Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

For 2010, two Stars remain misspelled: The name of opera diva Lotte Lehmann is written “Lottie”.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The name of Cinerama co-author, creator of King Kong Merian K. Cooper (English: Merian C. Cooper) is written “Meriam”.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Monty Woolley, known for the films “The Man Who Came to Dinner” (1942) and the classic “Time Flies When You Play”.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

His achievements are officially credited for his contribution to the film industry, but his Star on the Walk of Fame has a television emblem.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Woolley appeared on television later, but his film work was overshadowed by his contributions to television and radio.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Two Stars can never be found.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The Los Angeles Times, who documented and photographed every Star on the Alley as part of an ongoing Hollywood Mall project, has never been able to locate Richard Crooks Stars and Geraldine Farrar for her contribution to the film industry (another Star for her contribution to the development of the music industry, found and is located on Vine Street, number 1700).


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

It remains unclear whether these Stars were removed from the Alley at some point, or were never installed, or were moved to an unknown location, or missed by the team that repaired the Alley.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Appointment process


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Each year, an average of about 200 Walk of Fame appointments are submitted to the Chamber of Commerce and the Selection Committee.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Anyone, including fans, can nominate any celebrity active in a particular entertainment category as long as the candidate or his or her management agrees with the appointment (Letter of Agreement the appointment of a celebrity or representative must accompany the application).


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Candidates must have been working in a certain category for at least five years.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Candidates who receive the Star posthumously should have died at least five years ago.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Each June, the Committee selects approximately 20 celebrities to receive Stars on the Walk of Fame during the following year.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

One posthumous Star is also given every year.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Appointments not selected are “returned” next year for reconsideration.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Not selected for two consecutive years are “downgraded” and must be reappointed for further review.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Live recipients of the Star must give their consent and attend the opening ceremony in person, within five years of appointment (the date of the ceremony is set by the celebrity herself).


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The opening ceremony of the posthumous Star must be attended by a relative of the deceased.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

These ceremonies are open to the public.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The fee (currently $30,000) payable at the time of selection is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the Star.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The fee is usually paid by the Nomination Organization, which may be a fan club, film studio, recording studio, journalists, or other sponsor associated with an ongoing or ongoing project destination.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Starz, for example, paid for Star Dennis Hopper as an incentive for his role in the series Collision.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

The star was laid in March 2010 shortly before Hopper's death.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Traditionally, the stars of the Selection Committee members, except for its chairman, are not laid on the Alley so as not to abuse their official position and prevent lobbying of celebrities and their representatives (the main problem during the original elections in the late 1950s).


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

However, in 1999, in response to the growing accusations of the Back Room of Politicians, in the selection process, the House revealed the names of the members: They were Johnny Grant, a longtime member of the House and a representative of the category television, Earl Lesz, Chairman of Paramount Pictures, Stan Spero, Remote Manager of KMPC and KABC, Kate Nelson, owner of Avalon Hollywood, and Mary Lou Dadace, Vice President of A&M Records.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Subsequently, the House made a statement that Lesz (who received the Star in 2004) did not become chairman until 2008.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Their current official position is that “each of the five categories of the entertainment industry is represented by an expert in that field.”


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

In June 2010, Lesz was replaced by John Pavlik, former director of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

At the time, no public statements were made on this matter, he became chairman of the House's press release announcing the new owners of the Star.


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

See also


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

List of winners for their contribution to the development of the film industry


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

List of laureates for their contribution to the recording industry


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

List of winners for their contribution to the development of the theater


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

List of laureates for their contribution to the development of television


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

List of winners for their contribution to the radio industry


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Walk of Fame


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Alley of Stars


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Notes


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

References


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Media related to Hollywood Walk of Fame at Wikimedia Commons


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

on google maps


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Category:American cinema


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Category:Los Angeles Attractions


Question: Who runs the Hollywood Walk of Fame?

Hollywood Walk of Fame

Category:Alleys and squares of memory, glory and stars


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci (Italian: Amerigo Vespucci, Latin: Americus Vespucci; March 9, 1454 — February 22, 1512) was a Florentine traveler in honor of which was named America.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Biography


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci was born on March 9, 1454 in Florence.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Amerigo had two brothers: the eldest, Antonio (a scientist at the University of Pisa), and the middle, Geronimo (a merchant in Syria) [1].


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci was the third son of Anastasio (Nastagio) Vespucci, a notary public of the republic.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

He was carefully educated by his learned uncle Giorgio Antonio Vespucci, a Dominican monk at St. Mark's Monastery in Florence, who taught him Latin (in Latin he will write a letter to his father of October 18, 1478) [1], and showed great success in physics, nautical astronomy and geography.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

As a merchant, he went to Seville in 1490 (his nephew Giovanni, the youngest son of Antonio's older brother, goes with him), where he joined the wealthy trading house of Florentine Danoto Berardi.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Since this house supplied Columbus with money for his second voyage in 1493, it can be assumed that Amerigo Vespucci knew the Spanish admiral at least since that time.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Shortly before his death, Columbus recommended him to his son as an honest, reliable person.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

In 1492, the Medici trading house in Florence sent Amerigo Vespucci, together with Donato Niccolini, to the residences of Cadiz and Seville.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

In December 1495, Giuanoto Berardi, an Italian merchant, died in Seville, and Vespucci was forced to take care of his business.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

On April 9, 1495, Giuanoto Berardi received a contract to supply the Spanish Crown with 12 ships with a displacement of 900 tons.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

After Berardi's death, Amerigo Vespucci became in charge of the accounts of the trading house in December 1495; on April 10, 1495, the Spanish government broke off relations with Columbus, and Vespucci got the right to supply India until May 1498.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

On January 12, 1496, he received a maravedi from Treasurer Pinelo to pay salaries to seafarers [2].


