Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

For example, in the comedy “Birds” he is described as a prominent military leader, prone to military cunning [3].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Aristotle ranked Nikia among the best politicians of the 5th century BC. e.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

“The best politicians in old Athens seem to be Niki, Thucydides and Feramen. At the same time, regarding Nikiy and Thucydides, everyone agrees that they were not only “beautiful and kind”, but also experienced in state affairs, who fatherly treated the entire state.” [4]


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The later historian Diodorus of Sicily in his “Historical Library” described the preparation and conduct of the Sicilian expedition, and in this regard spoke in detail about the activities of Nikiy.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Diodorus's data mainly coincide with the data of Thucydides, and Nikidides agrees with their assessment [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

One of the main sources on the personality and work of Nikiy is his biography, written by Plutarch and included in the collection “Comparative Biographies”.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Plutarch relies primarily on Thucydides.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

But in addition, its sources were historical works that have not survived to this day, in particular, the works of Sicilian historians Philistus (contemporary and eyewitness of events) and Timeus [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Plutarch compares Nikius with Mark Licinius Crassus on the basis of failure and the sad end that befell both [5].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Youth and ancestry


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

It is believed that Nikius, the son of Nicerat, was born from the dem of Kidantida around the mid-470s BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

[5] A more precise date of birth is unknown.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Nikia's family was not noble, and his ancestors did not differ in the public life of Athens [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

However, Diogenes Laertes, describing the events of the turn of the VII-VI centuries BC. e.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

, wrote that during the pestilence in Attica, “the Pythia ordered them (the Athenians) to clean the city; and they sent a ship with Nikius, the son of Nicerate, to Crete for Epimenides” [6].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

According to this evidence, it can be judged that this is a distant ancestor of Nikiy (the name and patronymics coincide) [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

On this issue, several options for its solution were proposed.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Some researched suggested that this episode was invented by Nikiy to show that he had an ancient and influential ancestor in the policy.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Others believed that Diogenes Laertes confused the two cleansing of Attica, and Niki headed the Athenian embassy in Crete during the Athenian plague of the early 420s BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

“Epimenides” in this case could be called the image of Epimenides, since Epimenides himself lived in the 7th century BC. e.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

According to the third option, the Nikia family had xenic and proxenic ties with a Cretan family, possibly with the one to which Epimenides belonged, since Thucydides briefly mentioned in his work Nikia from Gortyna [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The name “Niki” is not typical for Cretans and could appear only through either matrimonial, or xenic and proxenic connections [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

At the same time, one epigraphic source mentions the Athenian Niki, son of Epimenides [7].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The location of Kidantida's dem, to which Niki was assigned, cannot be accurately determined these days [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

However, it is known that it belonged to the median trittia of Philae Aegeis, which means that it was a rural dem located not very close to Athens [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Most likely, it was Niki who made efforts to become one of the leading politicians at the general policy level.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

One of the main prerequisites for Nikiy's political activity was the colossal wealth by ancient Greek standards, which he inherited from Nikerat's father [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Lisy wrote that “Nikiy was supposed to have no less than a hundred talents in property, and most of it seemed to be in cash” [8].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Lysia's fortune ranks second after the state of the Kallia-Hipponicus family (a branch of the Kerik family), which was considered the richest in Greece [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The main source of income for Nikiy, and earlier his father Nikerat, is the development of silver mines in Lavria [5].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Nikiy also owned a large number of slaves.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Xenophon and Athenaeus wrote that he had a thousand slaves [9] [10].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

This may be an exaggeration, but one way or another, Niki had a very large number of slaves compared to other Athenians [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He rented out his slaves to others and received a small but stable fee for doing so.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

At the same time, Niki did this not himself, but through the Thracian Sosius, who was the epistate of the slaves of Nikius [9].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He wanted to increase his fortune in the cash he needed for political purposes [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In this era, in order to gain fame and prestige, the wealthiest citizens took on liturgies — public duties imposed on them in favor of the state.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Nikiy's brilliant liturgies overshadowed others with generosity and delicate taste [11].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In this way, he won the love of the people [11].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He needed this in the fight against demagogue Cleon, his political opponent.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In contrast, Niki did not engage in demonstrative demagogy for the sake of the people, but sang liturgies.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Cleon also performed them, but for him it was not the main thing, but for Nikiy it was the main or one of the main ones [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Arkhidamov war


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Despite such traits as unsociability, indecision, excessive piety, Niki is one of the most prominent Greek commanders of the second half of the 5th century BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

[1] He served as a strategist during and with Pericles [12], but became a famous and authoritative commander during the first stage of the Peloponnesian War, known as the Archidams War.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

This war was named after the Spartan king Archdam II.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

At the same time, Niki, unlike Cleon, was a supporter of ending the war with Sparta and concluding a peace treaty [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

However, since Athens was fighting, he had to participate in the war and take command of the troops as a strategist.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In the 420s, Niki was a strategist for six or seven consecutive years [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

While commanding the army, Niki tried not to get involved in risky operations and fight only when he was confident in his own victory [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Thucydides first mentions Nikia, telling about the events of mid-summer 427 BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki was elected strategist for 427/426 BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

and led an expedition to the Megaran island of Minoya.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki captured it and placed the Athenian garrison at this important strategic point [13].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In 426 BC


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki was sent with the fleet against Melos.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He was given 60 ships and 2,000 hoplites.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Melos took a neutral position in the Peloponnesian War and refused to join the Athenian Maritime Union, as did many residents of other islands in the Aegean Sea.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Athenians began to devastate the lands of Melos, but the Melossians still refused to obey, and Niki did not besiege the main city of the island [14].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

After that, in order to avoid reproaches from the Athenian people, he decided to achieve some more significant victory and sailed to Orop.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

There, Athenian hoplites landed, joined reinforcements under the command of other strategists and defeated Tanagra's militia.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Then Nikiy's fleet ravaged the coast of Locrida [15].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Although Niki did not win a decisive victory this time, he returned with significant booty [1], and his authority increased [5].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In the same year, Niki, along with other strategists, took part in the Holy Embassy in Delos [11] [16].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki was elected a strategist for the next year, 425/424 BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

[17] The Athenian fleet under the command of Demosthenes, Sophocles and Eurymedon was heading for Corfu.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Demosthenes proposed to capture and strengthen the town of Pylos on the southwestern coast of the Peloponnese, in Messinia.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Pylos was captured and turned into a stronghold of Athens on the territory of Sparta.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Messenger helots, hostile to the Spartiates, began to flock to this important strategic point from the vicinity [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Spartans did not attach much importance to this at first, but when it became clear that the Athenians had changed their strategy of short-term raids to a strategy for creating fortified points in the Peloponnese, they sent by sea, a Spartan detachment that managed to occupy the island of Sfakteria, which closed the entrances to Pylos Bay [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Reinforcements arrived to help Demosthenes, the Athenians won the naval battle, and a detachment of 420 Spartan hoplites was surrounded on Sfakteria [18].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The siege of the island was delayed, the Athenians did not dare to storm, and a debate broke out in the Athenian People's Assembly between Niki and Cleon.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Cleon said that the Athenians should not hesitate, but should immediately send reinforcements to Pylos and capture Sfakteria [19].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

No one reproached him for missing favorable opportunities for a profitable peace with Sparta, and emphasized the difficulties of capturing Sfakteria.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He did not want to engage in a risky operation and jeopardize his reputation as a never defeated commander.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Cleon said that if he were a strategist himself, he would have won quickly.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Then Niki “announced that... Cleon can take as many ships as he wants and go on a campaign.”


