettors, all other things being equal, provide the most stable parameters of the mixture at the outlet and have the highest performance.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

That is why they have become so widespread.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Principle of operation of a float carburetor with a constant diffuser section


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The simplest carburetor consists of two functional elements: a float chamber (10) and a mixing chamber (8).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Fuel through the tube (1) enters the float chamber (10), in which the float (3) floats, on which the shut-off needle (2) of the float valve rests.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

When fuel is consumed, its level in the float chamber decreases, the float goes down, the needle opens the fuel supply, and when the specified level is reached, the valve closes.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Thus, the float valve maintains a constant fuel level.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Due to the balancing hole (4), atmospheric pressure is maintained in the float chamber.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In practically produced carburettors working with air filters, instead of the hole, a balancing channel of the float chamber is used, leading not to the atmosphere, but to the air cavity filter or to the upper part of the mixing chamber.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In this case, the throttling effect of the filter affects evenly the entire gas dynamics of the carburetor, which becomes balanced.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

From the float chamber, fuel flows through the jet (9) into the sprayer (7).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The amount of fuel supplied from the atomizer (7), according to Bernoulli's law, depends, all other things being equal, on the flow area of the jet and the degree of vacuum in the diffuser, as well as on the cross-section of the diffuser.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The cross-section ratio of the diffuser and the main fuel jet is one of the fundamental parameters of the carburetor.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

At intake, the pressure in the engine cylinders decreases.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The outside air is sucked into the cylinder, passing through the mixing chamber (8) of the carburetor, in which the diffuser (Venturi tube) (6) is located, and the inlet pipe that distributes the finished mixture over cylinders.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The atomizer is placed in the narrowest part of the diffuser, where, according to Bernoulli's law, the flow rate reaches its maximum and the pressure decreases to a minimum.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Under the influence of the pressure difference, fuel flows out of the atomizer.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The fuel flowing from the sprayer is crushed in an air stream, sprayed, partially evaporating and, mixing with air, forms a combustible mixture.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Real carburettors use the construction of a fuel supply system, in which not homogeneous liquid fuel is supplied to the atomizer, but an emulsion of fuel and air.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

These carburettors are called emulsion carburettors.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

As a rule, a double diffuser is used instead of a single diffuser.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The additional diffuser is small in size and is located concentrically in the main diffuser.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Only part of the total air flow passes through it.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Due to the high speed in the central part with little resistance to the main air flow, better spraying is achieved.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The amount of mixture entering the cylinders, and therefore the engine power, is regulated by the throttle valve (5), for many carburettors, especially horizontal ones, instead of a butterfly valve a slide valve is used.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The disadvantage of a carburetor with a constant diffuser cross-section is the contradiction between the need, on the one hand, to increase the flow area of the diffuser to reduce gas-dynamic losses at the inlet to engine and, on the other hand, the need to reduce the flow area of the diffuser to ensure the quality of fuel atomization with its subsequent evaporation.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This paradox is technically bypassed in carburettors with constant vacuum (Stromberg, SU, Mikuni) and with a variable cross-section of the diffuser.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This problem is partially solved by the introduction of an additional mixing chamber with sequential opening of the throttles, then the total cross-section of the diffusers is stepwise variable.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the postwar years, carburettors with two-stage air control with a parallel additional diffuser in one mixing chamber were widely used in the USSR - the K-22 family.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Float chamber


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The fuel level in the float chamber is one of the most important carburetor constants.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The stable operation of the idling system and the transition systems of all chambers depends on it, that is, the operation of the engine at low speed directly.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

And since the adjustment of the idle speed system actually provides for the correct compensation of the composition of the GDS, the operation in all modes indirectly depends on the stability of the level.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The position of the fuel level in the chamber is laid by the designer so that for any deviations of the carburetor from the vertical, there is no spontaneous outflow of fuel from the sprayers into the mixing camera.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The peculiarity of the layout of modern carburettors is that on engines located transversely, it becomes necessary to compensate for tidal phenomena.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

For the purpose of such compensation, in the simplest cases, additional economizers are created (DAAZ-1111).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

More expensive carburettors use parallel float chambers located on the sides of the carburetor and connected either by a transverse channel (DAAZ-2108) or by a separate communicating cavity, from which is powered by jets.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In this case, there can be two float valves (“Pirburg-2BE”) located at the extreme points on the sides.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Float/floats can be hollow (DAAZ), as a rule, they are brazed from stamped brass halves, or made of porous plastic (K-88).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

To compensate for the effect of engine vibrations on the fuel level, float valves are damped either by introducing a damper spring with a rod or ball, or by the presence of an elastic stop or shut-off element (PEKAR).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In a number of carburettors, a float valve is located in the bottom of the chamber.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In these cases, the layout allows you to directly monitor the fuel level by removing the carburetor cover.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

For the same purpose, many carburettor models used viewing windows located in the side or front wall of the float chamber and allowing you to see the level directly during operation engine.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

A balanced carburetor may have a parking unbalance system of the float chamber, which is represented by a mechanical or electric valve that communicates its cavity during parking with the atmosphere.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In this case, the start of the hot engine is greatly facilitated, since the air re-enriched with fuel vapors does not accumulate in the carburetor.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In order to capture these vapors and for environmental reasons, a gas absorber is also introduced in later structures — a tank with an activated carbon liner.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

