Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Yutanov; Decorated.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

series I. Saukova; Otv.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Yutanov; Vol.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Krayushkina; Khudozh.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

IN. Medvedev; Binding design by I. Lapina; V framed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

binding use.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

fig.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

thin.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

D. Mattingly.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— M.: EKSMO; SPb.: Terra Fantastica, 2008.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 863 s — (Giants of Science Fiction).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

5,000 copies


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

(n) ISBN 978-5-699-30778-4;.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Including “Inhabited Island” — Page 395—618.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

“Inhabited Island”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Science fiction writer.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

roman/Ser.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

framed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

A. Kudryavtseva; Khudozh.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

A. Dubovik; Computer design by S. Shumilina; Ill.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ME.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Ashmarina; Otv.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Yutanov; Vol.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Krayushkina; Khudozh.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

O. Adaskin, and I. Selyutin.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— M.: AST Publishing House; AST MOSCOW; SPb.: Terra Fantastica, 2008.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— page 416, 5,000 copies


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

(p) ISBN 978-5-17-053934-5; ISBN 978-5-9713-8600-1.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

“Inhabited Island”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— Moscow: Astrel; AST MOSCOW, 2008.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 315 p. — (Arguments and Facts Collection).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— (Collection of World Literature).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

54,300 copies


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ISBN 978-5-271-20608-5; ISBN 978-5-9713-9498-3; ISBN 978-985-16-6154-7.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

“Inhabited Island”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Science fiction writer.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

roman/Computer design by S. Shumilina; Il.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ME.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Ashmarina; Otv.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Yutanov; Vol.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Krayushkina; Khudozh.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

O. Adaskin, and I. Selyutin.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— MOSCOW: AST; AST MOSCOW, 2009.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 412 p. — (Science Fiction).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

10,000 copies


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

(p) ISBN 978-5-17-057686-9; ISBN 978-5-403-00227-1; ISBN 978-985-16-6633-7.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

“Inhabited Island”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Science fiction writer.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ME.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Ashmarina; Otv.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Yutanov; Vol.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Krayushkina; Khudozh.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

O. Adaskin, and I. Selyutin.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— MOSCOW: AST; AST MOSCOW, 2009.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 412 p. — (Kinoroman).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

5,000 copies


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

(p) ISBN 978-5-17-057687-6; ISBN 978-5-403-00228-8; ISBN 978-985-16-6634-4.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

“Inhabited Island”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Science fiction writer.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

roman/Computer Design Yu.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Mardanova; Il.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ME.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Ashmarina; Otv.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Yutanov; Vol.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Krayushkina; Khudozh.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

O. Adaskin, and I. Selyutin.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— M.: AST; AST MOSCOW; SPb.: Terra Fantastica, 2009.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 412 p. — (The book for all times).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

3,000 copies


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

(p) ISBN 978-5-17-061775-3; ISBN 978-5-403-02092-3; ISBN 978-5-7921-0809-7; ISBN 978-985-16-7409-7.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

“Inhabited Island”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Science fiction writer.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

roman/Computer Design N. Khafizova; Il.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ME.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Ashmarina; Otv.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Yutanov; Vol.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Krayushkina; Khudozh.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ed.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

O. Adaskin, and I. Selyutin.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 412 p. — (AST-classic).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

2,000 copies


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

(p) ISBN 978-5-17-061775-3; ISBN 978-5-403-02092-3; ISBN 978-5-7921-0809-7; ISBN 978-985-16-7410-3.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

in english


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

In English, the novel was published under the title “Prisoners of Power” /"Prisoners of Power” (English: Prisoners of Power).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The translation was made from a Soviet edition.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The preface to the first English edition was written by Theodore Sturgeon.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

in other languages


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

1971: Polish: Przenicowany swiat/A. Strugacki, B. Strugacki; Translator T. Gosk; Warsaw: Iskry, 1971.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 352 s.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— (Fantastyka. Przygoda).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— Circulation: 30000+260 egz.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

It was also reprinted in Polish in 1987 (ISBN 83-207-0952-0), 1996 and 2008 (ISBN 978-83-7469-858-0).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

1972 year: German: Die bewohnte Insel: Roman/A.N. Strugatzki, B.N. Strugatzki; Ubers.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

v.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

H. Buchner.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— Hamburg, Dusseldorf: Marion von Schroder Verlag, 1972.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 295 S.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— (Science-fiction & fantastica).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

It was also reprinted in German in 1982 [14], 1983, 1985, 1988 and 1992 (ISBN 978-3-518-38446-6).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

1979: French: L'ile habitee/A. Strougatski, B. Strougatski; Trad.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

par J. Lahana.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— Lausanne: L'Age d'homme, 1979.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 270 p.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

It was also reprinted in French in 1980.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

1980-1981: Estonian: Asustatud saar/Strugatski A., Strugatski B.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

; Tolkinud M. Vaga//Pioneer.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 1980.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— № 1-12., 1981.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— No. 1.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Reprinted in Estonian as a book publication in 1999 (ISBN 9985-3-0245-1).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

1981: Bulgarian: Habiliemiyat Island: Nauch.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— science fiction writer.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

roman/A. Strugatsky, B.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Strugatsky; Prev.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

G. Arnaudov said.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— Sofia: Fatherland, 1981.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 416 p. — (B-ka Fantastic).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

It was also reprinted in Bulgarian in 1984 and 1987.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

1983: Portuguese: Prisioneiros do poder: In 2 vol/Strugatsky A., Strugatsky B.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

; Traducao de Eurico Fonseca; Capa: A.Pedro; Introducao: T. Sturgeon.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— Lisboa: Edicao “Livros do Brasil”, 1983.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

ISBN 978-972-38-0860-5.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

It was reissued in Portuguese in 1999.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

