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References


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Category: Deaths in 972


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An [1] (Vietnamese: Hội An, pronunciation) is a provincial city in Quang Nam Province in central Vietnam.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The population is more than 120,000 people, mostly Vietnamese, and there is a small Chinese community.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Square — 60.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1999, dating back to the 15th and 19th centuries, it was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as an example of a well-preserved commercial port in Southeast Asia.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Its layout and numerous ancient buildings reflect local and foreign influences on the architecture and life of pre-colonial Vietnam [2].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An reflects the fusion of indigenous cultures (Cham and Viets) with foreign cultures (originally Chinese and Japanese, later European) [2].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Due to the abundance of pleasure and fishing boats, various boats, floating restaurants that move along the river and canals, the historic center of Hoi An is often called the “Venice of Vietnam”.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The city is a starting point for excursions to the nearby Michon and Dong Duong Cham complexes [3].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

History


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Prehistoric period


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In ancient times, the territory of modern Hoi An was part of the Sahuin culture area.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Archaeological relics of the last period of Sahuin culture (200 BC — 200 AD) include funerary jugs, tools, stone ornaments, ceramics, glass and metal products.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

All of them were found in the districts of Kamha, Thanh, Kampho and Cam Thanh.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

People of Sahuin culture traded with China, central and southern Vietnam, as evidenced by the discovery of Chinese copper coins and iron objects related to Dongson culture and culture Bapnoma [4] [5].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Archaeological excavations in Bayong Village have shown that the Cham Islands, located near Hoi An, were inhabited more than 3,000 years ago [4].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Cham period


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the first centuries AD, Sahuin culture was replaced by visiting Austronesian Cham, who occupied the coast of central Vietnam.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An, then known as Lamappho, was the largest city in the kingdom of Linyi, whose capital, Simhapura, was located on the site of the modern town of Chakieu (halfway between present-day Hoi An and Mishon ).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the 4th century, Linyi's ruling circles were subjected to Indian cultural influence and adopted Hinduism.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Lamappho was the largest port in Cham lands, which participated in busy international trade and served as an important transit point on the trade route between southern China and eastern India [6] [4] [5] [7].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The proximity of Mishon, the main religious (Shivaite) center of the Tyam country, also contributed to the heyday of Hoi an.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Power periodically passed from one seaside region to another, but the status of Mishon, located in the valley of the Thubon River, remained unchanged.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The most important royal ceremonies were held here, which contributed to the religious and cultural rapprochement of the scattered population of Champa, the emergence of common values and the social integration of residents of isolated valleys [8].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the second half of the 9th century, the capital of Champa was the city of Indrapura, where the grandiose Dongduong complex was built (the ruins of the city and the temple complex are located on the territory of modern Thangbin County, south of Hoi An).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Taking advantage of the relative stability of the 9th-10th centuries, the Cham kings included their ports on the Great Silk Road at sea and became rich through intermediary trade.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During this period, maritime trade between the Tang Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate flourished, and the ports of Champa were famous for regularly supplying fresh water, provisions and equipment to the merchants entering them ships.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Chinese monks built a temple in Hoi An in the 10th century dedicated to Amitabha (visited by Chinese merchants and sailors who entered the port).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

One part of the Cham sailors transported goods between China and India (silk, spices, porcelain, ivory, gold, pun and aloe), the other part engaged in piracy in the South China Sea [6] [9] [10] [11] ] [12].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Chinese, Arab and Persian ships called at the port of Lamapfo, where they traded silk, pearls, turtle shells and valuable types of wood.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Cham artifacts found in Hoi An include the foundations of buildings, wells, the remains of a temple in the village of Kamthanh, stone statues, including the dancing Gandhara and the god of fortune Kubera, and clay tableware and ceramics from China and the Middle East, jewelry and colored glass.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

From Lamapfo, goods traveled to the capital Indrapura, and pilgrims to Michon [4].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During the Ming Dynasty (14th—15th centuries), Champa was one of China's most important trading partners [13].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

According to Chinese sources, due to high taxes, the ports of Champa did not have a very good reputation among merchants and ship captains.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

All ships calling in Hoi An were to be unloaded at the port.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Special officials recorded all the cargo on parchment, after which they seized a fifth in favor of the tsarist treasury.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Most of the goods traded in the ports of Champa were of foreign origin and were not intended for the domestic market.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Tyams were more seafarers and intermediaries than merchants [9] [6].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Chinese merchants, who arrived in Champu in a fair wind, then had to wait two months for the monsoon to blow in the opposite direction.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

This contributed to the fact that special quarters appeared in Cham ports, in which Chinese merchants and sailors lived, offices of Chinese guilds and communities, Chinese warehouses, inns, residential houses and temples.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the 10th and 15th centuries, Hoi An was Champa's largest transit point.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In anticipation of good weather and fair winds, many foreign sailors and merchants were constantly in this port, some of whom married local women.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Over time, the tonnage of ships became larger, and the mouth of the Thubon River was covered with sand, and gradually maritime trade relocated to neighboring Da Nang [6] [14] [15].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1402, under the threat of a massive invasion, the Cham king ceded the northern part of the current province of Quang Nam to the Viets.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

However, the Viets did not stop there, they directed a flow of settlers to the southern part of Quang Nam, and also captured the northern part of present-day Quang Ngai province.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

At the head of the local population, the Viets put Cham princes who defected to the side of the winners, and pacified the dissatisfied Cham peasants with tax breaks and the distribution of land.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Only another Chinese occupation of Daiviet (1407—1427) briefly suspended the advance of the Viets to the south.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The settlement and assimilation of Cham lands was so large-scale and successful that when the Tyams went on a campaign to Daiviet in 1433, most of the residents of Quang Nam fought on the side of the Vietnamese emperor [6] [4].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Daiviet period


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

According to family chronicles, in the 15th century, Hoi An and the surrounding lands were inhabited by immigrants from Thanh Hoa, Nghe An and Ha Tinh, including members of the Tran, Nguyen, Huynh and Le clans.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Viets mixed with tyams and were mainly engaged in jellied rice growing and fishing.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Over time, craft villages and neighborhoods began to appear that specialized in individual products.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Some of these villages are still preserved, such as Kimbong woodcarvers village or Thanh Ha potters village [16].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the 15th and 18th centuries, Hoi An was a busy seaport of the Le and Nguyen dynasties, often visited by Chinese, Japanese, Malay, Indian, Portuguese and Dutch merchants.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1535, the first European, Portuguese captain Antonio de Faria, arrived in Faifo from Da Nang, looking for a place for a new colony like Macau or Goa.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

After that, Spanish and Portuguese Franciscans and Dominicans tried to settle in Hoi An, but could not gain a foothold in the city for a long time [17] [18].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

