Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Since January 16, 2008, such tickets have become invalid.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Unsold tickets were handed over to MMTS, where they were used until January 1, 2013.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Contactless tickets (2007—2013)


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Magnetic stripe tickets have been replaced by tickets based on Mifare Ultralight smart cards.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Such tickets operate on a contactless (RFID) principle — it is enough to bring the card to the validator's target.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

If the ticket fails to work, it must be brought back to the validator of the same turnstile.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The number of remaining trips is checked using special terminals in the station lobbies.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

For the convenience of passengers, turnstiles have introduced a display of the number of remaining trips when passing contactless tickets.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

In the summer of 2008, the first express ticket offices were opened for the sale of tickets for 1 and 2 trips, the main purpose of which was to reduce queues at the main metro ticket offices at the stations.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

On August 6, 2008, an application was posted on the official website of the Moscow Metro on the creation of the first express ticket offices at Kuzminki, Planernaya, and Shchyolkovskaya stations.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The same statement also stated that 26 stations would be equipped with such ticket offices during 2008.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The essence of the ticket offices was that they sold already programmed tickets for 1 or 2 trips, while at the main ticket offices tickets were programmed immediately before selling on the number of trips required.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

At the same time, it was not stated anywhere that the second goal, apparently, was to fight speculators or sellers of counterfeit tickets.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

So in September 2008, a ticket for 2 trips from dealers cost 50 rubles at its official price of 38 rubles.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The cost of fake tickets usually does not exceed the official cost.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Since March 2010, ticket vending machines have been actively installed in the metro.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

With the introduction of new tariffs, vending machines will adapt to the issuance of new tickets, and will also be able to pay for services using smart cards [34].


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Implementation of a unified tariff system (2013)


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

On January 1, 2013, metro tickets were also valid on the monorail.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Separate monorail tickets are not available.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

[35] At the same time, when moving from metro stations at the VDNH — Vystavochny Tsentr and Timiryazevskaya — Timiryazevskaya monorail stations and back within 90 minutes from the moment of the first pass to the station additional trips are not charged.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

In fact, a trip on the monorail line is paid in the same way as a trip on any metro line, with the possibility of free transfer to other lines of the system.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

This change does not apply to holders of bank cards with the cashless fare payment function [36]


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

On February 1, 2013, metro and monorail tickets with a limited number of trips were replaced by single tickets for all types of municipal transport in Moscow.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

On April 2, 2013, fares were completely updated, the Troika e-wallet and the 90 Minutes ticket were introduced.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The cost of tickets has been changed in different directions: tickets for 20 and 60 trips have fallen in price, while 1, 2, 5 trips have become more expensive, and tickets for 10 trips have become more expensive when the price rises, the 11th trip has been added.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

In addition, a ticket for 40 trips has been introduced.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The real cost of travel on the route using both land transport and the metro decreased to 20 rubles per trip when buying a ticket for 60 trips and 30 rubles when using the ticket “90 minutes” for 60 trips (with an unlimited number of trips in ground transport).


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Unified unlimited passes for all types of transport have been introduced.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

At the same time, their cost is higher than that of the old ones, but less than that of metro and ground transport passes, which were previously bought separately.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

On June 1, 2013, it became possible to use the “90 minutes” principle within the e-wallet [35]


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Since July 1, 2013, ground transport drivers have TAT tickets for 4 and 40 trips and 90 minutes for 1 and 2 trips (TAT tickets for 40 trips are not sold by drivers of all Mosgortrans parks/depots) [ 35]


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Since August 2013, tickets “TAT”, “United”, “90 Minutes” and “Troika” have become available on the territory of the so-called “New Moscow”, as well as the Zelenograd Administrative District.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Since September 7, 2013, the Troika card has expanded its capabilities: in addition to regular tickets, tickets for suburban electric trains can now be recorded on the card.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

[37] [38]


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

September 20, 2013 — further expansion of Troika's capabilities: It will be possible to record any fare for TAT, Unified and 90 Minutes tickets, including unlimited tickets, as well as season tickets for electric trains [39] [40] [41].


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

January 1, 2014 — “Single” tickets for 1 or 2 trips rose significantly to 40 and 80 rubles, respectively, as part of the struggle to reduce queues and stimulate the purchase of tickets for a large number of trips right away.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

January 1, 2014 — It becomes possible to record travel in zone B at a fare of 26 rubles, as well as record Bus tickets: emerald for travel in zone B or transition zone, gray for travel between zones [43] [44].


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Since the introduction of contactless tickets, Moscow authorities have been actively encouraging passengers to buy tickets for a significant number of trips at a time, while disproportionately increasing the cost of tickets for one a single trip.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Thus, according to the tariffs introduced on February 1, 2015, the cost of a single trip by metro or surface transport is 50 rubles, while buying a ticket for 60 trips, a passenger pays only 1,400 rubles rubles (23.33 rubles per trip).


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

In the case of unlimited passes or tickets “90 minutes”, one trip can cost even less (provided that there are a lot of trips around the city).


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Thus, if you buy a 90-minute ticket for 60 trips, one 90-minute trip costs 35 rubles, when using three modes of transport for each trip (bus+metro+bus), the cost of one trip is already only 11.66 rubles, and when using unlimited passes, it can be even less.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Change in travel costs


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

The possibility of introducing tariff zones


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

From the first years of operation of the Moscow Metro, the fare did not depend on the length of the route or the number of transfers made.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

This provision is still relevant today.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

In the 2000s, the metro management considered the issue of introducing tariff zones by analogy with suburban electric trains.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

According to D. Gaev, the introduction of tariff zones is possible no earlier than the appearance of the Third Interchange Circuit, when passengers will have the opportunity to choose alternative routes [46].


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

After the change of management of the metro in 2011, this issue was no longer officially discussed.


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

See also


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

History of fares and means of payment in the Petersburg Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Notes


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

References


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

— Moscow Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

— Resolution of the Moscow City Government dated December 15, 2015 880-PP (as amended on December 13, 2016)


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Category:Moscow Metro


Question: How much does one metro ride in Moscow cost?