1986: Japanese.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Shuyosho wakusey/A.Sutorugatsuki, B.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Sutorugatsuki; Yaka Fukami Dan.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— Tokyo: Hayakawa sebo, 1986.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 540 p.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

1988: Serbian: Nastanjeno ostrvo/A.Strugacki, B.Strugacki; Prev.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

M.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Čolić.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— Beograd, Gornji Milanovac: Narodna knjiga, dečje novine, 1988.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 433 s.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

1990: cargo.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Dasahlebuli kundzuli (Dasahlebuli kundzuli) /Targ.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

N. Mikawa.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— Tbilisi: Nakaduli, 1990.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 310 gw.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 40,000 copies


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

1991: Ukrainian: Arkadiy Strugatsky, Boris Strugatsky.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Per. S. Pavlovsky; Hood.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

K.Sulima.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— Kyiv: Veselka, 1991.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 303 p. — 115000 copies ISBN 5-301-00987-7.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

2005: Esperanto: La loata insulo/Strugackij A., Strugackij B,; Trad.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

de M.Brontein.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

- M.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

: Impeto, 2005.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

- 304 p.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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- 500 copies


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

2009 year: Hungarian: Lakott sziget/Arkagyi Sztrugackij.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Borisz Sztrugackij.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Per. Györgyi Weisz.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— Budapest: Metropolis Media, 2009.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 339 s..


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Performances, film adaptations, computer games, audiobooks


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The first audio edition of the novel was released in 1994.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

In 1997, Sergey Kurginyan staged the play “Inhabited Island” based on the novel at the Theater “On the Boards”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The premiere of the performance took place on June 5.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

In 2006, the Vokrug Sveta publishing house released an audiobook “Inhabited Island” on two CDs.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

[8] Format: MP3, audio bitrate: CBR MP3; 44100 Hz @ 192 kbps, Playing time: 13 hours


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

15 min. Reads: Alexander Rezalin.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

In 2007, Akella published a computer game based on the novel in three parts:


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

August 22 — Inhabited Island: Afterword (developer Wargaming.net, original title Galactic Assault:Prisoners of Power) [18] [19]


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

September 26 — Inhabited Island: Alien Among Aliens (Orion games developer) [20] [21]


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

December 21 — Inhabited Island: Earthling (Developer of Step Creative Group) [22] [23]


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

On January 1, 2009, the first part of the film “Inhabited Island”, directed by Fedor Bondarchuk, was released.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

[24] The main role in the film was played by actor Vasily Stepanov and voiced by Maxim Matveev.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

[25] The second part of the film was released on April 23, 2009.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The second film is called Inhabited Island: Skirmish [26].


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Based on Bondarchuk's film, Novy Disk released the computer game Inhabited Island on January 22, 2009 [27].


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Also, some time after the release of the second part of the film “Inhabited Island”, a comic strip based on the novel “Inhabited Island” [28] [29] [30] went on sale.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Continuation


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The popularity of the plot brought to life a number of “sequels”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Among the most famous: Alexander Lukyanov.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Black Pawn (2008), Yaroslav Verov, Igor Minakov.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Operation Virus (2010).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

In December 2010, AST Publishing House announced the inter-avtorsky project “Inhabited Island”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Publishing label “Arkady and Boris Strugatsky Project” [31].


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

As of January 2012, the following works have been published:


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Check date values in: |date= (help) [32]


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Check date values in: |date= (help) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Check date values in: |date= (help) [33]


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

It was also announced that Andrey Lazarchuk and Mikhail Uspensky will participate in the project [34].


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

“All this jakch” series - 1 book “Sol Saraksha”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

2 book “Love and Freedom”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

3 book “The Sword of the Sword”.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Facts


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

In the manuscript of the novel, Guy did not die in the war, and Maxim and Rada lived together when Maxim worked for the Wanderer.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The novel does not fully clarify the question of who was the “agent 202” who betrayed the underground.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

When asked by the reader whether Alla Zef was one, Boris Strugatsky first replied that it was the Boar, and then recovered — “Memo Gramen is a traitor! Death Hoof!” [35] [36].


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The curse word “massaraksh”, which has become a catch word, was invented by the authors.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Then a “literal translation” of “the world inside out” was invented for him, from which the name of the planet Saraksh was already born [35] [9].


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

The system of name-names in the novel is “based” in Hungarian [9] and Albanian [37].


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Notes


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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References


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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on Fantlab.ru.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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— “canonical option”


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— “censored version”


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Boris Strugatsky.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— review by L. Fillipova.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Literature


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Borisov, Vladimir Ivanovich.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

“On the origin of names and names in the stories “Inhabited Island” and “It's Hard to Be a God””.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

(Summary of B. N. Strugatsky)//Monday (Abakan).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

— 1991.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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— No. 16.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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— P.2


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Klyueva, Bella Grigoryevna.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

“I don't know who is interested in this now...”: (About the story “Inhabited Island”) //Mira (Almaty).


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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— 1993.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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— No. 1.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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— C. 179.


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Category:Noon World


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

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Category:Censorship in the USSR


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Category:Novels by the Strugatsky brothers


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Category:Novels of 1969


Question: How many screen adaptations of the fantastic story by brothers A. and B. Strugatsky “Inhabited Ostrov”?

Inhabited island

Category:Science fiction stories in Russian


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Moscow gold (Spanish: Oro de Moscú) or the Gold of the Republic (Spanish: Oro de la República) is a collective designation of the operation to transfer part of the gold reserve of the Bank of Spain from Madrid to the Soviet The Union.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

A total of 510 tons of gold were transported from Spain to the Soviet Union, which corresponded to 73 percent of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The gold transfer operation was carried out a few months after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The initiator of the issue of transferring gold to the Soviet Union was the Minister of Finance of Spain Juan Negrin, whose initiative was supported by the government of the Second Spanish Republic headed by the Prime Minister Francisco Largo Caballero [1] [2].


