Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Horizontal guidance with the help of a worm mechanism that moved the frontal part of the machine along the combat axis.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The middle part of the combat axis is I-section and is bent to facilitate the operation of the rotary mechanism [1] [3].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Wheeling and suspension


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Suspension in the form of four coil springs, switched off when firing using a special handle with eccentrics.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The wheels are of two versions:


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

wooden with spokes, metal tires and rubber trucks attached to them;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

metal KPM-76-27.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The speed of the gun carriage on wooden wheels is 15 km/h, on metal wheels 25 km/h [5].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Shield cover


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The shield cover consisted of fixed and movable shields.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The middle shield is fixed, folding shields were hinged to it from above and below.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The movable shield was fixed on the machine, blocked the embrasure of the fixed shield and had a window with a door for direct fire at the sighting tube.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The thickness of the shields is 3.5 and 4 mm, the weight of the fixed shield is 54 kg [1] [3].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Sight


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Sights were attached to the left side of the cradle.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The weight of the sights is 4.05 kg [3].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The sights consisted of a panorama, a sight, an aiming box and a bracket [5].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The panorama is a cranked optical tube consisting of a rotary head, a fixed body and an ocular tube.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

To install the protractor on the panorama, there is a protractor ring and a protractor drum with pointers.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The panorama is fixed to the sight in a special basket.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The sight consists of a stem, lateral and transverse levels and a sighting tube.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Front and charging box


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

For the carriage of horses, gun fronts of the arr.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1930, arr.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1938 and arr.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1942 Front arr.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1930 had wooden wheels with trucks, sprung with four coil springs.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Front arr.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1938 had wooden or metal wheels KPM-76-27, sprung by two leaf springs.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Front arr.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1942, it had metal wheels.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Six trays of 4 shots were placed in each of the front.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Empty front weight arr.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1930 344 kg, loaded 850 kg. Charging boxes were used in two versions — arr.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1930 and arr.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1938, differed in the type of wheels and suspension, similar to the front of the corresponding samples.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The charging box consisted of forward and reverse gears.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The forward stroke was generally similar to the front and also placed 6 trays of 4 shots each.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The reverse gear was somewhat large and placed 8 trays of 4 shots each.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Thus, the ammunition carried was 80 shots (24 in the front, 24+32 in the front and rear moves of the charging box).


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The gun was fiddled with four horses, and another four were required to carry the charging box.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Mechanical traction could also be used — Pioneer, Komsomolets tractors, cars [1] [3].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Transfer of the gun from a camping position to a combat position


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

When transferring the gun from a camping position to a combat position, it was necessary [5]:


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

release the carrycot from the attachment;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

remove the covers from the muzzle and breech of the barrel and from the sighting devices;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

turn off the suspension mechanism;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

raise and secure the upper folding shield (when firing direct fire, the upper shield does not rise, as it interferes with aiming);


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

lower the lower flap;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

release the machine from the camping attachment with the combat axis by turning off the carriage axis stopper (pull the stopper towards you and turn it);


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

throw back the rule and secure it with a wrapper;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

remove the panorama from the box and insert it into the socket of the sight stem, securing it with a latch and a clamping screw;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

put the trigger stopper in combat position;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

move the rollback pointer bar to the far front position;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

make a recess under the coulter;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

depending on the ground, install the folding coulter into combat position.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Calculation


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The calculation of the gun consisted of 7 people: the gun commander, the gunner, the loader, the lock, the correct one and two boxes [1].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Modifications and variants


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Field guns


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

During mass production, the gun was repeatedly improved, but most of these changes were technological in nature and did not affect the appearance and characteristics of the gun.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The only visible change was the introduction of metal wheels in 1930.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

KT tank gun


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1931, the USSR began designing the T-28 medium tank and the T-35 heavy tank, the armament of which was to include a 76 mm cannon.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It should be noted that tank guns of this caliber were not produced in the USSR, respectively, simultaneously with the design of tanks, work began on the creation of new guns.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

As the main option, the 76 mm semi-automatic tank gun PS-3 P. N. Syachintova.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The PS-3 cannon, officially adopted as a “tank gun mod. 1933", was a very perfect gun for its time (in particular, it had a semi-automatic wedge bolt and could shoot divisional guns), but its refinement and development in mass production were delayed, so a gun was urgently needed, which, as it was believed then, was supposed to temporarily replace the PS -3.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The simplest solution was to refine the 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 for installation in a tank.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The new gun was created at the ATK Design Bureau under the leadership of I. A. Makhanov in 1932, in March of the following year it was successfully tested and was put into service under the official name “76 mm tank gun mod. 1927/32”.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

This gun was also designated by the abbreviation “KT” (Kirov Tank) [1].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The gun was allowed to be installed on T-28 tanks “until the beginning of mass production of the 76.2 mm special tank gun of the PS-3 type”, but the PS-3 could not be mastered in mass production, after the arrest of its designer, work on it was gradually curtailed, and Kirovsky Zavod switched to the creation of the L-10 cannon.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It differed from the CT prototype by a reduced recoil length (up to 500 mm), an increased amount of liquid in the knurler to 4.8 liters, reinforced slides with walls thickened to 8 mm, a new lifting mechanism, the presence of a mechanized foot descent and new sighting devices optimized for use in the tank.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The ammunition and ballistics of the gun fully coincided with those for the regimental gun [6].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The KT cannon was installed on part of the T-28 linear tanks, all T-35, “artillery tanks” BT-7A and T-26-4, as well as on armored trains [7], motorized armored cars [8] and armored boats of projects 1124 and 1125.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Self-propelled artillery mounts


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Special version of the 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927, with a reduced (but larger than that of the KT) recoil, was used to arm self-propelled artillery mounts (self-propelled guns) SU-12 [1].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In August 1941, the Lifting and Transport Facilities Plant named after A.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Kirov in Leningrad developed a self-propelled gun for direct support of the SU-26 infantry, later redesignated as the SU-76P, based on the T-26 light tank or its flamethrower modification KhT-130/133.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

During the conversion process, the turret was dismantled from the tanks and the turret box was cut off.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In the former combat compartment, a box beam was installed, which served as a support for the platform with a bedside installation of the rotating part of the 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 with a new shield cover.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The deck of this platform was equipped with two hatches for access to the shell cellar under it.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The reason for the appearance of this semi-improvised combat vehicle was the desire to give the front more armored vehicles with an acute shortage of 45-mm fragmentation grenades, which excluded the use of standard T-26 weapons.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1941-1942, 12 such self-propelled guns were transferred to the troops, converted from faulty line and flamethrower tanks of the T-26 family found in weapons depots [9].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It was in service