Payment for travel on the Moscow Metro

Category:Fare


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

No Time for Dragons (English: A Farewell To Dragons) is a steampunk Action-RPG computer role-playing game created by Arise (development) and KranX Productions (production) by based on the eponymous work by Nick Perumov and Sergey Lukyanenko.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Published on the territory of the Russian Federation on November 16, 2007 by 1C.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

It was released in the European Union by 1C Publishing in October 2009.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Gameplay


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

No Time for Dragons is a role-playing game similar in terms of gameplay to Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura and Baldur's Gate.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The player controls a group of characters that can include up to six people.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Heroes travel to different game locations, communicate with other characters, some of whom can give them a task.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

During the game, the characters will also have to fight against various opponents, including magicians of elemental clans, members of totem clans, robbers and various animals.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

During the battle, the player can pause the game and give it to the team's characters one by one.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

A wide range of weapons is available to the player, including both common (swords, axes, bows) and technological weapons (pistols, rifles, machine guns) [1] [2].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Over time, characters increase their level of development, as a result of which they can increase their basic stats and acquire skill modifiers.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Each character has a book of abilities that can also be developed after leveling up [3].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The plot


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The plot of the game takes place in the fictional universe of the book of the same name by Nick Perumov and Sergey Lukyanenko.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Actions take place in three worlds [1]:


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The Wrong Side World is the real earthly world at the turn of the second and third millennia.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

There is no magic in the world of the wrong side, and its power is made up of technologies based on scientific knowledge.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The World of the Born is a world in which magic reigns supreme.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The middle world is located between the world of the Born and the world of the Wrong Side.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

In this world, both “powers”, magic and technology have equal power [2].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

For centuries, the balance between worlds that have been kept can be destroyed.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The inhabitants of the Natural World are going to war in the Middle World.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

At the same time, the Peoples of the Middle World are in a state of constant tedious inter-clan wars.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The death of the Middle World will entail unpredictable consequences for all worlds, including the world of the Wrong Side, and unknown forces, represented by the Unknown Clan, decide to involve nothing in saving the worlds suspecting resident of Iznanka, Muscovite Viktor.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

To carry out this mission, a young but powerful sorceress Tel is sent to him, who leads him to the Middle World.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Victor is not chosen by chance, as it turns out, he is the last descendant of the great family of Dragons.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

In addition, he is the grandson of the Dragon Slayer and must choose whose blood will win him.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

With the help of Tel and other associates, Victor must undergo the initiation rite with all four elemental magics (Earth, Water, Air and Fire), for which he will have to visit the lands of all peoples of the Middle of the world.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

After initiation, Victor must arrive at Dragon Island, where he will have to defeat the heads of the elemental clans, thereby proving his ability to withstand a true enemy approaching from of the Born World.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Characters


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Victor is the main character of the game.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

A thirty-year-old doctor from Moscow [4].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The last descendant of the Dragon Clan, as well as the grandson of a Dragon Slayer [5].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

As the story progresses, he takes possession of the magic of all four elements, totem spells, melee weapons and firearms.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Tel is a representative of an “unknown” clan, a powerful sorceress.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

She brought Victor from the Wrong Side world to the Middle World.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Its goal is to accompany Victor, to ensure that he can pass the initiations of spontaneous and totem clans.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

During the story, unlike the rest of the characters, she leaves without permission and joins Victor's group [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Loy Iver is the head of the Cat totem clan [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Before many, he learns about who Victor really is and joins him, hoping, if successful, to ensure a comfortable future for himself and his clan.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

A strong fighter, mostly focused on strength and agility than magic.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

He does not possess elemental magic.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The Ultimate is the guardian of the Gray Reaches, a land on the edge of the Middle World.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

He fully devotes himself to serving Victor, believing that he is the long-awaited Dragon.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

I'm not familiar with magic, but I'm not afraid of it either.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

An experienced warrior.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

He can join the group if Victor spares him at the beginning of the game [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Rada is the owner of the Kingdom of Conama the Silent Tavern and belongs to the Wolf's totem clan.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Joins Victor as a reward for helping him conflict with another totem clan, also wanting to go on an adventure [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

He feels sympathy for Victor.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

He knows the techniques of the Wolf clan, knows how to turn to his totem - the Wolf.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

In this state, it can be very aggressive and dangerous.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Tori is a dwarf.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

A talented mechanic [1] who is passionate about his job.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

I am convinced of the superiority of technology over magic, but he does not often find an interlocutor in the Middle World who shares his views.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Joins Victor, seeing him interested in the combat use of the Technology.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Reitar is a mage of the Bear totem clan.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

A strong and stubborn fighter [1], devoid of cunning and cunning.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Sincere and loyal.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

He tries to get the favor of Loy Iver, who convinces others of its usefulness.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The Warrior in Crimson is an elemental Mage, belongs to the Water clan.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The only elemental mage to join Victor.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Unlike many others, he knows its true purpose [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Development and release


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

In May 2005, 1C, Arise and KranX Productions announced the beginning of development of the game “No Time for Dragons”.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

At that time, they found it difficult to give the final release date of the game [2].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

In August 2006, the official website of the project was launched [6].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

While working on the game, the developers worked closely with Sergey Lukyanenko, one of the authors of the novel “No Time for Dragons”, coordinating various ideas with him.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Lukyanenko himself said that he acted as a consultant, but at the same time tried not to interfere directly in the process of creating the game, considering it the work of professionals.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

He also said that, as a fan of computer games, he was looking forward to the release of No Time for Dragons.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The developers focused on the combat component [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

They positioned their game as Action/RPG [4] and focused on well-known games of this genre, such as Diablo 2, Dungeon Siege and Sacred [2].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

On November 7, 2007, it was announced that No Time for Dragons would go into print [7] [8], and on November 16, it was officially released [9].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

After release, publishers admitted that the game was not an event, but the sales results, in their opinion, were satisfactory [10].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The game uses the TheEngine engine developed by Skyfallen Entertainment [2].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

This engine was also used in the following games: Blood Magic, King's Bounty.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The Legend of the Knight, Dungeon Nurses, Code of War, Prince 3: The New Dynasty and some others.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

soundtrack


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The musical accompaniment of the game was performed by TriHorn Productions studio.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Some musical compositions were freely available on the game's website [11].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