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Among other things, the term “Moscow Gold” referred to issues related to the sale of gold in the USSR and the use of the funds received to finance hostilities.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The rest of the Bank of Spain's gold reserve - 193 tons, which corresponded to 27 percent, was transported to France, and the operation to transfer part of Spain's gold reserves to France was called” Paris gold”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The term “Moscow Gold” appeared as a result of anti-Soviet propaganda campaigns, the main purpose of which was to discredit trade unions and political parties of Western countries that adhere to communist ideology, allegedly receiving financial support from Moscow.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In the late 1930s, when Joseph Stalin focused on promoting the ideas of the “world proletarian revolution”, English-language media, such as Time magazine [3], used the term “Moscow Gold” to refer to the plans of the Soviet leadership to intensify the activity of the international communist movement, which by that time had already declared itself in the United States the States of America and Great Britain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In the early 1990s, the term “Moscow Gold” (French: l'or de Moskou) was actively used in France to discredit the French Communist Party [4].


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The story of the transportation of gold to the Soviet Union received wide publicity in the international press during the Spanish Civil War and the first years of Franco's dictatorial regime.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The transportation of gold to France and the Soviet Union has always attracted a lot of attention, and since the 1970s, literature has appeared researching this episode of Spanish history.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The issue of transferring the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain during the Civil War gave rise to a lot of rumors and speculations, and particularly fierce discussions on this issue were held in Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Such discussions were based on various interpretations of the motives for the decision to transfer gold reserves to foreign countries and options for its use, the impact of the issue of gold reserves on development Civil War, the attitude of the Republican government in exile to the issue of gold reserves and the relationship between the Franco government and the Soviet Union.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Background to the issue


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The situation in Spain


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The Spanish Civil War began on July 19, 1936 after an unsuccessful military coup attempt against the Government of the Second Republic, during which about a third of the country came under control Spanish nationalists.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

To gain support in the fighting against the government units of the Second Republic, Spanish nationalists led by General Francisco Franco entered into negotiations with Italy and Germany.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In turn, the official government of the Second Republic appealed to France for help, which quickly led to the escalation of the conflict at the international level.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Appeals for international assistance from the Government of the Second Republic and nationalists revealed the lack of weapons on both sides that were necessary for the conduct of hostilities.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[5] [6]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the political climate in neighboring France was not stable and predictable.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Most of the seats in the French government were occupied by representatives of the Popular Front and centrists from the Radical Party.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

French Prime Minister Leon Blum, with the support of the French Communist Party, advocated military intervention on the side of the Republicans in Spain, but this plan was sharply opposed by the Radical a party that threatened to withdraw its representatives from the Blum government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The British government also adhered to the policy of non-interference in the affairs of Spain, which was pursued by Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Against the background of existing disagreements in the French government, on July 25, 1936, a package of measures was adopted prohibiting any supply to both warring parties in Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

As soon as Hitler became aware that Western states had taken a position of non-interference in the Spanish conflict, he ordered the first batch of aircraft and technicians to be sent to Morocco, which by that time was controlled by Spanish nationalists.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Benito Mussolini also sent a cargo of aircraft and materials to Spanish nationalists, which were used on July 29, 1936 to transfer troops from Morocco to Spanish nationalist control Sevilla [7].


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

On August 1, 1936, the French government proposed the “Agreement on Non-Interference in the Affairs of Spain” to the international community for discussion, and on August 7, 1936, Great Britain in support of the French initiative.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[8] The Soviet Union, Portugal, Italy and Germany also initially supported the proposal of the French side, and on August 9, 1936 joined the created “Committee on Non-Interference in Spanish Affairs”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

However, Portugal, Italy and Germany continued to support Spanish nationalists, regularly supplied them with the necessary materials and provided logistics.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

To replenish their supplies, Republicans had to purchase the necessary materials from the black market and Mexico.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In August and September 1936, Spanish nationalists won a number of important victories over Republican troops - as a result of the Battle of Badajoz on August 14, 1936, Republicans were cut off from Portugal, and on September 14, 1936, Spanish nationalists blocked the border between the Basque Country and France.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The success of Spanish nationalists coincided with a change in the policy of the Soviet Union, which began to take a more active position in supporting the Republicans.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

To this end, the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Spain, and Marcel Rosenberg (former representative of the Soviet Union in League of Nations).


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

By the end of September 1936, communist parties from different countries received instructions from the Comintern and Moscow, according to which it was ordered to recruit volunteers and form International Brigades for war in Spain (the first Interbrigades were able to take part only in November 1936).


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Meanwhile, on August 27, Spanish nationalists won an important victory during the siege of the Alcazar, which allowed General José Enrique Varela to begin an operation to capture Madrid.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In October 1936, the Soviet Union began shipping military aid to the newly formed government of the Popular Front.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The new cabinet included two communist ministers, and Francisco Largo Caballero was elected Prime Minister.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Ivan Maysky, Soviet ambassador to Great Britain, in his speech on October 23, 1936 at a meeting of the Committee on Non-Interference in the Affairs of Spain, defended the position of the Soviet Union, arguing this is assistance to Spanish nationalists by Germany, Italy and Portugal, which also violated the provisions of the “Non - Intervention Agreement”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The status of gold reserves and the Bank of Spain


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In May 1936, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War, Spain was believed to have the fourth largest gold reserve in the world.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[11] This state of affairs was explained by the fact that during the First World War, Spain maintained neutrality and was able to make good money on military supplies.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Based on records and historical documents, it is known that since 1931, most of the reserves of the Bank of Spain have been held in the main vault of the Bank of Spain in Madrid, while the rest of the reserves have been held in regional offices of the Bank of Spain and deposits in Paris.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[12] The Bank of Spain's gold reserve consisted mainly of Spanish and foreign gold coins.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the same time, the share of old minting coins did not exceed 0.01 percent of the total volume.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The number of gold bars was small and the Bank of Spain had only 64 bars in reserves.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The value of the Bank of Spain's gold reserves was confirmed by several sources.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