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

- About 18,000 guns.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

— at least 1,815 guns [10].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

— at least 235 guns [11].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Organizational and staff structure


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

76 mm regimental guns mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1927, the following units were available in regimental artillery batteries in the state [12]:


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Regiments of rifle divisions - until July 1941, there were 6 guns in the battery, later - 4 guns.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Cavalry regiments — 4 guns.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Motorized rifle regiments of tank and motorized divisions — 4 guns.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Artillery divisions of rifle brigades — 4 guns.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Combat use


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

76 mm regimental guns mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 were actively used in a number of pre-war conflicts involving the USSR: in the battles near Lake Khasan and on the Khalkhin Gol River (14 guns were lost during the battles, including 7 irrevocably) [13], in the Soviet- Finnish War (losses amounted to 67 guns) [14], the Polish campaign of 1939.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

As of June 1941, the Red Army consisted of 4,708 regimental guns mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 [3], including 2,296 guns as part of the troops of the Western Military Districts [1].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1941-1942, regimental guns suffered heavy losses, which were nevertheless compensated by the arrival of a significant number of newly produced guns.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1943, the gun was discontinued, but until the end of the war it continued to be one of the main artillery systems of the Red Army.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

An interesting feature of the gun was its air transportability, which turned out to be in demand in practice - 457 76 mm regimental guns mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927, which were delivered to Moscow by aircraft and provided significant assistance to Soviet troops in the battle for Moscow [15].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 was designed to solve the following tasks [5]:


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

for direct support and escort of infantry with fire and wheels;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

to combat armored vehicles and tanks;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

to suppress and destroy enemy infantry fire weapons located openly and behind light field shelters;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

to suppress and prohibit all types of fire from pillboxes (bunkers) by direct fire at embrasures;


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

for making passages in wire fences and passages in hollows for their tanks.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The gun was designed almost exclusively for direct fire.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In the offensive, regimental guns were supposed to move by crew in the battle formations of the advancing infantry and promptly suppress enemy fire weapons that interfere with advance - machine-gun nests, artillery pieces and mortars, various firing points.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In defense, the guns were also supposed to be in infantry battle formations, firing at the advancing enemy infantry, and, if necessary, at tanks and armored vehicles.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The specifics of the actions of regimental guns led to large losses of both the material part and the crews; at the same time, along with battalion artillery (45-mm guns) and mortars, regimental guns were the only artillery systems that were directly in battle formations and had the ability to hit the identified targets as quickly as possible.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Due to their relatively small size and weight, regimental guns were actively used in crossing rivers, conducting amphibious operations, and in urban battles.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

76 mm regimental guns mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 abroad


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It is well known about the use of captured guns of this type by the German and Finnish armies.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1941-1942, the Wehrmacht captured several thousand regimental guns mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927, 1,815 of which were officially recorded in documents as of the end of 1943 [16].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The guns were adopted by the German army under the name 7.62 cm Infanteriekanonenhaubitze 290 (r); by March 1944, the Wehrmacht still had 225 such guns, including 4 guns in the East, 36 in The Balkans, 173 in the West (mainly France), and 12 in Denmark [10].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

German gunners also earned great respect for guns of this type because of their simplicity, strength and undemanding operation, and in the Third Reich, the production of their own cumulative and high-explosive fragmentation ammunition.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The 7.62 cm IKH 290 (r) part was even re-equipped with sights with German-made optics.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The Finnish army captured 54 regimental guns during the Winter War, as well as almost two hundred more guns in 1941.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the beginning of 1944, the Finnish army had 235 guns of this type, which received indices 76 RK/27 and 76 RK/27-39 (the latter belonged to a modification of a gun with metal wheels).


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In general, the gun was rated positively, but its weakness as an anti-tank weapon was noted.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

After the war, the cannons served in the Finnish army until the 1960s [11].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Ammunition and ballistics


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The gun shots were completed in the form of a unitary cartridge.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In order to unify ammunition with divisional guns, the length of the chamber of the regimental gun was adopted to be the same as that of the divisional gun.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

However, since the recoil devices of the regimental gun were not designed to use powerful shots from divisional guns, special measures were taken to exclude the possibility of loading regimental cannon with a divisional shot.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

To do this, the diameter of the flange of the regimental gun shot case was reduced, so it was impossible to charge the regimental gun with a divisional shot - the flange of its cartridge case did not enter the recess in the gripping nests.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the same time, firing regimental cannon shots from a divisional gun was possible.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Separate loading shots assembled in shortened cartridges could also be used, but this option was not widely used [1] [3].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Unitary cartridge case is brass weighing 1.55 kg or steel weighing 1.41 kg. The 54-Zh-353 [17] charge consisted of 0.455 kg of 4/1 gunpowder and was a standard reduced charge for a divisional gun [18].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Theoretically, the regimental gun could fire the entire range of shells for divisional guns, but in practice some shells were not used, in particular, there were no shots with sub-caliber shells due to their inefficiency at low initial speed.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It should be noted that it was in regimental artillery that cumulative shells were most actively used, since they greatly increased the anti-tank capabilities of the gun (a conventional armor-piercing projectile had very low armor penetration due to low initial speed), and for divisional artillery, the gain in armor penetration of a cumulative projectile compared to a standard armor-piercing projectile at a combat distance closer than 500 meters was small (divisional 76 mm guns could also use more effective subcaliber ammunition).