No.titlewriter (s) Length1.” Dragon Soul “Trihorn Productions 02:312.” Start"Trihorn Productions 03:093.” Persecution “Trihorn Productions 02:304.” Elements"Trihorn Productions 03:045.” Battle"Trihorn Productions 02:536.” Totems"Trihorn Productions 03:187.” Surprise attack"Trihorn Productions 02:478.” Gray limit"Trihorn Productions 03:489.” Dungeons"Trihorn Productions 03:40


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

testimonials


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The game received average ratings from critics.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Western gaming portals mostly overlooked the game.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Only according to the Game Rankings aggregator, the game is rated 49%.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

In 2008, the game was nominated for the Gameland Award for Best RPG [12].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Konstantin Fomin in a review of Absolute Games called the setting of the game a collection of fantasy cliches, which contains elements of steampunk.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

He said that the developers actually had to retell the plot of the book, and the final version of the game plot largely does not coincide with the original.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The columnist spoke unsatisfactorily about the development of quests, as well as the end of the game.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

He called the graphics outdated for a couple of years.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

As a result, the game “No Time for Dragons” was called a “dummy” without noticeable advantages and flaws” [13].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Roman Ostroverkhov in an article by the magazine “Igromania” noted the large volume of game locations and the variety of opponents, but at the same time spoke negatively about the game quests, which, according to him, serve only for character development.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

He called the main problem of the game the complete lack of voicing of the characters [14].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

A columnist for the magazine “Best Computer Games” spoke positively about the development of the development of game characters and the variety of weapons and armor present in the game.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Unlike Konstantin Fomin, he considered that the plot of the game closely corresponds to the original source, but ranked this correspondence as one of the shortcomings of the game.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Other drawbacks include the monotony of hero models, quiet and inappropriate character lines, and spell effects that close the view.


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

The reviewer attributed beautiful graphics, relevant music and a user-friendly interface to the advantages [3].


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Notes


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Category:Video games based on books


Question: Who wrote the music for Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura?

It's not time for dragons (video game)

Category:Video games developed in Russia


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

K-10000 is a double-tower self-propelled lifting crane on a rail track, equipped with a portal, full-turn, designed for the construction of industrial structures with a mass of mounted elements up to 240 tons. Cranes have been used in energy construction, mainly in the construction of nuclear power plants [1].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Description


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

History


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

In the 1970s, the Danish company Kroll Kranes A/S began designing its own range of cranes, which led to the development in 1978 of a crane with a loading torque of 10,000 t·m, called the K-10000 [2].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The crane was intended for the construction of large industrial structures and power plants.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

In the early 1980s, the company signed contracts for the supply of these cranes to the construction sites of nuclear power plants in the Soviet Union and the United States.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

However, due to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 and the subsequent curtailment of the construction of nuclear power plants, the production of cranes of this model was discontinued [3].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

1979-1986 years.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Production


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The first crane was delivered and installed in March 1979 at the construction site of the Forked River nuclear power plant (southern New Jersey), owned by General Public Utilities (GPU).


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The crane was supplied in a stationary version, the main section of the crane was installed on the foundation, and the tower and boom sections were previously assembled on the ground [3].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

On March 28, 1979, an accident occurred at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, also owned by the GPU.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

As a result of this accident, the construction of Forked River Station was first suspended and subsequently finally stopped [3].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The crane was later purchased by Tower Cranes of America (TCA), which used it to lease it to a New Hampshire company that was building the second power unit of the Seabrook nuclear power plant.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

However, four years later, the New Hampshire-based company went bankrupt.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The power unit project, at 70% readiness, was not completed.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

In addition, TCA purchased another crane that was never used [3].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

A total of 15 K-10000 units were produced and delivered in the 1980s, of which: two for the United States and 13 for the Soviet Union [4].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Only 5 of these 13 cranes delivered to the USSR were installed and operated on construction sites.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The other eight were never introduced.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The last K-10000 produced was delivered to the USSR in 1986 [3].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

They were used in the construction of Zaporizhzhya, Crimean, Tatar, Khmelnitsky and South-Ukrainian nuclear power plants.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Such a crane was used at the site of Kavkazcement OJSC (Cherkessk).


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

In addition, it is known about four more cranes: one was half assembled 300 km from Moscow, the other is in storage, the third was damaged during one of the campaigns in Chechnya, and the last was in Murmansk [3].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The crane installed at the construction site of Zaporizhzhia NPP was cut for scrap metal upon completion of installation work.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

1997—2004 years.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Re-export


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The first crane, which was removed from the territory of the former USSR, arrived in 1997 at the Aker shipyard, located on the Norwegian island of Stord.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The second copy was also taken to Norway and was in storage for three years on the islands adjacent to Stord Island — the buyer was unable to implement the project for which it was purchased faucet.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Another crane, which was located at the site of the unfinished Chigirinsk NPP, was sold to Taiwan.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The fourth copy was transported and installed in May 2000 at a shipyard in Singapore.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The fifth and sixth ones have been delivered and installed at the construction sites of Chinese nuclear power plants designed and supplied by Russia.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

One of them is a crane that was previously located in Murmansk.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The last seventh crane removed, which lay idle in Russia in the period from 1986 to 1999, was purchased by Mammoet Holding [3].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

In 2001, the crane was dismantled and removed from the site of the South-Ukrainian NPP, and in September 2003 — a copy from the site of the unfinished Crimean NPP [5].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

As of 2007, two TCA cranes were in storage: one in Rhode Island [3] and the other K-10000-L crane in Copenhagen until 2007.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

In 2008, the latter was transported and installed at the site of an industrial plant in Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada [6] [7].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The crane from the site of the unfinished Tatar NPP was transported to the construction site of Kalinin NPP [8] for the construction of the fourth power unit [9] [10].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

As of 2009, 9 K-10000 cranes were located in Asia and the Middle East, and 2 in North America.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

One more is in the Russian Federation and Ukraine.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The fate of two more cranes is unknown.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

nowadays


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Currently, four such cranes have been fully installed: one K-10000 (according to the source, it was released in 1987) has been in the harbor of Singapore since 2000 [11]) and is used for shipbuilding works, and the other is installed in Norway (pictured in the card) and is engaged in the dismantling of oil platforms.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The third crane was used in the construction of the 4th power unit of Kalinin NPP [9] [10].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