When disconnected from the float chamber after starting the engine, its cavity is connected to the crankcase ventilation system and the absorbed gasoline vapors are burned by the engine as part of the working charge.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Main dosing systems


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

During operation, the engine operates in different modes that require a mixture of different composition, often with a sharp change in the content of the fuel vapor fraction.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

To prepare a mixture of composition that is optimal for any engine operation mode, a carburetor with a constant spray section has a variety of dosing devices.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

They start or turn off work at different times or work simultaneously, providing the most profitable (in terms of obtaining the greatest power and economy) composition of the mixture at all engine modes.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The main dosing system (GDS) of a modern carburetor, as a rule, has pneumatic compensation for the composition of the mixture.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This system has one main fuel jet and one air jet that goes into an emulsion well located vertically or obliquely (Zennith carburettors and their modifications).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Air flows from the GVJ into an emulsion tube having vertical rows of holes.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The fuel-air primary emulsion formed between the walls of the well and the tube enters through the channel to the sprayer located in the mixing chamber.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

GTZ is located at the bottom, so the fuel level when the emulsion is consumed in the sprayer tends to rise due to the inflow from the float chamber.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

However, its admission is limited to the State TZh.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

On the other hand, the lower the fuel level in the emulsion well, the more air enters the emulsion from the holes in the tube, the more it is in the mixture and the greater the degree of compensation.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

It is possible that both fuel and air are fed into the emulsion tube.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Previously, there were GDS with parallel jets and serial diffusers (K - 22), in which compensation was provided mainly by the idling system and due to the elasticity of the plates, opening the air flow in a separate large diffuser, while gasoline was supplied from a parallel compensation jet.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In relatively simple carburettors of small cars, a GDS with a compensation well and a restrictive compensation jet was used.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Due to the shallow compensation and the relatively small amount of fuel supplied, that is, inflexibility in operation, carburettors with such systems ceased to be produced by the mid-60s of the XX century.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The GDS of a modern carburetor provides flexibility in the composition of the mixture from 1:14 to 1:17 parts by weight of gasoline: air.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the main modes, the GDS provides a mixture of economical or depleted composition — 1:16 — 1:16 .5.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The GDS of a horizontal carburetor with needle regulation has a very special design.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In this system, the amount of air passing through the diffuser mechanically changes simultaneously - due to the lifting of the gate, and the amount of fuel supplied to it - due to the needle of variable profile, passing through the jet and mechanically changing its flow area.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The characteristic curve of such a carburetor is provided by a mechanically rigidly specified ratio of the diffuser cross-section and the jet section, which depend only on the height of the gate lift.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In constant vacuum carburettors, this level is automatically achieved at each point in time by the action of the spool damping system and the vacuum in the throttle zone, determined by the engine load and the angle of rotation of the throttle.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Idle speed system (CXX) with transition system and crankcase ventilation system— in addition to ensuring operation in modes with low vacuum, which is not enough to put the GDS into operation, at all other modes provide compensation for the composition of the mixture in the GDS.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Since when idling above the throttle, there is no vacuum necessary to put the main dosing system into operation, to ensure modes with shallow vacuum and small angles opening the throttle requires a separate system capable of providing mixture formation at low air flows in the mixing chamber.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

It can be parallel (used very rarely), sequential, have different types of atomization - throttle, over-throttle, can be autonomous (ASXX).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The sequential CXX is an air, fuel and emulsion channels with metering elements - idle jets or actuators.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The idle fuel jet is fed from the lower part of the GDS emulsion well, thus it is connected to the GDS fuel channel in series.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Air jet XX is connected to the space of the upper part of the mixing chamber, which ensures a change in the amount of air entering the CXX under different operating modes of the engine.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Due to the above features, the CXX is a very important link in the compensation of the mixture for GDS.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Very often, air is supplied to the CXX through two or three channels, which provides two- or three-stage emulsification, which contributes to additional homogenization of the mixture and improves the uniformity of the composition mixtures on cylinders.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The CXX opens into the mixing chamber in the throttle space, where at idle there is a vacuum sufficient for its operation.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Vias located in the zone of the edge of the ajar throttle valve open into the CXX channel.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

K-88 and DAAZ-2108 generally have one vertical slit-like hole, part of it located below the edge of the throttle ensures idling, when the throttle is opened, this part naturally increases, providing a transitional regime.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The throttle is almost closed at idle, there is a vacuum in the carburetor only immediately behind it.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Due to this vacuum, fuel mixed with air coming from the idle air jet is supplied to the idle hole from the main metering system through the idle fuel jet and additional air ducts.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

At the same time, an enriched mixture is formed, which is necessary to maintain engine idle speed, with a gasoline-air ratio in the range from 1:12 to 1:14 .5.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the transient mode, that is, at small throttle opening angles, the emulsion from the CXX channels enters the throttle edge zone through one or more vias, mixing with the passing air and becoming depleted to 1:15 - 1:16 .5.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

As already mentioned, some carburettors (K-88, K-90, DAAZ-2108) have one vertical slit-like hole in the throttle edge zone.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This design provides effective compensation and a smooth change in the composition of the mixture in the transient mode.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