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Cleon decided that Niki was bluffing and agreed to take command, expecting his opposition to take his words back.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

But Niki was not joking at all, and the People's Assembly insisted on the appointment of Cleon.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Then he agreed and said that within twenty days he would bring the Spartans to Athens alive or kill them all on Sfakteria [20].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

How Cleon's appointment was formalized is unknown.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He was not elected a strategist for this year, but perhaps an exception was made for him in the form of some extraordinary master's degree, for example, the eleventh strategist [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Cleon did deliver on his promise, albeit with Demosthenes's help.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

292 prisoners of Spartan hoplite were brought to Athens, and the rest were killed [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

This was the most successful operation for the Athenians during the entire Peloponnesian War.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Immediately after Cleon's return, Niki, along with other strategists, led a raid on Corinthia [21].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Both infantry and cavalry took part in this campaign.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

A special feature of the expedition was the use of specially equipped ships to transport cavalry detachments [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The use of cavalry had a certain social orientation: Athenian horsemen, noble aristocrats, did not previously take part in the Peloponnesian War, since Pericles' strategy did not imply active hostilities on land, and now horsemen have the opportunity to participate in hostilities, which confirmed the importance of cavalry in the military strategy of Athens [5].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Athenians defeated the Corinthians near Solygea (Ancient Greek: Solygea), but when more significant Corinthian forces appeared, they retreated to the ships.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Athenians then ravaged another part of Corinthia and left the garrison in Methana (near Epidaurus).


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

This Athenian raid was quite successful: 212 Corinthians and less than 50 Athenians fell in battle [22], part of the Corinthian lands was devastated and the garrison was left in Methana [5].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In the summer of 424 BC


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Nikii managed to achieve a major success comparable to the capture of Pylos by Demosthenes [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Athenian fleet under the command of Nikia, Nicostrat and Autoclus attacked the island of Kiefer, located off the southern coast of Laconia.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Perieki Kifera entered into negotiations with Nikiy and surrendered the island to him on the condition that they would remain alive and would not be expelled from the island.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Nikiy's softness contributed to the successful conclusion of the negotiations.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Athenian garrison was left on Kiefer [23].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The advantage in the war was on the side of Athens, and the situation of Sparta deteriorated.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Under these conditions, the Spartans decided to change tactics.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The old tactics of the annual invasions of Attica did not pay off (moreover, a new invasion of Attica was impossible — then the Athenians would have executed the Spartans captured in Sfacteria), and the Spartans decided intercept strategically important positions on the northern coast of the Aegean Sea from the Athenians [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

A Spartan detachment under the command of Brasid appeared in Halkidiki.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The cities of Halkidiki, which were part of the Athens Maritime Union, began to voluntarily go over to the side of Sparta, and Brasid took others by force.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

An important Athenian colony of Amphipolis was lost.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

For the Athenians, such actions were a complete surprise.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The People's Assembly again started talking about peace, and Nikiy's political influence began to increase [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In 423 BC


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

a truce was concluded with Sparta [24].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

However, Braacid continued to operate successfully on the northern coast of the Aegean Sea, and to counter him, it was decided to send a squadron under the command of Nikia, who was elected strategist for 424/423 BC A.D.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He led 50 ships, 1,000 Athenian hoplites, 600 archers, 1,000 Thracian mercenaries.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Athenians took Menda (due to internal strife in the city) and besieged Skiona [25], but these successes were not decisive and did not contribute to the successful outcome of the campaign for the Athenians.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Therefore, Cleon was sent to replace him [26].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

However, the Battle of Amphipolis was won by the Spartans, and Cleon was killed [27].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Braacid, who was a supporter of war in Sparta, also fell on the battlefield.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

After the death of the two main supporters of the war, peaceful sentiment grew in both states [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Peace talks have resumed.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

After Cleon's death, Niki strengthened his influence and became for some time the leading politician of the state of Athens [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In 421 BC


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

a peace treaty was concluded, which was called Nikiev Peace, since Niki was its main initiator [5].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Shortly thereafter, the Spartans offered the Athenians an alliance [28], and a treaty of alliance was added to the peace treaty.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The conclusion of a peace treaty was the peak of Nikiy's political career [5].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki vs Alcibiades


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Nikiev's world did not eliminate the contradictions that led to the war, and only returned the parties to the situation before the outbreak of the war.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The peace was fragile and ended only the first stage of the Peloponnesian War [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Corinthians and Boeotians refused to join the peace treaty, which caused discontent among the Athenians, and serious differences arose in the Peloponnesian Union.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Both sides did not return many of the occupied territories to each other - Amphipolis became an independent polis, Thebes retained Platei, the Athenians continued to hold the garrison in Pylos in response to the fact that the Thebans and The Spartans returned Panactus destroyed.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Against the background of discontent with the Spartans, Alcibiades began his political activity, who supported the resumption of hostilities.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

At the same time, he was guided by personal reasons.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Alcibiades was dissatisfied with the fact that the Spartans did not negotiate through him, although he was a Spartan proxen, but through Nikia [29] [30].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Thus began the political struggle between Alcibiades and Nikia.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki was a supporter of peace with Sparta, Alcibiades was a supporter of war.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Alcibiades envied Nikiy and his authority.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In the same year, he was elected a strategist and was re-elected to this position for five years in a row [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

While in this position, he was able to dramatically change the foreign policy of Athens in his first year of strategy [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The previously popular trend towards peaceful relations with Sparta, he preferred enmity with it.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

To do this, he began to look for allies in the Peloponnese.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He managed to form an alliance with Argos, the eternal enemy of Sparta [30].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

This alliance was then joined by two other former Spartan allies, Mantinea and Elis.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The creation of this coalition was Alcibiades's first major diplomatic success [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Union allowed Athens to create a bridgehead in the Peloponnese and subordinate other cities to its influence [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

At the same time, Nikiev's peace was still in force, and the situation was ambiguous.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

To clarify the situation, the Spartans sent ambassadors to Athens.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

However, Alcibiades discredited the ambassadors before the People's Assembly and thwarted their mission.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki with great difficulty dissuaded the Spartans from immediately breaking the peace treaty [30].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In 419 BC