For example, the New York Times reported that as of August 7, 1936, the value of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain was estimated at $718 million.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[12] When converting the value of gold reserves into physical quantities, it turns out that the Bank of Spain had 635 tons (20.42 million troy ounces) of pure gold on its balance sheet.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[13] [14] According to statistics from the Bank of Spain published in the official newspaper of the Spanish government on July 1, 1936, as of June 30, 1936, the value of gold reserves was 5.24 billion Spanish pesetas.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to researcher Angel Viñas (Spanish: Ángel Viñas), who calculated the value of the Bank of Spain's gold reserves, $718 million (at 1936 prices) in 2005 would have amounted to 9.725 billion US dollars (taking into account inflation).


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

For comparison, the value of Spain's gold reserves as of September 2005 was 7.509 billion US dollars.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

By analogy with the Central Banks of France and England, the Bank of Spain was established in 1936 as a joint-stock company with an authorized capital of 177 million Spanish pesetas.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

For the entire authorized capital of the Bank of Spain, 354,000 shares were issued with a par value of 500 pesetas each.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Despite the fact that the Bank of Spain was not by nature a public institution, [16] the Spanish government had the right to appoint a Governor of the Bank, and the Minister of Finance of Spain could appoint members of the Board of Directors.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The first attempt to create the Central Bank of Spain on the basis of a private bank (not controlled by the government) was the adoption on December 29, 1921 of the “Cambo Law” (named after the Minister of Finance of Spain Francesc Cambo), or the Central Bank Act (Spanish: Ley de Ordenación Bancaria).


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[17] The law provided for the powers of the Bank of Spain to manage gold reserves and required the mandatory approval of the Council of Ministers when making certain decisions regarding gold reserves countries.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Under the Cambo Act, the Spanish government had the right to require the Bank of Spain to maintain the exchange rate of the national currency by selling part of its gold reserves in an amount approved by the Ministry of Finance Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Some researchers question the legitimacy of the government's actions in relation to the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

For example, Spanish: Pío Moa [19] [20] believes that the government's decision to transfer the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain directly violates the Cambo Law.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

However, according to the testimony of the last Minister of Finance under the regime of King Alfonso XIII, Juan Ventosa y Calvell, [21], the application of the Cambo Act led to a restriction of economic development of the country.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[22] Taking into account the testimony of Juan Ventosa, researcher Angel Viñas believes that the decisions of the Spanish government to transfer the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain were fully in accordance with the letter of the law.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to Vinyas, the Spanish government, finding itself in a difficult situation created by the beginning of the Civil War, decided to “secretly nationalize the Bank of Spain”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The “hidden nationalization of the Bank of Spain” meant the replacement of high-ranking employees of the bank with citizens loyal to the republican government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Thus, by Decree of August 4, 1936, Pedro Pan Gómez was removed from his post as First Deputy Governor of the Bank of Spain, and Julio was replaced by Julio Carabias (Spanish: Julio Carabias).


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[24] Ten days after Pedro Pan Gomez was removed from the Bank of Spain, a number of senior executives were removed from the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

After the transfer of part of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain to the Soviet Union on November 21, 1936, a new Board of Directors of the Bank of Spain was approved, which lasted unchanged until On December 24, 1937, when nine members of the Council were replaced by institutional representatives.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Parisian gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

With the outbreak of the Civil War, Spanish nationalists began to create state structures, believing that the state structures of the Republicans are illegitimate.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

One such structure, created by Spanish nationalists, was the Central Bank of Spain, which was headquartered in Burgos.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the same time, each of the parties considered itself the legal successor of the Bank of Spain, both at home and abroad.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[26] However, the headquarters of the Bank of Spain, with most of its gold reserves, was located in Madrid, which was under Republican control.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The rest of the Bank of Spain's gold reserves were held in the Bank's regional divisions, which were also controlled by the Republican government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Already on July 26, 1936, the Prime Minister of the Republican Government, José Giral, announced the decision to send part of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain to France.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

As soon as news of the shipment of part of Spain's gold reserves to France became known to Spanish nationalists, [28] they immediately issued a statement warning that the decision of the republican government violates the Central Bank Act and, accordingly, is illegal.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In connection with the actions of the Republican Government, on August 25, 1936, Spanish nationalists adopted Decree No. 65, in which the actions of the Republican Government with regard to gold reserves were declared illegal and null and void:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Decree 65:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Acting in the interests of order, the National Defense Council (Spanish: Junta de Defensa Nacional) draws attention to the actions of the so-called “Madrid government” regarding gold reserves of the Bank of Spain.


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Moscow gold

We consider it our duty to report on the consequences of such decisions, which were taken in violation of the Central Bank Act (Spanish: Ley de Ordenación Bancaria) adopted in violation of the law, are null and void.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Any citizen, regardless of nationality, involved in the implementation of knowingly illegal operations is subject to criminal prosecution in accordance with the procedure determined by a separate Decree.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

This statement is accepted in view of the emergency situation, and is aimed at protecting national interests.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Taking into account the above, as President of the National Defense Council, I declare the following:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Article No. 1. Any financial transactions carried out with the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain since July 18, 1936 are declared invalid, and all gold reserves are subject to immediate recovery, regardless of their whereabouts.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Article No. 2. For the commission of the above acts on the part of natural and legal persons operating in Spain, in addition to the criminal liability provided for by Decree No. 36, all valuables held by an individual or legal entity will be confiscated in order to compensate for damage.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Burgos, August 25, 1936.