By setting the shape of the slot, it is possible to achieve an almost ideal transition characteristic.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In other engine operating modes, the idling system compensates for the composition of the mixture formed by the main dosing system and is therefore extremely important for the proper operation of the carburetor.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

There are cases when, after unqualified adjustment of the CXX, while maintaining idle speed, the carburetor practically lost its operability.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

To ensure the uniformity of the composition of the mixture along the cylinders and the stability of the parameters and mixture formation, and the moment of ignition, the CXX is often performed autonomous, with additional mixing devices, in fact, they are a carburetor in the carburetor, operable at low air consumption (for example, the ASXX “Kaskad”).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Such a system has a main channel, the inlet of which is located in the zone of the lowering edge of the throttle, and the mouth extends into the zone under the throttle.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Due to this arrangement, the movement of air and mixture in the channel stops instantly when the throttle is opened.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The entire emulsion formed in the CXX is discharged into this channel at idle speed, however, for high-quality dusting, it is mixed with air in special sprayers that provide low consumption of air and emulsion very high speeds of movement — at the level of sound speed.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Due to this, the ASXX ensures the quality of atomization that is unattainable for other idling systems.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Better carburettors use ASXX with triple and sometimes quadruple emulsification.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

ASXX sprayers are built according to various schemes.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The simplest of them is the DAAZ-2140 carburetor CXX.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In it, the air flow passes through a small horizontal gap, into which another slit opens from above - from the emulsion channel.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The cross-section ratio provides gas velocities at the level of sound velocity.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The ASHH “Kaskad” has a ring-shaped sprayer with radially located holes, from which an emulsion enters the air flow - such a system actually copies the mixing chamber in miniature.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the center of the sprayer there is a special profile screw that allows you to adjust the amount of the mixture.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the CXX with nozzle-shaped sprayers, air is supplied from a screw with a channel to the center of the channel through which the emulsion moves, that is, such a system is like a “Cascade” on the contrary.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

To shut off the fuel supply at forced idling, the forced idling economizer (EPHC) is turned on in the CXX, which is a valve that cuts off the fuel supply, and the system control of this valve, either electronic or electronic-pneumatic (Tyufyakov).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

When the engine switches to the PCC mode, a control signal is applied to the actuator valve.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

On more modern engines that have a microprocessor control system, this signal is generated by this system (AZLK-21412).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The valve can be located either directly in the outlet of the AXC, and completely shut off the supply of the mixture, or have a needle that cuts off the fuel supply through the jet.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the second case, the inertia of the system increases, when leaving the PCC mode, there is a short unstable period when the CXX is already operating, and fuel has not yet arrived from the jet through the long channel.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

But such a system is easier to build and cheaper, less susceptible to adverse effects in operation.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This is the PXX system used at the DAAZ-2108.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Systems with a valve at the wellhead are used at DAAZ-2107, −05 and 2140.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

They provide almost instant mode changes, but it is more difficult, more expensive and more demanding to operate so much that many owners of cars with such systems simply turned them off.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The EPHC on K-90 is built in a peculiar way.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

There, the idle channels of both chambers end with fairly large cavities in which the solenoid valve plates are located, when voltage is applied to which the mixture supply is cut off , that is, when the EPHC fails, the carburetor continues to operate normally.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

CXX carburettors mounted on engines driving air conditioning compressors, powerful generators and/or loaded automatic transmissions are often equipped with a controlled throttle stop, which stabilizes idle speed when service devices are turned on, raising the throttle when connecting the load from additional units.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The transition system of the secondary chamber of the carburetor with sequential opening of the throttles is basically similar to the CXX, but has important differences.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Since the GDS of the secondary chamber itself is adjusted to obtain a relatively enriched power mixture, it does not require such a deep degree of compensation as in the primary chamber.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Therefore, the transition system, as a rule, is carried out according to the scheme of parallel fuel supply and its fuel jet communicates directly with the float chamber, and not with the GDS emulsion well.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Thus, both the transition system and the GDS of the secondary chamber are put into operation in parallel, which ensures the required degree of enrichment of the mixture.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Any modern engine ensures the disposal of combustible and extremely toxic crankcase gases.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The crankcase gas suction system, also known as the crankcase ventilation system, consists of two branches - a large and a small one.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The large branch is a pipe in which there is a flame arrester and an oil separator.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The gases that have passed through them enter the inertial-oil type air filter to the oil bath or to the cardboard air filter in the immediate vicinity of the neck of the primary chamber, mix there with air and fed into cylinders.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

At idle and transient mode, the vacuum above the chamber is quite small, so a small one is used in parallel to the large branch.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This is a tube that connects the large branch to the throttle space; in many carburettors it is equipped with a spool that cuts off the connection of the throttle space to the large branch when opened throttle and thus preventing air from being sucked under the throttle parallel to the mixing chamber.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Economizers and economostats are additional parallel fuel supply systems to the mixing chamber that enrich the mixture at high vacuum levels, that is, at loads close to the maximum, when the economic mix can not meet the needs of the engine.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Economizers have forced control, pneumatic or mechanical.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Economostats, in fact, are just tubes of a certain cross-section, sometimes with emulsion channels (DAAZ), brought into the mixing chamber space above the diffuser, that is, to the zone where vacuum appears at maximum loads, in contrast to the GDS.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In some old carburettor designs without emulsifying fuel, the economizer had a jet parallel to the main fuel jet of the GDS, which was forcibly opened.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In emulsion carburettors, this scheme is not used due to a violation of the pneumatic compensation characteristic of the GDS.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In relatively cheap carburettors, in which the GDS itself provides a relatively rich mixture composition in most modes, economizers and economostats are not used.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Exhaust gas recirculation system.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Provides replacement of part of air with exhaust gases at engine braking modes.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