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Athenians, at the initiative of Alcibiades, accused the Spartans of violating the conditions of peace and declared them aggressors [31], although in fact it was the opposite [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In 418 BC


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

coalition troops (Argos, Mantinea, Arcadia, Athens) were completely defeated in the Battle of Mantinea; supporters of the alliance with Sparta triumphed in the cities of the Peloponnese, and an oligarchy was established.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Democratic Alliance collapsed, and most of its members rejoined the Peloponnesian Union.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

After the defeat at Mantinea, the influence of Alcibiades fell slightly, and the influence of Nikius increased [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The latter was elected a strategist and was to lead an expedition against Amphipolis, scheduled for the spring of 417 BC. e.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

However, at the last moment it turned out that it was impossible to count on the help of the Macedonian king Perdicca, and the campaign had to be canceled [32].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The confrontation between Nikius and Alcibiades led to the last ostracism in Athenian history.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The ostracophoria was carried out on the initiative of the demagogue Hyperbole [33].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Both Niki and Alcibiades reached an influential position in the policy that might seem dangerous to the people [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

According to Hyperbole, the Athenians were to expel either Alcibiades or Nikia.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

However, they “conspired and, united the forces of their supporters, turned the ostracism against Hyperbole itself” [33].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

It was this outcome that had a decisive impact on ending the practice of ostracism [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The exact date of the ostracophoria is unknown.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

From the biographies of Plutarch, you can learn that this ostracophoria occurred between the Battle of Mantinea (418 BC) and the beginning of the Sicilian Expedition (415 BC).


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

That is, the ostracophoria occurred in the spring of 417, 416 or 415 BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

[1] The most popular date in historiography was 417 BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

based on data from the historical work of Theopomp [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Thucydides mentions Hyperbole's ostracism, talking about his murder in 411 BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

[34] The very fact of collusion between Nikius and Alcibiades is questioned by modern historians.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Supporters of Nikiy and Alcibiades, even united, could not influence the outcome of the vote due to their small number (this would give a total of only 100-150 votes) [1] [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Thus, there was to be an event that prompted the majority of Athenians to vote for the ostracism of Hyperbole.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In the winter of 416/415 BC


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Ambassadors from the Sicilian city of Egesta arrived in Athens.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

They asked for military assistance from the Athenians [35].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Athenians reacted positively to this proposal and sent ambassadors to Sicily.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In February or March [1], the Athenian embassy returned to Athens [36].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Soon the People's Assembly was held.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

It was decided to send three autocrator strategists to Sicily: Alcibiades, Nikia and Lamach [37].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Alcibiades was the most determined supporter of the Sicilian expedition [38].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki, on the contrary, considered the expedition a “difficult task” and persuaded the Athenians to abandon this idea [39].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

However, at this meeting, Niki did not oppose the decision to appoint him a strategist on an expedition that he considered doomed to failure in advance [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Only five days later, at the next meeting, Niki criticized the upcoming military expedition.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

As a result, the Athenians decided to further increase their expeditionary forces [40].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Historian I. E.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Surikov assumes that during these five days there was an ostracophoria between one people's assembly and another [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

At the first meeting, both Alcibiades and Niki seemed to show that they had the same position regarding the Sicilian expedition.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The mass of the demos was confused by the fact that they did not understand who to vote against.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Previously, if they voted for Alcibiades, then for the expedition to Sicily, and if for Nikia, then against the expedition.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

But now ostracism turned out to be useless, and as a result, the Athenians expelled the initiator of this ostracophoria Hyperbole [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Sicilian expedition


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Alcibiades, Niki and Lamah sailed to Sicily on one hundred and forty triers [41].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Arriving in Italy, the Athenians took Regius.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

They then crossed to Sicily and took Katana [41].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

This was the end of the successful actions of Alcibiades.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The state ship Salaminia arrived for him from Athens with a summons to court [41].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He sailed on his ship with the Salaminia from Sicily, allegedly to Athens.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

However, in the Furies, Alcibiades and his friends landed ashore and fled [42].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

After the departure of Alcibiades, Niki, according to Plutarch, actually became commander-in-chief [43].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Lamah, on the other hand, was subordinate to the more influential Nikiy [43].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Sailing along the coast of Sicily, the Athenians arrived in Gimera, but they were not accepted there, and they sailed further [44].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

They managed to capture the city of Gikkara [45], and then Niki arrived in Katana and tried to capture the small town of Gelei Ghiblu, but he failed [43] [46].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

At the end of 415 BC


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Athenians began to prepare for an attack on Syracuse [47].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Syracusians, noticing the indecision of the Athenians, imbued with neglect for them and began to plan a campaign to Katana, where the Athenian army stood [48].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki decided to lure the Syracuse army away from the city, while the Athenians would sail on ships to Syracuse and there would take convenient positions to attack the city [49].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He sent a messenger to the Syracusians, who were told to inform them that Syracuse supporters in Katana were ready to betray the city as soon as the Syracusians approached the city [50].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Syracusians marched to Katana, and the Athenians boarded ships and, landing near Syracuse, set up camp in a convenient place.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The next day, when the Syracusians returned from Katana and lined up at the walls of the city, Niki led the Athenians on the offensive.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In the battle, the Syracusians were defeated and retreated [51].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki did not take advantage of his victory and a few days later sailed to Naxos for winter apartments [52].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In the winter and spring of 414 BC. e.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Syracusians and Athenians were looking for allies.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Athenians managed to form an alliance with several Sicilian cities, and the Syracusians sent ambassadors for help to Corinth and Sparta [53].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In Sparta, Alcibiades advised to send an army to Sicily [54].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Spartans agreed and sent a small detachment under the command of Gilipp to Syracuse [55].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In the summer of 414 BC


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Athenians came to Syracuse and besieged the city.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki occupied Epipolas and defeated the Syracuse army [56].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He then ordered the construction of siege walls around Syracuse.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Most of the wall was built in June [57].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Syracusians began to build a counterwall to prevent the Athenians from completing their wall.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Lamah was killed in one of the clashes [58] [59].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

By the end of the year, Syracuse was ready to surrender, but after the arrival of Gilipp, the Syracuse cheered up.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He managed to enter the city, as the Athenians did not complete the wall.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

On the first sortie, the Syracusians were defeated, because Gilipp chose an unsuccessful battlefield for the cavalry.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The second outing was more successful: the Athenians were defeated, and the Syracusians built a counterwall, depriving the Athenians of the opportunity to completely surround the city [60].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Athens decided to send reinforcements to Sicily.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In winter, 10 ships arrived at Syracuse under the command of strategist Eurymedon, and in the spring Demosthenes was to arrive with 73 ships.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Meanwhile, the Syracusians engaged in battle with the Athenians on land and sea.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

They won on land, taking Cape Plemmirius, but were defeated at sea, losing 14 ships out of 80, while the Athenians lost only 3 [61].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The Syracusians, having learned about the approach of Demosthenes, decided to fight the Athenians.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