At the end of the 16th century, one of the princes of Nguyen, Nguyen Hoang, became an independent ruler of central Vietnam and significantly expanded the port of Hoi An.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Nguyens were more open to foreign relations than their rivals Chini, and they traded vigorously with China, Japan, and the Portuguese.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Nguyens needed modern weapons supplied to them by the Portuguese, and in response allowed them to establish a Jesuit mission in Faifo in 1615.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1617, William Adams, an Englishman, visited Faifo as a confidant of the Tokugawa Shogun.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1624 and 1640, Faifo was visited by the French Jesuit Alexandre de Rode, who developed the Kuoknga writing system based on the Latin alphabet.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

However, the Nguyens considered his missionary activities dangerous and expelled him from the country [19] [20] [21] [22].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Gradually, Hoi An became one of the largest ports in East Asia, with prosperous neighborhoods of Chinese and Japanese merchants.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Goods from Europe and India to China and Japan passed through Hoi An.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As a result of the study of the sunken ships, Vietnamese and other Asian ceramics were discovered, which were transported from Hoi An to Egypt [23].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The foreign trade policy of the Ming Empire also contributed to the prosperity of Hoi An. China banned the direct export of certain goods to Japan, forcing Japanese merchants from the Azuchi-Momoyama and early Edo periods (until the beginning of the second third of the 17th century) to bypass the ban and buy Chinese goods in Hoi An [16] [24].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The presence of foreign merchants in Hoi An (Faifoo) was so significant that by the end of the 16th and early 17th centuries, Chinese and Japanese trading posts existed in the city.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

They were separated by a canal through which the Japanese built a covered bridge in 1593 (later the structure, called the “Japanese Bridge”, was repeatedly restored by representatives of the Chinese community).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Each trading post had its own manager, who represented the interests of the community before the Vietnamese authorities, and its own codes of internal rules [16].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

According to the description of the Chinese Buddhist monk Shi Dashan, who visited Hoi An in the spring of 1695 on his way to the Nguyen Court in Hue, the city was a busy port where merchants from all over Asia came.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The main shopping street, about four li long (modern Changfu and Nguyen Zuihyeu Streets) ran along the Thubon River and was built up on both sides with buildings inhabited by Fujians from South China, Guangdong (Cantonese), Chaozhou and Hainan.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The street ended at the Japan Bridge, behind which is the Kampho district.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Foreign ships moored on the other side, from which various goods were unloaded to the pier [16].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition to the Chinese and Japanese, in the second half of the 17th and first half of the 18th centuries, Faifo was visited by the Dutch, French, Spaniards and Portuguese, some of whom also had small trading posts.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In parallel with European merchants, Catholic missionaries from various monastic orders also operated in Fifo [21].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the early 1770s, a Taishon uprising broke out against the Nguyen.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Chini soon defeated the weakened Nguyen and captured Hue, but in 1786 they were defeated by the Taishons themselves.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

After the establishment of the Taishon Dynasty, neighboring Da Nang received trade privileges.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Along with the siltation of the mouth of the Thubon River, the rise of Da Nang dealt a severe blow to the prosperity of Hoi An.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1787, the Treaty of Versailles was signed, according to which the French promised to restore the power of the ruler Nguyen Phuc Anh, and in return received the port of Hoi An and a number of privileges.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

However, the treaty was not implemented due to the revolution that broke out in France.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1802, the army of Nguyen Phuc Anh, with the support of French advisers and instructors, finally defeated the Taishons, and he himself was crowned in Hue as the first emperor of the Nguyen dynasty [25] [21] [26].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In gratitude for the military assistance, the new emperor, who took the name Nguyen Theto, granted the French exceptional trade preferences in the port of Da Nang.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Since the beginning of the 19th century, Hoi An has experienced a period of economic stagnation.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

However, the reduction in the income of local merchants largely made it possible to keep the historical buildings intact.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Due to the lack of resources, merchants did not rebuild old wooden buildings and very rarely used modern materials during the reconstruction [2] [5].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Dainam period


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During the Dainam period (1802-1945), the Nguyen Dynasty actively developed its capital, Hue and the main port of Da Nang, and neighboring Hoi An was in the shadow of these lively cities.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

However, Chinese merchants continued to visit Hoi An, where they sold their goods or exchanged them for local handicrafts.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During the typhoon season (August to October), Chinese merchants and sailors stayed in the city for a long time, establishing relations with the local population.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Some Chinese married local women and set up trading companies in Hoi An.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The main shopping streets of Changfu, Nguyen Zuihyeu and Nguyen Thaihok were replete with Chinese shops, imported goods warehouses and export-import offices [21].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1884, the French took control of Annam and all of Vietnam, which were part of French Indochina from 1887 to 1954.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During the colonial period, Hoi An became one of the centers of the nationalist movement in Quang Nam Province, and in 1927, the Association of Young Vietnamese Revolutionaries was founded in the city.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1940, under an agreement with the Vichy regime, Vietnam came under the control of Japan, which ruled the country until the August 1945 Revolution.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Residents of Hoi An and surrounding villages took an active part in the revolution, for which the city received the honorary title of Hero of the People's Armed Forces on August 22, 1998.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The modern period


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

After the end of World War II, the confrontation between Viet Minh nationalists and French colonial forces intensified, culminating in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The victory of the Viet Minh led to the split of the country into North and South Vietnam, and the demilitarized zone between them was located north of Hoi An.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During the Vietnam War (1959—1975), major armed clashes took place near Hoi An (for example, the Battle of Hue in January-March 1968 and the Battle of Khamdyk in May 1968), but the city itself He didn't suffer much.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Because of this, numerous refugees flocked here to escape repression and hostilities.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1964, a Catholic cathedral was restored in Hoi An, originally built in 1903 by French missionaries (many Vietnamese Catholics fled to the city, who were persecuted by communists in the north ).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In March 1975, during the Spring Offensive, North Vietnamese troops captured Hue, Da Nang and Hoi An [28] [29].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In February 1979, the Sino-Vietnamese War broke out, which indirectly affected the Chinese community of Hoi An (after the end of the war, the authorities repressed all Chinese in Vietnam).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1985, Hoi An Old Town was declared a National Cultural Heritage Site.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Its ancient buildings, which are state property, are protected by the Law on Cultural Heritage (adopted in 2001 and supplemented in 2009) and the Law on Tourism (adopted in 2005) [2] [28].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1999, Hoi An Old Town was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Financial injections allowed citizens to restore some of the old houses and turn the central neighborhoods into a pedestrian zone (albeit open to bicycles and mopeds).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The tourist boom, which began in the mid-1980s and has increased markedly since the late 1990s, has significantly changed the previously calm way of life of the quiet rural town, as well as the structure of its economy and employment of the population [28].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 2000, near the coast of Hoi An, large-scale underwater excavations were completed on the site of a sunken ship with Vietnamese ceramics of the XV century (specialists from the National Museum of Vietnamese history and marine archaeologists at Oxford University).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