It helps to reduce the level of nitrogen oxides (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the exhaust.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

It is used on a small number of engine types.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Accelerator pump.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

It is necessary to supply an additional portion of fuel when the throttle opens abruptly.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The need to supply additional fuel is determined not by its “inertia” in the carburetor channels during sharp acceleration, as is usually indicated in popular publications, but by a violation at this point, the conditions of mixture formation in the intake system, as a result of which only a part of the fuel supplied by the carburetor reaches the cylinders in the first moments after the start of a sharp acceleration.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The accelerator pump compensates for this effect and provides the required composition of the combustible mixture in the cylinders at the first moment after the start of acceleration.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

There are piston and diaphragm ones, installed on all carburettors since the early 70s of the XX century.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Piston accelerators have less stable parameters and do not allow changing the injection intensity depending on the angle of rotation of the throttle.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Carburettors capable of ensuring the supply of a mixture of optimal composition in all modes, that is, carburettors with needle regulation of the composition and carburettors of constant vacuum of the accelerator do not have - for unnecessary.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Starting device.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

It is a flap above the mixing chamber with its control system.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

When it is covered, the degree of vacuum in the entire mixing chamber increases significantly, which leads to a sharp enrichment of the mixture necessary for cold start.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

(The same effect can be achieved by forgetting to change the cardboard element in the air filter in time).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

To ensure that the air flow is not completely blocked, the damper either rests on the spring and is located eccentrically, or is equipped with a valve that ensures minimal air intake.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

To start and warm up the engine, it is necessary to cover the air damper and slightly open the throttle.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The air damper can have a mechanical, automatic or semi-automatic drive.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the first case, it is closed by the driver using a handle called a shifter.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Semi-automatic air damper actuator is most widely used as simple and efficient.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The damper is closed by the driver manually, and slightly opened automatically by a diaphragm operating from the vacuum in the intake manifold that occurs during the first intake strokes.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This prevents re-enrichment of the mixture and the possible shutdown of the engine immediately after starting.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

All DaAZ and K-151 carburettors have such a starting device.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The automatic drive is widely used abroad, and in the practice of the domestic automotive industry has not been widely used due to its significant complexity, relatively low reliability and fragility with large temperature changes characteristic of the climate of most of the territory of the USSR/Russia.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In this case, the air damper is closed by a bimetallic or cerubber thermocouple heated by a liquid from the cooling system or by an electric heater.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

As the engine warms up, the thermocouple heats up, opening the air damper.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

On domestic cars, only carburettors of individual VAZ models (mainly export ones) had such a starting device.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In other systems, a pneumatic (vacuum) or electromechanical drive with a temperature sensor was used.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Adjusting


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The adjustment of the carburetor is provided at the design stage and development of experimental samples and is mainly provided by the following design features:


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

type of the main dosing system (GDS), the method of its compensation, the method of powering the CXX and the transition system/systems;


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

number, diameter and location of vias


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

cross-sections of the small diffuser, the main fuel jet of the GDS, the main air jet of the GDS, the shape of the emulsion tube/tubes;


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

the ratio of the geometric parameters of the mixing chambers and the characteristic of the opening of the secondary chamber;


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

the injection volume of the accelerator pump, the direction of its jet;


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

vacuum opening of pneumatic economizers or opening angle of a mechanical economizer;


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

the specific location of the economstat nozzle;


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

the fuel level in the float chamber is a fundamental parameter for proper idling and, more importantly, transient operation.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Work in other modes is much less affected than is commonly believed.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

It is set by the designer so that at the maximum inclination of the carburetor in operation (driving uphill), the fuel does not flow out of the sprayers on its own.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The available carburetor adjustments in operation are aimed at individually fitting a particular carburetor to a particular engine and ensuring its seasonal adjustment, as well as restoration of the initial technical parameters — fuel level, damper positions, idle speed.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The latter adjustment is extremely important, since the idling system provides a deep degree of compensation for the primary chamber's GDS and, therefore, sets its characteristic (and not only and not so much idle speed level. It is possible, by slightly twisting the screws and changing their positions, to come to the same idle speed and make the carburetor practically inoperable).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Primary chamber CXX controls:


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Toxicity screw — in emulsion carburettors and emulsion CXX with double air supply ensures the quality of the primary emulsion of the CXX, more often due to a change in the amount of primary air.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Provides stability of the transient regime and compensation for GDS.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In carburettors, the DAAZ (2101-2107) should be normally turned away from the stop by ½ — ¼ turn, at the factory it is minted with a plug.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

On Solex carburettors, the secondary chamber throttle stop screw plays the role of a toxicity screw.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