This time Gilipp wanted to attack simultaneously from land and sea.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The first day of the battle did not bring results.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The second day ended the same way.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

On the third day, the Syracusians caught the Athenians by surprise when they had not yet lined up in battle formation.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

They won and forced the Athenians to retreat.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Meanwhile, Demosthenes's fleet entered the bay.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Demosthenes tried to destroy the walls of Syracuse with siege engines, but failed.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Then he and the entire army launched a night attack on Epipoles.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

At first, the Athenians defeated several units of Syracusians, but fighting in the dark, they were confused and attacked by the Boeotian hoplites, and partly thrown off a steep cliff, partly turned to flight [ 62].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

After that, Demosthenes insisted on returning to Athens.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki, who was afraid to return to Athens without victory, objected to this.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Demosthenes and Eurymedon, without the consent of Nikia, began to prepare for a retreat.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

But when everything was ready to sail, on the evening of August 27, 413 BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

there was a total lunar eclipse [63].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Most warriors demanded a delay of 27 days to “wait for the end of the next revolution of the moon.”


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Having learned about this decision of the Athenians, the Syracusians decided to defeat the enemy.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In the naval battle on September 3 [57], the Athenians were completely defeated, and Eurymedon died [64].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

After this battle, the Syracusians blocked the exit from the harbor, where the Athenian ships were parked.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki decided to start a breakthrough and put some warriors on ships.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

On September 7, [57] they tried to break through, but were defeated and fled [65].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Now the Athenians had only one choice — to retreat by land.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki could have retreated at night, but he hesitated, yielding to the military cunning of Syracuse leader Hermokrat [66].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He secretly sent his men to Niki, who said that the Syracusians had occupied all roads and the Athenians should not retreat at night.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In the morning, the retreat began, but soon turned into an escape, as the Syracusians pursued, attacked, cut off detachment by detachment from the Athenian army and defeated them one by one.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Demosthenes's squad was defeated, and he was captured.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Then Gilipp attacked a detachment led by Nikiy.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He was forced to surrender, falling at Gilipp's feet, saying: “Mercy, Gilippus, you have won! No, I'm not asking for myself, who glorified his name with such great misfortunes, but for the rest of the Athenians. Remember that trouble can happen to anyone in war, and that the Athenians, when they were lucky, treated you favorably and gently” [67].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Gilipp, touched by Nikiy's words, picked him up from the ground, tried to calm him down and ordered him to stop the massacre [67].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Prisoners were taken to Syracuse.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

There, Nikius and Demosthenes were sentenced to death, despite the objections of Gilipus, who wanted to bring them to Sparta, and ordinary soldiers were enslaved and forced to work in the Syracuse quarries [68].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Chronology of Nikius's life (circa 475—413 BC)


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Personality


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Personal life


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Nikiy had two younger brothers, Eucrates and Diognet, who also received a large inheritance from Nikerat's father [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki was much older than them.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Perhaps Eucrates and Diognette were children from Nicerat's second marriage, and not of an Athenian woman, since the scholast in a note to Aristophanes' Lysistrata reports that Eucrates ridiculed as a “xenos” (“alien” ) [5].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Both of his brothers were members of Nikia's group, participated in political life, and won in khoregii [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Eucrates was a strategist in 412/411 BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

After the death of his older brother, they became his successors to some extent in the political arena [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Niki had a son, Nikerat Jr., who inherited his property.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

However, now it was much smaller than under Nikia.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

According to Lysia, in the last years of Nikerat Jr.'s life, his property was estimated at no more than 14 talents [69].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

After the establishment of the Thirty Tyrants regime in 404 BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Nikiy's family, among others, was repressed.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Nikerat and Eukrat were arrested and executed, and Diognet managed to escape.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The latter died shortly after the restoration of democracy in 403 BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In the early years of the 4th century BC. e.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Eukrat's sons had to fight in court to ensure that their property was not confiscated.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Speaker Lisy wrote a speech for this case [70].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The outcome of the process is unknown.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Political views


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Aristotle wrote:


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

“After the death of Pericles, the nobles were headed by Niki, the one who died in Sicily; at the head of the people was Cleon, the son of Kleenet...” [71]


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

If we take this passage literally, it turns out that Niki was the leader of an aristocratic group in Athens and the successor of Thucydides, the son of Melesius.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

However, this is not true: there is no continuity between Thucydides and Nikius [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In addition, Niki came from an insignificant family.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Here, Aristotle simplifies the situation by considering political life in Athens through the prism of the dichotomy “democrats — oligarchs” [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

American historian A. West claimed that Niki was a supporter of democracy, like Cleon.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

“It should be understood,” West wrote about Athens of the 5th century BC, “that parties in the modern sense did not exist. With the exception of a handful of reactionary oligarchs, all citizens were democrats” [72].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In Western historiography, Nikiy is usually referred to as “moderate”, that is, he did not approve of the radicalization of democracy and the growth of oligarchic tendencies [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Religious views


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

The sources emphasize such a trait of Nikiy's character as piety.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

He was in awe of the gods and believed in divination.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In addition, Niki made sacrifices every day, kept a soothsayer, and consulted with him about public affairs (or pretended to consult) [73].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

During an expedition to Corinthia in 425 BC


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

there was an episode described by Plutarch, showing Nikia's piety:


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

“It so happened that the Athenians left the corpses of two soldiers unburied there. As soon as Niki found out about this, he stopped the fleet and sent the enemies to agree on a burial. Meanwhile, there was a law and a custom according to which the one who was given the bodies of the dead by agreement thereby refused to win and deprived of the right to stage the trophy — after all, the winner is the one who is stronger , and petitioners who cannot achieve their goal other than by request have no power. Nevertheless, Niki preferred to lose the award and glory of the winner than to leave two of his fellow citizens unburied.” [74]


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Warlord abilities


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Despite such traits as unsociability, indecision, excessive piety, Niki is one of the most prominent Greek commanders of the second half of the 5th century BC.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

[1] He served as a strategist during and with Pericles [12], but became a famous and authoritative commander during the first stage of the Peloponnesian War, known as the Archidams War.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

While commanding the army, Niki tried not to get involved in risky operations and fight only when he was confident in his own victory [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Plutarch wrote:


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

“... Niki diligently evaded the leadership of long and difficult campaigns, and when he took command, he first of all thought about security and, as expected, in most cases with he completed what he had begun with success, but he attributed his exploits not to his own wisdom, strength or valor, but attributed everything to fate and referred to the will of the gods in order to avoid the envy that entails on glory yourself.” [74]


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In the military sphere, Niki imitated Pericles.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Like him, Niki preferred to act cautiously, take care of safety, and fight only when he was sure of his own victory.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Perhaps Niki deliberately imitated him [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

In addition, he supported Pericles' strategy that the Athenian leader proposed for the Peloponnesian War.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

This strategy involved defense on land and active military operations at sea [1].