It was possible to raise more than 250,000 undamaged ceramic products to the surface [30] [31] [32] [33].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In August 2000, Hoi An was awarded the title of “Hero City of Socialist Labor” for his success in the reconstruction of the historical heritage [5].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In November 2017, Hoi An was seriously affected by Typhoon Damrey, flooding many streets, temples, and first floors of historic buildings [34].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

etymology


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In ancient times, the city was called Lamappho (Lam Ap Pho or “Linyi City”).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the West and in China, the city was historically known as Faifo and Haipu, respectively (French: Faifo,).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

This word comes from the Vietnamese Hội An ph( “Hoi An City”), which was later reduced to Hoi pho and Faifo.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 1954, Faifo was renamed Hoi An (Hội An,), which translates as “a place of quiet meetings” [35] [36].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Geography


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An is located in central Vietnam, in the northeastern part of Quang Nam Province, at the mouth of the Thubon River, about 50 north of Tamky City and 30 south of Da Nang.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The main part of the city is located on the northern bank of the river, at its confluence with the South China Sea.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Administratively, the city also includes several islands at the mouth of the Thubon River and the Cham Islands, located near the coast.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Due to sediment in the Hoi An area, various channel processes continue, including the formation of sandbanks and lagoons, changes in the line of the river and sea coast [2] [37] [38] [39].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the northern part of the city is the famous Vietnamese: An Bàng Beach, in the eastern part is the picturesque Vietnamese: Phưàc Trạch Beach, famous for its allocazuarin trees, and sand dunes Thuan Tinh (Vietnamese: Thuan Tinh) [37].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

On the territory of Cam Thanh rural commune, there is the Thuangtinh Ecotourism Zone, which occupies a 50-hectare river island.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Here, tourists go boating, fishing, hiking, picnics, traditional games and performances [40].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Kyadai Beach (Vietnamese: Ca Đại), located on the border of Kyadai and Kaman districts, south of Anbang Beach, stretches more than 3 meters in length and is up to 300 meters wide.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

It is characterized by white sand, beautiful palm trees, clear water, moderate slope and small waves, which attracts numerous tourists here.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Some of Hoi An's largest resort complexes are located along the beach, including Hoi An Beach Resort, Victoria Beach Resort and Spa, Palm Garden Resort, Agribank Beach Resort and Boutique Resort, and there are also numerous eateries selling seafood and drinks [41].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The total length of Hoi An sea beaches is 7 km [42].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Climate


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The hot season in Hoi An is between April and October.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

From May to the end of August, the climate is characterized by a southern wind and a calm sea, this part of the year is the peak of the tourist season.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

It rains frequently between September and January (November is the most rainfall).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Typhoons often hit the coast in September and October, accompanied by heavy rains and floods.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The lowest rainfall is in April.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The hottest period is from July to August, when the average temperature is +33°C/+34°C.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The lowest average temperature is from December to February (+18°C/+19° C), but even during this period it is hot during the day and only at night the temperature drops.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The average annual temperature is +25.6° C, air humidity - 82%, precipitation - 2,066, 2,158 hours a year in Hoi An is sunny [43] [42].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Ecology


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

With the increase in the number of tourists, environmental risks, in particular, air pollution and noise, have also increased.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The quiet atmosphere of the small town is disturbed by tourist buses, taxis and rickshaws that fill the narrow streets.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, with the increase in the number of tourist boats, pollution of the Thubon River and the sea around the Cham Islands has increased, and erosion of the shores has increased.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Noise from boats hinders local residents and has a negative impact on the fauna of the swamps [44].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In villages around Hoi An, due to poor roads and a lack of garbage trucks, farmers are forced to burn municipal solid waste or dump it into rivers, which also adversely affects ecology of the region.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The lack of a modern sewage system has led to the fact that untreated wastewater from hotels, restaurants and laundries is discharged into the river or sea [45].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Another environmental challenge for Hoi An is the large-scale construction of new hotels and restaurants, especially along the river and sea coast, as well as around the dunes.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

There is practically no control over the felling of trees that are used to restore historical buildings, produce souvenirs, furniture and wooden boats [46].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The authorities are implementing a number of programs aimed at reducing the negative impact of tourism and urbanization.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In particular, they restrict traffic in old Hoi An to avoid noise, traffic jams and air pollution; create completely pedestrian zones; encourage the construction of new hotels away from overloaded center [47].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2015, the city authorities of Hoi An actively participated in several environmental projects — sorting household garbage by the population, minimizing the use of plastic bags, restoration of coconut groves in the coastal zone of the rural commune of Cam Thanh to protect the shores [48].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Termites are a big problem for the wooden buildings of old Hoi An.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

They appeared in the city in 2006 and quickly proliferated.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

After contact with termites, more than 150 ancient houses were significantly damaged, several dozen buildings were recognized as emergency.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The city authorities treat buildings with special solutions that are designed to protect wood from these insects and their larvae, but not all attempts to exterminate pests have been effective enough [ 49].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Cham Islands


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Cham Islands (English: Chàm Islands or Vietnamese: Cù lao Chàm) are located in the South China Sea, about 15 minutes from Hoi An and the mouth of the Thubon River.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The archipelago consists of eight granite islands (Lao, Ong, Khome, Khokon, Tai, Zai, La and Mo) with a total area of 15.5.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

90% of the islands are covered by forests, 7% are cultivated and 3% are occupied by buildings.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The population of the Cham Islands is 2.8 thousand people, the largest villages are Bayong, Bailang and Baihuong on the largest island of Lao (the highest point of the archipelago with a height of 517 meters).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The entire territory of the archipelago is a nesting place for birds and belongs to the ecological tourism zone [37] [42].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 2009, under the patronage of UNESCO, the Cu Lao Cham Marine Park Biosphere Reserve with an area of 33 hectares was created around the Cham Islands [50] [51].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The main occupations of the population are fishing, services, rice growing, the extraction of bird nests, from which delicacy soup is prepared, and the collection of medicinal herbs.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Tourists on the Cham Islands are attracted by nature, including forested hills and sandy beaches, as well as swimming and diving opportunities.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The surrounding waters are famous for its rich flora and fauna, including algae, corals, tiger prawns, squid, crabs and shellfish.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The islands have preserved areas of mangroves and tropical rainforests, where various types of salangans live.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The most famous beaches on Lao Island are Baitong, Baibim and Bayong [52] [53].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Already during the Tang Dynasty, Chinese ships docked at the Cham Islands to replenish fresh water supplies.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Champa merchants used the islands to transship goods to the mainland, to the port of Hoi An.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the Cham era, pepper, cinnamon, ivory and valuable wood species were traded here.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Some buildings have been preserved on the islands from the reign of Princes Nguyen and the Nguyen Emperors, such as the Haitang Pagoda, built in 1753 in Bayong Village, and the Thanyenshao Shrine, built in In 1843, in the village of Baihuong, as well as a number of dams and reservoirs that irrigated rice terraces in the hinterland of Lao Island [54] [55] [56].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