After the completion of construction work at the Kalinin NPP, the crane was used in the construction of the 3rd and 4th power units of the Rostov NPP.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

In 2015, the crane was dismantled from the construction site of power unit No. 4 of the Rostov NPP.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The fourth is on the construction of the third power unit of Khmelnitsky NPP (Ukraine) [12].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Modifications


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

In addition to the self-propelled version, cranes can be supplied in a stationary version — with installation directly into the foundation.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Stationary cranes serve a working area of up to 200 m. In addition, there is a special design of the crane for mounting super-heavy loads.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

In this case, the load capacity of the main crane is 360 tons.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Technical specifications


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The load capacity of the main crane, along the entire boom 82 m in length, is 120 tons. The maximum lifting height of the main crane hook is 81 m. Full maintenance of the NPP construction site is provided at a departure of 84 m. The heaviest load (reactor dome) weighing about 200 tons is lifted at a departure of 51.8 m [1].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The auxiliary crane (K-355) has a lifting capacity of 45.5 tons. The boom length is 65 m [1].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Design description


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The 143 m high structure is a double-tower crane consisting of two cranes: the main K-10000 crane, as well as an auxiliary crane: K-355 (made by Kroll Kranes) or KL355 HC-S (manufactured by Liebherr) .


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The auxiliary crane is designed for mounting the main crane, and is also used in other works [1].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Main faucet


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The working mechanisms of the K-10000 are equipped with automation and electronic devices, as well as a video surveillance system — consisting of four video cameras (one for the counterweight and hook and two for cargo winches) for viewing all operations.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The main lifting winches are controlled by a device with a thyristor drive and continuously variable speed switching [1].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Undercarriage and swivel


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The chassis of the self-propelled rail crane is a low portal of the frame structure measuring 18 m [1].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The portal relies on a multi-wheeled system of undercarriages, which are combined with balancers.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The total number of running wheels is 48 pieces.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

A turntable with a tower mounted on it is installed in the central part of the portal.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Like conventional tower cranes, to ensure rigidity, the K-10000 portal frame is connected to the tower by struts.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Tower sections


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The sections of the tower with a section of 8.8 m are a prefabricated truss of individual elements that are fastened together during installation with bolts [1].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Beam boom


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The working boom is of beam type, multi-suspension.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

It is a lattice structure hinged to the frame structure of the tower.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The rigid brace on which the boom is suspended is a system of rigid connections (made of rods and a lattice spacer) with fasteners to the tower of the main crane [1].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Two cargo trolleys move along the lower belts of the boom, and the crane working mechanisms (main winches) are installed on the upper belt.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

If necessary, an overloading device can be additionally installed, consisting of a lifting winch with a cargo block [1].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Counterweight console


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The counterweight console is of lattice design.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The console is hinged to the tower frame structure.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

A stationary counterweight is installed at the end of the counterweight console.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The design makes it possible to retrofit the crane with two movable counterweights, the position of which depends on the weight of the load being lifted [1].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Auxiliary crane


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

An auxiliary overhead slewing tower crane (K-355) is installed as part of the structure of the tower of the main crane.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

This crane has a lattice beam boom (with a rigid suspension to the head), along the lower tiers of which a cargo trolley moves.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

For access to the crane control cabin, the design provides a lift for six people [1].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Assembly and dismantling


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The self-propelled crane is installed within the construction site with the laying of crane tracks along the building of the facility under construction [1].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

In the stationary version, the rotary support is installed directly into the foundation [3].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The foundation is a concrete platform with a diameter of 15 m, made using piles 13 m long, buried by 9 m. The crane is held in place thanks to two-inch anchor bolts.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

There are a total of 164 of them.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

First, the tower sections are pre-assembled, which are then installed in place with the help of jib cranes.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

After assembling the tower, the working boom and the counterweight console are mounted [6]


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The crane design does not provide for fasteners to the structure being erected.


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

The total installation time of the crane is from three months or more [3].


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Notes


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

References


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

on YouTube


Question: What is the tallest crane in the world right now?

K-10000

Category:Tower cranes


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Prehistoric


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Paleolithic


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In Mongolia, at the early Paleolithic open-type sites (Nariin-Gol-18, etc.), strongly corraded pebble tools such as choppers, choppings, spout tools, pebble nucleuses were found, massive scrapers [1].


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The oldest layers in the Tsagan Agui Cave, containing stone tools, date back to at least 500 thousand years ago [2].


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The lower horizons 6-7 of the Kharganyn-Gol-5 site in Northern Mongolia can be attributed to the final Middle Paleolithic.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Horizon 5 is characterized by a combination of Middle Paleolithic Levallois traditions in primary splitting and Upper Paleolithic types of tools.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

According to radiocarbon analysis, the age of the cultural horizon 5 is older than 40 thousand liters. Based on the Kharganyn-Gol-5 site complexes, for the first time in Northern Mongolia, a complex of features characteristic of the Middle Paleolithic can be identified.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Horizon 4 tools are typical of the Early Upper Paleolithic [3].


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In the open location of Salkhit, the front part of the human skull was found, similar to Chinese Homo erectus, Neanderthals and archaic Homo sapiens [4] [5].


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Its age is 34,950—33,900 years ago [6].


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Geneticists have been able to identify mitochondrial haplogroup N. Work continues on sequencing nuclear DNA [7].