After assembling the carburetor without a stand for adjusting the air flow through the closed damper, it must be turned 2/3 to 3/4 turns from the beginning of the damper lifting.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Quality screw — ensures the quality of the secondary emulsion directly entering the cylinders at idle and transitional modes, as a rule, due to a change in the amount of emulsion.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Along with the toxicity screw, it sets the degree of compensation for GDS.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Quantity screw - sets the number of idle speed, is set when the composition of the mixture is adjusted, the parameters of the carburetor as a whole do not significantly affect.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the ASAC, it changes the amount of the mixture supplied by changing the cross-section of the emulsion channel.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

When the CXX is combined, as in the simplest carburetor, it changes the position of the throttle valve of the primary, sometimes secondary (slit spray system) chamber, slightly opening it.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Grading


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

By the presence of control of the spray gun cross-section


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

According to the method of regulating the cross-section of the sprayer and, accordingly, the vacuum at the sprayer, carburettors are distinguished:


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

With constant vacuum — SU, Stromberg in Europe and Keihin, Mikuni in Japan — with, in fact, a single dosing system, meet not only all the needs of engines in all modes, but are able to produce a mixture with a vapor fraction content of fuel of at least 90-97% - a parameter that is practically unattainable for other fuel systems, including any injection ones.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

It is provided with the highest level of vacuum at the sprayer at any air flow rate.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

With a constant spray section.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This type includes ALL mass-produced car carburettors in the USSR and Russia.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

To provide some flexibility, carburettors are built with sequential opening of mixing chambers or an additional diffuser (K-22).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Horizontal spool throttle carburettors, often used on motorcycles, occupy an intermediate position.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In them, the amount of the supplied mixture is regulated by a vertical gate valve/spool, which changes the flow area of the diffuser.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

At the same time, a special profiled needle changes the flow area of the main fuel jet, which, like a carburetor with constant vacuum, greatly simplifies the design of the unit.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the direction of the working mixture flow


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the direction of the flow of the working mixture, the carburettors are divided into horizontal and vertical.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

A vertical carburetor in which the mixture flows from the bottom up is called an upstream carburetor, from top to bottom is called a downstream or falling flow carburetor.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the horizontal direction of the flow, with a horizontal flow.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The most widely used in historical perspective are carburettors with a downward and a horizontal flow.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Their main advantages are better filling of cylinders with a combustible mixture with significantly lower gas-dynamic losses compared to upward flow carburettors, as well as in the availability and ease of maintenance, since such a carburetor is located on the engine from above or from the side.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

By number of cameras


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

By the number of mixing chambers, single-chamber and multi-chamber carburettors are distinguished.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The former has only one mixing chamber and, accordingly, only one throttle valve that controls the fuel supply over the entire operating range of the engine.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Such carburettors had a large simple device and were extremely widely used in vehicles until the 1960s.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Meanwhile, the development of engine construction, as well as the growing requirements for the dynamic qualities of cars, especially cars, and the adaptability of their engines to various loads predetermined an almost universal transition to carburettors with more than one mixing chamber.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The fact is that the increase in the number of operating revolutions of the engines has significantly increased the requirements for the throughput of the carburetor air path, which are met by increasing the cross-section of the channel of the only mixing chamber turned out to be impossible: when the large diameter throttle valve is opened, a sharp drop in the vacuum and air velocity in the area sprayer of the main dosing system, which leads to a decrease in the quality of fuel atomization at a low crankshaft speed and, accordingly, a deterioration in the traction qualities of the engine and irreparable adjustment of the “failure” at the beginning of acceleration.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

They tried to combat this effect by using a main diffuser with a variable cross-section on a single-chamber carburetor (a family of K-80 carburettors for engines of ZIS/ZIL cars, which the main diffuser was formed by spring-loaded wings mechanically driven by the gas pedal) or a petal bypass air valve (K-22 family for Pobeda engines, GAZ-51), as a result of which the carburetor capacity increased as the engine crankshaft speed increased.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

However, the efficiency of these devices was relatively low, with a significant increase in the complexity of the carburetor design.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

[1] [2] [3]


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

A carburetor with more than one mixing chamber can have both simultaneous and sequential opening of throttle valves, depending on the needs of the power supply system of a particular engine.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Carburettors with two mixing chambers and simultaneous opening of throttles are very successful on relatively low-speed multi-cylinder engines, which have half of the cylinders receives a fuel-air mixture from one chamber of the carburetor, and the rest from the other, which is achieved by dividing the intake manifold by a partition into two branches that do not communicate with each other, each of which connects one of the carburetor chambers to the corresponding cylinder group.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Since the cross-section of the diffusers of each of the chambers separately is relatively small, the problems of a sharp drop in vacuum and flow velocity when opening the throttle valve in this case are not observed, while maintaining the required overall carburetor throughput.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

For example, in a 3.5-liter six-cylinder engine of a GAZ-52 I, II and III car, the cylinders receive a mixture from the front chamber of the K-126I carburetor in the direction of movement, and IV, V and VI from the rear.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Throttle valves are seated on a common axis, which ensures synchronicity of their opening.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The carburetor itself is essentially two single-chamber carburettors assembled in a common housing of the same parameters, having a common float chamber, a starting device and an acceleration pump (working on both chambers at the same time) — all other systems in them are duplicated, the composition (“quality”) of the mixture for each of the chambers is also adjusted separately, with its own adjusting screw.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Similar carburettors are also used on relatively low-speed V-shaped motors, for example K-126B and K-135 on trucks V8 manufactured by ZMZ; as a rule, the carburetor is installed transversely relative to the engine, so that one of its mixing chambers supplies the working mixture to the cylinders located on the left side of the car, and the other to the cylinders located on the right.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In some embodiments, each of the mixing chambers of a two-chamber carburetor with simultaneous opening of the throttle valves may have its own float chamber (for example, K-21 for the engines of the ZIM GAZ-12 passenger car and the PAZ-652 bus, which had two float chambers with two floats and shut-off valves operating independently of each other, two separate economizers ball type with mechanical drive, but at the same time — a pneumatically driven economizer and an accelerator pump common to both sections, as well as an air damper).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