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Moscow gold

Miguel Cabanellas, President of the National Defense Council [29] [30]


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Moscow gold

French Finance Minister Vincent Auriol and Governor of the Bank of France Emile Labeyrie (French: Émile Labeyrie) made a joint decision that the French side can continue operations with gold Spain's reserves.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The actions of the French Minister of Finance and the Governor of the Bank of France were explained by their anti-fascist position and desire to support the French franc.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[31] The creation of the “Committee on Non-Interference in the Affairs of Spain” did not stop the practice of transferring Spanish gold reserves to France, and the Spanish Republican formed in September 1936 the government led by Largo Caballero continued to send gold to France.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The French and British governments have consistently rejected the claims of the Spanish nationalist government about the alleged illegal use of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

By March 1937, Spanish Republicans had sent 193 tons of gold to the Bank of France, [33] equivalent to 27 percent of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In exchange for the gold transferred to the French side, the Republicans received 3 billion 922 million French francs (196 million US dollars), which were used to purchase weapons and food supplies.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[34] In addition to the official export of the Bank of Spain's gold reserves to France, there was also an illegal export of gold, silver and jewelry to France.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[35] Faced with the situation of smuggling gold, silver and jewelry to France, the Republican Government of Spain, on August 30, 1936, adopted a decision justifying such export values, due to the “forced measures necessary to suppress an armed uprising”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In the last year of the Civil War, 40 tons of gold in one of the vaults of the city of Mont de Marsan were returned to the government of Spanish nationalists.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The return of gold from the Mont de Marsan vault was the only example of satisfying the claims of the government of Spanish nationalists to the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

From Madrid to Moscow


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Order for the transfer of gold and its motives


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Moscow gold

At the initiative of Finance Minister Juan Negrin, on August 13, 1936, a secret decree was signed allowing the transportation of gold reserves of the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The decree provided for the responsibility of the representative to the Cortes Generales (the legislative body of Spain), but in the end this provision of the document was not implemented.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[38] [39]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

On the 13th of this month, the President of the Republic signed a secret decree: Due to the emergency situation in the country caused by an armed uprising, the Government is forced to take measures to preserving the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The current situation in the country requires keeping the text of this Decree secret.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Taking into account the current circumstances, and acting with the consent of the Council of Ministers at the initiative of the Minister of Finance, I decide as follows:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Article No. 1. If necessary, the Ministry of Finance is authorized to transport the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain to a safe place (taking the necessary precautions) located in is currently in custody at the central vault of the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Article No. 2. The Government assumes responsibility for communicating the text of this Decree to the Cortes Generales of Spain.


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Moscow gold

Madrid, September 13, 1936


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Juan Negrin, Minister of Finance [40] [41]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In addition to the Minister of Finance, the Decree was signed by the President of the Republic, Manuel Asaña, who later claimed that he was not aware of the final destination for transporting the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to Largo Caballero Asaña, he was notified of this decision after the fact, due to the emotional state of the President of the Republic and his cool attitude to the operation.


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Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Was it necessary to dedicate a large number of people to the decision-making process?


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Moscow gold

In my opinion, this was superfluous, because any mistake made could cause an international scandal.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

We decided not to inform the President of the Republic about the details of the operation, who was already in a depressed state at that time.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Therefore, only the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (in this case Largo Caballero himself), Finance Minister Juan Negrin, and Minister of the Navy and Air Fleet Indalecio Prieto knew about the decision.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

However, it should be noted that only the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Minister of Finance conducted negotiations on the Soviet side.


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—Francisco Largo Caballero [43]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Some researchers, such as Viñas, explain the decision to export gold reserves outside Madrid by the rapid offensive of the African army under the command of Francisco Franco on the capital of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the time of the decision to export gold reserves, Franco's African Army was 116 kilometers from Madrid, and all efforts of the Republican side to stop the rapid offensive of the Spanish nationalists to the capital were unsuccessful.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

However, Franco's troops did not immediately take Madrid, but moved to help their allies, where they took part in the siege of Toledo.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

After the successful operation in Toledo, Franco's authority increased significantly, which increased his political weight, and on September 29, 1936, he was proclaimed head of state by Spanish nationalists.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Despite the fact that the Republican government moved to Valencia on November 6, 1936, Madrid was able to withstand the siege of Spanish nationalists until the end of the war.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Prime Minister Largo Caballero, one of the key persons in those events, explained the decision to export gold reserves due to the creation of the “Committee on Non-Interference in the Affairs of Spain” and his reluctance democratic countries to support Spanish Republicans.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

When the Nazis were already standing at the walls of the Spanish capital, the Minister of Finance asked the Council of Ministers to authorize the transportation of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain outside the country, without disclosing the final destination transportation.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

First of all, the Minister of Finance moved the gold reserves to Fort Cartagena, and then, fearing an attack by nationalists, he decided to take them out of the country.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

We didn't have much choice, so we transported our gold reserves to the Soviet Union, a country that helped us with weapons and food.


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Moscow gold

—Francisco Largo Caballero [44]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

However, Spanish: Luis Araquistáin, a member of the same party as Largo Caballero, is of the opinion that the decisions to transfer gold reserves were influenced by the Soviet side.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Largo Caballero and I were close friends, and I don't remember that he was depressed by the gloomy prospects for the end of the war.