With the beginning of the tourist boom in Hoi An, the archipelago has also become a popular destination for sea tours, and the Cham Islands have been nicknamed “raw sapphires” for their beauty [57].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

population


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

According to the 2001 census, 121.7 thousand people lived on an area of 6,147 in Hoi An and the nearest rural suburbs [58].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2006, about 83 thousand people lived in Hoi An (in 1996 — 76.9 thousand, in 1986 — 61.8 thousand, in 1976 — 68.1 thousand).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the same year, the able-bodied population was 53,000 people (in 1996 — 32.7 thousand, in 1986 — 30.9 thousand, in 1976 — 35.5 thousand).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The number of households in 2006 was 18.9 thousand. (16.3 thousand in 1996, 12.4 thousand in 1986, 11.3 thousand in 1976) [59].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Most Hoi An residents are engaged in tourism, although historically the city's economy has been based on agriculture, fishing and trade [60].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The vast majority of Hoi An residents are Vietnamese, although many of them have an admixture of Cham blood obtained as a result of the assimilation of the once largest people in Quang Nam province.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, thanks to the pre-existing ethnic enclaves of foreign traders and missionaries, the city has many Vietnamese-Chinese, Vietnamese-Japanese, and Vietnamese-European mestizos.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

There is a small Hoa community (among the local Chinese, there are communities of Cantonese, Chaoshan, Hoklo, Fujian and Hainan, originating from the corresponding regions of South China, and also a somewhat separate Hakka community).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In Hoi An, in addition to traditional Buddhists, there are Confucians, Taoists, Catholics and Protestants, as well as adherents of the Kaodai and Hoahao sects [61] [62] [63] [64].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Religion and way of life


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Most Hoi An residents are formally Buddhists, but the Vietnamese version of this religion is strongly influenced by ancestral cults and other local beliefs.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Many families have a statue of Amitabha on their home altar, and many families observe a short vegetarian fast every lunar month.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

At the same time, almost all Viets perform rituals in honor of the family's ancestors (usually at the home altar) and the ancestors of the clan (in a special family sanctuary, where they worship the semi-mythical “progenitor” and chronicle clan).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Small families do not have separate sanctuaries, as a rule, they worship only the deceased patriarch and other relatives [65].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition to the cult of ancestors, many citizens worship the “five deities of the house” (Ngu you zya duong), which the Viets believe protect the family, determine its fate, and help run the household.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

These deities include “kitchen god”, “well god”, “gate god”, “patron saint of life” and “goddess of fortune.”


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Chinese of Hoi An, instead of the last two deities from the “five”, worship the “god of the earth” and the “god of the doors”.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Traditional beliefs are common even among Catholics and Protestants in Hoi An [66].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

For Hoi An residents, as elsewhere in Vietnam, family and clan are key to public life.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

First of all, the Viets have obligations to their families, which is reflected in respect for older generations and reverence for deceased ancestors.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

At the next stage of social relations is the village or quarter, which is the center of the clan.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the past, a family or clan was headed by a “patriarch” who resolved internal conflicts, was accountable to the authorities and influenced the internal politics of the village.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Previously, every large Hoi An clan had private real estate — a family cemetery with the graves of ancestors, a family sanctuary, a public house, or a meeting room where family records and relics were kept, and also a separate holiday, during which the ancestors of the clan were honored [67].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Many locals have a negative attitude towards swimsuits that are too open on the beach, as well as inappropriate clothing for tourists visiting temples, family shrines, or meeting rooms.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The authorities and a significant part of Hoi An residents strictly regulate gender relations and forms of entertainment.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In accordance with cultural norms, karaoke establishments, establishments with hidden forms of prostitution (usually disguised as bars and hairdressers), bikini shops are not welcome [68].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The lifestyle, entertainment and hobbies of Hoi An residents are gradually changing, especially among young people.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Beliefs and strict family values are giving way to commerce and Western cultural influence, traditional pastimes and communications are being replaced by the Internet and clubs, becoming popular modern music and new games (football, tennis, badminton).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The increase in working hours affects family values.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Citizens are becoming increasingly detached from villages and family clans, focusing on individualism and material values.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

At the same time, air conditioners, televisions, microwaves and computers are becoming available to an increasing number of Hoi An residents [69].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Administrative divisions


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An is divided into nine urban districts (phưng): Kaman, Kamchau, Kamnam, Kampho, Kyadai, Min'an, Son Phong, Tanan and Thanh Ha.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, the city consists of four rural communes (xã): Kamha, Kamkim, Kamthanh and Tankhyep [37] [70].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

From the south, the mainland of Hoi An borders Zuisuen County along the Thubon River, and Dien Ban County from the west and north-west [42].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition to the administrative division, Hoi An has two zones established by the city authorities to protect the cultural and historical heritage.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

On the territory of the first zone, there are blocks of the old city, the buildings in which are preserved in their original condition.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The first zone is surrounded by a larger second zone, the construction of which is also strictly regulated by decrees and regulations (new buildings must not violate the overall ensemble, as well as architecture and ecological environment of historical monuments) [71].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Authorities


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The main authority of Hoi An is the City People's Committee, which reports to the People's Committee of Quang Nam Province.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The People's Committees of Districts and Rural Communities are subordinate to the Hoi An People's Committee.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, the City People's Committee is subordinate to specialized departments and services: the Department of Trade and Tourism, the Department of Culture, Information and Sports, the Department Health, Department of Education and Training, Department of Transport, Department of Construction, Department of Planning and Investment, Department of Agriculture, Department of Labour, disability and social affairs, the executive council for the eradication of hunger and poverty, the management board of urban projects, the management board of the central market, the committee on religious affairs, the committee family planning, cultural and sports center, monument management and conservation center, public projects company, interdepartmental team to verify compliance with city rules.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

These structures also report to the relevant provincial offices [72] [70].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

There are police stations in every district of the city that are responsible for public safety and report to the city's police department.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Overall, Hoi An is a safe city.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 2007, it was visited by more than 1 million tourists, while only 125 crimes were recorded.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

City authorities, including the police and the People's Prosecutor's Office, are fighting prostitution, fraud and poor customer service, as well as intermediaries who lure tourists to shops and sewing ateliers, receiving a percentage of this [73].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 2015, the fight against corruption in Hoi An made it possible to return more than 34 million dong to the state budget [48].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Many organizations and associations, as well as the media, formally related to civil society, are in fact closely linked to government structures.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

These include unions of youth, women, elderly citizens, veterans and peasants, and the union for the promotion of education.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

All of them are strictly structured and hierarchical, enter the orbit of the Patriotic Front of Vietnam and play an important role in conveying government programs and initiatives to the general population [74].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Economics


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An's economy is based on tourism and related industries — hotels, restaurants, bars, souvenir shops, boats and rickshaws serving tourists.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, Hoi An is famous for its sewing and shoe workshops and ateliers, of which there are several hundred, as well as the production of traditional ceramics, wood carving and fishing.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

There is a large Diennam-Dienngok Industrial Park between Hoi An and Da Nang [60].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Although the fertile land allocated for crops in Hoi An is limited and constantly declining, highly productive agribusiness remains important in the city's economy, especially jellied rice growing, which Vietnamese peasants practice on rice paddies.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Farmers grow rice on river islands and alluvial areas using old methods and equipment, including ploughed Indian buffaloes.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Many peasants live in simple bamboo houses and make most of the tools with their own hands, although there are often wealthy farmers who have built spacious brick mansions for themselves.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The main agricultural land is concentrated in the rural communes of Kamha, Cam Thanh and Kamkim, although small orchards and vegetable gardens are also found in urban areas of Hoi An [60].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Agriculture, which previously dominated the region's economy, and the local climate have significantly affected the character and life of Hoi An residents.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Farmers are often hit by the elements, including annual storms coming from the sea and floods caused by river floods.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Constant threats contributed to the cohesion of rural communities, which jointly monitored the condition of canals and ponds, jointly built dams and roads, and jointly protected rice fields and livestock [60] .