[4] [3]


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Sometimes two-chamber carburettors with simultaneous opening of throttle valves were also used on engines with fewer cylinders, in which the working mixture from both mixing chambers through a common the intake manifold was supplied to all cylinders - for example, the K-126 carburetor, which was installed on the early releases of the Moskvich-408.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

However, due to the problem already described above of a sharp drop in intake vacuum that occurred when both throttles were opened simultaneously, the engine operates at low speed and partial the loads with this carburetor were unsatisfactory, as a result of which, since 1965, it was also replaced by a two-chamber K-126P with sequential opening of the throttle valves.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Carburettors of this type were very widely used on small and medium car engines in the 1960s and 1980s.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

As a rule, the diameter of the main diffuser of the primary chamber is smaller than the main diffuser of the secondary chamber, although there are also structures with their same diameter (for example, Volgograd K-126G: 24 × 24 mm); throttle valves can also be either the same or different diameters.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

At idle speed and low and medium load modes, such carburettors operate on only one primary chamber, in fact, as a single-chamber carburetor, and later a special device slightly opens secondary chamber throttle valve.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This achieves, on the one hand, the maintenance of high vacuum and high speed of air movement at the atomizer of the main dosing system, which is necessary for high-quality atomization of fuel at low crankshaft speeds, and on the other hand, low intake aerodynamic drag at high revs.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

[1] [5]


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The throttle valve drive of the secondary chamber of the two-chamber carburetor with the sequential opening of the dampers can be mechanical or pneumatic (vacuum).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the first case, the throttle valve of the secondary chamber is driven directly from the “gas” pedal and begins to open every time the throttle valve of the primary chamber is turned to a certain angle rigidly defined by the design of the mechanical drive.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Since the moment when the throttle valve of the secondary chamber starts opening is not related to the crankshaft speed and the load on the engine, in some modes this can lead to violations in its operation - for example, abruptly pressing the accelerator pedal all the way when the car is moving at a low speed in higher gear with this design of the throttle drive will lead, instead of the energetic acceleration expected by the driver, to a noticeable “failure” of traction due to a rapid and sudden decrease in the vacuum in the intake tract.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

To ensure confident acceleration from low revs, the driver at the beginning of acceleration had to hold the “gas” pedal in the position preceding the opening of the secondary chamber, and only then, as you gain speed, squeeze it all the way.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This required discipline and the ability to “feel” the moment when the secondary chamber damper began to open to change the force on the pedal.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This deficiency can be eliminated by the use of a pneumatic (vacuum) drive of the throttle valve of the secondary chamber, which is carried out automatically depending on the load on the engine, tracked by the magnitude of the vacuum in the diffuser of the primary chamber of the carburetor.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

At the same time, there is no rigid connection between the secondary chamber damper and the accelerator pedal - deviating the pedal by a certain angle only removes the lock that prevents the vacuum drive from starting to open the damper secondary chamber.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the situation described above, the throttle valve of the secondary chamber with pneumatic actuator, even when the driver is pressed out of the gas pedal, will remain closed until the car engine dials a certain number of revolutions and the vacuum in the diffuser of the primary chamber of the carburetor will exceed a certain threshold value.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The vacuum drop in the area of the main diffuser atomizer occurs less sharply than when both throttle valves are opened simultaneously, and the acceleration is smooth.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

However, the reliability of the pneumatic actuator is lower than that of the mechanical one.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Both designs described above are a two-chamber carburetor with simultaneous opening of the dampers, each of the chambers of which feeds its half of the engine, and a two-chamber carburetor with sequential by opening the dampers, which supplies the working mixture to all cylinders, have the drawback that as the engine displacement and its speed increase, the carburetor throughput still begins not enough for the normal filling of its cylinders.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Therefore, high-speed engines of large displacement, especially V-shaped ones, usually used four-chamber carburettors with sequential opening of throttle valves, in which each a pair from the primary and secondary chambers served its own group of cylinders - for example, at the Chaika GAZ-13, each pair of mixing chambers fed two middle cylinders of one engine row and two extreme other (at the same time, the so-called “two-story” intake manifold was used with a complex layout of channels at two levels in height, which serves to mitigate the pulsation of the flow of the working mixture).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

As a rule, each pair of mixing chambers of such a carburetor has its own separate float chamber.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Carburettors of this type were widely used on American passenger cars V8 manufactured in the 1960s and 80s (Rochester QuadraJet, Holley 4160, etc.), as well as engines of Soviet cars Chaika and ZIL cars (with carburettors of K-114, K-85 models) and some expensive European models (Solex 4A1).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