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

In fact, he signed a contract to supply one (if not two) expeditions in India in Andalusia, in particular Columbus's third expedition.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

The success of this navigator's venture inspired Amerigo Vespucci to leave the trade business to get to know the newly discovered part of the world.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Travelling to America


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci took part as a navigator in the first expedition of Spanish Admiral Alonso de Ojeda, who sailed on four ships from Puerto de Santa Maria near Cadiz on May 20, 1499; after 23.5 days of sailing set foot on the coast of Suriname, at 3° N


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

(two hundred nautical miles southeast of Cape Paria), a route they chose thanks to a map of the new coastline received from Columbus (Columbus sent the map itself in October 1498); explored this coast, went to Maracaibo Bay, where he found a settlement on stilts in the middle of the water, calling it Venezuela Little Venice, swimming more than two hundred leagues west along the coast of Paria and visiting West Indies, returned to Cadiz in February 1500.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

During the voyage, the expedition captured two hundred Indians as slaves [3].


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Also in 1500, pilot Juan de la Cosa, a member of the expedition, drew up his famous map of the world, where he put 22 names on the northern coast of South America, coinciding with those listed by Vespucci.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

At the invitation of King Manuel I, at the end of 1500, Vespucci sailed for Portugal and made two more voyages on Portuguese ships from Lisbon to the shores of the new continent; the first lasted from May 1501 to September 1502, the second, under the command of Admiral Gonzalo Coelho, from May 10, 1503 to June 18, 1504.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

He traveled not so much as a boss, but as a cosmographer and helmsman; only on his last voyage, during which he explored most of the shores of Brazil, he was in command of a small ship.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Recommended by Columbus to King Ferdinand II of Aragon, rival of Manuel I, Amerigo Vespucci returned to the Spanish service in 1505, was appointed chief helmsman for travels undertaken to India.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

He died on February 22, 1512 in Seville.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Letters


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

The only written monuments left after Amerigo Vespucci consist of his friendly letters to some nobles, such as Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco del Medici and Gonfalonier Soderini in Florence, who reported them to the ruler of Lorraine Rene II, the promoter of geographical discovery.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

These letters were printed in Florence immediately after Amerigo Vespucci's death.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

The works published under the title of Amerigo Vespucci's travels were not written by him and contained many contradictions.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Published under the title “Quatuor navigationes”, the diary of his travels is an extract or excerpt from a larger work that was supposed to be published but never published.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci's small works would remain temporary, transient


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

a phenomenon if they hadn't been printed again in Raccolta or a collection of recent travels.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Back in 1507, an anonymous edition “Mondo nuovo e paesi nuovamente retrovati da Alberico Vespuzio Florentino” was published in Vicenza in six books, the author of which was not Francançone de Montalboddo, as at first thought, and the Venetian cosmographer and cartographer Alessandro Zorzi.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

This New World was later published in 1508 in Milan in Latin, translated into German by Nuremberg doctor Ruhamer in the same year, and appeared in French translation in 1516.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Back in 1504, bookseller Johann Ottmar, who published The Third Journey, combined the name “New World”, which is also on the world map in the Roman edition of Ptolemy in 1507, with the name Amerigo, but nowhere can you find even the slightest indication that Amerigo himself knew about this or that he contributed to it.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

On the contrary, the proposal to call the New World “America”, that is, the country of Amerigo, was first made by bookseller Martin Waldsemuller in the Lorraine town of Saint-Dieu, who printed in 1507, under named Gilacomil or Ilacomil, translated from French, Amerigo's journey in Cosmographiao introductio etc., super quatuor Americi Vespucii navigationes.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

The lack of writings written by Christopher Columbus's hand and the extraordinary diligence with which Amerigo's friends, including René II, tried to spread news of his travels had a consequence, that the inquisitive public has met this first information about the New World with universal approval.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Waldseemüller's book attracted great attention and had four editions of 1507, 1509, 1535 and 1554.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

His proposal to name the New World after Amerigo “America” was soon approved by everyone.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

This name is already found on the general geographical map drawn in 1520 by Apian, then in the publication of Pomponius Med Vadian, and on one map of Ptolemy's 1522 edition of Metz, so soon the name of America was accepted by all scientists, and the Spaniards themselves were forced to give in to it.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

The credit for clarifying this circumstance belongs to Alexander Humboldt, who presented it in his “Critical Studies on the Historical Development of Geographical Information Regarding the New World” (German translation by Ideler, 3 vol. Berlin, 1836-39).


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Notes


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Literature


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Zweig Stefan, Amerigo. A Tale of a Historical Mistake”


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Bandini, Vita e lettere di A. Vespucci (Florence, 1745);


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Irving, “The life and voyages of Columbus” (4 vol., London, 1828 — 30; German translation, French, 1828);


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Santarem, RecherChessura. Vespucci” (Par., 1842);


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Kustmann, “Die Entdeckung Amerikas nach den altesten Quellen” (Munch., 1859);


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Farngagen, A. Vespucci. Son caractere, ses ecrits, sa vie et ses navigation” (Lond., 1869); him, “Ainda A. Vespucci. Novos estudos e achegas” (Vienna, 1874);


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Peschel, “Greschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen” (2nd ed., Stutg. 1877; Russian per. E. Zimmerman, M., 1885).


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

References


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

— biography on Peoples.ru.


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Category:Italian sailors


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Category:Portuguese sailors


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Category:Spanish sailors


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Category:Eponyms of parts of the world


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Category:Geographic eponyms


Question: What year did Americo Vespucci come to America?