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Another traditional industry in Hoi An is fishing (in ponds, river and sea).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Local fishermen use a variety of gear and fishing methods, including different types of nets (the most popular is the “spider” or “shaky”).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Fish and seafood are supplied both to the domestic market, including street markets and restaurants, and for export.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the Hoi An area, fishermen are concentrated in the villages of Wongni, Devong, Phuokchat, Diane and Tanhyep (Kyadai, Kaman and Cham Islands districts) [75].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Trade, which has long been dominated by local Chinese, is another traditional branch of the city's economy.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Today, Hoi An is no longer a major commercial port, but thanks to numerous tourists, retail is flourishing here.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The city has many street markets, antique shops, paintings, jewelry, fabrics and paper lanterns, as well as souvenir and grocery stores (as of 2007, there were 202 stores selling souvenirs, art and handicrafts, 180 clothing and fabric stores, 91 stores selling shoes, bags, belts and flashlights).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The busiest shopping areas are Kampho, Min'an and southern Kamchau (the most popular shopping districts for foreign tourists are located at the intersection of Changfu Street and Nguyen Thaihok Street with Street Leloy).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

A colorful place is the indoor food market, the northern part of which overlooks Changfu Street and the southern part overlooks the Thubon River embankment.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Retail sales of goods to tourists account for more than 10% of the total revenue of the tourism sector of Hoi An [76].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Back in the days when Hoi An flourished as an international port, local dyers and tailors were famous for making fabrics and clothes for every taste.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In socialist Vietnam, sewing and tailoring focused on local residents and the foreign market, most of the workers worked in state-owned factories, such as the Hoi An Export Garment Factory.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

However, these factories were inefficient, and during the 1986 economic reform known as doymoy, they were privatized and most of the employees were laid off.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Only with the beginning of the tourist boom of the late 20th century, the sewing craft was revived and today hundreds of sewing studios and workshops, as well as workshops for the manufacture of shoes, bags, belts and others operate in the city accessories (the sector of quick tailoring of suits or dresses is especially developed, aimed at foreign tourists).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

There are also several small industrial enterprises in Hoi An — food factories, brick factories, and wooden boats are being built in Kimbong village [77] [24].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The construction and restoration sector of Hoi An is of great importance.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Since 1997, before the old city was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, the central government of Vietnam, the government of Quang Nam province and the city of Hoi An began investing state funds for large-scale restoration of historical sites.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Foreign donors also provided funds and technical expertise for restoration work in the old town.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

A total of 168 historic buildings owned by the state were restored from 1997 to 2007, for a total amount of more than 5.8 million US dollars.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, between 1997 and 2006, about 1,125 privately owned buildings were restored in Hoi An with the share of the authorities [78].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 2010, Hoi An's industry produced products worth 492.2 billion VND (41.2% accounted for woodworking, 26.4% for textile and leather industries, 23.5% for the food industry).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Most of Hoi An's enterprises, including export ones, are concentrated in the industrial zone of Thanh Ha District (production of furniture, clothing, shoes, bags, ceramic and glass products, bags).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the same year, the fishing industry of Hoi An produced 320.1 billion VND (most of it came from shrimp), agriculture - 82.5 billion VND (mainly rice, vegetables, pork, poultry and ornamental plants) [79].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the financial sector of Hoi An, branches and ATMs of all leading banks in the country are represented — Vietcombank, Vietinbank, Agribank, BIDV Bank and Asia Commercial Bank [80].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 2016, Hoi An's gross output amounted to 7423 billion VND, an increase of 12.9% compared to 2015.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The gross output of the tourism and trade sector amounted to 5,182.6 billion VND, an increase of 15.5% compared to 2015 (the total trade turnover exceeded 630 billion VND, an increase of 6.1% by compared to the previous year).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Gross industrial output, including crafts and construction, amounted to 1632.6 billion VND (increased by 9.2% over the year), gross output of agriculture, fisheries and forestry amounted to 609.9 billion VND (increased by 2.5% over the year).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Per capita income in 2016 reached 36.8 million dong, with 39.2 million dong in urban areas and 28.9 million dong in rural communes of Hoi An (in 2008, per capita income amounted to 17.2 million VND in Hoi An, and in 2009 — 18.7 million VND) [81] [82].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2015, the area of cultivated land was 1767.6 hectares, of which 778.4 hectares were occupied for rice (rice production was 4,750 tons, the yield was 64.5 centners hectare) [48].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Crafts


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Kimbong Village, located in the rural commune of Kamkim, on the southern bank of the Thubon River, is famous for its carpenters and woodcarvers.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

It was founded at the end of the 16th century by settlers from North Vietnam, who brought with them woodworking traditions.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Over the centuries, the people of Kimbong have adopted the methods and technologies of wood processing from the Chinese, Japanese and Europeans, eventually forming their own style.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Through the efforts of Kimbong carpenters and carvers, all the ancient houses and temples of Hoi An were built [83].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The skill of Kimbong's carpenters and carvers was so highly valued that the Nguyens invited them to build and decorate palaces, pavilions, temples and tombs in the Hue Citadel.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

For a long time, students have been hired by local craftsmen, learn the craft for years, and then open their own workshops.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Modern Kimbong carpenters and carvers produce wooden gates, doors, windows, furniture, religious figurines and boats [83] [84].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Thanh Ha Village, located in the southeastern part of Hoi An District of the same name, is famous for the production of pottery and other ceramics (tiles, floor tiles, pots, kitchen utensils).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Some of the products are decorated and embossed, some are covered with dark brown or dark yellow glaze.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The village used to produce bricks, but the kilns were closed due to smoke that polluted the air.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The village of Thanh Ha was founded around the same time as Kimbong, and also by immigrants from North Vietnam (probably Viets from present-day Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces) [85].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Many generations of Hoi ans had dishes and pots in their homes made in the village of Thanh Ha.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The proximity to a convenient pier on the Thubon River made it possible to export the village's products to other coastal areas of Vietnam and even abroad.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Today, the pottery industry in Thanh Ha has its own ancient gender characteristics: men mainly bring in and knead clay, while women work at the potter's wheel (one woman the foot rotates the circle, and the other gives shape to the product).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Then the men lay out the products in the sun to dry, after which they are taken to burn in a furnace, the desired temperature in which is achieved by burning firewood [85] [86].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Tourism