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Since the Upper Paleolithic, cave drawings have been preserved in the Northern Blue Cave (Khoid Tsenkheriin Agui) in Kobdo Aimak [8] and in the White Cave (Tsagaan Agui) in Bayankhongor aimag.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Neolithic and Copper Age


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Neolithic agricultural settlement was found on the territory of the Eastern aimag.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Finds from western Mongolia dating back to the same period include only temporary hunter-gatherer settlements.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

According to anthropological characteristics, the population of the Copper Age was Mongoloid in the east of present-day Mongolia and Caucasian in the west.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Bronze Age


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In the 2nd millennium BC


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

During the Bronze Age, the influence of Karasuk culture was felt in western Mongolia.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Numerous Deer stones and mini-mounds, known as “keregsuren”, belong to this period; according to other theories, “deer stones” date back to the 8th-7th centuries BC.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Proto-Mongol tribes living in Mongolia created the so-called culture of tiled graves.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[9] [10] The area of settlement of tilers was unusually wide: from Lake Baikal, in the north, to Ordos and the foothills of Nan Shan (possibly Tibet) in the south, and from Khingan in the east, to the foothills of Altai in the west.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[11] The culture of tiled graves was the easternmost of the significant steppe cultures of Southern Siberia.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The cultural dissemination center is Mongolia, Southern Siberia and Inner Mongolia.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Monuments are found in Mongolia, in the southern Baikal region and Transbaikalia from the Sayan Mountains to Manchuria, on the Little Khingan, the Weichan Plateau, in northwestern China (Xinjiang).


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Iron Age


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

A large burial complex of the Iron Age of the 5th-3rd centuries, also used later, during the Syunnu time, was excavated by archaeologists near Ulaangom in Ubsunur aimak.


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history


Question: What were chopper guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Until the 20th century, some historians assumed that the Scythians came from Mongolia, [12] which was reflected in Russian literature (Alexander Blok: “Yes, we are Scythians! Yes, we are Asians!”).


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In the 6th-5th centuries BC


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

the area of residence of the Scythians reached western Mongolia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The mummy of a 30-40-year-old Scythian warrior, about 2500 years old, with blond hair, was found in the Mongolian part of the Altai Mountains.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Ancient Period


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Hunnu (209 BC — 93 AD)


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Among the Chinese, all nomads in the north were known under the single name “badi”, that is, northern barbarians, but there is reason to assume that among them were not only the Mongols, but also the Manchus.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Each nation got its name on behalf of the owning house by which it was ruled.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Waging constant internecine wars, the tribes of Mongolia sometimes entered into alliances with each other, and usually raided China, which sent gifts to tribal leaders and thus paid off their invasions .


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

When from 480 BC


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

China was divided into seven estates, Mongolia's nomads often served one inheritance against others.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

This order of things further taught the nomads to raid China, and the Chinese began to collectively push them north.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Three centuries BC


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

three strong destinies, having driven away the northern nomads, were strengthened by long walls, while after the unification of China under the rule of Qin Shi Huang, these separate walls were connected and formed one Great Wall of China.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Nomads pushed to the north by 214 BC


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Three strong khanates were formed: in Eastern Mongolia — Dunkhu, in Central Mongolia — the largest, Hunnu, from Ordos throughout Khalkha, and west of Ordos — Yuezhi.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The ruler of the Hongnu, Mode-Shanyu (209—174), conquered Donghu, dispersed the Yuezhi (Aryans) and united the entire space in Central Asia under his rule, founded the Hung Empire, stretching from the limits Manchuria in the east to the Kazakh steppes in the west and from the Great Wall in the south to the present borders of Russia in the north.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 202 BC


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Mode began devastating raids on China, which ended with the Chinese court recognizing the Turan Khan as equal and pledged to pass off its princesses as him, sending a certain number of gifts annually.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Under Mode's successors, the Chinese who arrived with the princesses taught the Hunn rulers to govern by law, collect taxes and keep written statements.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Since 71 BC


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

there were disagreements in the reigning house of the Huns, which significantly weakened it.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Huns rose somewhat again only under Huhanya Shanyu (57-31) and existed independently for about two and a half centuries; then the southern regions of their khanate succumbed to China, while the northern ones died completely from internal disagreements.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

From the early Proto-Mongol tribes, the Xianbi tribal alliance stands out, which concluded with China in the middle of the 1st century AD.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

alliance against North Hunnu.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The first serious defeat of the Xiangbi was inflicted on the Huns in 87 AD. e.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

At the beginning of the II century, the Xianbi were already so strong that they raided China, but suffered constant failures.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Xianbi State (93 AD — 234 AD)


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 141, the great Xiangbi commander and Emperor Tanshihuai was born.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

He became the emperor (elder) of Xianbi at the age of 14, after 2 years he damages the Dinling residents and a crushing defeat for the Huns and displaces them from the Trans-Baikal steppe.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 166, Tanshihuai repels the Chinese who invaded the Xianbi lands.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The first Mongol emperor died in 181.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Xianbi Toba Wei Empire existed until the middle of the third century.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Zuzhan Khaganate (330 — 555)


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Zhuzhan Khaganate is a state of nomadic Mongolian-speaking peoples [14] that dominated the steppes of Central Asia in 330-555. The court historian of the Northern Wei Dynasty reports that the dominant tribe was a branch of Xianbi.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Professor of philology and traveler Matthias Castren assumed that in the 1—2nd millennia AD.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

in the process of resettlement of peoples, the Samoyed tribes were driven by the Turks from the Sayan Highlands to the north, where they laid the foundation for such peoples as the Nenets, Ents, Nganasans, Selkups.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Some of the Samoyed who remained in the south, according to the “southern hypothesis”, later became part of such large peoples of Southern Siberia as Siberian Tatars, Tuvans, Khakas, Shors, etc.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Turkic tribes that came from Western Siberia gradually ousted and assimilated other peoples.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Some Mongols, Ugrians, Samoyed are assimilated by Turkic migrants.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In the middle of the 1st millennium AD


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Iranian-speaking Scythians who inhabited the territory of Central Asia are fully assimilated by the Turks.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 552, the Turks defeated the Ruzan army and in 555 the Ruzan Khaganate ceased to exist.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

After the decline of the Zuzhan state, some of the Zhuzhans went to the east and the other part remained in the territory of modern Mongolia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[15] [16]


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Turkic period (555-848)


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Turkic Khaganate (552-603)


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

After the Zhuzhans, the chukyue performed on the stage, subordinating the entire north-western region to their power, while the southeastern and southern steppes were owned first by Mongol-speaking Khitans, then kumoshi; other houses that were run under the auspices of the Chinese and received from them both their titles and the support of their power.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

During the Tang Dynasty (620—901), the Huihe, or Uighur tribe, was especially strengthened.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