An alternative option was to use several separate carburettors with synchronized throttle and air dampers, each of which served through short inlets one or two cylinders.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This design is more efficient in terms of increasing power than a single multi-chamber carburetor with a long intake manifold, but it is also more difficult to operate, in particular, very is sensitive to the quality of the setting.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Thus, on English sports car engines, horizontal constant vacuum carburettors such as SU (Skinner-Union), Zenith or Stromberg were very often used, with hydraulic (oil) damper with an automatic valve in the form of a cylindrical spool, which ensured the constancy of the air velocity in the diffuser by changing its cross-section depending on the magnitude of the load on the engine, and the associated conical metering needle with a special profile, which regulated the cross-section of the fuel jet.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The carburettors of the systems mentioned above had the same operating principle, but different designs; for example, SU carburettors had the spool tightly rubbed against the walls located in the upper part cylinder carburetor, and in other designs it was sealed from above with a rubber diaphragm.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

These carburettors were installed one per cylinder or on two cylinders of the engine, which made it possible to reduce the length of the intake pipes and thereby ensure high air flow rates, and therefore to avoid fuel condensation, in addition, high accuracy of dosage of the composition of the working mixture in all engine operating modes was ensured.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

However, the synchronization of several carburettors installed on one engine required highly qualified maintenance personnel.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

[3] [6]


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The same design was (and is) widely used on boxer engines, in which, due to the location of the cylinders at a great distance from each other, the intake manifold channels would have a very large length, which causes large gas-dynamic losses and the possibility of delamination of the working mixture on the way to the cylinder (Alfa-Romeo automobile boxer engines, BMW, M-72, Dnepr-MT10 motorcycle engines).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

A similarly designed power system was used on aircraft engines with a large number of cylinders, while the total number of carburettors could reach more than two dozen - which provided them with a huge total throughput.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Achieving similar parameters with one carburetor and a “branched” common manifold with channels of complex shape is basically impossible.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the United States, in the 1960s, it was popular on high-speed cars to install several carburettors while simultaneously opening the throttle valves on one intake manifold of a V-shaped eight-cylinder a large displacement engine, while as a rule, one of the chambers of each of the carburettors served one half of the manifold (and, accordingly, the four cylinders associated with it), and the other ( and the rest of the cylinders).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

For example, on some Chrysler vehicles, Six Pack fuel equipment was available for a surcharge, consisting of three dual chamber carburettors mounted on one intake manifold, moreover, in the mode of low and medium loads, the engine was powered only from one of them (central), and the two extreme loads came into operation only at high loads.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Similarly, the Tri power system offered on Pontiac cars (General Motors brand) was arranged, consisting of three two-chamber Rochester 2G carburettors, the central of which worked constantly, and the two extreme ones were connected to work only when you pressed the accelerator pedal almost all the way, providing excellent acceleration in the “pedal to the floor” mode at the cost of huge fuel consumption.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

On cars with pre-chamber-torch ignition, special three-chamber carburettors were used, for example, of the K-156 type on the Volga GAZ-3102 with the 4022.10 engine.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The third chamber, parallel to the main primary chamber, served to prepare a highly enriched mixture fed into the prechamber, while a lean mixture was fed into the main chambers.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

By type of float chamber ventilation


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

A distinction is made between balanced and unbalanced carburettors.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In the latter case, air enters the float chamber not from the air filter cavity, but directly from the atmosphere, which simplifies and reduces the cost of the design, while at the same time making it sensitive to the condition of the air filter — as it gets dirty, the mixture becomes richer.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Distribution


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Currently, on cars, fuel injection systems have in most cases replaced carburettors.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

This is due to the advantage of the injector in terms of ease of operation and reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere - only a fuel injection system with microcomputer control can for a long time (hundreds of thousands of kilometers) to maintain the exhaust of the car within the framework of modern environmental requirements and provide more accurate fuel metering compared to the carburetor on all engine modes.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Meanwhile, carburettors are still widely used on motorcycles, the environmental requirements for which are usually much less stringent than for vehicles.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

So, even many modern sports motorcycles continue to be equipped with carburettors, and due to the easing of licensing requirements, constant vacuum is increasingly common, as they are not inferior to systems injection according to many environmental parameters, being much easier and cheaper.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

In addition, carburettors are widely used on stationary and generator engines, as well as in gasoline tools (lawn mowers, chainsaws, etc.).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Advantages and disadvantages


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The main advantages of the carburetor are high homogeneity of the mixture at the outlet, low cost, technological availability during manufacture, relative ease of maintenance and repair applied to carburettors for mass simple engines.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Unlike injection systems that require electrical power, the carburetor operates exclusively due to the energy of the air intake by the engine, which makes it possible to use the carburetor on engines that are not equipped with electrical equipment (boat motors, lawn mowers, chainsaws).


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

But in the case of a complex engine or difficult operating modes (and all modern car gasoline engines belong to this category), the carburetor becomes a very complex unit, elements which must be manufactured with very high accuracy, and its adjustment requires a fairly high level of training of technical personnel and complex pneumohydraulic stands.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

For example, the latest generations of carburettors used on powerful Audi and BMW cars had up to 8 mixing chambers, each of which was equipped with four individual dosing systems ( main, economstat, idling and transient modes) while the spread of their parameters should not exceed 5%.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

At the same time, for an army of relatively simple engines for various service devices, the carburetor will remain indispensable for a long time.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

The relative disadvantage of the carburetor, which has become the main reason for its displacement as the basis of automotive power systems, is the inability to provide a mixture of individual composition for each flash — injector systems with distributed injection act in this way, ensuring the greatest environmental friendliness of the engine.