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An is sometimes referred to as an open-air museum city.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Today, Hoi An has more than a thousand officially recognized buildings of historical importance.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Among them are ancient Chinese houses and shops, ruins of Cham temples, public buildings, tombs.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The city is also known for its souvenir and antique shops, and a large number of sewing workshops.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, numerous tourists are attracted by the beaches of the coast, sand dunes and the Cham Islands Nature Reserve.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

If in 1997 Hoi An was visited by 140,000 tourists (including 81,000 foreign tourists), in 2007 this number exceeded 1 million people (including more than 600,000 foreign tourists).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Since 1999, tourism revenues have been constantly growing, the average annual economic growth of the city was about 13%.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Whereas in 1997, the turnover of the tourism sector amounted to 2.9 million dollars, by 2007 it had grown to 38.4 million dollars (34.4 million came from services such as accommodation, meals, communications, massage and spa services) procedures, entrance tickets, transport, excursions, and 4 million for the sale of goods).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2007, tourism, trade and other services provided 64% of the total revenue of the Hoi An economy, industry and construction - 21%, agriculture and forestry, fishing - 15% [87].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2007, the hotel sector accounted for almost 60 per cent of the turnover of tourism services.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The city had 79 establishments with 3,000 rooms (in 1999 there were 530 rooms), including 34 guest houses (10% of rooms), 26 one-two-star hotels (28% of rooms) and 19 three-five-star hotels ( 56% of rooms).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An has hotels of various categories, both local and international chains.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The first include Vinpearl hotels owned by billionaire Pham Nhat Vuong, the second are Royal Hoi An hotels of the French chain Sofitel and The Nam Hai of the Canadian Four Seasons chain [88] [89].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

About 70 restaurants and bars accounted for 25% of the turnover of tourism services (most of them were located in the restored historic buildings of old Hoi An) [90].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

At the end of 1995, Hoi An authorities introduced fees for visiting performances, museums, assembly halls, old houses, temples and other historical monuments (including the Japan Bridge).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 2007, the total income received from the entrance fee from tourists amounted to almost 1.7 million dollars (5% of the turnover of the tourism services sector) [91].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2007, the largest groups of foreign tourists visiting Hoi An were citizens of France and Australia, followed by citizens of Germany, the United States and Great Britain.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The big tourist “five” was followed by Spaniards, Japanese, Canadians, Dutch, Danes, Swedes, New Zealanders, Italians, Swiss, Belgians, Norwegians and Austrians [92].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 2011, Hoi An was visited by about 1.5 million tourists [93], and in 2016, more than 2.6 million tourists, which is 17.9% more than in 2015.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Revenue from the sale of entrance tickets amounted to 172.5 billion VND, an increase of 36% compared to 2015.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

By 2016, Hoi An was actively developing new types of tourism, including bicycle tours, tours of the surrounding villages, diving and water sports on the Cham Islands.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Authorities and the private sector have invested in infrastructure, including parking lots, recreation stations, public toilets, as well as expanding beaches and marinas for boats [81].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Transportation


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Since ancient times, Hoi An has benefited from its geographical location at the mouth of the Thubon River and the presence of a deep-water protected harbor capable of receiving merchant sailing ships.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Despite its historical fame, today Hoi An does not have its own port, there are only small berths in the Kiadai area and near the Kamnam Bridge.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Wooden boats transport goods and people to remote villages along the Thubon River and tourists within the city.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, speedboats and several ferries provide regular connections between Hoi An and the Cham Islands (the most important pier is located in Bayong Village on Lao's largest island).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

With the beginning of the tourist boom in the late 1990s, the authorities of Hoi An and the province invested heavily in the modernization of the city's transport infrastructure [94].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The main flow of tourists arrives in Hoi An through Da Nang International Airport and Chulai International Airport.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Da Nang is also home to the nearest railway station to Hoi An, where trains from Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City arrive.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

There is a regular bus service between Da Nang and Hoi An.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

You can rent a car or take a taxi in Da Nang and Hoi An.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, Hoi An has a widespread rental service for motorcycles, mopeds and bicycles [90].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Inexpensive trikshaws and motor rickshaws are popular among tourists.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Three road bridges have been built over the Thubon River in the Hoi An area - Kaukyadai within the city, opened to traffic in 2016, Kaukaulau and Kaukaulauma west of the city (the latter passes Highway 1A, which is part of the Asian route AH1).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Ho Chi Minh Hoi An Da Nang highway and the highway from Hoi An to the Laos border (QL14D and QL14B) are important.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of autumn 2010, Hoi An had 265.8 roads, including 161.4 concrete roads, 87.9 asphalt roads and 16.4 dirt roads [79].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2007, cars, trucks and motorcycles were prohibited from 8:00am to 11:00am, 2:00pm to 4:30pm and 6:00pm to 9:00pm through the historic center of Hoi An (only on Tuesdays and Thursdays at this time motorcycles were allowed to move) [47].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the summer of 2014, Hoi An authorities launched a program to expand the pedestrian zone in the old town, accessible only for bicycles.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An's tourist brand has become the slogan “The walking town”.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Cars and motorcycles were banned from entering the historic center from 8:30am to 11:00am and from 15:00 to 21:30 in summer and until 21:00 in winter [95].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Utilities


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The growth of the population and the number of tourists, the increase in income and consumption of packaged products have led to the fact that Hoi An has significantly increased the amount of solid household waste, especially plastic.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 2003, a waste collection service was organized in the city.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An and its surroundings are serviced by modern garbage trucks.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Garbage is removed from the center daily, from peripheral areas — twice a week.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

However, the recycling system, despite its effectiveness, is experiencing difficulties due to the increase in the amount of garbage and is putting increasing pressure on the city budget [45].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2010, Hoi An had 54 power grids, 58.1 sewers, 108.7 thousand m² of sidewalks, and more than 3.3 thousand trees [79].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Previously, the old district of Hoi An did not have a modern sewerage system, and it was only with the beginning of the tourist boom in the late 1990s that pipes for wastewater began to be laid along the streets.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Roads were also asphalted, sidewalks and drainage systems were laid, and street lights were installed.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

However, the new infrastructure does not always satisfy the historical character of the city.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

For example, granite sidewalks built in old Hoi An in 2006 did not harmonize with the traditional appearance of the facades and courtyards [96].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Employment and standard of living


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The tourism boom has created significant employment opportunities in Hoi An.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Since the late 1990s, many jobs have been created in sectors such as hotel and restaurant business, tourist escort, sewing and tailoring, transport services (taxi, bicycle rental and motorcycles), selling souvenirs and making paper lanterns [97].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