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Moscow gold

I also find it hard to believe that Treasury Secretary Juan Negrin fell victim to pessimism about the outcome of the war.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The statement that “we had no choice but to transport gold to the Soviet Union” looks completely wild, and in my opinion, the Soviet side influenced the Prime Minister and Minister of Finance.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

—Louis Araquistein [45]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In addition to the threat from Spanish nationalists, the possibility of seizing the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain by the Federation of Anarchists of Iberia, whose representatives planned an attack on the vault The Bank of Spain and the transfer of gold reserves to the main bastion of anarchists — Barcelona.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The anarchists expected not only to seize the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain for their subsequent preservation, but also to use them for the purchase of weapons and food.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[46] Plans to seize the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain were developed by one of the most serious opponents of Finance Minister Juan Negrin, anarchist Diego Abad de Santillan.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

However, it would be wrong to say that the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain were transported to Cartagena not to ensure their safety, but for further transportation to Moscow, as historian Francisco did Olaya Morales.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Despite the fact that most historians agree that the main character in the operation to transfer the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain to the Soviet side was Finance Minister Juan Negrin (outside depending on whether it was his private initiative, or manipulations of the Soviet Union took place), it is still unclear who was the first to propose the idea of exporting gold reserves outside Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

English historian Anthony Beevor believes that Juan Negrin was influenced by Soviet agent Arthur Stashevsky, who, in view of the danger from Spanish nationalists and the need to acquire raw materials and materials managed to convince the Minister of Finance to open a “gold account” in Moscow.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[48] Beevor refers to Gabriel Jackson and Spanish: Víctor Alb</i> a, who in their book Juan Negrin suggested that the idea of exporting gold reserves to The Soviet Union belongs to Negrin himself, and that this idea expressed by Negrin caught the Soviet side by surprise.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[49] However, Juan Negrin's friend, Mariano Ansó, rejects this assumption, arguing that “he (Negrin) could not have been the author of the idea of exporting Spanish gold to the Soviet Union, because he (Negrin) played only a minor role under “Spanish Lenin” (Largo Caballero) and his advisers, headed by Luis Araquistine.”


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[50] According to Martin Aceña (Spanish: Martín Aceña), [51] it was Stashevsky who offered to take the gold reserves to Moscow.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In turn, Walter Krivitsky, the head of Soviet intelligence in Western Europe, who fled purges in the United States, said that before interfering in the Spanish Civil War, Joseph Stalin wanted to get confirmation of the availability of funds that could be used to pay for the assistance of the Soviet Union.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

After the adoption of a secret decree on September 14, 1936, the Board of the Bank of Spain, which had thinned out thoroughly since the beginning of the war, was notified of the Government's decision to seize and transport gold reserves.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[53] Taking into account the fact that the withdrawal of gold reserves began before the meeting of the Board of the Bank of Spain, the Council could not oppose the action of the government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Two members of the Council who were not associated with Spanish nationalists, José Álvarez Guerra and Spanish: Lorenzo Martínez Fresneda, resigned.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[54] Martinez Fresneda protested against the government's decision, arguing that the gold reserves are the property of the Bank of Spain and cannot be seized by representatives of state or government bodies.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

He also stated that the law provides for the exchange of banknotes for gold and, therefore, gold must remain in the vaults of the Bank of Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to the testimony of Mr. Martinez Fresneda, on September 15, 1936, an extraordinary secret meeting of the Council of the Bank of Spain took place, which was urgently organized on September 14, 1936.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At this meeting, Martinez Fresneda learned from the Governor of the Bank about the government's decision to immediately withdraw and export the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain to safety in view of the enemy's offensive.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

After learning the latest news, Mr. Fresneda said that since the government has begun to seize and export gold from the vaults of the Bank of Spain, there is no point in challenging this decision.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

However, according to Mr. Fresneda, despite the impossibility of challenging the government's decision, it is necessary to clearly and clearly state the illegality of such actions — gold reserves are property Bank of Spain, and they cannot be withdrawn by either state or government authorities.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Moreover, gold reserves are used to exchange paper banknotes and, accordingly, must be stored in the vaults of the Bank of Spain adapted for such purposes.


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Moscow gold

Mr. Fresneda expressed his disagreement with the actions taken by the government and supported the position of Alvarez Garra's chief adviser on this issue.


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Moscow gold

Mr. Fresneda said that in the light of the new circumstances, he sees no other way out but to resign.


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Moscow gold

Excerpt from testimony before the Supreme Council of the Bank of Spain in Burgos, September 22, 1937 [55]


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Moscow gold

Withdrawal and transportation of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain to Cartagena


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In the early morning of September 14, 1936, a day after the signing of the secret protocol, Spanish carabinieri arrived at the building of the Bank of Spain, sent by the Republican government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The operation to seize gold reserves was led by Francisco Méndez Aspe, Managing Director of the Treasury and future Minister of Finance in the government of Juan Negrin, who was accompanied by captain Julio Lopez Macegoza and 50-60 metallurgists and locksmiths.


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Moscow gold

[56] [57]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The vaults of the Bank of Spain were opened and in the next few days, representatives of the Republican government seized all the gold that was in the Bank's premises.


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Moscow gold

The gold was packed in wooden boxes and transported to the Atocha railway station, from where it was sent towards Cartagena.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to historian Angel Viñas, “Cartagena was an important maritime base, with good supply routes and reliable fortifications. Moreover, it was away from the main theater of operations and, if necessary, made it possible to transfer gold reserves outside the country by sea.”


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to eyewitnesses, gold reserves under enhanced protection were transported to Cartagena by rail.


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Moscow gold

[59] [60] A few days after the withdrawal of the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain, government officials also took out silver, the value of which at the time of withdrawal was estimated at 656708702.59 Spanish pesetas.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[61] Between June 1938 and July 1939, this silver was sold to the United States of America and France for just over 20 million US dollars (part of the silver was confiscated by the French authorities).