Amerigo Vespucci

Category:Eponyms


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

[1] [2] is a three-string plucked musical instrument with a fretless neck and a small body, with a total length of about 100 cm.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Along with biwa, koto and shakuhachi are among the most important musical instruments in Japan [3] [4].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The range is 2 or 4 octaves, the sound is extracted mainly by the plectrum, less often by the fingers; the characteristic vibrating sound of the thickest string, the savari, is especially appreciated [4].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

It came to Japan from China via Ryukyu, and it became widely used in Japanese music since the middle of the 17th century in many genres, mainly in combination with singing [5].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Two other Japanese instruments are similar to shamisen: the bowed kokyu seems to have a common origin with it, and the biwa gave shamisen “sawari” and is historically associated with it [6].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

It is indispensable in the music of kabuki and bunraku theaters, at parties with geisha and in many folklore genres, it is used at festivals, in chamber and neofolklore Japanese music [7] [8].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Until the middle of the 20th century, it was considered a “low” instrument due to associations with blind goze musicians and beggars, but after World War II, shamisen was treated with respect [8].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Name and position in the classification


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Shamisen has several names.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The instrument from which the sanshin originated, sanxian, is written in the hieroglyphs “three strings” (), Japanese names are either translations of this expression into Japanese (shamisen, samisen in Kansai dialect), or Japanese reading of the hieroglyphs of the Chinese name; as it is called in the context of music for koto [9] [5].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

There are also abbreviated names “sami”, “shami” and “pampen” [10].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Each name is used as a marker of group identity, unlike [11].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

According to the Hornbostel-Sachs system, the shamisen is a chordphone and has the number 321.312, that is, it is a spiked box-shaped lute [12].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

In Japan itself, it is classified either together with the biwa and koto as a “silk” instrument according to the material of the strings in the classification system, or by the method of sound production as [12].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Varieties


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Different types of shamisen are used to play in different genres.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

To distinguish them, two main systems are used: three groups according to the thickness of the neck, as well as a characteristic through the genre of music in which a particular variety is used [13].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Most shamisen fit into the classification according to the thickness of the neck, which usually correlates positively with the size of the body (the thicker the neck, the larger the body) and the thickness of the strings [14].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Varieties [15] [16]:


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

, genres: hauta, kato-bushi, kouta, edo-nagauta, ogie-bushi, tomei-bushi, yamada-ryu, zokkyoku;


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

, genres: itchu, hauta, jiuta, kamigata nagauta, kamigata-uta, kato-bushi, kiyomoto-bushi, kouta, minyo, miyazono, shinnai, tokiwazu, tomimoto, utazawa;


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

, genres: guidayu-bushi, rokkyoku, sekkyo.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The distinction by genre is more subtle, it includes the total length of the instrument, the material and thickness of the membrane, the height and weight of the sill, the thickness of the strings and the type of plectra, and other parameters [15].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

For example, both gidayu-shamisen and tsugaru-jamisen belong to futozao, but differ in the shape of the plectra and the manner of holding it, the type of sawari, and the thickness of the strings [17].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

On the other hand, performers of one genre may prefer for all or specific works an instrument that is usually used in another genre [13].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Own variations of specific genres [13]:


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

guide-busi,


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

tokiwazu,


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

kiyomoto-bushi,


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

dziuta,


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

nagauta,


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

kouta,


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

minyo,


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

tsugaru-jamisen,


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

, which has the thinnest neck and the smallest body, covered with thin cat skin [14].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

This shamisen was invented in Kyoto and is used in one jiuta school and some geisha [14].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Shamisen also differ in the way the neck enters the body from the front side: nagauta-, tokiwazu-, kiyomoto-, gidayu-bushi- and yanagawa-shamisen have a smooth curve at this point called, and tsugaru- and jiuta-shamisen pad continues further and the neck bends at a sharper angle [13].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Design


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

and it's made from quince wood, sandalwood or mulberry wood, both of which are three parts each.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The parts can be separated, which makes it easier to transport the tool [15].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

made of ivory, ebony or plastic, strings (3) are made of twisted silk or nylon [15] [18].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

slightly bends back under the influence of the biwa design [19].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Shamisen components


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Upper and lower sill and savary


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

made of wood or ivory.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Its design depends on the type of special it produces.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Savari comes from Indian music, where it is called; according to the most common theory, savari was brought to shamisen from biwa, which in turn came from Indian guilt [20] [18] [21].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

In the kamikom variety, it lacks a little to the end of the neck from the side of the bass string, and at the sills it continues from edge to edge, while under the bass string there is a small curved strip of metal, lifting the string and adjustable by a screw (16) that passes through the neck [20].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Azuma-sawari was invented in 1893, its sound is sharper, which is why some performers prefer to use sawari-yama instruments, but the flexibility of tuning has led to the fact that azuma-sawari is more popular [20].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Immediately under the head of the neck there is a small diamond-shaped thickening on the neck, its upper half (from the kamikoma to the widest part) is called [20], and the lower half is called.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

A replaceable lower one is placed under the strings from below, which is chosen depending on the genre (a coma for a guide can weigh up to 20 g, and for a nagauta performer - less than 4 g), building works and air humidity [15].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

A coma can change the tone of an instrument very much [18].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Compared to the sanshin sill, the shamisen nut is wider — it must be held under the strings even under the strong blows of the plectra, while sanshin is played with a small claw, wand or fingers [8 ].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Strings, plectrum and yubicake


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Shamisen strings are made of silk or nylon.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

They are held from above by pegs, and from below - tied in a knot through which the strings are passed.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The other side of the assembly is held on the spire (9) [15].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The plectrum was inherited from the biwa, while sansin is played with fingers, a single claw or wand [21].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Usually, a wooden plectrum with an ivory top is used; in jiut, sankyoku and folk music, the plectrum is made of tortoiseshell shell or buffalo horn, music in some genres (kouta) is played no plectra at all [15].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Often, the plectrum is weighted in the center for balance [18].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Modern plectra are increasingly made of plastic, although concert bati continue to be made of ivory [22] [18].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The storyteller-guide's plectrum is thicker and closer in shape to the rectangle, in most other genres the plectrum is triangular.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The genre played by a duo uses two plectra: regular size and small [15].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

In chamber genres, the plectrum never touches the body, while in others it hits it with a loud sound [15].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

To facilitate the sliding of the left hand over the neck, a small woolen or nylon strip with holes at the ends is put on the hand, into which the index and thumb are threaded [15] [23].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Some performers also use rubber pads, which make it difficult for the instrument to slide over clothes or slip it out of the hand [23].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Biwa plectra


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Sansin plectra: claw (center) and wand (right)


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Shamisen plectra


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

housing


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

made of the same wood as the neck [24]; in shape it is a barrel-shaped quadrangle covered on both sides with cat or cheaper dog skin (or synthetic material), planted on rice glue [15] [24].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Also, on top of the anterior membrane (5), an additional crescent or long rectangle is attached to the anterior membrane (5), protecting it from plectra blows [15] [24].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