According to the Hoi An Statistics Department, in 2005, 9.9 thousand people were employed in the service sector, including 3.3 thousand people in the tourism sector.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 2006, the number of people employed in the service sector increased to 10.8 thousand people, including in tourism — to 3.4 thousand people.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

There were 180 companies in the tailoring and tailoring sector, employing about 400 people (only shops and fitting rooms are concentrated in Hoi An, and the bulk of orders are fulfilled in the surrounding towns: the owner sends dimensions by mobile phone, work continues all night, and in the morning motorcycle contractors bring finished products to the city; some orders come from abroad through websites) [98].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Villages surrounding old Hoi An, such as Kimbong (wood carving), Thanh Ha (pottery), Chakue (vegetables and herbs), Thanh Nam and Anbang (seafood), have also experienced an increase in employment.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

This is due both to the increase in demand for their products sold in Hoi An and to the increase in the number of tourists visiting the villages themselves.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

However, there is a different trend in these and other surrounding villages: higher earnings in the service sector mean that young people are no longer engaged in the traditional crafts of their parents, but prefers to learn the professions of cook, bartender, waiter or translator that are in demand in tourist Hoi An [99] [100] [101].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The growth of revenues from tourism and the entire service sector contributed to the fact that the average income of local residents increased and the poverty rate was reduced.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

While in 2000 the number of low-income households accounted for 7.7 per cent of the total number of Hoi An households, in 2007 this figure fell to 6.5 per cent.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The level of monthly income per household increased from $6.9 in 2000 to $16.25 in 2007 (or from 100,000 VND to 260,000 VND) [99].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2007, Hoi An had a lower proportion of low-income households than the national average (6.5 per cent versus 14.7 per cent).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Although GDP per capita in Hoi An (about $920) was much more modest than in Ho Chi Minh City ($2.8 thousand) or Hanoi ($2.4 thousand), it still exceeded the GDP of other Vietnamese cities of similar size or GDP on average for the country ($800) [102].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Since the late 1990s, the income of Hoi An residents who invested in the tourism sector and real estate, including hotels, hostels, restaurants, shops and tourism, has increased especially agencies.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The increase in living standards and the influx of foreign tourists have led to an increase in prices for all goods and services.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

For example, the cost of a rickshaw ride in Hoi An is higher than in wealthier Da Nang and Hanoi, while drivers do not provide local residents with a reduced rate, preferring to carry tourists.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Food prices have also increased, especially those that are in high demand among tourists.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As a result, some categories of products, for example, seafood, have become almost inaccessible to a significant part of local residents [103].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The tourism boom and gentrification of old Hoi An has led to a significant increase in property prices, especially in the area of Changfu, Nguyen Thihawk and Leloy pedestrian streets.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Many historic buildings formerly owned by low-income families were bought by private investors from Da Nang, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi (both for resale and commercial use).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Gradually, the indigenous people began to leave old Hoi An, moving to cheaper and less prestigious neighborhoods.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, social facilities began to be closed in the old city, including the last hospital and pharmacy, on the site of which commercial enterprises were opened [104].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The same situation was observed in the coastal zone of Kaman and Kyadai districts, where the lands of beaches and dunes were reserved exclusively for the construction of expensive resorts and hotels.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Many fishing villages have been evicted elsewhere, often without any compensation.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Fishermen who refused to move and were left without means of subsistence were forced to look for work in the service sector [104].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 2010, 5.8 thousand people were employed in the field of industry and crafts (including 3.2 thousand people in households, 0.9 thousand in the public sector), in the field of fishing — 4.8 thousand people, in agriculture — 4,800 people [79].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2015, there were 154 low-income households in Hoi An, accounting for 0.7% of all households in the city [48].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Healthcare


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Hoi An was the largest center of traditional medicine in central Vietnam.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The drugs were known as “northern medicine” if imported from China, and “southern medicine” if produced domestically.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Many traditional pharmacies and treatment parlors were located along Changfu, Nguyen Thaihok, Hoang Wanthu and Leloy streets.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Until the beginning of the 20th century, when Western medicine began to spread in Hoi An, patients from all over the country flocked to the city.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Today, traditional medicine is still popular in Hoi An, numerous pharmacies, massage parlors and clinics receive locals and tourists looking for an alternative to Western medicine.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

However, most residents seek help from so-called “medical stations” available in each district [75].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

There are several modern hospitals in Hoi An, including the Pacific Private Hospital in Kampho District and Hoi An State Hospital in Son Phong District (which operates an ambulance station).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, the city has a medical consultation, a backup health center and 12 district medical stations.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2010, 268 people worked in the healthcare sector, including 17 pharmacists [105] [82].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The city authorities carry out measures for the prevention of diseases and family planning, monitor food safety.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In 2016, 81% of Hoi An residents were enrolled in health insurance [81].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Education


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2007, there were 36 educational institutions in Hoi An, including 12 kindergartens (3.8 thousand students), 14 primary schools (5.9 thousand students) and 10 secondary and higher schools (6 thousand students).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, the city is home to the Phan Chau Ching University campus, the Central College of Electric Power Engineering and the College of Technology, which trains economists and irrigation specialists [82].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As of 2016, 37 educational institutions operated in the city [81].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Culture and art


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

According to the agricultural seasons and the lunar calendar, Hoi An residents celebrate many holidays and practice various rituals.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The main ones are prayers for a good harvest and good fishing, rituals for the deity of the earth and freshly planted rice, rituals in honor of the anniversary of the death of an ancestor and the anniversary of the death of the famous Minh Hai monk, rituals of worship of the Fire Emperor and the guardian spirits of the hearth, the ritual of commemorating the Hung kings, the rite of seeking peace of mind, the rite of protection from evil spirits, celebrations Buddha's birthday and New Year's holiday Tet [66].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Tet holiday (“New Morning Festival” or “First Full Moon Festival”) is traditionally celebrated with family members.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The streets and houses of Hoi An are decorated with flowers and fruits, citizens hold fairs and folk festivals everywhere, and fireworks are launched [66].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Fujian Hoi An Community celebrates Luk tan Wuong Zia - “the holiday of six royal families”.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The assembly hall of this community honors six generals who came from Man County, Fujian Province, to defend the Ming Dynasty, but died in battle.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During the festival, traditional dishes (including noodles and wontons) are prepared and various rituals are performed.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The celebration of the “Ancestral Day” (thanh min) is accompanied by a visit to the village cemetery, cleaning graves and preparing special dishes — “floating pies” and five colorful types of glutinous rice, steamed [106].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

On Buddha's birthday, it is customary to decorate pagodas and temples, as well as release birds and fish that were kept in cages and aquariums into the wild.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Tet doan ngo or Dragon Boat Festival is widely celebrated in summer.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