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Moscow gold

[62] [63]


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Moscow gold

It can be assumed that after the gold of the Bank of Spain was transported away from the fighting, the provisions of the secret Decree of September 13, 1936 were fully implemented.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Spanish nationalists strongly protested against the actions of the Republican government as soon as they became aware of the transportation of gold to Cartagena.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[64] However, on October 15, 1936, Juan Negrin and Largo Caballero decided to transfer gold from Cartagena to the Soviet Union.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

On October 20, 1936, the head of the NKVD in Spain, Alexander Orlov, received an encrypted telegram from Stalin with an order to organize and coordinate with Negrin the transportation of gold to the USSR.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[65] In response, Orlov notified Stalin that he was organizing the transportation of gold on Soviet tankers that had just arrived in Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Later, at a hearing of the Senate Committee, Orlov said:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

I would like to note that at that time the republican government did not fully control the situation.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

I honestly warned Finance Minister Juan Negrin about the consequences of this decision — if anarchists intercept Russian drivers in trucks with Spanish gold, they will shoot everyone, and then break out such a scandal that may well lead to a revolution.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

With all this in mind, I asked Negrin to provide me with documents in an assumed name that would allow me to introduce myself as an agent of the Bank of England or the Bank of America transporting gold to safety.


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Moscow gold

Due to the fact that I spoke English well and could pass for a foreigner, Negrin supported my idea.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Negrin wrote me documents in the name of Blackstone, and I became a representative of the Bank of England.


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Moscow gold

Congress of the United States of America, Hearings on the Actions of the Soviet Union in the USA, pp. 3431—3432. [66]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Treasury Managing Director Francisco Mendez Aspe, Juan Negrin's “right hand”, arrived in Cartagena on October 22, 1936 with orders to load most of the boxes of gold, each weighing about 75 kilograms, for Soviet ships KIM, Kursk, Neva and Volgoles.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to Orlov's testimony:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Two weeks before the operation to ship gold to the USSR, a brigade of Soviet tanks, commanded by Colonel Semyon Moiseevich Krivoshein, landed in Cartagena.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Krivoshein's brigade was located 65 kilometers from Cartagena, and I turned to him for help — Krivoshein gave me twenty trucks and some of the best tankers.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

An hour or two before the arrival of the trucks with gold, about sixty Spanish sailors were taken out of the ships and sent to gunpowder warehouses.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

I stayed with a caravan of trucks at the port on the night of October 22, 1936, and most of all I was concerned about Mendez Aspe's health.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

He was a very nervous person who constantly insisted that we could not risk the cargo (at this time Cartagena was actively bombed by the Germans) and he should be poisoned in small batches.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

I replied that we could not do this because German air raids were unlikely to stop, and we must continue to load ships.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

After that, Mendez left his assistant in his place, who helped us count the boxes.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Congress of the United States of America, Hearings on the Actions of the Soviet Union in the USA, pp. 3431—3432. [67]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

It took three nights to load gold onto ships, and on October 25, 1936, four ships left the port of Cartagena and bogged down to Odessa, a Soviet port in the Black Sea.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

On the campaign, we were accompanied by four Spaniards, who were entrusted with the responsibility of guarding the cargo.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Of the 10,000 boxes of gold (560 tons) stored in Cartagena, [68] only 7,800 (510 tons) reached Odessa.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Orlov said that a total of 7,900 boxes were transported, and Mendez Aspe, in turn, said that there were 7,800 boxes.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to the documents, 7,800 boxes were received in the port of Odessa and it is still unclear whether this was Orlov's mistake in the calculation, or 100 boxes of gold were lost during transportation.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Transportation of gold reserves to Moscow


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Three ships of the convoy, which left Cartagena, arrived at the port of Odessa on November 2, 1936.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The fourth ship, Kursk, arrived in Odessa a few days later due to breakdowns.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

One of Walter Krivitsky's employees from the State Political Administration under the NKVD of the USSR described the scene of the arrival of ships as follows:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The entire area adjacent to the pier was cleared of people and surrounded by a chain of special units.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Through all the vacated space, from the pier to the railway track, the highest ranks of the OGPU from day to day carried boxes of gold on their backs, loaded them themselves into freight cars that were sent to Moscow is under armed protection.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

I was trying to find out how much gold was delivered.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

My assistant could not give any numbers.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

We crossed Red Square in Moscow with him.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Pointing to the empty space around us, he said:


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

— If all the boxes of gold that we unloaded in Odessa were put tightly together on the pavement of Red Square, they would occupy it completely, from end to end.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Walter Krivitsky, “I Was Stalin's Agent”, pp. 112-113. [70]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Under the protection of the 173rd separate battalion of the NKVD, gold was transported to Moscow, where, according to the signed protocol, on November 5, 1936 it was placed in the State Repository of Values (Gokhran) in as a deposit.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The gold arrived in Moscow shortly before the 19th anniversary of the October Revolution and, according to Alexander Orlov, a banquet was organized on this occasion, and during the celebration Joseph Stalin said:” The Spaniards will no longer see gold as their ears.”


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The gold transported by three ships was placed in Gokhran, where it was under military protection, and later it was supplemented by cargo delivered on November 9 or 10, 1936 by the Kursk ship.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

When all the gold was in place, we started recalculating it.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to the first assumptions, it would take about a year to check and count the cargo, but despite the fact that the gold was recalculated with the utmost care, it took only two months (verification started on December 5, 1936 and finished on January 24, 1937).


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

A total of 15,571 bags of gold were opened, in which 16 types of gold coins were found: British pounds sterling (sovereign and half sovereign) (70% of the total amount of gold), Spanish pesetas, French francs and louidors, German marks, Belgian francs, Italian lira, Portuguese escudos, Russian rubles, Austrian schillings, Dutch guilders, Swiss francs, Mexican, Argentine and Chilean pesos, as well as a large number of US dollars.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[72] The weight of gold coins was 509,287.183 kilograms, and the weight of bars was 792.346 kilograms.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Thus, the total weight of gold amounted to 510079529.30 grams of 900 gold, or 460568245.59 grams (about 14807,363.8 troy ounces) of 999 gold.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[33] [73] At the end of the recalculation and verification, the value of gold was estimated at 1592851910 gold pesetas (about $518 million).