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

See also


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Fuel injection system


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Donat Banks and Janos Chonka are the inventors of the carburetor


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Notes


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Literature


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Check date values in: |date= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

References


Question: What is the meaning of “carburation”?

carburettor

Category:Internal combustion engine


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Pythagoras of Samos (Ancient Greek: Pythagoras, Pythagoras, “Pythian broadcaster” [1]; 570—490 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and mystic, founder of the religious and philosophical school Pythagoreans.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Biography


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

It is difficult to separate the life story of Pythagoras from the legends that present him as a perfect sage and great scientist, ordained to all the mysteries of the Greeks and barbarians.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Herodotus also called him “the greatest Hellenic sage” [2].


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

The main sources on the life and teachings of Pythagoras are the works of the neoplatonic philosopher Yamblich (242—306) “On Pythagorean Life”; Porphyria (234—305) “Life of Pythagoras”; by Diogenes of Laerte (200—250) prof.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

8, Pythagoras.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

These authors relied on the works of earlier authors, of which it should be noted Aristotle's disciple Aristotle (370—300 BC) originally from Tarent, where the Pythagoreans were strong.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Thus, the earliest known sources about the teachings of Pythagoras appeared only 200 years after his death.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Pythagoras himself did not leave any writings, and all information about him and his teachings is based on the works of his followers, who are not always impartial.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Pythagoras's parents were Mnesarch and Partenid from Samos.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Mnesarch was a stone-cutter (D.L.); according to Porphyrius, he was a wealthy merchant from Tyre who received Samos citizenship for distributing bread in a lean year.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

The first version is preferable, since Pausanias cites the genealogy of Pythagoras on the male line from Hippas from the Peloponnesian Flyunt, who fled to Samos and became the great-grandfather of Pythagoras [3].


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Partenida, later renamed Pythaida by her husband, came from the noble Ankei family, the founder of the Greek colony of Samos.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

The birth of the child seems to have been predicted by Pythia in Delphi, which is why Pythagoras got its name, which means “the one Pythia announced.”


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

In particular, Pythia told Mnesarch that Pythagoras would bring as much benefit and kindness to people as no one else has and will not do in the future.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Therefore, in joy, Mnesarch gave his wife a new name Pythaida, and the child Pythagoras.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Pythaida accompanied her husband on his trips, and Pythagoras was born in Sidon of Phoenicia (according to Yamblich) around 570 BC.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

From an early age, he discovered extraordinary talent (also according to Yamblich).


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

According to ancient authors, Pythagoras met with almost all the famous sages of that era, the Greeks, Persians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, and absorbed all the knowledge accumulated by mankind.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

In popular literature, Pythagoras is sometimes credited with an Olympic victory in boxing, confusing the Pythagoras philosopher with his namesake (Pythagoras, son of Cratet from Samos), who won the 48th Games in 18 years before the birth of a famous philosopher.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

At a young age, Pythagoras went to Egypt to gain wisdom and secret knowledge from Egyptian priests.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Diogenes and Porphyrius write that the Samos tyrant Polycrates provided Pythagoras with a letter of recommendation to Pharaoh Amasis, thanks to which he was admitted to training and was dedicated not only to Egyptian achievements medicine and mathematics, but also in sacraments forbidden to other foreigners.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Yamblich writes that Pythagoras left his native island at the age of 18 and, having traveled around the wise men in different parts of the world, reached Egypt, where he stayed for 22 years, until he was taken to Babylon as prisoners the Persian king Cambis, who conquered Egypt in 525 BC. e.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Pythagoras stayed in Babylon for another 12 years, communicating with magicians, until he was finally able to return to Samos at the age of 56, where his compatriots recognized him as a wise man.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

According to Porphyrius, Pythagoras left Samos because of disagreement with the tyrannical power of Polycrates at the age of 40.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Since this information is based on the words of Aristoksen, a source from the 4th century BC. e.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

are considered to be relatively reliable.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Polycrat came to power in 535 BC. e.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

, hence the date of birth of Pythagoras is estimated to be 570 BC.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

, assuming that he left for Italy in 530 BC. e.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Yamblich reports that Pythagoras moved to Italy for the 62nd Olympics, that is, in 532-529 BC.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

This information is in good agreement with Porphyrius, but completely contradicts the legend of Yamblich himself (or rather, one of his sources) about the Babylonian capture of Pythagoras.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

It is not known for sure whether Pythagoras visited Egypt, Babylon or Phoenicia, where, according to legend, he accumulated Eastern wisdom.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Diogenes Laertes quotes Aristoksen, who said that Pythagoras took his teaching, at least with regard to lifestyle instructions, from the priestess Themistoclea of Delphi, that is, in places not so remote to the Greeks.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

Disagreements with the tyrant Polycrates could hardly be the reason for the departure of Pythagoras, rather he needed the opportunity to preach his ideas and, moreover, put his teachings into practice, which it is difficult to implement in Ionia and mainland Hellas, where many people experienced in philosophy and politics lived.


Question: How old was Aristotle when he died?

Pythagoras

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