East Turkic Khaganate (603 — 744)


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Eastern Turkic Khaganate (603 — 744) is a state of nomadic [17] Turks.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 603, the Turkic Khaganate broke up into Western and Eastern.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Uyghur Khaganate (742-848)


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Uighur Khaganate is a Turkic state that replaced the Eastern Turkic Empire.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 840, this state was destroyed after a 20-year war by the Yenisei Kyrgyz.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Under the onslaught of the Kyrgyz, the Uighurs migrated south to Xinjiang.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Their centers of statehood continued to exist in western Gansu and southern Xinjiang.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

A common name was adopted for all — the Uighurs.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 840, the Yenisei Kyrgyz founded the Kyrgyz Khaganate.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In pursuit of the remnants of the Uighurs, the Kyrgyz fought to reach the Irtysh and Amur, invaded the oases of Xinjiang.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Tokharian Indo-European people who lived in Xinjiang were assimilated by visiting Uighurs in the 9th century.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

It is usually argued that the Yenisei Kyrgyz, unlike their steppe predecessors after the defeat of their opponents, did not spread throughout Central Asia, but continued to live in Minusinsk the basin.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[18] [19] The Kyrgyz, having defeated the Uighurs, did not take advantage of the fruits of their victory.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[19] Therefore, the military victories of the Kyrgyz in Central Asia were short-lived.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[15] After their arrival, chaos and anarchy gripped the steppes of Central Asia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[15] Living far from the world's trade routes, they did not understand its significance.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[19] P.P.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Azbelev notes the fact that the chronicle of the Kyrgyz Khaganate was hardly recorded in the Chinese chronicle.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[19] Historians believe that with the decline of the Uighur Khaganate, the 300-year-old domination of the Turks ended and the Turks left the Mongolian plateau.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[15] The influence of the Kyrgyz Khaganate in Mongolia was insignificant.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Khitan Khaganate (907 — 1125)


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Khitan Mongols have been a significant force in Northeast China since the 5th century.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Although they were able to defeat the armies of the Tang Empire, they were not able to create a centralized state until 907.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 907, the Khitan ruler Ambagai (Yelu Ambagai) founded the Khitan Khaganate in Northeast China.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

At the end of 916, Ambagay made a large military campaign, as a result of which a vast territory was under the rule of the Khitans - the entire southeastern part of modern Mongolia and adjacent regions Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

After the conquest of North China, Khitan became a powerful empire and in 916 Ambagai received the title of “Great Sacred Wise and Great Enlightened Heavenly Emperor”.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Around these years, Ambagai founded the capital of his state (on the territory of modern Khoshun Bairin Zuoqi of the Chifeng City District in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China).


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Khitan conquests in Central Asia were completed by 924, and the Khitan campaigns put an end to Turkish hegemony on the Mongolian plateau.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[15] Ambagai renamed his state to Liao or the Great Iron State.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

During the reign of Ambagay, a Khitan letter was created.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 925, the Khitans gathered a huge army not only from their warriors, but also from conquered peoples and allies to attack the state of Bohai.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In a short time, they captured it, creating a vassal state of Dongdan on the site of Bohai.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Dongdan was headed by Ambagai's eldest son.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

At the beginning of the 12th century, the Jurchens formerly subject to the Khitan rebelled and in 1115 they founded the Jin Dynasty.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Jin-Liao War lasted for 10 years.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1122, the Song Empire of China and Jin formed a strategic alliance against Liao.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Song Empire tried to launch an offensive against Liao, but to no avail.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Due to the passivity of the Suni army, the Khitans made an attempt to neutralize the Song Empire and secure their southern borders.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

General Yelu Dashi, a descendant of Ambagay, was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Southern Route.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1123, the Tangut state of Western Xia intervened in the war on the side of the Khitans.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Tangut cavalry army defeated several small units of the Jins, but in the decisive battle, the Jurchen inflicted a crushing defeat on him.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1123, at the suggestion of the Jurchen, the question of peace with the Tanguts was raised, to whom Jin offered several Khitan regions (North Gansu and Western Inner Inner) for refusing to support the Khitans Mongolia).


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Soon, the Tanguts, convinced of the strength of the Jin armies, recognized the suzerainty of Jin.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Some Mongolian tribes, including the Hamag Mongols, remained the only allies of the Khitans.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The weakened Khitan Empire was finally conquered in 1125 by Jin troops.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

However, immediately after the end of the war, disagreements began between the former allies.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Song Empire did not intend to comply with the terms of the treaties, which led to the outbreak of a new war.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1125, two Jurchen armies launched an offensive against the Song Empire.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Chinese armies were huge, but consisted mainly of infantry, which could not fight on an equal footing with the Jurchen cavalry.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1127, the Jurchen captured Kaifeng, incorporating northern China into their state.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Many Mongolian tribes that lived close to the border of the Jurchen Empire became Jurchen vassals.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Yelu Dashi proclaimed himself emperor of the new state of Northern Liao in early 1124, but Northern Liao soon ceased to exist.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Several hundred thousand Khitans under his command retreated west and for some time tried to continue the fight against the Jurchen, but were defeated.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Yelu Dashi and his people went to the west, where he conquered lands in Central Asia, and formed the Karakitai Khanate (1124 — 1218).


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Mongols (VI — XII)


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Archaeological findings confirm that the Mongols lived in the steppes of Mongolia and Transbaikalia after the decline of the Zhuzhan Khaganate.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[16] [20].