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[33] Some of the coins had a numismatic value, often exceeding the value of the gold from which they were made, but the Soviet side refused to take this value into account.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[74] Nevertheless, the Soviet side conducted a thorough analysis of the coins to detect counterfeit, defective or incomplete copies.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the same time, the Soviet side never reported on the fate of rare or antique coins, so there is an assumption that these coins were not melted down on a par with the rest.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

English historian Barnett Bolloten (English: Burnett Bolloten) hypothesized that rare coins were gradually sold out on international markets.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The final protocol for the acceptance of gold was signed on February 5, 1937 by the Ambassador of Spain to the Soviet Union and Soviet representatives - People's Commissar of Finance Grigory Fedorovich Grinko and Nikolai Nikolayevich Krestinsky, Deputy People's Commissar for International Affairs.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The protocol signed by the Spanish and Soviet sides was drawn up in Russian and French.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[74] [76] Paragraph No. 2 of Section No. 4 provided for the rights of the Spanish government to re-export and use gold, and the last provision of the document relieved the Soviet Union of responsibility for the use of gold by the Spanish authorities.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

This paragraph stated that “in case of receiving an order from the Government of the Republic for the export or use of gold abroad, the People's Commissariat of Finance disclaims responsibility in proportion to the amount of gold claimed by the Spanish authorities.”


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Thus, the republican authorities of Spain could freely dispose of the gold deposited in Moscow, export gold or abandon it in favor of any party.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

At the same time, the Soviet authorities were not responsible for the decisions taken by the Spanish side


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

It should be especially noted that the Soviet side granted the right to dispose of gold not to its rightful owner, the Bank of Spain, but to the Government of the Republic.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Solidaridad Obrera, the official press of the Spanish National Confederation of Labor, published an article on January 15, 1937 condemning the “absurd idea of exporting the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain for frontier”.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In response to this article, on January 20, 1937, the state agency Cosmos (Spanish: Cosmos) issued a semi-official statement confirming the existence of reserves in Spain.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[78] The press skirmish over the gold reserves of the Bank of Spain was a harbinger of clashes between the Socialists and Communists, who occupied a dominant position in the government of the Republic, and anarchist organizations that ended in the defeat of the anarchists.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Shortly after the transportation of gold to the USSR, the main characters involved in this operation begin to leave the stage.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Thus, the Soviet ambassador to Spain Rosenberg Marcel Izrailevich and the Soviet trade representative in Spain Arthur Karlovich Stashevsky were executed in 1937 and 1938, respectively.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Alexander Orlov, fearing for his life, fled to the United States in 1938.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Soviet officials Grinko, Krestinsky, Margulis and Kagan were executed on May 15, 1938 on charges of participating in the “anti-Soviet center-right bloc” or disappeared under unclear circumstances.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Grinko was accused of “trying to undermine the financial system of the Soviet Union.”


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Four Spaniards seconded by the Spanish Republican government were held by Stalin in the country and were able to travel to Stockholm, Buenos Aires, Washington and Mexico City only in October 1938.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Spanish Ambassador to the USSR, Marcelino Pascua, was transferred to Paris.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[80] [81] [82]


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Using gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In the period from February 19, 1937 to April 28, 1938, Juan Negrin signed 19 applications for the sale of gold, which were sent for execution to the People's Commissar for Finance, Grinko G. F. (until May 1937), Chubar V. ME.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

(until September 1937) and Zverev A. G. (until the end of the war).


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to the orders of the Spanish side, gold was exchanged for British pounds, US dollars and French francs at the rate of the London Stock Exchange.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

According to Martin Asenyi, 374 tons of pure gold were sold in 1937, the next 52 tons were sold between January and April 1938, and the remaining 30 tons of gold were reserved as collateral for a loan of $70 million.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Thus, by August 1938, only 2 tons of gold remained at the disposal of the republican government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

A total of 469.8 million US dollars were raised for the gold sold, of which 131.6 million were spent in the USSR.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

As commissions and fees, the Soviet side took 2.1 percent of the total amount, and 1.2 percent were collected as payment for transportation, melting and refining of gold.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

As a result, the Soviet side received about 3.3 percent of the total value of gold, or 14.5 million US dollars.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

About three hundred thirty-five and a half thousand US dollars were transferred in favor of a subsidiary of the State Bank of the USSR, the Banque Commerciale pour l'Europe du Nord (Eurobank) in Paris.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[83] [84] From the account of Eurobank, representatives of the Republican Treasury paid for the supply of materials that were purchased in Brussels, Prague, Warsaw, New York, Mexico City.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

As soon as Spanish gold was placed in Gokhran, the Soviet side immediately demanded that the Republican government pay for previous supplies that had arrived from the Soviet Union as” gift” to allies in the fight against the Nazis.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[85] In addition, the Soviet trade representative in Spain, Arthur Stashevsky, demanded that Juan Negrin pay $51 million for the transportation of gold from Cartekhena to Moscow.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Spanish nationalists faced such a situation of paying for military supplies, but the Germans and Italians made concessions to Franco and provided him with installments for payment until the end of the war.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

The position of the Soviet side on paying for military supplies was criticized by Spanish historians Francisco Olaya Morales [86] and Angel Viñas.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Historians who studied the “Negrin Dossier” agree that on the part of the Soviet Union there were no abuses in conducting financial transactions of the republican government.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

However, according to Maria Angela Pons (Spanish: María Ángeles Pons), it was strange to expect that “the Republican government will receive free military assistance from the Russians” and all expenses were paid by the Spanish side.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

[88] However, authors such as Gerald Howson believe that Spanish gold was abused by the Soviet Union.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

Hawson says that Stalin deliberately overestimated the cost of materials for the Spanish side by inflating the exchange rates of the ruble against the US dollar and the Spanish peseta by 30-40 percent.


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold


Question: Does Brussels accept rubles?

Moscow gold

In addition, some historians believe that the Soviet Union's control of Spanish gold led to an increase in the influence of the Communists.