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Notes


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Literature


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Sources


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Thucydides.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

History


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Plutarch.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Comparative biographies.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Nichiy, Alcibiades


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Lisy.


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Speeches


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

explorations


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

in Russian


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

in english


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

References


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|dead-url= suggested) (help)


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Category: 5th-century BC births


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Category:Athens Warlords


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Category: Participants in the Peloponnesian War


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Category:Executed politicians


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Category:Executed military


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

413 BC deaths


Question: How many wars did Niki participate in?

Niki

Category: 5th-century BC executions


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe (French: absinthe from Ancient Greek: wormwood) is an alcoholic beverage [1] [2] [3] [4], usually containing about 70% (sometimes 75% or even 86%) of alcohol.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The most important component of absinthe is the extract of bitter wormwood (Latin: Artemisia absinthium), the essential oils of which contain a large amount of thujone.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

However, absinthe itself contains only trace amounts of this substance.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

[5] [6] [7] [8]


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Composition and properties


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Thujone has long been considered one of the main active ingredients of absinthe: it is a toxic substance [9], which has long maintained a reputation as a hallucinogen, which has not been confirmed later research.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Researchers in the 19th century believed that thujone adds to intoxication, which due to the high strength of absinthe can occur very quickly, a pronounced stimulating effect, often leading to uncontrollable aggression.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

[10] More recent studies have shown that absinthe's hallucinogenic properties are greatly exaggerated.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The drink contains the following plants in one form or another:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe is most often emerald green in color, but can also be transparent, yellow, blue, brown, red or black.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The green color of the drink is due to chlorophyll, which decomposes in the light, to prevent which absinthe is poured into dark glass bottles.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Due to its characteristic color, absinthe received the nicknames “Green Fairy” and “Green Witch”.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe becomes cloudy from the addition of water, as anise and fennel essential oils form an emulsion when diluted with a strong alcohol solution [12].


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

History


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Emergence


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

There are several versions of the appearance of absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Some historians believe that absinthe appeared in Switzerland in 1792 in the town of Couve, located near the border with France.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The Enrio sisters lived in this city, who were engaged in the manufacture of medicines.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

One of them was prepared by distillation of wormwood anise tincture in a small distillation apparatus and was called “Bon Extract d'Absinthe”.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The final alcoholic beverage also included chamomile, fennel, veronica, coriander, hyssop, parsley root, lemon balm, spinach.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

This elixir was sold by the sisters through doctor Pierre Ordiner, who fled to Switzerland during the French Revolution.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Some historians believe that Pierre Ordiner himself developed the absinthe recipe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The doctor prescribed absinthe to his patients almost as a panacea for any disease.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Later, entrepreneur Henri Dubier bought a secret recipe for the drink and established its mass production with the help of his friend Henri-Louis Pernault in 1798.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The sale of absinthe went well, which made it necessary to open a new plant in Pontarlier in 1805, which later became the main center for the production of the drink, the plant was called Pernod, absinthe is still produced under this brand [13].


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Distribution


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The popularity of absinthe increased dramatically during the French colonial wars in North Africa, which began in 1830 and peaked in 1844—47.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The French military was given a certain amount of absinthe to prevent malaria, dysentery and other diseases, as well as to disinfect drinking water.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe was so effective that it became firmly established in French army life from Madagascar to Indochina.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

At the same time, North African troops began to experience increasing cases of paranoid schizophrenia, called “le cafard”.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Among French colonists and emigrants in Algeria, the fashion for absinthe has also spread.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In 1888, absinthe was widely distributed in France.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The popularity of absinthe in France was equal to that of wine.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The New York Times noted that in France, girls between 18 and 20 years old suffer from cirrhosis of the liver much more often than in other countries, and the reason is addiction to absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

This hobby was explained by the special taste of women for absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

They drank it more often undiluted because they did not want to drink much because of the corset.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Connoisseurs argued that even white wine may seem unclean after absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe has a special flavor, like menthol cigarettes.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Over time, absinthe “polled”.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Whereas earlier “old Algerian warriors and bourgeois idlers consumed this dubious potion, which smells like they were rinsing their mouths”, around 1860 absinthe began to descend from bohemian heights to the level simple workers.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

At its best, absinthe was quite an expensive drink, but with the advent of cheap brands, it became much more affordable and harmful.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

There are several reasons for the “infection” of workers with a bourgeois habit.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

But in general, the picture looks like this: a reduction in the working day to 8 hours, an increase in wages, the death of vineyards from phylloxera in the 1870s and 1880s and, as a result, an increase in the cost of wine.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Accordingly, the cost of grape alcohol, which was previously used in the manufacture of absinthe, increased, producers turned to industrial alcohol, which made absinthe 7-10 times cheaper than wine.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The cheapest absinthe was a real poison, and it was consumed by workers in dubious eateries, which sometimes did not even have tables and chairs, but only a zinc rack.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Since 1880, absinthe has been strongly associated with schizophrenia, suffering and death.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

It was called “bottle madness” (French: la folie en bouteille).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Consumption of the drink grew every year.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

If in 1874 it was 700,000 liters per year, by 1910 it was already 36,000,000 liters.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

It is not surprising that absinthe had more and more opponents — “If absinthe is not banned, our country will quickly turn into a huge felt chamber, where one half of the French will wear straitjackets to the other.”


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Bans


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In July 1905, Gene Landfrey, a Swiss farmer and famous absinthia, shot his entire family — consumed by large amounts of absinthe and other alcoholic beverages farmer on the same day, glasses of mint liqueur, glasses of cognac, two cups of coffee with cognac, three liters of wine did not find such an enthusiastic response from the newspapers.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

This story occupied the front pages of European newspapers, as a result of which 82,450 people signed a petition to the authorities asking for a ban on absinthe in Switzerland.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

As a result of a referendum on July 5, 1908, absinthe was banned.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In addition, mass alcoholism among French workers and mass shortages in the army due to the general deterioration of the health of conscripts (this was associated with the widespread use of absinthe) on the eve of the Great the wars led on August 16, 1914 to an attempt by the French Chamber of Deputies to ban the sale of absinthe on the basis of fears “that Teutons drinking beer would exterminate the decadent French absinthe drinkers.”


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

At the same time, a military poster was distributed in which a woman in a pointed helmet characteristic of German troops was busy preparing absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In March 1915, with the support of the so-called “wine lobby”, not only the sale, but also the production of absinthe was banned in France.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Earlier, in 1912, the US Senate voted to ban “all drinks containing thujone” (in the 1980s, this law supplemented another law that banned US military personnel use absinthe even abroad).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Ultimately, absinthe was actually expelled from many countries around the world: Switzerland, the USA, France, Belgium, Italy, Bulgaria, Germany.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe came to be called a drug [14].