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In addition, cumulative projectile fuses were finally worked out only by the end of 1944, and until that time, the use of cumulative shells in divisional artillery was prohibited due to the danger of the projectile rupture in the barrel bore due to the premature detonation of the fuse.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Cumulative shells, which had armor penetration of about 70-75 mm, appeared in the ammunition of regimental guns since 1943, and until that time, conventional armor-piercing shells were used in the fight against tanks, and even more often — shrapnel put “on the blow” [4].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The largest range of shots was available for high-explosive fragmentation and high-explosive shells due to the presence of a large number of old Russian and French grenades.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Shells from the Kurchevsky recoilless battalion gun (BOD) were also used.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

BOD shells were fired with standard charges of a regimental gun from armor-piercing shots weighing 0.465 kg.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

During the war, separate-loading ammunition was also used, using cartridges cut to 250... 260 mm: from rejection along the muzzle of standard and blank cartridges.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Such ammunition was equipped with both standard domestic OF-350 (53-VO-353AM) shells and shells from captured 75- and 76-mm ammunition.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Thus, there is information on the use of captured German Spr.Gr.39 shells from the Pak 36 (r) cannon; a charge of 500 g of gunpowder 4/1, an initial speed of 390 m/s, a maximum range of 7710 m [3].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Documentation is known that regulates the staffing of ammunition for regimental guns in the troops with captured 75- and 76-mm cumulative shells.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The maximum elevation angle of the gun was 24.5°, which limited the maximum range of fire.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

However, the firing tables indicate the maximum range at an elevation angle of 40° - to fire at this elevation angle, it was necessary to tear off a special rovik under the trunk of the machine, which required significant time to prepare the firing position and made it difficult to maneuver with fire [10].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Nomenclature of ammunition [3] [17] [18] TypeIndex Gauves projectile, kgWeight BB, gInitial speed, m/Tabular range, mcaliber armor-piercing projectilesBlunt head with ballistic tip tracer with MD-5UBR-353A6,31553704000 Blunt Head with Localizers and Ballistic Tip Tracer with Fuse MD-5UBR-353B6,51193704000Blunt Head with Ballistic Tip Solid tracer (BR-350B solid) UBR-353SP6,5net3704000Cumulative projectilesSteel-cast iron rotating with BM or K-6 fuses (in troops since May 1943) UBP-353A5,28623?


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1000Steel rotating BM fuse (in the troops since the end of 1944) UBP-353M3,94490?


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1000 High-explosive fragmentation projectilesHigh-explosive fragmentation steel long-range grenade with a fuse KTM-1UOF-3536,27103878550 (40°), 7200 (25°) Steel cast iron long-range fragmentation grenade with a KTM - 1UO-353AM6,215403878550 (40°), 7200 (25°) High-explosive fragmentation grenade from BOD OF-343 with KTM-1 and KT-1UOF-353M4,756904207760 fuses (40°) High-explosive old grenade of the Russian model, with fuses KT-3 and KTM- 3UV-353, UV-353M6,18153816700 (40°) F-354 high-explosive old grenade of the Russian model with a turned belt (from BOD), with a fuse ZGTUF-3536,417853656640 (40°) High-explosive old grenade of the Russian model F-354 with turned belt (from BOD), with fuses KT-3 and KTM-3UV-353, UV-353M6,18153656640 (40°) High-explosive steel old French grenade with fuses AD, AD-2, AD-NUF-353F6,417853816700 (40°), 5900 (25°) Bullet shrapnel shrapnel with tube 22 sec.USH-3536.585 (weight of the expeller charge), 260 puls3816700 (40°), 5200 (by tube) Bullet shrapnel with SHOWER tube-353D6,4485 (weight of the expelling charge), 260 puls3816700 (40°), 5200 (by tube) Hartz shrapnel with Sh-354G capes with a tube 22 sec.?


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

6.5885 (weight of the expelling charge) 3814800 Rod shrapnel Sh-361 with tube T-3UGUSH-R2-3536,6184 (weight of the expelling charge) 3686800 (40°) Buckshot buckshot 353?


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

549 bullets?


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

200Smoke projectilesSmoke steel cast ironaud-350A6,4566 TNT+380 yellow phosphorus??


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Chemical fragmentation projectilesChemical fragmentation projectilesOH-353M6.25???


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Armor penetration table for 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 [18] Blunt caliber armor-piercing projectile BR-350Adality, mAt an encounter angle of 60°, mmAt an encounter angle of 90°, mm1002834250273350025317502429100023281500212620002024The above data relate to Soviet method of measuring penetration ability (Jacob de Marr's formula for cemented armor with a coefficient K = 2400).


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It should be remembered that armor penetration rates can vary markedly when using different batches of projectiles and different armor manufacturing technology.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Project evaluation


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In modern military-historical literature, there are various assessments of the gun, both sharply critical [10] and positive [4].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Critical publications point to the general obsolescence of the gun design, which is essentially the development of the Dangleese mountain cannon, the first design of which was developed back in 1893.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Also, the shortcomings are the small angle of elevation of the gun (24.5°) and the presence of unitary loading, which did not allow hinged firing, as well as significant weight for the regimental gun systems.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Positive publications note the simplicity, reliability, manufacturability and cheapness of the gun, the significant firing range for a regimental gun, as well as the fact of using it for mounted shooting in the regimental link of the Red Army 120-mm mortars, which made the impossibility of conducting hinged fire with regimental guns not such a critical drawback.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The general obsolescence of the gun design by the end of the 1930s and the need to replace it with a new, more modern model is not questioned [4].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Foreign analogues of the 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model are represented by German, Italian and Japanese guns.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

CharacteristicsArr.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927. Arr.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1943 Le.I.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

G.18I.G.37I.G.42Obice da 75/18Type 92CountryPurpose and typeregimental cannonregimental cannoninfantry gun infantry gunvision howitzbattalion howitzCaliber, mm/barrel length, klb.76.2/ 16.576.2/19.475/11.875/22.475/22.475/22.475/1870/10.3 Mass in combat position, kg780 or 9036004005105951050212 Maximum range of fire, M7100420035505150515095642788Maximum angle of HV, deg. 24.5257524404575Maximum angle GN, deg.5.5601158785045Mass of high-explosive fragmentation projectile, kg6,26,26,05,455,456,43.76