From the inside, expensive shamisen is cut out on the body, which should improve the timbre of the instrument [15].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Unlike the sanshin, whose oval body is made of a single piece of wood, the shamisen body consists of four slightly curved fragments [19].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Build and melody


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Shamisen is tuned to the singer's voice, so that the line can rise or fall by several notes; most often the basic formation is from sol to re [15] [23].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

For the same reason, the design also varies: the timbre of the savari of a large instrument to the guide corresponds to the low timbre of the narrator's voice [17].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Despite the lack of the concept of “minor” and “major” formations, it is believed that “honchoshi” is best suited for solemn music, “niagari” for fun, and “sansagari” for sad music [23].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Most shamisen music uses the yo or system [25].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The melodies of shamisen works usually consist of small repetitive fragments [17].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Frequently used techniques include pizzicato, fighting, right hand tuck and tremolo [15].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Genres


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Many genre names were originally applied to a much wider range of works [17].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Different genres can be used together, for example, the main genres performed in kabuki theater — gidayu, nagauta, kiyomoto, and tokiwazu [26].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Artists of these genres belong to different guilds and use different dressing rooms [26].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

In lyrical music, the singer accompanies himself, while in narrative genres, the performer and singer are two different people [27].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Genres of chamber and theatrical music [17], nesting means the order of development, the names of the creators and years are given in brackets:


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

, also known as naniwa;


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

jeruri:


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

jiuta:


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

nagauta:


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Narrative


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The most popular narrative genres are those used in kabuki theater [27].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Modern narrative ideas include a narrator sitting or standing on stage and a musician playing shamisen from behind a screen that hides him [28].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

A shamisen with a thick neck is used, which plays a sharp cold timbre, accompanied by the cries of the musician and narrator [29].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Narrative (narrative) genres come from sutras retelling by Buddhist monks to music [30].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Sekkyo, combined with the narrative traditions of biwa performers, has developed about a dozen narrative genres, combined under the name joruri [30].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Rokkyoku first appeared in Kyushu and draws from the tradition of prayer hymns- [31], as well as music [28].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Soon the genre moved to Honshu and spread under the name “naniwa”, from [28].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Chikamatsu Monzaemon's plays for the Bunraku Puppet Theater played an important role in popularizing shamisen narrative genres [27].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Lyrical


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Many lyrical genres, including jiuta, nagautu, ogie-bushi, hautu, koutu, zokkyoku, and utawazu, appeared at the beginning of the Edo period [27].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Each lyrical genre has its own historical context, which may include history, link to the event, type of instrument, and other things [27].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Nagauta (“long songs”) and kouta (“short songs”) were closely associated with the newly created kabuki theater; nagauta was distinguished by ogie, which included music from the red light districts, and kouta utazawa, which, on the contrary, was emphasized as non-erotic [17].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Chamber musical genres performed at banquets arose in the theatrical environment, and it was there that women performers appeared [32].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

History


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Early history


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

According to the most common theory, the direct ancestor of shamisen, the sanshin, arrived in Japan in 1562 from the Ryukyu State through Sakai Port near Osaka on a merchant ship owned by Ode Nobunaga [33] [34 ].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The first mention of sanshin in Japan dates back to 1574 and is contained in the description of the Ryukyu mission [7] [19].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Among them was a Ryukyu musician who played the xiahisen.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

In turn, sanxing developed from the plucked sanxian brought to the Ryukyu in the 14th century by Fujian merchants [17] [11] [33].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The bodies of sanxian and sanxing were covered with snakeskin, but Honshu did not have large snakes, which is why cat skin was used instead of snakeskin [17].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

In addition, the one-piece sanshin body was replaced with a prefabricated one [24].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The word “shamisen” is found in the Japanese-Portuguese dictionary of 1603 Vocabulario da lingoa de Iapam [35].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The first known collection containing music for shamisen was published in 1664 by a blind musician, it is called, but it is believed that the very first works were written in the 1610s by one of the two biwa masters by name and [17].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Blind musicians


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Shamisen quickly gained popularity [35].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Blind storytellers, masters of biwa, folk music performers and party organizers were the first to test the new instrument [17] [24].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

At the same time, biwa masters almost immediately began to play lyrical music on it, although the biwa music is mostly narrative; perhaps this is the influence of folk music performers who took shamisen a little previously [8].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The Blind Musicians Guild controlled a significant number of genres of music for shamisen, biwa, koto, shakuhachi, and kokyu, and shamisen were also developed by wandering blind musicians of both sexes, and goze [8].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Both of these groups took part in the creation of the tsugaru-jamisen.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Before the Meiji Period


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Already at the end of the 16th century, shamisen became popular in Japan and replaced the biwa in just a hundred years, so that at the end of the 16th century it almost completely lost popularity [36] [24].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

One of the genres touched upon by this is rhythmic joruri prose, which has switched to shamisen in two centuries [37].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The gidayu storyteller's shamisen is one of the largest in traditional music, it has a thick futozao neck and a heavy lower nut, and is played with a thick ivory plectrum [38].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

It is very difficult to be a guide, so they usually change in the middle of the performance [38].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Shamisen gidayu does not just accompany the work: depending on the melody that accompanies the transition between the scenes, it becomes clear whether the scene has changed [38].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Due to their association with the “floating world”, courtesans and shamisen geisha were often portrayed by ukiyo-e artists [14].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The large number of images of geisha with shamisen suggests that the authors themselves often saw this tool in their hands [27].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Engravings also show that shamisen manufacturers have been experimenting with their sizes and materials all this time [27].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Associations with the “bottom” of society (geisha entertained merchants who until recently were considered the most despised class) led to the fact that shamisen music gained a reputation [27].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The biased attitude towards the instrument remained until the Second World War, after which it faded away [27].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Shamisen also took root in, although at the time of the creation of many melodies, the instrument itself was not yet available in the villages [39].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

One of the most popular varieties of folk music is semi-improvised melodies that appeared in the northern Tsugaru region, performed on a large tsugaru-jamisen at a fast pace [39].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Shamisen is also used in koto music.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