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

From the 1930s to the end of the 1980s, absinthe existed in a semi-legal position, either in the form of substitutes: anise vodka, wormwood leaves soaked in vodka, and the like.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Legalization


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The place where absinthe returns to the market is Great Britain, or rather Scotland.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

It was never banned there, but even after persecution in other countries, it was completely unpopular until 1998, when the Czech brand Hill's, founded in 1920, launched the drink on the British market.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

To a large extent, the success of this enterprise was facilitated by celebrities, in particular Johnny Depp, while in the UK on the set of the film “Sleepy Hollow”, told how he repeatedly used absinthe with Hunter S. Thompson on the set of Fear and Hate in Las Vegas.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In general, the success of the Czech brand is difficult to explain, because the taste of this absinthe did not meet basic requirements.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“This absinthe is drunk to get drunk quickly; only a masochist adds water to it to prolong its effect.”


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

This phrase, which can only be heard in nightclubs or among wealthy alcoholics, nevertheless correctly conveys the fact that such a product was used as a narcotic drug, and not actually as a drink (by definition, a table drink of such a strength cannot be).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

High-quality, on the contrary, does not cause intoxication so quickly, although it surpasses, except for the “bad”, all known drinks containing ethyl alcohol.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Hill's was scolded by all qualified critics of alcohol products and producers; a year later, with the assistance of Marie-Claude Delahey, the chief French expert on absinthe and creator of the absinthe museum, a new brand “La Fee” was released, which could be consumed without experiencing such unpleasant taste sensations and other consequences, albeit with precautions.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The marketing policy of the manufacturer took into account the comic attitude of the British to the “most dangerous of poisons”, a number of actions were clearly “frivolous” in nature, unusual for alcohol advertising.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

This led to a more “positive” image of absinthe — downplayed harmful and slightly sinister; never before had highly toxic alcohol had such a “rosy” reputation.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In 2004, the Swiss Parliament voted to legalize absinthe, which had been banned since 1907.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

On July 24, 2004, a court in Amsterdam overturned the Dutch law of 1909 prohibiting absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe producers are now required to comply with restrictions imposed by the European Union, according to which the amount of thujone in absinthe should not exceed 10 mg/kg (35 mg/kg since 2008).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

However, these norms are often violated by unscrupulous producers.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Since 2007, the United States has allowed the import and production of absinthe with a thujone fraction not exceeding 10 mg/kg.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Types of absinthe


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe can be classified according to different criteria:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

By color:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Green is the classic natural color of absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

It has several shades: from rich emerald to light green.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Almost every manufacturer produces green absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Since coloring with natural dyes (chlorophyll from green leaves) is short-lived, manufacturers in the vast majority of cases use artificial green food colors.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Yellow absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Bright amber color.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In most cases, this color is created by food colors, but it can also be a sign of the naturalness of absinthe, as natural dyes (chlorophyll from green leaves) change color to the side yellowness a few months after production (aging absinthe).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Red absinthe is a drink with pomegranate extract, which gives it a piquant light ruby hue and an original aftertaste.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Most red absinths use food colors.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Black (brown) absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Unlike other types of drink, black absinthe does not use leaves or inflorescences of wormwood, but roots.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The dark color of the drink is given by the infusion of black acacia Catech, which brings berry and sweet tones to the absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Currently, food colors are used to give absinthe dark shades.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Unfortunately, at present, the color of such a potentially dangerous product for consumption as absinthe cannot be judged on its quality and naturalness.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

By fortress:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

high strength (55-65%): French, Czech and Spanish varieties with wormwood extract and low or no thujone content;


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

extremely large strength (70-85%): Swiss, most of the Czech, Spanish, Italian and German, as well as some French absinthe varieties.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Natural absinthe, made according to the classical technology (tincture, hereinafter distillation), usually fall into this category.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

By thujone content [p 1]


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

with a high content: 25-100 mg/l: Swiss La Bleue Swiss absinthe, Czech Logan 100, King of Spirits and others.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

with a low thujone content of 1.5 to 10 mg/l: most absinthe produced in Europe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

without thujone: Logan Fils (Switzerland), Absente (France), but most often tinctures that mimic absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The effect of consumption


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The harm from absinthe is mainly associated with the content of thujone (monoterpin) in it, a toxic substance that is contained in bitter wormwood and can be quite likely to cause a number of negative consequences for the body.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe intoxication (overdose in case of excessive abuse) resembles the effect of certain drugs that cause general arousal, changes in consciousness and hallucinations, unmotivated aggression.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Sometimes, when consuming absinthe, hallucinations occur, which are usually associated with the content of thujone in absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In his book Absinthe, the famous English culturologist Phil Baker talks about cases of the hallucinogenic effect of taking absinthe, which does not contain thujone at all, which indicates the importance secondary factors, such as the tolerability of other herbal ingredients of the drink by the drinker's body.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

However, this statement was not accompanied by factual confirmation, and all other plant components are not hallucinogenic in any form.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The role of thujone and essential oils is to mask the taste of alcohol, which can lead to unusually fast and severe intoxication, accompanied by trembling, headaches, dizziness, muscle cramps and even loss of consciousness [15].


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

It is for this reason that people who are not confident in their willpower should refrain from drinking ultra-strong alcoholic beverages for life.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In addition, due to the high concentration of alcohol, absinthe is guaranteed to harm the body when consumed doses from the glass at intervals of less than half an hour, and its more or less frequent use is always ends with a hangover syndrome, damage to internal organs and brain.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Side effects of excessive consumption of this drink can be: insomnia, nightmares, trembling or chills, depression, numbness, psychosis, seizures, nausea - that is, withdrawal symptoms, as in the case of abuse of any alcoholic beverage.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

It should be noted that “absinthe hangover” is very simply cured in specialized (drug treatment) medical institutions or general practice hospitals, but mental dependence can be overcome only by the consumer of the drink himself, who once made a rash choice towards such a strong and especially dangerous alcohol.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Consumption culture


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Some absinthia recommend interrupting the bitter taste of absinthe with a slice of lemon.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Although the latter is considered a deviation from the generally accepted.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Ways to use absinthe:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Crystal Czech.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

One of the classic and easiest ways.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Pour some absinthe over the eye into a thick-walled glass beaker.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Set it on fire and wait for it to burn out.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Blow out and drink immediately, in one gulp, without eating or drinking.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

French.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Pour one part of absinthe into the glass, put a special absinthe spoon on the edges of the glass, put a sugar cube on it.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Pour three parts of ice water into a glass through the sugar in a spoon.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The sugar will dissolve in water, and the resulting syrup will be mixed with absinthe [16].


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The continuation of this method is the use of absinthe with crushed ice in the same proportions.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Czech”.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Through a piece of sugar on an absinthe spoon installed on the edges of the glass, pass one part of the absinthe in large drops.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Set fire to sugar and drip the resulting caramel into absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Then dilute with three parts water.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

This, most famous, method is dangerous because absinthe in the glass can easily catch fire, and requires caution.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

(In such cases, some connoisseurs consider this one of the signals to start diluting absinthe with water — the drink, losing its strength, will go out by itself) [16].