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

German infantry guns of close caliber, which were analogues of Soviet regimental guns, were represented by three systems during the Second World War.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The most common was the 7.5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschütz 18 75 mm light infantry gun, adopted in 1927.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Compared to the regimental gun arr.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927, the German gun was twice as light (which made it possible to carry it with a pair of horses), had a separate sleeve loading and a vertical guidance angle (HV) of 75 degrees, which made it possible to lead effective mounted fire [10].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The carriage of the German gun, like the Soviet one, was single-beam, but the horizontal guidance angle (GN) of the German gun was more than twice as large as that of the Soviet gun.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The Soviet gun is supported by a longer maximum firing range and a wide range of various types of ammunition.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The German 7.5 cm Infanteriegeschütz 42 and 7.5 cm Infanteriegeschütz 37 guns were created in 1943, were light guns on carriages with sliding beds.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Moreover, to create I.G.37, the Germans used carriages of outdated 37-mm anti-tank guns, both their own Pak 35/36 and captured Soviet 1-K (3.7 cm Pak 158 (r)) [19].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The guns had separate loading, the VN angle close to the Soviet gun and a much larger GN angle, were 200-300 kg lighter than the Soviet gun [10].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The Soviet gun significantly exceeded these German models in terms of firing range, range of ammunition, and also favorably distinguished itself by the absence of a muzzle brake, the action of which unmasked gun when shooting.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The Italian 75 mm divisional howitzer Obice da 75/18, originally created as a mountain gun, surpassed the Soviet gun in terms of maximum firing range, GN and VN angles.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

However, the Italian howitzer had a mass of 150 kilograms more, approaching it to the classic divisional guns (for comparison, the mass of the Soviet 76 mm divisional gun ZIS-3 is 1,150 kg), which made it difficult to move it by calculation [20].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

A very interesting weapon was the Japanese 70-mm battalion howitzer Type 92.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

This gun surpassed the Soviet one in the corners of the VN and GN, and was extremely light — only 212 kg [21].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

However, such a record low value was achieved by using a very light projectile weighing only 3.76 kg, which was quite close to the mass of Soviet-caliber ammunition of 45 mm.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Accordingly, the effectiveness of Japanese 70-mm shells was much inferior to Soviet 76-mm ammunition.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In addition, the Japanese gun had weak ballistics - its maximum firing range did not reach even 3 km.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

When comparing guns mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 with the gun that replaced it in production — the 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1943 — it can be noted that the gun mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1943, at the same angle, the HV has a much larger GN angle, lighter by 250-300 kg, but at the same time it has a much shorter maximum firing range, close in value to a similar characteristic German infantry guns.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Thus, the mobility of the gun, determined by its mass, was given priority over the long range of fire, which, in the conditions of the specifics of the use of regimental guns, rarely turned out to be in demand [10].


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Preserved specimens


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 can be seen in the expositions of the Museum of Artillery and Engineering Troops in St. Petersburg, the Central Museum of the Armed Forces and the Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War in Moscow, the military history in the village of Padikovo (Moscow Region), at the Battle Glory of the Urals Museum in Verkhnyaya Pyshma (Sverdlovsk Region), at the Finnish Artillery Museum in St. Hämeenlinna, in the Museum of the Polish Army in Warsaw, at the Military Museum in Belgrade, in front of the Officers House in Kiev.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In g. Valdai, Novgorod Region, by the eternal flame, in the form of a monument.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In the city of Birsk in the form


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

2 monuments in Sokolok Park (a monument to participants of the Civil War).


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In Brest, there is the 5th fort of the Brest Fortress in the museum.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At least one copy in deactivated condition is offered for sale by the Czech company Zeleny Sport.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

A tool in the gaming industry


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Unlike tanks, a variety of models of artillery weapons is found in a very limited number of computer games.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In particular, the regimental gun mod.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 can be seen in domestic strategy games Stalingrad, Black Pea Jackets, Sudden Strike, in the tank simulator Steel Rage, as well as in the foreign game Combat Mission.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It is worth noting that the reflection of the peculiarities of using the gun in these games is far from reality.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

This weapon is also presented in the wargame “The Art of War. Kursk Bulge”.


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Notes


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Literature


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

References


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

on YouTube


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Category:Regimental artillery


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Category:Soviet artillery during the Second World War


Question: Who was the designer of the 76mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Category:76mm artillery


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Merya, Meryans [1] [2] is an ancient chronicle tribe that lived in the Upper Volga region on the territory of modern Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vladimir, northern and eastern parts of the Moscow and western parts of the Moscow and western parts of the Kostroma Oblast of Russia [3].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Some researchers consider Merya to be a Finno-Ugric tribe, others use the ethnonym “merya” for the common name of the Slavic and Finnish population (Meryan culture) who lived in this territory during second half of the 1st millennium AD


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

[4] [5]


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

History


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In the middle of the 1st millennium AD


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

in the interfluve of the Oka and Volga, the tribes of the Mari, Mary, Meshchera, Mokshans, Murom and Erzyan were formed.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The tribes of Gorodets culture are strongly influenced by the Pianobor tribes, which at the beginning of our era advanced in the Western Volga region.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

By this time, the Late Gorodets tribes acquire a stable rite in ground burial grounds.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

By the early second half of the 1st millennium AD


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

there are notable differences between these tribes.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The Meryans occupied an intermediate geographical location between the habitats of the Baltic-Finnish (all, Veps), Volga-Finnish (Murom, Meshchera, Mari) and Ural-Finnish (Perm) nationalities, living on territories of modern Tver, Vladimir, Moscow, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Vologda and Ivanovo regions of Russia before the Slavich-Krivichi colonization of their lands in the 10th-11th centuries.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Merya was first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic chronicler Jordan under the name merens as a tributary of the Goths king Hermanaric.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Researchers in Merens see the Finno-Ugric tribe Merya [7] [8].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Later, information about the measure can be found in Russian chronicles.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to the chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years”, the measure was located in the area of lakes Nero (Rostovskoye Lake) and Pleshcheevo (“Kleshchina”).


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to A. E.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Leontyev, in the VI century, the Meryan tribes moved from the area of the middle Oka (culture of the Ryazan-Oksky burial grounds) to the north.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

At the same time V. IN. Sedov believes that Leontyev did not try to support his guess with factual data.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Analysis of the culture of Ryazan-Oksky burial grounds and antiquities of the Volga-Klyazma interfluve of the second half of the 1st millennium AD


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

quite clearly demonstrates the impossibility of their genesis.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Funeral rituals, complexes of women's jewelry and ceramic materials are also distinguished [4].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to the “Tale of Bygone Years”, in 859, the Varangians imposed a tribute to the Varangians.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In 882, Merya took part in Oleg's military campaigns to Smolensk, Lyubech, Kiev.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

[9] The last mention of Mary as a separate people dates back to 907, when the Meryans as part of Oleg's army went to Tsargrad [10].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

However, there are some references later: “mirri” in Adam of Bremen's Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (1075), who probably used earlier sources.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The lives of bishops Fedor, Leonty, Abraham, Isaiah and the Tale of the Establishment of Christianity in Rostov mention the Chudskoy end in Rostov the Great, where Veles's stone idol stood, which was worshiped local pagans up to the beginning of the 12th century They repeatedly expelled the bishops sent and, according to some reports, even killed them [11].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In one of the lists of the life of Bishop Leonty, it is mentioned that Leonty “the Russian and Mersky languages are good.”