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

To control them, the rulers of the Turkic Khaganates deployed their henchmen from ethnic Turkic tribes in Western Transbaikalia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[16] They own barrows of Turkic appearance that are few compared to the graves of the local Mongolian-speaking population.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[16] But at the end of the 1st millennium, the domination of Turkic tribes in the steppes of Central Asia ended, and the rise of Mongolian tribes began.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[16] From the 9th century or after the fall of the Uighur Khaganate, the influence of the Mongolian tribes grew again and by the end of the 9th and early 10th centuries, the Mongols spread to the former lands of the ancient Mongolian states, from Khingan in the east to the upper reaches of the Irtysh and Yenisei in the west, from Lake Baikal in the north to the Great Wall of China in the south.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In the annals of the Tang dynasty, the name of the Mongols is first encountered; they are called “shiwei mongu” here.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In the 10th and 11th centuries, according to the chronicles of the Sunsky dynasty, the nickname “shiwei” disappears, and the Mongols are simply called “mengu”, “mongu” or “monguli”.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

It is very likely that this name originally belonged to one of the tribes of the Shiwei people, which, gradually rising, extended its name to other tribes that roamed in the 11th century in the north and east Mongolia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Mongols themselves remember that after the defeat by the Turks, the Mongols came to an area called Ergune-kun.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

After that, they adorn their origins with legends.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

According to one myth, the Mongols descended from the gray wolf and the motley fallow deer; another legend says that the ancestor of the Mongols, Budanchar, was miraculously conceived by the widow of Alan-Goa from his connection with the heavenly spirit.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Some scientists associate the name “Ergene-kun” with the name of the Ergune River (Argun).


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Mongols retreated to the east after the fall of the Zhuzhan Khaganate.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Judging by the Secret Legend of the Mongols, the Mongols who left Ergune-Kun returned to Burkhan Khaldun in the VIII century.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

[21] According to the “Secret Legend”, the first ancestors of Genghis Khan Borte-Chino and Goa-Maral wandered to Burkhan Khaldun, at the origins of Onon.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

According to N. N. Kradina and T. D. Skrynnikova, Ergune-kun became the center of politics, the formation of which was associated with the interaction of the aboriginal population (Mongols) and Turkic-speaking migrants from the West who came to this territory.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Middle Ages


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

From the tribal system to the Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Budanchar gained supremacy over neighboring tribes.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

His eighth tribe descendant Yesugei Bagatur extended his power to a large area, and Yesugei's son Temujin made the name of the Mongols known around the world.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Modern Mongols begin their history with it.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Temujin, better known as Genghis Khan, was born on the banks of the Onon River in the early second half of the 12th century.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

He was still a child when his father died; this death signaled the disappearance of the tribes that had hitherto recognized Yesugei's authority.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

However, Genghis Khan gradually subdued first small, then stronger tribes.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1206, he was proclaimed a great khan, taking the name of Genghis and giving his people the name “Mongol” (believed to be because he himself descended from an ancient tribe of Shiwei Mongols).


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1211—1215, Northern China was conquered to the Yellow River; in 1220, the Mongols subdued Bukhara and Khorezm, in 1221 and 1222 they subordinated Khorasan, Iraq and Armenia, and in 1223 appeared in the Black Sea steppes (Battle of Kalka).


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Genghis Khan died in 1227 and before his death divided his empire between four sons, of whom Ugedei was granted supreme control of the state.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In the spring of 1235, the Great Kurultai was convened in the Talan-Daba area to sum up the results of the difficult wars with the Jin Empire and Khorezm.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

It was decided to launch a further offensive in four directions.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The best troops were sent to the west — against the Russians, the Polovtsy, the Bulgars and to the east — against the Goryeo (see Fig. Mongol invasions of Korea).


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In addition, an offensive against the South Chinese Song Empire was planned, and significant reinforcements were sent to Noyon Chormagan operating in the Middle East.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

As a result of the Western Campaign in 1242, Mongolian troops reached the Adriatic Sea, but due to the death of Ugedei at the end of 1241, Mongolian commanders returned to their historical homeland for election of a new Great Khan.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

After complex intrigues at the kurultai, which took place only in 1246, Guyuk was elected Grand Khan.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Under Guyuk, Mongolian troops entered Tibet, and also expanded Mongolian possessions in Georgia and Armenia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

However, Guyuk died in 1247, and it was necessary to choose a new Great Khan.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1251, a kurultai was held in Central Asia, at which Munke was elected Great Khan.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

However, soon his opponents said that this election was illegal, since the kurultai was not held on the territory of Mongolia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

A conflict broke out, which grew into the first armed struggle for the throne on the territory of the Mongolian Empire.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Munke suppressed opponents and continued territorial expansion: the Mongols went to the Middle East and attacked the Chinese state of South Song.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Munke died on the Song campaign in 1259.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

With Munke's death, all military campaigns of the Mongols stopped.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1260, Khubilai was proclaimed a great khan at the kurultai in Kaipin, although earlier another kurultai in the capital of Mongolia, Kharkhorin, proclaimed Arig-buga the great khan.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The struggle between Kublai and Ariq-Buga for supreme power in the Mongolian Empire lasted until 1263.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

However, after that, enmity began between Kublai and Khaidu, who ruled in Central Asia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1271, Kublai proclaimed a new imperial Yuan dynasty in Beijing.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The decree formally applied not only to the estate of Kublai (which also included Mongolia), but to the entire Mongolian Empire.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The latter actually broke up into a number of independent states - in addition to Yuan (understood as the destiny of Kublai), there were the Golden Horde, the state of the Hulaguids and the Chagatai ulus.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Formally, they recognized the suzerainty of Kublai and his successors.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Mongolia during the Northern Yuan Dynasty (1368 — 1691)


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

After the collapse of the Yuan Empire in 1368, the Mongol emperors returned to their historical homeland, where nomadic economy prevailed, and where local feudal lords resisted the policy of centralization.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Mongolia was officially called the “State of Mongolia” (Mongol Uls)” and “Northern Yuan” (only a few emperors used this name) during this period.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

From 1388 to 1400, five khans were replaced on the Mongolian throne, all of them died a violent death.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The power of the great Mongol Khan has become nominal.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The affairs of the state were carried out by such feudal lords as Nagachu and Arugtai.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Kublai's descendants repeatedly lost power, which fell into the hands of the descendants of Ariq-Buga and Ugedei.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Chinese emperors Zhu Yuanzhang and Yongle fought successful wars against the Mongols, and on the territory of Mongolia proper.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Since the end of the XIV century, the Western Mongols, the Oirats, have sharply increased.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The process of feudalization began among the Oirats later than other Mongolian tribes, but it went quickly.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Oirat rulers (Taisha), having got rid of dependence on the Mongolian Khan, themselves switched to active actions.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Togon Taishi won a major victory over the Eastern Mongols in 1434 and even tried to proclaim himself a great Mongolian khan.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

His son Esen Taishi became the de facto ruler of the whole of Mongolia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1449, Esen defeated the half million Chinese army and captured the emperor (cf. Tumu disaster).