At Ikuta-ryu School, koto played a minor part dependent on shamisen when performing jiuta works, but gradually got out of its influence; Yamada-ryu also combines koto with shamisen, but the latter initially only accompanied koto [40] [41].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Meiji period


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan began a stormy Westernization, which mainly affected lyrical genres: the Todo-za Guild lost its monopoly on performing jiuta and other genres, so they began to be performed not only by blind men, but by everyone who wanted to [42].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The 1890s were a time of great popularity for ensembles consisting of koto, shamisen, and kokyu, which gradually replaced shakuhachi [43].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Since the Meiji Restoration and later, shamisen and Koto have repeatedly tried to reform, especially to change their size [44].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Western influence affected materials and notation systems, and many changes were adopted, becoming part of the tradia [45].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

20th—21st centuries


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

In addition to periodically occurring bass versions, shamisen generally did not change throughout the 20th century [32].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

In the middle of the 20th century, the ability to play shamisen became prestigious, and the number of musicians specializing in this instrument increased [32].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

At the end of the 20th century, many works appeared that combine elements of traditional music, including those using traditional instruments themselves, with elements of Western music [46].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Since the Meiji period, Japanese schools taught music, but only Western music.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Since 2002, against the backdrop of the rise of nationalism, the situation has changed and compulsory shamisen, koto or taiko have been included in the high school curriculum [42].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Since Japan, previously closed to travelers, opened its borders, a Japanese diaspora began to form rapidly since the Meiji period, whose members performed traditional music abroad, popularizing instruments among non-Japanese [42].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

By the end of the 20th century, shamisen and other Japanese instruments had entered modern world culture, played by both people of Japanese origin and foreigners [42].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Notation


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

In general, in Japanese music, notation was not aimed at accurately recording a melody, it performed only an auxiliary function, and due to the atmosphere of secrecy, the notation was specially chosen so that the uninitiated could not play the piece [47].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

At the same time, music for shamisen and koto is recorded in the most detailed manner [48].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

This state of affairs is recorded in the writer's Jiuta: the heroine reports that it is more difficult to learn to play the shamisen than the piano, because “you can't play his music, relying only on notes” [42].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Early shamisen notes depict the position of the fingers of the left hand on the neck with dots of different shapes, or, in notation, in kana syllables, indicating melodic ornaments [48] [42].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

During the rise of the instrument's prestige in the 20th century, two new notation systems based on French, with Arabic numerals and bar designations spread: named after, where numbers mean height sound in the diatonic scale, and where they record the position of the fingers on the neck [48].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The jiuta genre uses its own.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

uses syllables for notes and sound symbolism: for example, bass string notes are represented by the syllable “don”, while a plectrum hit on the middle string is indicated by the syllable “tone”, and pizzicato with the left hand is indicated by “ren” [49].


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

The presence of the final -n means that the sound lasts freely, while the syllables “do”, “that”, “re” mean that the string was immediately drowned out with a finger.


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Notes


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Literature


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Category:Japanese musical instruments


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Category:16th-century origins


Question: What is the name of the national Japanese string instrument?

Shamisen

Category:Shamisen


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Gradusy is a Russian pop band from Stavropol, founded in 2008.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The band played their first concert under the name “Gradus 100” on May 29, 2008.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

History


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The Gradusy group was founded in 2008.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Dmitry Bakhtinov gathered the band members, who had previously taken part in various musical groups.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Roman Pashkov and Ruslan Tagiev wrote the songs “Director”, “7:00”, “My Time”, “Tramp”, “Radio Rain”, etc.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Then they were joined by Viktor Golovanov, a former drummer of the bands Sarancha and Gorod 312.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The current drummer of the band is Anton Grebenkin, who previously played in the band of singer Stas Piekha.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Since 2014, a new bass player Kirill Dzhalalov has joined the band, taking the place of Dmitry Bakhtinov, who left the band.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The band played their first concert under the name “Gradus 100” after a month and a half of active rehearsals, on May 29, 2008.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The song “Director”, which appeared in the fall of 2009, received a strong rotation on the air of many radio stations: Europe Plus, Russkoe Radio, Fresh Radio, Hit FM, Radio Siberia, and also took high places in the hit parades (charts).


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

At the end of 2009, the song peaked at number six on the chart of the most downloaded digital singles in Russia.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The song also reached number one on the Russian radio chart [1].


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The video for this song was released on MTV and Muz-TV, and participated in the program Russian Ten [2].


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The band's second single, “Who are you”, peaked at number 11 [3].


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

On June 18, 2010, the song debuted at number two on the Russian digital singles chart.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The band's single “Ya Never Again” debuted at number 9 on the Russian digital singles chart [4].


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

On March 3, 2011, the band's first album, Golaya, was released.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The album includes 11 songs, including the hits “Director”, “Who are you”, “I never again”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

On October 30, 2012, Gradusy gave a big solo concert at the SK Olimpiyskiy, in the SEVER concert hall.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

On February 6, 2013, the band released a new video, “I Always Remember the Main Thing”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

On October 29, 2013, the premiere of the new video “Radio Rain”, the second single from the new album, took place.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

On April 10, 2014, Gradusy presented a new single, Dirty Glasses, and on June 9, a new video was released for the song.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

On April 29, 2014, his second studio album, “Sense of Dexterity”, was released on iTunes.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

On May 15, 2014, “Sense of Dexterity” was released on CD.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

On December 10, 2014, the Gradusy band released its eighth video “The Habit of Running Away from Home”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

On April 15, 2015, Roman Pashkov presented his solo project Pa-Shock.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The search for new forms and expressions led Roman to the idea of creating a solo project that was radically different from the work of the Gradusy group.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

This is how several songs were written.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

And then experiments with sound began in collaboration with Andrey Timonin and Gennady Lagutin, participants of the IFEYOPA electronic project.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Pa-Shock feat video clip.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

IFEYOPA “For a Moment” was also released on April 15, 2015.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

At the end of April, it became known that the band stopped its creative work, but continues to exist as a concert group.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