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Other lists mention the Chudsky language, which may say that the Chudsky language here meant Meryan [12] [13].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The beginning of the confluence with the Eastern Slavs dates back to the 10th—11th centuries. This territory became the basis of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Merya was part of the population that rebelled in 1071 and 1088 against the implantation of Christianity and feudal orders.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The History of the Kazan Kingdom mentions the Cheremissky (Mari) people who lived in the Rostov land.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The author calls them Ostyaks.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to the chronicler, they fled from Russian baptism and settled in the Bulgarian land and the Horde [14].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In 1237, the Lavrentian and Tver Chronicles first mentioned the city of Galich-Mersky in connection with the invasion of Russia by the Mongol-Tatars, which in 1247 will become one of the centers of Galitsko-Dmitrovsky principalities [15].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Brother Julian's “letter about the Mongol War” first mentions Merowiam, which, along with several pagan kingdoms, was conquered by the Tatars.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to S. A. Anninsky Merovius was located north of the Volga River, between the Unzha and Vetluga rivers [16].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

L. N. Gumilyov believes that these countries were captured in 1235 [17].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

N. IN. Morokhin suggests that in Merovia there are two ethnotoponyms indicating the Meru that lived in these places — Maura, Merinovo.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The last time Merya was mentioned in the Life of Abraham Galitsky, written in the middle of the 16th century by Protasius, abbot of the Chukhlomsky Monastery, about the events of the 2nd half of the 14th century [19].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

When in the 14th century. Avraami Galichsky decided to settle on Lake Galich, where “people lived in oak forests of non-baptism, narichemi merya” [20].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to archaeological excavations and approximately according to the extensive pre-Slavic toponymy of these places, the Merya were a Finno-Ugric people with a language probably close to the Mari languages, Veps, Mordovian (Erzya and Moksha).


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

At present, there seems to be no true descendants of the Meri tribe.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

ethnonym


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Apparently, the name of the Merya people comes from the Ugro-Finnish word “meri”, which meant “man”.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The currently existing peoples close to the Meryans call themselves very similarly - “Mari” - Mari, “Mort-Komi” - Komi (Zyryans), “mort-ud” - Udmurts (Votyaks), “mort-va” - Mordovians [21].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

There is also a speculative version that the word “merya” and the self-name of the modern mountain Mari living in the west of Mari El, which sounds approximately like “myary”, are cognate words.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

A number of scientists (M. Vasmer T. S. Semyonov, S. K. Kuznetsov D. A. Korsakov D. K. Zelenin) identify Merya with Marie [22] [23].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Meadow Mari people perceive the word merya as a Russified self-name of the western branch of the Mari - Mär.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

“The History of the Kazan Kingdom” mentions Cheremis (the outdated name of the Mari people) as indigenous residents of Rostov, who did not want to be baptized and therefore left the city.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Other scientists (P. D. Shestakov A. K. Matveev) do not identify Merya with the Mari, but consider the Mari people to be the closest to measure Finno-Ugric people.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

At the same time, Matveev admits that “despite numerous attempts to separate the ethnonyms Merya and Mari from each other, there are still much more reasons to see them as phonetic variants of the same word...” [3 ].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The possible connection between the ethnonyms of Merya and Marie was also pointed out by M. A. Castren.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

For a long time it was believed that the Mari were Meryans who retreated to the east under the onslaught of the Slavs.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Meanwhile, according to A. K. Matveev, the phonetically transition e ~ a, which would occur with such a development of events, from the Volga-Finnish languages is inexplicable.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

B.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Collinder and P. Khaidu consider both ethnonyms to be ancient borrowings from the language of steppe Indo-Iranian cultures.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The phonetic difference in this case could already occur in the source language: cf.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

-Persian: mērak 'young man', 'young man, boy', Avestan: marya- 'boy'.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Mythology


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Researchers note the coincidence of the historical Meryan range with the spread of the revered “blue stones” [3].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Ethnographer A. Alqvist suggested that the name “blue” in the iconic Meryan stones is associated with the name of Ukko, the supreme deity of the thunderstorm of Finnish mythology, nicknamed “Blue Cape” (Sinivitta), which in myths is often appeared in blue clothes [25].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The veneration of the depressions often found on the “blue stones” in the form of “traces” and “bowls”, as well as meltwater and rainwater accumulating in such depressions, is probably associated with the cult of ancestors [25].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Archaeological culture


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

See also: Dyakovo culture


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Before the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, the areas between the Volga and Oka rivers were inhabited by tribes of Dyakov culture, related to the tribes of the Dnieper-Dvina culture [27] [28].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The decline of Dyakov culture in Moskvorechye dates back to the 6th-7th centuries, and no monuments were found later than the 7th century [4].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Settlements of the 7th-9th centuries of Moskvorechye and the Upper Volga region remain poorly studied, which does not allow us to trace in detail the directions of ethnogenetic processes in the region [4].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

One of the first archaeologists who studied Meryan monuments in the middle of the XIX century was Count Uvarov.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

After excavating a significant number of burial mounds containing jewelry and household items, he defined them as Meryan.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

During excavations around Lake Nero, the Sarskoye settlement (the tribal center of Mary) and 19 settlements that belonged to the Meryans were discovered.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

These settlements were located on the slopes of the hills of the indigenous shore of the lake, occupying the banks of streams and rivers Sara, Ustye, Kotorosl within reach of each other.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Another nest of Meryan settlements is located around Lake Pleshcheevo.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

One of the settlements is located near Lake Savelyevo (40 km south of Lake Pleshcheevo).