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The second method is to put a piece of sugar on a heated spoon with holes, which is held above the glass.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

A drink is poured on a spoon.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

It turns out a mixture (melted sugar and slightly heated absinthe) [16].


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Russian”:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Make sugar syrup separately by mixing sugar with water.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Then dilute absinthe with syrup in the right proportion [16].


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe is poured into the glass, set on fire.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

They let me burn out a little.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Then cover with a second glass, the flame goes out.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe is quickly poured into the second glass, and the first is covered with a napkin and turned upside down.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Heated absinthe is drunk, and a cocktail straw is put under the inverted glass and vapors are inhaled.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The order of inhalation of alcohol vapors and drinking can be changed.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Severe”:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Pour four pieces of ice absinthe into a glass.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Set it on fire.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Put a piece of sugar on an absinthe spoon, hold it over the flame.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The sugar will begin to melt and drip into the glass, crystallizing at its bottom.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

When the amount of round brown crystals fills the remaining fifth of the glass, remove the spoon with sugar.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Prepare a cocktail tube.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Blow out the flame and immediately, lowering the tube into the glass, without coming off, drink all the liquid contents of the glass through it with a few quick large sips, be sure to pass it all over the tongue to get deeper feel the taste.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The volume of the glass is determined by the courage of absentia.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

You can use glasses with a volume of at least 50 ml.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Precautions: Carefully choose the container in which the absinthe will burn — many glass vessels may not withstand temperatures, burst or deform.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Also, carefully approach the choice of the tube - it can begin to melt, coming into contact with the highly heated surface of the drink.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

And most importantly, it is not recommended to drink more than three hundred-gram servings of absinthe prepared in this way at once.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Modified parachute”:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Pour 40 ml of absinthe into a cognac glass.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Pour 45 ml of sprite or juice into an old-fashioned glass, the one for whiskey.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The cognac is placed sideways on the glass; set fire to absinthe and twist the wine glass (so that the wine glass does not burst).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Burning absinthe is quickly poured into a glass, smoothly lifting the cognac up; quickly cover the glass with a wine glass, absinthe goes out in a tightly covered glass.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

After we tilt the cognac wine glass and insert a tube into the resulting gap; we smoke.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Breathing in through the nose, exhaling through the mouth.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

While a person smokes vapors, pre-prepared sugar is set on fire in the saucer: two sugar cubes are placed in the center of the saucer, one on top of the other, then they are soaked in absinthe until a puddle forms in the recess for cups (in the middle).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

When everyone is smoking, you pick up the cognac and drink absinthe in one gulp (if with juice); if with a sprite, you first blow it up like a tequila boom and drink in one gulp.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

When you finish drinking, gradually drive the same cognac over the melting sugar, cover, thereby stew.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

If you did it right, the cognac remains intact.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

1 cm before the saucer, there should be an explosion in the form of a flash of gases.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The tube is slipped and smoked again.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The effect of this method of use is quite interesting - a slight euphoria mixed with physical sensations, increased sweating and slowing down in movements.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Ryazansky Severe” (“Shilovsky”).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

A teaspoon with a piece of sugar is placed on a glass of absinthe (no more than 50-70 g).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Then either a piece of sugar is dripped with absinthe, or a piece of sugar is dipped in absinthe in a glass.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

After that, a piece of sugar soaked in the drink is set on fire.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

After waiting for the melting of sugar, blowing sharply, they extinguish the flame and eat a piece of sugar (some craftsmen eat sugar without extinguishing).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

After chewing sugar soaked in absinthe, but not swallowing it, drink it with a drink from a glass.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Czech Severe”:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Place the absinthe spoon on the edges of a large glass, put a piece of cane sugar on a spoon, pour a portion (for example, 50 g) into a glass from which you can spill absinthe in a thin trickle, spill a few grams on sugar, set it on fire, wait until it goes out, pour a few grams into sugar in a thin trickle, the sugar is washed out of the piece and ends up at the bottom of the glass, dissolved in absinthe, we set fire to sugar, make sure that the absinthe in the glass does not burn, repeat until the portion of absinthe runs out or all the sugar dissolves, drink in small sips.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Korzhevsky Severe”:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Pour 50 g of absinthe into a glass after 2 pieces of refined sugar, put one on a spoon, put the second one side by side on a saucer.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

We set fire to absinthe in a glass, the flame from absinthe sets fire to the sugar, use a spoon to dissolve the burning sugar in the burning absinthe, gently moistening the refined absinthe until it dissolves and crystallizes in beaker.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

We extinguish the flame in the glass with a saucer (we put the saucer on the glass).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

We set fire to the refined sugar soaked in advance on a saucer, let it burn for a couple of seconds and knock down the flame with a sharp exhalation.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

We drink quickly still warm absinthe, then carefully take the refined sugar from the saucer (it may crumble in our hands), eat refined sugar.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The main effect is that many people expect a sharp relief from pure hot absinthe after a snack, but this feeling is deceptive!


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

After consumption, the sensation is accompanied by a slight relaxation...


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

You can drink absinthe in its pure form, very chilled in portions of 30 grams.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Citrus absinthe:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Take a slice of orange/tangerine with the peel, peel off the inner film, exposing the pulp of the fruit.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Roll the slice in a mixture of granulated sugar and cinnamon (to taste).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Set fire to 50 g of absinthe in a suitable bowl (it is better to use a thick-walled glass), take a previously prepared orange/tangerine slice with tongs and keep it over fire so that the mixture of sugar, cinnamon and the juice dripped into the glass.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

You can press the slice a little with forceps for more abundant juice production.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Put out the drink, let the glass cool down a little and drink warm absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

For a snack, dissolve the crystals of burnt sugar with cinnamon.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Tarhun:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

You need: Absinthe (not any, not cloudy), crystalline sugar (not refined sugar), glasses for cooking (glass, but their further use is not possible), drinking glasses (possible using ordinary glasses for cooking), spoon (metal).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Pour absinthe into cooking glasses (33-100 g), throw a little sugar there, set it on fire.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

We wait, we interfere with a spoon, we observe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

We stir the sugar and watch how it dissolves; due to heating as a result of combustion, the sugar dissolves much better, and the most important thing is to understand that for a particular absinthe temperature the concentration of dissolved sugar has reached its maximum and sugar does not dissolve anymore.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

At this point, it is necessary to pour absinthe from the cooking cups into drinking cups (the cooking glasses may crack, but due to the film formed as a result of burning, they do not crumble).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

It is necessary to pour very carefully, since the glass of the glasses for cooking cracks precisely because of the temperature difference between the walls and absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Drink quickly, as it cools down and the sugar crystallizes.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

There is no taste of alcohol at all, like tarragon to taste, but after a while it “covers” after a couple of shots (it makes no sense to drink more than 5, even if, besides that, you did not drink anything).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

(The recipe is based on increasing the solubility of sugar as the solution temperature rises and masking the taste of absinthe with a sugar solution)


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Toad (Friday)


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

For cooking, you need a rocks glass and a cognac glass (snifter).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

30 ml of absinthe is poured into a cognac glass.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The rocks are filled with 15 ml of mint liqueur, 100 ml of champagne and 30 ml of vodka.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe is set on fire in cognac (snifter) and spins so that the glass heats up evenly and does not crack.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Then we pour the burning contents into the rocks to the rest of the mixture and insert the cognac (snifter) on top.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

It's important!