On September 22, 2015, Ruslan Tagiyev, together with Timur Karabayev, presented his solo project “Karabass” and presented a video for his debut single “Bezdelnik”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

In February 2016, the band announced their return on their official website.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

For more than a year, in parallel with the concert activities of the Gradusy band, its leaders, Roman Pashkov and Ruslan Tagiev, have been engaged in their solo projects.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The experiment was quite successful.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Each of the musicians implemented ideas that went beyond the style of the Gradusy band.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

On the World Wide Web and on the air of radio stations, there is an addition of cool songs, videos, recordings of solo concerts of Roma and Ruslan.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Fans of the new music brands PA-shock and Karabass will not lose their idols, but the time has come for the long-awaited, loud “comeback”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The return of the Gradusy group to work has already taken place.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The band has been working in the studio for a month on recording and arranging several songs.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Roman and Ruslan are not used to half measures, so wait for real hits.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Talking about deadlines is a thankless task, but the “improving” of almost finished tracks will end in February.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Spring should be loud!


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The band's lineup has remained the same, and this is not a weak proof that the musicians are friendly and devoted to the original idea of creating Grads, a light and stylish band loved by millions, which, whatever the song is some kind of holiday!


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Group composition


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Roman Pashkov — vocals, music and lyrics


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Ruslan Tagiyev (Dj Bak$) — vocals, beatbox, scratch, music and lyrics


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Arsen Beglyarov — guitar, backing vocals


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Kirill Dzhalalov — bass guitar, bass synthesizer


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Anton Grebenkin — drums


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Viktor Golovanov — drums


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Former members


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Dmitry Bakhtinov (Fidel) — bass guitar, backing vocals


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Alexander Kosilov (Sasha Trubasha) — trumpet


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Discography


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Studio albums


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2011 — Naked


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2014 — Sense of Agility


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2016 — Degree 100 (EP)


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Radio singles


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Video clips


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Soundtracks


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2010 — Let Me Know (Flying Concords OST)


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2011 — “I would like to learn not to steam” (OST “Univer. New dorm”)


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2013 — Pale Grebes (Traffic Light OST)


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2013 — “Director” (OST “Youth”)


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2013 — Naked (Youth, SASHATANYA)


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2014 — “I Never Again” (OST “Ship”)


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Awards and awards


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

In 2010, the Gradusy band became a nominee for the Muz-TV Award in the nominations “Breakthrough of the Year” and “Best Song”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2010 — winners of the Golden Gramophone Award for the song “Director” [13].


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2011 — winners of the Golden Gramophone Award for the song “Naked” [14].


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

In 2012, the Gradusy band became a nominee for the Muz-TV Award in the nominations “Best Album”, “Best Song”, “Best Video” and “Best Pop Group”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

The victory was achieved in the nomination “Best Album”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

In 2012, the band won the Golden Gramophone Award for the song “Sweeps”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2013 — winners of the Muz-TV award in the nomination “Best Pop Group”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2013 — the band receives the Golden Gramophone Award statuette for the song “I Always Remember the Main Thing”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2015 — winners of the Golden Gramophone Award for the song “Naked” (5 gramophone).


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2016 — nominees for the Muz-TV Award “Best Pop Group” [15].


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2017 — winners of the Muz-TV award in the nomination “Best Pop Group”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2017 — winners of the Golden Gramophone Award for the song “I Want”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

2018 — winners of the Golden Gramophone Award for the song “She”.


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Notes


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

References


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Check date values in: |year=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Category: Russian musical groups


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Category:Russian pop music groups


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Category: Russian rock music groups


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Category:Stavropol musical groups


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Category: Musical groups established in 2008


Question: How many songs were included in the debut album of The Who rock band?

Degrees

Category: Laureates of the Golden Gramophone Award


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

The construction of railways in Russia began during the reign of Nicholas I, when the communication routes were in charge of P. A. Kleinmihel.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

According to the Marquis de Custine, Nikolai considered the main problem of Russia its endless distances and intended to use modern technologies imported from Western Europe to solve it, coupled with the unlimited human resources of an absolute monarchy.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

With the exception of the Cherepanovs Nizhny Tagil industrial railway, the first railway in the Russian Empire was built in 1837 along the St. Petersburg-Tsarskoye Selo route (12 years later the first railway in the world to appear in Great Britain in 1825).


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

The construction was financed by millionaire A. A. Bobrinsky, and led by Austrian engineer Gerstner.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

In the 1840s, a much longer Nikolaev Railway was built, connecting the two largest cities of the empire — St. Petersburg and Moscow.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Owners of stagecoaches opposed the construction of railways, arguing that this mode of transport will never become widespread in Russia.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Just like in Europe, the construction of the first railways gave rise to many prejudices, actively fueled by cabbies who were afraid to go broke.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Common were fears like “Railways will prevent cows from grazing, chickens will stop laying eggs, smoke-poisoned air will kill flying birds... houses near the road will burn... in the event of an explosion the locomotive will be torn to pieces and all passengers”, and “the speed of movement, of course, should develop brain disease in travelers.”


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

It was also expected that the construction of roads would cause migration of the population and, consequently, a “decline in morality”.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

The construction of railways quickly proved itself and began to be encouraged by the tsarist government.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

The Crimean War of 1853-1856 clearly demonstrated that animal-drawn transport is no longer enough to effectively supply the warring army.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Emperor Alexander II establishes a special railway fund, and since the 1870s, active construction began in all directions.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Both the state and private enterprises were engaged in the construction of railways.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

In 1861-1870, the state invested 2.5 billion rubles in railway construction, and 5.5 billion rubles for the period 1890-1903. In 1890, 29% of railways were in the treasury, in 1891-1901, as a result of mass purchases of private roads to the treasury and the construction of new ones, this share reached 69.6%.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

The real boom in railway construction is associated with the name of S. YU.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Witte, who contributed to the inflow of capital from abroad into the railways of Russia.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

He fully encouraged lending to railway joint-stock companies and investment in railway construction from Russia's new allies, the French (see Franco-Russian Union).