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

With a lower density, Mary monuments are located along the Nerl Klyazminskaya River, in the vicinity of Yaroslavl and in the Kostroma region up to the districts of the later Russian city of Galich Mersky and Lake Galich, where a circle of monuments dating back to the second half of the 1st millennium - the beginning of the 2nd millennium and the trade and craft center on the Unorozh settlement is known.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Processes that took place in the third quarter of the 1st millennium AD


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

in the interfluve of the Volga and Klyazma were studied in the works of A. E.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Leontyev.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In culture of the second half of the 1st millennium AD


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

there are no links with previous Dyakov antiquities.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In the third quarter of the first millennium, a different cultural education is being formed, associated with the emergence of a new population.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The population is increasing, and agriculture plays a leading role in the economy.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Leontyev suggested that the newcomer population was a Finnish-speaking measure, which became the basis for the name of the culture “Meryan”.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Leontiev leaves the question of the origin of this population open, suggesting that migration could have come from the cultural area of the Ryazan-Oksky burial grounds [29].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to V. IN. Sedov, the peculiarities of the culture of the Volga-Klyazmensky interfluve (funeral rituals, complexes of women's jewelry and ceramics) demonstrate the impossibility of their genesis from the antiquities of the Ryazan-Oksky burial grounds [4].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to the researcher, the issue of adding a new culture cannot be solved without analyzing the distribution of objects of provincial types, which reflect the tide of population from the Central European range.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to Sedov, the formation of Meryan culture is associated with the interaction of Central European immigrants with local Finnish tribes, and the culture itself is related to the Tushemli and Pskov long burial mounds [4].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to Sedov's observations, the main creators of the Meryan culture were not local Finns, but Central European immigrants, since this was the only way a new settlement structure could develop, which remained unchanged in Old Russian times, and agriculture could prevail in the economy.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

As in other regions of the forest belt affected by Central European migration, the Slavic element prevailed among the immigrants.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to Sedov's observations, this is evidenced by the spread of bracelet-shaped temporal rings with closed or entering ends [4].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

As Sedov notes, Merya, who participated in the vocation of the Varangians and Oleg's campaigns, was no longer a Volga-Finnish tribe, but a population from the Rostov land, formed in the conditions of the Slavic-Meryan symbiosis [4].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The evolution of culture, everyday life and economy during the growth of Meryan culture into Old Russian culture was progressive, without a sharp breakdown [4].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Archaeological observations, according to Sedov, prove accentological studies, according to which the East Great Russian dialects of the Volga and Oka interfluve constitute a special fourth accent Proto-Slavic group [4] [30].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The role of Mary in the formation of the Russian ethnic group


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The Russian (Great Russian) people, East Slavic in its essence, formed mainly from descendants of Slavic tribes that were previously part of the Old Russian state, absorbed in different periods representatives of neighboring tribes and nationalities.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

There is an assumption that the Finno-Ugric people of Merya were also assimilated by the Eastern Slavs.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

It is now almost impossible to reliably prove this statement, since the accumulated factual information is fragmented and sketchy.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

It is obvious that assimilation, if it took place, occurred a long time ago, at least in the pre-Peter the Great period, most likely until the XIV century, since later sources do not report anything about other peoples in the region.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Has there been assimilation, displacement and migration, unprovoked extinction or extermination of Mary?


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

There is no evidence of an organized, mass armed struggle between the local population and aliens.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Archaeological excavations in many places show the coexistence of Slavic and Finno-Ugric cultures in the same period in the same settlements of those centuries.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to the results of the 2002 census, the ethnic composition of the former Merya land shows the overwhelming predominance of Russians [31].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Today, it is hardly possible to prove the existence of “purebred” measures among the current population of this region of Russia.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Moreover, the population of this region (Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo regions and the surrounding parts of neighboring regions) has not preserved in its historical memory the process of assimilation and meetings of Slavs with Merya.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The version about the alleged serious influence of Finnish tribes and nationalities, in particular the Mary, on the formation of the Russian ethnic group caused serious doubts and objections among a number of scientists.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Russian historian Nikolai Kostomarov writes that Mary's role in the vocation of the Varangians is mainly due to the fact that she was under the rule of the Slavs, that is, she was in a subordinate and dependent position on them.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to Kostomarov, this is indicated by the Slavic names of the cities that were the heads of these lands, the early formation of Slavic principalities, which was possible only if there was a wide presence on these lands of the Slavic ethnic element.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Mary's small number is also supported by her early disappearance from the chronicles [32].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Kostomarov's opinion is agreed by the famous Russian and Soviet ethnographer D. K. Zelenin.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In his work “Did the Finns take part in the formation of the Great Russian nationality?” he points to the fact that it is impossible to talk about the mass Russification of the Finns, since they still exist.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In particular, he agrees with Castren's opinion that the measure was or was identical to the Mari, who bear the self-name Mari or are closely related to them.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

And he explains the division of this people into Merya and Cheremis, described by Nestor in the “Tale of Bygone Years” by the modern division of the Mari people into mountain and meadow Mari, of which the first, like Merya, were allies, and the latter were opponents of the Russian principalities.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

He also points out that some of the residents of the Rostov principality, who disagree with Christianization, moved outside its borders, which is consistent with the information from the chronicles about the pagan fanaticism of local Merya, which went as far as the murder of Christian clerics.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Zelenin believes that the “peaceful” colonization of the northeastern lands by Russians is just a beautiful legend of some historians.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Clashes with Finnish tribes periodically occurred, and they had to cede territory to the Slavs and go to new places of residence.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

He also notes the fact that dialectology and ethnography do not find any significant Finnish elements in the general Great Russian dialect and everyday life [33].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Such conclusions are reached by the Russian anthropological expedition led by anthropologist V. IN. Bunaka.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Bunak united Russians living in the Kostroma, Vologda, Kirov and northern parts of Nizhny Novgorod regions into the Vologda-Vyatka anthropological type, and concluded that this type has, despite some regional features, a clear difference from the local East Finnish peoples, and in general has obvious similarities with other anthropological Russian groups, in particular ilmen type.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

On the former territory of Mary's residence — in the Ivanovo, Vladimir and western parts of Nizhny Novgorod Regions, there are two more Russian anthropological types.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The eastern Upper Volga type differs from the western Upper Volga type by darker pigmentation of the eyes and hair.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The Klyazma Russian type differs from the north-western Ilmen type mainly only in darker pigmentation of the eyes and hair, stronger beard growth and straighter contours of the nose.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

These types were not compared with Finnish types due to a slight difference from other Russian types [34].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to anthropologist V. P. Alekseev, a Finnish substrate characterized by flatness and flatness, had a serious impact on the formation of the medieval East Slavic population, including Slovenes, Krivichi and Vyatichi, but it was not the main component in the composition of the modern Russian people — during the 2nd millennium it almost completely dissolved.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The modern East Slavic, and especially the Russian population, differs in its anthropological features from the medieval East Slavic population and is approaching the medieval West Slavic and South Slavic population.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