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Cognac (snifter) inserted into the rocks should immerse itself in the mixture with the edges 5-10 mm, due to the fact that a vacuum has been created in the glass, it will draw it into the glass through the mixture, diluting absinthe vapors, and bubbles will start to inflate from the liquid, like a toad.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

After the bubbles run out, we put the cognac (snifter) on a pre-prepared saucer/napkin.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Cover the glass with a couple of napkins and either hit the counter/table or shake it, the mixture foams, drink it in one gulp until it settles, and breathe in pairs.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Merry milkman


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Mix absinthe, whiskey and milk in equal proportions.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

To drink slowly, if possible, with pleasure.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Gentle”:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Pour 1/3 of ice water into a glass, then 2/3 absinthe, so that the liquids do not mix, but there are 2 layers.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

We're drinking.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The effect is that the strong taste of absinthe is replaced by the softness of the water.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Warm”:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Pour 1 to 1 lemon/lime juice into a glass, mix it, drink it, wait 20-30 seconds and drink it with sweets.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

This method gives the effect of a strong warming up of the throat.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Beautiful”:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

We take a 50-gram shot, pour absinthe and grenadine in a ratio of 9 to 1, set it on fire and gently lower the stack into a 300-gram glass of champagne.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The contents begin to slowly turn into a bright cherry color, and at the end you get a drink of rich eggplant color.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The stack must remain in the glass at all times.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

To make the taste of the drink uniform, you can stir it with a straw.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

To drink slowly and with pleasure.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The Cheshire Cat:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In the tumbler glass, 1/4 of the frappe ice is laid out on the bottom, 1/4 green absinthe is added, let the ice melt a little and add 2/4 of the chilled apple juice.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Hemingway:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In an iron mug, pour absinthe on one finger, add cold water to the level of 2/3 of the mug.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Mix and drink in small sips.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Nagatkinsky:


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Pour 25 grams of absinthe into a glass, set on fire for 5 seconds.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In advance, already extinguished absinthe is poured into the finished glass of milk and drunk.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

State regulation


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe in art


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Painting and fine arts


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Seeing the spread in Europe of the first form of drug addiction among the masses, European artists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries often turned to the image of a person drinking absinthe with an absent with your gaze.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The Hermitage collection includes Pablo Picasso's painting Absinthe Lover (1901).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

There are at least three versions of this painting.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Picasso also has a painting “A Glass of Absinthe” (1914).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In 1912, he also painted a painting depicting a bottle of absinthe “Pernod” and a glass.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Surrealist artist Giger painted some of his works after experimentally using absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Later, in 2005, his name was given to one of the varieties of the French absinthe Brevans.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Literature


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Erich Maria Remarque's book Three Comrades mentions absinthe four times, and in the novel Arc de Triomphe, absinthe is mentioned as a forbidden drink that causes infertility.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

- Ah, absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

They say he makes the French impotent, did you hear?


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Absinthe is really forbidden,” Ravik said.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“Pernod” is completely harmless.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe causes infertility, not impotence.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

That's why it was banned.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In 1913, Charles Foley staged a play called Absinthe in Paris.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The hero of Edgar Burroughs' novels Tarzan, following the example of many Europeans of that time, drank absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Tarzan entered the smoking room and found a chair a little away from the others.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

He did not want to talk, and sipping his absinthe in small sips, he sadly returned to the days he had just experienced [17].


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Absinthe is of great and invaluable importance for the development of French symbolist poetry, although it was perceived in a negative sense, because of the suffering of the craving for it by the poets themselves.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Such pillars of this trend as Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud were largely inspired by this drink, which Verlaine in his 1895 Confession called the “green witch” and demanded a ban on this “source of madness and crime, idiocy and shame”.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

This largely realistic attitude towards absinthe was developed by Verlaine's characteristic manner of drinking “evening and night”, as he himself called it.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Because of his passion for the drink, he, being a sensitive person, nevertheless attacked his wife and even tried to set her on fire, shot his friend Rimbaud with a revolver and, with a knife in his hands, demanded money from elderly mother (he was imprisoned for two months, although his mother demanded an acquittal in court, because in fact, as she herself assured, “he is a good boy at heart”).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In 1930, Culson Kernahan wrote a short story, “Two Absinthe-Minded Beggars”, in the United States.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

The tragic images that frighten the unprepared reader convey the attitude of Americans to absinthe.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Two beggars decided to write and, since they “will have to portray a person addicted to absinthe”, they decided to try the drink for themselves.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Ideas about the “depravity” of absinthe in the mind of the American man in the street are conveyed by these lines - “The mystery with which the thicker liquid wriggled, curled up into rings and spirals around the more liquid, brought to my mind the image of a python wrapped around its victim.”


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In the book “The Thirsty Muse”, which explores American literary alcoholism in detail, the author, Tom Dardis, says that absinthe is considered the limit among alcoholic beverages, “nowhere else.”


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

In a short article “Experimental and clinical study on alcoholism. Alcohol and Absinthe. Absinthe epilepsy” (French: Étude Expérimentale et Clinique sur l'Alcoolisme — Alcool et Absinthe, Épilepsie Absinthique, 1871) Jacques-Joseph-Valentin Magnan described the features of alcohol addiction in absinthe lovers, largely laying the foundations for the perception of this drink and its fans in Europe (Manyan insisted that absinthe causes the most serious consequences in the form of epilepsy in his consumers and genetic consequences — morbidity, imbecility, etc. — in several generations of their descendants).


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Aleister Crowley (1875—1947) is one of the most ardent defenders of absinthe, and this drink left a noticeable mark in his work.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Crowley devoted many of his works to the glory of absinthe; in his essay “The Green Goddess”, he justifies absinthe and says that something cannot be judged only by abuse.


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

“We do not curse the sea, where shipwrecks occur, and we do not forbid loggers to use axes just out of sympathy for Charles I or Louis XVI. Absinthe is associated not only with special vices and dangers, but also mercies and virtues that no other drink will give.”


Question: In which country was Absinthe created?

Absinthe

Crowley talks about the special role of absinthe in creativity, according to him, absinthe helps “separate the part of itself that “exists” and perceives from the other part that acts and suffers in the external the world.”