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

In the period from 1882 to 1904, the Catherine Railway was built, which connected the Donetsk coal basin with Krivoy Rog and the South-Western Territory.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

It contributed to the development of the fuel and metallurgical base in southern Russia, ensured the export of coal and iron ore to the domestic and foreign markets.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

In 1887, an eight-hundred-kilometer Transcaspian railway was built, on the section from Merv to Chardzhuy, which passed through the Karakum Desert.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

In 1888, the road was brought to Samarkand, in 1898 to Andijan, and in 1899 it was transferred from the military department to the Ministry of Railways; the total length was 2.5 thousand km.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

In 1891, the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (Siberian Route) began, which passed through the taiga, swamps and permafrost areas.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

The huge construction was completed in full in 1916.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

The construction of the Great Siberian Route was presented at the World Industrial Exhibition in 1900 in Paris.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Over 10 years of construction, 7.5 thousand km of tracks have been built.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

In 1901, according to the project of engineer Olshevsky, a railway bridge across the Amu Darya was built.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

In 1895, negotiations began with China on the construction of a section of the Trans-Siberian Railway through the territory of Manchuria.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

By 1903, the China-Eastern Railway had been built.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

The construction of the CER made it possible to spread Russian influence, relying on the exclusion zone of the railway, which caused strong irritation to both China and Japan, which began to claim dominance in Southeast Asia.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

On the eve of the outbreak of the First World War, Russia ranks second in the world, after the United States (with a gap of 6 times) in terms of the total length of railways, but huge distances make this network insufficient; for example, in Germany, there are an average of 11.1 km of railways per 100 km² of territory, in Russia it is 1.1 km, in addition, three-quarters of Russian roads were single-track.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

In terms of the provision of railways per capita, Russia was inferior to both the United States and the largest European countries.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

There is a shortage of strategically important roads: according to the situation in 1914, Russian railways could bring 211 trains per day to the border, and 530 enemy roads [2].


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

In addition, at the beginning of the war, Arkhangelsk was connected with the central regions by an outdated narrow-gauge road, and Murmansk did not have railway communication at all.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Conservative circles did not stop criticizing railway construction even at the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Prince Meshchersky on the construction of railways: “The railway kills all the former folk resources of fishing and earnings before it where it passes: a village, a village, a place — everything is getting poorer and collapsing.”


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

N. F. Danielson: “Railways, along with commercial banks, are the main pumps that pump resources from village to city and ensure the prosperity of the capitalist segments of the economy due to the impoverishment and degradation of the peasantry.”


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

In 1886, Alexander III established Railwayman's Day as a national holiday.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

The birthday of his grandfather Nicholas I, who was the first to begin the construction of railways in Russia, was chosen as the day of celebration.


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

See also


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Rail transport in Russia


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

List of railways in the Russian Empire


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Category: Railway accidents in the Russian Empire


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Steam locomotive O (“Main”)


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire

Notes


Question: When was the Russian Railway built?

Rail transport in the Russian Empire


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Intellectual property


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Authors' rights


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Copyright


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Database right


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Geographic indication


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Indian intellectual property


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Industrial design right


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Integrated circuit layout design protection


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Intellectual rights


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Moral rights


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Patent


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Plant breeders' rights


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Related rights


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Supplementary protection certificate


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Trade dress


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Trade secret


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Trademark


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Utility model


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Related topics


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Abandonware


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Criticism of copyright


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Bioprospecting


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Cultural appropriation


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Idea—expression distance


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Limitations and exceptions to copyright


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Fair dealing


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Fair use


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Paraphrasing


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Right to quote


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Orphan work


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Patent troll


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Public domain


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Outline of intellectual property


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Outline of patents


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Higher category: Property and Property lawvt


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Commodity mark (also commodity mark or trade mark;™) is a designation (verbal, pictorial, combined or other) [1], “serving to individualize goods [2] legal entities or individual entrepreneurs”.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The law recognizes the exclusive right to a trademark, certified by a trademark certificate.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The copyright holder of a trademark has the right to use it, dispose of it [3] and prohibit its use by others (“use” here means only use in civil turnover and only in relation to the relevant goods and services [4] in respect of which this trademark is registered).


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The right to trademarks is one of the types of objects in the sphere of intellectual property rights and refers to the rights to means of individualization of legal entities, goods, works, services, enterprises and information systems (Chapter 76 of the GKRF).


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Illegal use of a trademark entails civil law (Article 1515 of the GKRF), administrative (Article 14.10. Code of Administrative Offenses) and criminal liability (Article 180 of the UKRF).


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Trademark history


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Trademarks existed in the ancient world.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

As early as 3,000 years ago, Indian artisans used to capture their signatures on artistic creations before they were sent to Iran.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Later, about a thousand different Roman pottery stamps were in use, including the FORTIS factory stamp, which became so famous that it was copied and forged.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

One of the first brands of packaged goods, red wine, was used in Pompeii about 2,000 years ago.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The name of the product is derived from the Latin words Vesuvius and (wine) [5].


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The use of trademarks increased in the context of the thriving trade of the Middle Ages.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Today, trademarks are widely used.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The growing importance of trademarks in commercial activities is due to the increasing competition between firms doing business in more than one country.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Trademarks are used to make it easier for consumers to identify the goods and services themselves, as well as their quality and value.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A trademark can be seen as a communication tool used by manufacturers to attract customers.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Just as an individual's own name identifies and distinguishes him from other individuals, a trademark performs the main function of identifying the source of the product and distinguishing this product from products from other sources.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A trademark in pre-revolutionary Russia


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A trademark certifies the origin of goods from a well-known commercial or industrial enterprise.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

To be able to protect trademarks from counterfeiting, they must be registered with government agencies.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In Russia, according to the law of 1896, a trademark certificate was issued by the Trade Department of the Ministry of Trade and Industry [6].


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Trademark in the USSR and other socialist countries


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The procedure for acquiring the right to a trademark, its use and protection was determined by national legislation (in particular, in the USSR - by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 15, 1962 “On Trademarks”; the Regulations on Trademarks approved by the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Inventions and Discoveries on January 8, 1974) and international agreements, the most important of which are the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of 1883 and the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Trademarks of 1891 (both ratified by the USSR).