To explain this paradoxical fact, Alekseev attributes this to the fact that the Russian and Finnish population had different growth rates, due to the fact that the Slavs had a higher culture and a higher the level of economic and social development, as well as with later Slavic migrations to the territory of residence of the Eastern Slavs in the first centuries of the II millennium, mainly from the west and south-west, which led to an increase in the Slavic population and the dissolution of Finnish ethnic elements in it [35].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Genetic Assumptions


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The remains of the Meryan have never been tested for DNA.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to genetic studies of autosomal genes of modern residents of Russia, the Mari, together with the Chuvash and Kazan Tatars, form a separate “genetic pole” that did not affect genetics of Russians, which may indicate that Merya did not leave a trace in the Russian genophode, in case of its genetic relationship with the Mari.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Or Mary's genetics were similar to the genetics of the Slavs, like the genetics of Erzya and Moksha, which are part of the Balto-Slavic genetic pole [36].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In the course of genetic studies of the Y chromosome, 4 populations of Russians in the Yaroslavl region were studied - Russians themselves, as well as Russian ethnographic groups - Sitskari, Katskari and Mologzhans.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Russians in the Yaroslavl region and Katskari are part of a common cluster of central and southern Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The proximity to Finno-Ugric populations characterized by the subvariant N1a1a1a1a2-Z1936 of the haplogroup N-M178 is insignificant.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

This allowed researchers to put forward a hypothesis about the settlement of these places mainly as a result of the Rostov-Suzdal Slavic migration, and not Novgorod.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The gene pool of the sitskars is distinguished by its genetic originality.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The frequencies of sitskar haplogroups differ somewhat from both Slavic and Finno-Ugric populations, which may indicate a long independent existence of this group.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

At the same time, the results of studies of the Sitskars refute hypotheses about the origin of this population from the Mongol-Tatars and Karelians.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

A study of Mologzhans showed that their gene pool presents a subvariant of N1a1a1a1a2-Z1936 (the text of the article contains the outdated name of this branch N3a4-Z1936 of the ISOGG nomenclature, used before 2008) haplogroup N-M178 with a frequency of 26%, which characterizes mainly the Finno-Ugric population, which may indicate a serious Finno-Ugric layer in the gene pool of Mologzhans - presumably Meryansky.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

This allowed researchers to hypothesize a high frequency of the subvariant of this haplogroup among the Meryans [37] [38].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

linguistics


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Linguists suggest that Merya spoke the Meryan language, which was close to the languages of the neighboring Volga Finno-Ugric tribes — Mari, Erzya, Moksha, as well as the Baltic- Finnish languages.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

There are no serious scientific data confirming the existence of its own Meryan writing system.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The tongue is extinct.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Since XIX, the main source of information for his study has been local substrate toponymy, common on the territory of historical Meryan lands [3].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

According to the latest achievements of comparative linguistics, the East Great Russian dialects of the Volga and Oka interfluve are included in the fourth accent group: “the dialects of this group due to their purely archaic nature accent system cannot be explained as a result of the secondary development of any of the known accentological systems, but should be considered as the earliest offshoot from Proto-Slavic; the ethnos, the carrier of this dialect, seems to represent the earliest eastern colonization flow of the Slavs” [30].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Proof of the very early settlement of the Slavs on the “Meryan” territory and the rather long absence of bilingualism here is the actual absence of Volgo-Klyazminsky in the Great Russian dialects interfluve Finno-Ugric lexical borrowings, in contrast to the situation in the North, where these borrowings in Russian dialects are widespread [39].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In popular literature, there is an opinion that the name Merya (sometimes pronounced as nerya) has survived to this day [40] in some place names, for example, Lake Nero near Rostov, two Nerl rivers, the city of Nerekhta in the Kostroma Region, the Nerskaya River in the Moscow Region or Lake Nerskoye in the Solnechnogorsk District of the Moscow Region, as well as the Nerekhta River (a tributary of the Klyazma) in the Kovrovsky District of the Vladimir Region, Nerekhta (a tributary of Solonitsa) in the Kostroma Region, Nerskaya in the east of the Moscow Region and the Nerga in the Yaroslavl Region.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

There are also many villages called Nerya.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Ivanovo Region has Nyrskoye Lake and the Nyra River.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In ancient Novgorod there was the Nerevsky end [41] [42], along with Slavensky (from Ilmen Slovenes).


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

However, according to linguists and historians, the root of ner- has nothing to do with the ethnonym Merya.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

These place names are formed from the ancient basis of ner-/nar-, which is widespread in the hydronymy of northern Eurasia: Narev, Nara, Naroch, Neris, Nerussa, etc.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

(cf. Lithuanian: nara “stream”) [43].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Over the past two centuries, various researchers have tried to find the remnants of the Meryan language in the dialects of the local Russian population.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Of particular interest were the secret languages of local merchants.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

For example, historian N. N. Vinogradov in his work “Galivonian Alemans. Conditional language of the Galicians (Kostroma province)”, having studied this dialect, agrees with Dahl's opinion that this language is nothing more than a local version of the Ofen language of merchants and merchants, widely common throughout Russia, and has nothing to do with the Meryan language [44].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Nowadays, Kyiv linguist O. B.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Tkachenko published a number of works in which he tries to prove that Katskari (an ethnographic group of Russians living in 80 villages and villages of the Myshkinsky District of the Yaroslavl Region) are also direct descendants Merya chronicle people [45].


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

He made an attempt to reconstruct some features of the disappeared language and hypothesized that the Katsky dialect was formed under the influence of the local Finno-Ugric substrate, and also carries several dozens of words that come from the Meryan language.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Opponents of Tkachenko point to the extreme difficulty of any reconstructions, given the almost complete lack of factual material and therefore the hopelessness of the task, speculation and the precariousness of all theoretical constructions.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In fiction and cinema


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The life of modern “Meryans” is dedicated to the story by Denis Osokin (Stork Sergeev).