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Eastern Mongolian feudal lords led by Daisun Khan made an attempt to get rid of Oirat rule.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

However, in 1452, Esen won a decisive victory over the eastern Mongols, and in 1454 he proclaimed himself the great Mongol khan.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

This was a flagrant violation of Mongolian laws, for Esen was not a descendant of Genghis Khan.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1455, Esen fell victim to civil strife.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Around 1479, seven-year-old Batu Munke, a descendant of Genghis Khan, was proclaimed the great Mongolian Khan.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

It became known as “Dayan Khan”, that is, “the great Yuan Khan”.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

His uncle's widow, Mandukhay-Khatun, who became his wife, personally led the military campaign against the Oirats.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The victory over the Oirats put an end to their claim to domination throughout Mongolia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

As a result of subsequent military campaigns, the whole of Mongolia was under the rule of Dayan Khan, his headquarters was located on the Kerulen River.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1488, Dayan Khan sent a letter to the Chinese court asking for consent to accept tribute from him.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Such consent was obtained by him (China called actual interstate trade a “tribute”).


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

However, in 1495, the Mongols began hostilities against China, and in 1500 Dayan Khan moved his headquarters to the conquered Ordos.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1504, Dayan Khan again appealed to the Chinese court with a request to accept tribute from him.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Despite the consent of the Chinese court, the Mongols carried out a devastating attack on Datong and other border areas of China in the same year.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Peaceful trade with China has completely stopped for 70 years.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Dayan Khan from 1514 to 1526 carried out annual attacks on the northern regions of China, repeatedly reaching the vicinity of Beijing.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The united Mongolia did not last long.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Shortly after Dayan Khan's death in 1543, the first internecine conflict broke out.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In the 16th century, Mongolia again split into a number of principalities, in which the sons of Dayan Khan were rulers.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Since that time, among the Eastern Mongols, they begin to distinguish between northern (Khalkhas) and southern (Tumats, Ordos, Chahars).


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

A little later, in the west of Khalkha Mongolia, a relative of Dayan Khan, Sholoy-Ubashi-Khuntaiji (1567—1630), formed the state of Altan Khans, which became a stronghold of the struggle of the Eastern Mongols with the Oirats.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

A significant place among the princes of Southern Mongolia was occupied by Tumet Altan Khan (1543—1582), who in 1554 founded the city of Guihuacheng (present-day Hohhot).


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

After Dayan Khan's death, he took a leading position among the Eastern Mongols.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1552, Altan Khan undertook a campaign against the Oirats, who began to threaten the positions of the Eastern Mongols in Ordos and Kukunor.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Oirats were defeated by him.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Eastern Mongolian princes took advantage of the disunity of the Oirats and their weakening as a result of the campaign of Altan Khan, who organized a series of military campaigns against the Oirats.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

As a result, the main part of the Oirats was driven to the Mongolian Altai region and completely cut off from the markets of China.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

At the beginning of the 17th century, Mongolia was a number of independent possessions located on three sides of the Gobi Desert.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The nominal title of the All-Mongolian Khan and his seal was possessed by the head of the Chahar Khanate Ligdan Khan (ruled in 1604-1634), since he was considered the eldest among the descendants of Genghis Khan.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Ligdan Khan unsuccessfully fought for the unification of the country in the face of the Manchu aggression.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Feudal separatism intensified so much that at the beginning of the XVII century, many Mongolian princes were more willing to become vassals of the Manchu Khan than the Mongolian Khan.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Nurkhatsi, the founder of the Manchu state, and his son Abachai understood that the task of conquering vast China was impossible without conquering Southern Mongolia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

To conquer it, Narkhatsi and Abachai used tactics aimed at fragmenting the forces of the Mongols.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In the 1620s, Nurkhatsi managed to subdue most of the principalities of Southern Mongolia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In the fight against the Manchus, the Ming Empire relied mainly on Ligdan Khan, but he failed to enlist the support of the northern Mongols, and most of the princes of Southern Mongolia sided with the Manchus.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

After being defeated by Abachai in 1634, Ligdan Khan and the remnants of his troops retreated to Kukunor, where he soon died, and his son surrendered to the Manchus.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1636, at the behest of Abachai, a congress of rulers of 16 southern Mongolian principalities gathered, at which Abachai was proclaimed an all-Mongolian khan.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In the same year, Abahai gave his state a new name — Qing.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The change in the foreign policy situation in the region contributed to the consolidation of the Oirat tribes, which led to the formation of a strong centralized state — the Dzungar Khanate; the time of its formation date back to 1635, when the head of the Choros tribe, Batur-Huntaiji, united the Oirat tribes.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Since the 1620s, Russians began to build prisons in Northern Mongolia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1688, the troops of the Mongolian Tushetu Khan Chakhundorzh attacked the Selenginsky prison but retreated due to lack of firearms and unreadiness for a long-term siege.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Until 1688, Chakhundorzh struck several strong blows to Russian prisons and the Mongolian cavalry defeated the Russian Cossacks who built prisons in the Mongolian province of Khovsgol.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

Khalkha-Mongolia became an arena of struggle between the Dzungar Khanate and the Qing Empire.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The rulers of the Qing Empire managed to persuade some rulers of Khalkha to accept the citizenship of their Manchu emperor.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

This state of affairs worried Dzungarian Khan Galdan, who intervened in the strife in Khalkha Mongolia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

This led to the Oirat-Qing War in 1690.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1697, Galdan was completely defeated and committed suicide; Khalkha Mongolia was incorporated into the Qing Empire.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1715, the Oirats tried to “return” Khalkha.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

The Qing Empire at that time was in a difficult situation, and tried to conclude a military alliance against the Dzungar Khanate with the Volga Kalmyks and Russia.


Question: What were choppers-type guns used for in Mongolia?

Mongolian history

In 1739, both sides, exhausted by long wars, concluded a peace treaty, according to which a significant part of the previously lost territories was returned to the Khanate.