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In all socialist countries, the exclusive right to a trademark was acquired through its official registration (in the USSR - in the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Inventions and discoveries) [7].


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Different names and synonyms


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A trademark and service mark is a legal correct terminology adopted in the Russian Federation and some other CIS countries.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The use of this terminology in the CIS countries has become widespread due to the fact that the national legislation of these countries in one way or another copied the legislation of the former USSR.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The expression “trademark” is a literal, direct translation of the English terms “trademark” and/or “trade mark” [8].


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Translated from English, “trade mark” is used as a synonym for the concept of “trademark”.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Although this term is actively used at the everyday level, only the concepts of “trademark” and “service mark” are true in the Russian legal system.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

They are subject to legal protection.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

and is a legal correct terminology adopted in the Ukrainian legal system.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

When translating into Russian, the phrase “brand for trade” would be more correct in meaning, but stylistically complex.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In Russian-language everyday speech in Ukraine, a “trademark” is more accepted than a “trademark”.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In turn, the Ukrainian language especially often uses the expression “trademark” that is inaccurate from a legal point of view, which is an accurate translation into Ukrainian of English-language terms” trademark” and/or “trade mark”.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The marketing concept brand is sometimes used at the household level as a synonym for the concept of “trademark” or “service mark”, which is incorrect, although a trademark or service mark is often and are a fundamental part of the brand concept.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Using


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Registration of the right to a trademark and service mark is territorial in nature, that is, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs receive the right to protect their trademark only in those countries in which they have obtained a certificate of registration of their trademark with the relevant registration authorities.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

International protection, that is, obtaining a single document of protection in several countries is possible, for example, on the territory of the European Union.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Registration of a trademark under the Madrid Agreement and its Protocol is often mistakenly referred to as an international registration; in fact, registrations are carried out by national authorities, only the application is international (single).


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The copyright holder of a trademark may not control any use of his trademark, but only its use in civil circulation, in particular:


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

on goods, labels, packages of these goods that are produced, sold, advertised or otherwise put into civilian circulation or stored or transported for this purpose; [9]


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

“when performing work, providing services (in the case of a service mark);


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

documentation related to the introduction of goods into civil circulation;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

in offers for the sale of goods, works, services, as well as in ads, signs and advertisements;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

on the Internet, in particular, in the domain name and other methods of addressing.”


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Such types of use of the trademark as:


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

mentioning it for non-promotional purposes;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

use on goods that have already been put into circulation by the copyright holder himself or with his consent (for example, when using a purchased product that depicts a trademark or when further resale of such goods); (for Russia and a number of countries — with a big reservation — when it comes to the introduction on the territory of the Russian Federation, the so-called national principle of exhaustion of rights);


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

personal use;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

other uses that are not related to the introduction of goods (services) into civil circulation.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In non-profit organizations


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Historically, at the first stages of using trademarks, they served to protect the reputation of the copyright holder, that is, the entrepreneur himself, the source of origin of the goods.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

But over time, trademarks began to be used not to identify copyright holders (manufacturers), but to distinguish the goods themselves; they became a symbol, poetic motto, name for creation in the consumer's imagination of real or imaginary attributes of the product.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Therefore, trademarks themselves have become objects of property relations: now they can be subject to licensing and other agreements.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

This evolution has led, in particular, to the fact that not only an entrepreneur can now act as the copyright holder of a trademark.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Accordingly, individuals and organizations for which making a profit is not the main purpose of their activities (i.e. non-profit organizations) have the right to use trademarks.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

For example, a religious organization has the right to mark its publications, souvenirs, religious objects, etc. with a registered trademark.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

, as well as services in the field of spiritual education, religious education, etc.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Thus, her use of a trademark is not a basis for recognizing all its activities as commercial in nature [10].


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Types of trademarks


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Trademarks can be pictorial, verbal [11], combined [12], sound [13], three-dimensional — representing the packaging of goods or the goods themselves.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In addition, of course, the color schemes of trademarks can also be protected, that is, the trademark is protected in the color scheme in which it was submitted for registration.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Verbal is only a font composition.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Such signs can be personal names (“Alyonka”); invented neoplasms (Xerox, Kodak); abbreviations (TNT).


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Pictorial is a designation that does not contain verbal elements.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Represents abstract or specific images.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

However, registration of natural images of goods is prohibited.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Combined, which includes verbal and pictorial components in various combinations.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

There are new types of trademarks that are appearing on the market, such as a hologram trademark on a credit card, the image of which changes depending on the angle of view.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In some countries, there are olfactory marks where a certain smell can be protected as a trademark.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The copyright holder cannot control a trademark similar to his own unless he can prove that they “coincide to the point of confusion”.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

There are a number of different designations used as trademarks, but two conditions are always the same: the mark must have a distinctive ability and must not enter into misconception.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Examples to help you understand which trademarks are:


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

verbal — Apple for computers, Deutsche Bank for banks, Holofiber for nonwovens;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

arbitrary or fictional designations — Coca-Cola, Nikon, Sony, NIKE and Easy Jet;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

names — Ford, Peugeot, Hilton (hotel);


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

advertising mottos — “Fly with Aeroflot planes!” ;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

containing graphic elements — a three-pointed star for Mercedes-Benz, a statuette of a goddess (Spirit of Ecstasy) for Rolls-Royce;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

numbers - cologne 4711;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

letters — GM, FIAT, VW, KLM;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

pictures or symbols — Lacoste (little crocodile);


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

sounds - the ringtone of a mobile phone Nokia, Philips, etc.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

There are firms that intend to derive unfair benefits from the existence of well-known trademarks by creating trademarks that are confusingly similar to them, thus introducing consumers into misconception.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

To address this problem, the Paris Convention, the TRIPS Agreement, as well as many national laws, provide special protection for well-known signs.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Register


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Exclusive rights to a trademark arise only after its registration with an authorized state body.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The use of an unregistered designation instead of a trademark is allowed, but no exclusive rights arise in this case.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In Russia, the body that registers trademarks is the Federal Service for Intellectual Property, formerly the Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks (Rospatent).