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

In 2010, director Alexey Fedorchenko shot the feature film “Oatmeal”, the characters of which are representatives of the ancient people of Merya, who, according to the authors of the film, have survived to this day.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

The customs and customs of the ancient chronicle people presented in the film are fiction and are not based on historical documents and other scientifically established facts.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Merya is mentioned in Alexander Blok's poem “My Russia, my life”: “Chud got crazy, and Merya measured /Gatey, roads, and mileage pillars...”


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

See also


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Dyakovo archaeological culture


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Chernyakhovskaya culture


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Moshchinskaya culture


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Yaroslav.


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

A thousand years ago


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Merovia


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Notes


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Literature


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

References


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Category:Ancient peoples of Russia


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Category:Old Russian tribes


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Category:History of Yaroslavl Oblast


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Category:History of Moscow Oblast


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Category:History of Vladimir Oblast


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Category:History of Ivanovo Oblast


Question: Who first mentioned the measure?

Merya

Category:History of Kostroma Oblast


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Post-industrial society is a society whose economy is dominated by an innovative sector of the economy with a high-performance industry, a knowledge industry, with a high share in GDP high - quality and innovative services, competition in all types of economic and other activities, and a higher proportion of the population employed in the service sector than in industrial production.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In a post-industrial society, an effective innovation industry satisfies the needs of all economic agents, consumers and the population, gradually reducing its growth rate and increasing qualitative, innovative changes.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Scientific developments are becoming the main driving force of the economy — the base of the knowledge industry.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The most valuable qualities are the level of education, professionalism, learning ability and creativity of the employee.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The main intensive factor in the development of post-industrial society is human capital — professionals, highly educated people, science and knowledge in all types of economic innovation activities.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The term “post-industrial economy” is essentially synonymous with the term “innovative economy”.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The essence and concept of development of post-industrial society


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The main distinguishing features of post-industrial society from industrial society are very high labor productivity, high quality of life, the prevailing sector of the innovative economy with high technologies and venture capital business.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

And the high cost and productivity of high-quality national human capital, which generates an excess of innovations that cause competition among themselves.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The essence of post-industrial society is to increase the quality of life of the population and the development of an innovative economy, including the knowledge industry.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The concept of development of a post-industrial society is reduced to the priority of investments in human capital, improving its quality, including the quality of life, improving the quality and competitiveness innovative economy.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

High labor productivity, efficiency of the innovation system, human capital and the entire economy, management systems, high competition in all types of activities saturate the markets of industrial products meet the demand of consumers of all types and types, including economic agents and the population.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The saturation of markets with industrial products and goods leads to a decrease in the growth rate of total industrial production and to a decrease in the share of industry in GDP compared to the share of the service sector.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In itself, the decline in the share of industry in GDP is not the main sign of the post-industrial economy.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

For example, in Russia, the share of services in 2010, according to the Federal State Statistics Service, amounted to 62.7% of GDP, industry — 27.5%, agriculture — 9.8%, but the industry and economy of Russia remain significant degree raw materials, with an uncompetitive industrial economy.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In Russia, the saturation of domestic markets with industrial goods and products is not due to high labor productivity, but due to the predominance of their imports over exports.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The situation with the service sector in Ukraine is similar in Russia.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In 2011, the share of services in GDP amounted to 56%, but the economy did not become post-industrial because of this.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The situation in the Republic of Belarus is different.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Industry accounts for 46.2% of GDP, and the service sector accounts for 44.4%.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The economy of this country is industrial in type with a low share of raw materials economy.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In this regard, some scientists believe that the decisive criterion for the emergence of a post-industrial society is a change in the structure of employment, namely, the achievement of the share of employees in non-production 50% or more of the total able-bodied population.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

At the same time, many types of service sectors, such as retail trade, consumer services, etc., are not considered non-productive activities [1].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The relative predominance of the share of services over industrial production does not mean a decrease in production volumes.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

It's just that these volumes in post-industrial society are increasing more slowly due to meeting the demand for them, than the volume of services provided increases.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

At the same time, the growth in the volume of services is directly related to the increase in the quality of life, the innovative development of the service sector and the outstripping offer of various innovative services to consumers.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The Internet and new means of communication are a good example of this real and endless process.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Opportunities for improving the quality of life of the population through new, innovative services to the population are inexhaustible.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The formation of the concept of post-industrial society


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The term “post-industrialism” was introduced into scientific circulation at the beginning of the 20th century by scientist A. Coomaraswamy, who specialized in the pre-industrial development of Asian countries.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

In its modern sense, this term was first used in the late 1950s, and the concept of post-industrial society was widely recognized as a result of the work of a professor at Harvard University Daniel Bell, in particular, after the publication in 1973 of his book “The Coming Post-Industrial Society” [2].


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Close to post-industrial theory are the concepts of the information society [3], post-economic society, postmodern, “third wave”, “society of the fourth formation”, “scientific and information stage production principle”.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Some futurologists believe that post-industrialism is only a prologue to the transition to the “posthuman” phase of development of terrestrial civilization.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Development of post-industrial society


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

The concept of post-industrial society is based on the division of all social development into three stages: [4]


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Agrarian (pre-industrial) — the agricultural sphere was decisive, the main structures were the church, the army


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Industrial — industry was decisive, the main structures were a corporation, a company


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Post-industrial — theoretical knowledge is decisive, the main structure is the university, as a place of their production and accumulation


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Likewise, E.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Toffler identifies three “waves” in the development of society:


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

agrarian during the transition to agriculture,


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

industrial during the industrial revolution


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

informational during the transition to a knowledge-based society (post-industrial).


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

D.Bell identifies three technological revolutions:


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

the invention of the steam engine in the 18th century


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

scientific and technological achievements in the field of electricity and chemistry in the 19th century


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

creation of computers in the 20th century


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Bell argued that just as the industrial revolution created conveyor production, which increased labor productivity and prepared a mass consumer society, there must now be a flow of information production that ensures appropriate social development in all areas.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Post-industrial theory has been largely confirmed by practice.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

As predicted by its creators, the mass consumer society gave rise to a service economy, and within its framework, the information sector of the economy began to develop at the fastest pace.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Reasons for the emergence of a post-industrial economy


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

It should be noted that researchers do not have a single point of view on the reasons for the emergence of a post-industrial society.


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Developers of post-industrial theory indicate the following reasons:


Question: What is the main driving force behind the post-industrial economy?

Post-industrial society

Improvement of technologies, mechanization and automation of production make it possible to reduce the share of people directly involved in material production.