On this day, families prepare small pyramid-shaped rice pies, “Chinese” pies, steamed glutinous rice, roasted duck, Quang Nam noodles, sweet soups and fruit dishes.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, various rituals are held to drive away evil spirits and demons, save family members from diseases (for example, citizens fry ants and termites, put a lizard in the baby's bath, collect medicinal leaves and herbs, guess on an egg) [107].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Kuan Kong holiday is dedicated to the death of the hero of the Three Kingdoms of the same name (aka Kuan Wu and Guan Yu), who embodied courage, nobility and justice.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Celebrations take place at Quan Kong Temple and Ong Pagoda, which were built at the beginning of the 17th century by the Chinese community of Hoi An [107].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

On the feast of Tet chung nguyen (also known as the “feast of hungry spirits” or “wandering souls day”), it is customary to pray to the Buddha and ask to drop all unfair accusations against deceased ancestors and other spirits.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Families place the figure of the bodhisattva Kshitigarbha on a high platform, and statuettes of deities from the North, South, East and West are placed in the corners.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Various rituals are held throughout the night, as well as treats are prepared — rice, pies and meat [108] [109].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During Tet chung thu (“mid-autumn festival”), dedicated to children, citizens make or buy dragon and unicorn costumes, as well as star-shaped lanterns.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Performances take place on the streets of Hoi An until late at night: dragon and unicorn dances, flower dances, lantern launches, drummers performances.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Parents traditionally treat children to “moon gingerbread” [110] [111].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Tuk Thanh Pagoda, which is located in Tanan District, annually celebrates the anniversary of the death of monk Minh Hai, who founded the temple in 1454.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The beginning of the New Year holidays marks a ceremony in honor of Tao Kuan (the “god of the kitchen”), who manages the family's affairs and reports to heaven.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

To take God on a trip to heaven, the family prepares sweet dishes for him, including sweet glutinous rice, various fruits, and sweetened porridge (the ceremony is accompanied by worship of fire) [110].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The “whale festival”, which is worshiped by all fishermen in Quang Nam Province, is important.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An residents believe that honoring a deity in the form of a whale will bring a good catch and prosperity to fishing villages, as well as help fishermen in bad weather.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During the festival, groups of the traditional Vietnamese Hatboy theater perform, citizens decorate temples, buildings and boats.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Generous offerings are brought to the whale altar, in which seafood should not be placed.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Then a procession of fishing boats goes to sea [112].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Nguentyeu holiday is widely celebrated by the Chinese of Hoi An, the most massive celebrations take place in the assembly halls of the Chaozhou and Cantonese communities.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During the rituals, Shennong and the patron deities of the clans are honored, and prayed for a rich harvest, health and wealth.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The holiday is accompanied by reading poetry,


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

launching lanterns and drawing a lottery, all guests are treated to techoynyok — glutinous rice pies stuffed with bean paste, sprinkled with ginger syrup (Vietnamese version of tangyuan) [113].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During Longtyu, religious ceremonies are held to protect against diseases and epidemics, as well as to expel evil spirits from homes.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Citizens smoke incense sticks, “hide” protective amulets and talismans to chants, pronounce magic spells designed to stop diseases, and “throw” evil spirits into the river.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

After a series of rituals, solemn processions, folk festivals and joint meals begin.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The symbol of the holiday is the “royal” dragon boat, which is carried through the city and lowered into the sea [114].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Zuisuen County, which borders Hoi An from the south, celebrates the feast of the goddess of the Thubon River, inherited by the Viets from the ancient Cham.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The holiday is accompanied by religious ceremonies, a water procession, a regatta of several rowing teams, traditional dances and songs [115].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Children in Hoi An play many traditional games: boys throw glass balls and coins against the wall (daqien, tangtien), girls jump rope and rhyme words, they all play “follow leader” (rongran) and hide and seek (chontim).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Adult entertainment is mainly related to excitement and singing: tyoga (cockfights), toth (card game), baiteya (watchtower singing), taiboybatheo (“pig fishing divination”) and nembya (” throwing pomelo”), karaoke is widespread in drinking establishments.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Usually, these games are attended by a lot of people with a large audience and are held during holidays or weekends in the center of Hoi An [116].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In recent decades, due to changes in the way of life of Hoi ans, many aspects of cultural heritage have been disappearing.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Residents are moving away from traditional occupations such as agriculture and fishing, preferring to work in the service sector or industry.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

As a result, many games, celebrations, events and rituals, especially those related to agricultural and fishing traditions, are no longer practiced in everyday life.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

However, with the beginning of the tourist boom, the authorities and the public realized the attractiveness of folk traditions and began to organize, including for tourists, various cultural festivals and events [ 117].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The most popular is the monthly festival “Legendary Night”, which the city authorities have been organizing since 1995.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

This event is accompanied by folk songs and dances, as well as playing traditional musical instruments.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The old quarters of Hoi An are decorated with colored paper lanterns and garlands, paper rafts decorated with burning candles are lowered onto the river, traditional delicacies are prepared on the streets and souvenirs are sold, made by artisans [117].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition to supporting cultural activities, Hoi An authorities actively support traditional village crafts and crafts, including wood carving in Kimbong Village, pottery in Thanh Ha Village, vegetable growing in the village of Chakue (where bamboo water wheels are still used to water their gardens) and fishing along the coast.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

These villages are included in tourist routes and have tax preferences [117].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Performing arts


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An has a wide range of folk and other types of singing, dance performances, theatrical and musical performances, the Hoi An Theater of Traditional Performing Arts, the Hoi An a puppet theater on the water and other theatrical venues.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The themes of folk songs are most often housework, handicrafts, the feelings of peasants and fishermen, stories about the struggle for freedom and the Vietnam War.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

For example, among the songs about everyday worries, there are topics about making lime, processing rice, cinnamon and areca fruits, and raising children.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Usually, these songs are sung by women during homework [118] [119].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Other songs are sung by men and women working in the fields (this helps them forget about difficulties and serves as a source of motivation).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

They change among themselves, singing in an antiphonic style.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The bachao (“farewell songs”) style is common in fishing villages in central Vietnam.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Performers adjust their singing to strokes performed by large oars.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Usually, the choir has three or four soloists and 10 to 14 ordinary “rowers”.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The singing is accompanied by music performed on traditional instruments.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The bachao style plays an important role in the spiritual life of Hoi An fishermen, who address their songs to the “whale god”, which is responsible for good weather and safety when fishing [120].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During the Mid-Autumn Festival, dragon dance and lion dance are performed everywhere, rooted in Vietnamese-Chinese traditions.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Several people put on a long suit and dance to the rhythmic beats of the drum.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Other dancers accompany the procession with flags and lanterns in their hands.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The dance is performed to ward off evil spirits and ask the gods for health, happiness, prosperity and a good harvest.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Previously, in Hoi An, the Zuho style was very popular among local Chinese, which appeared in the early 20th century, but has fallen out of use since the second half of the 1970s.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

During the holidays, groups of about 20 people sang and played various musical instruments, and drummers threw high and simultaneously caught their sticks and cymbals.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

In addition, the game was accompanied by performances by acrobats and fireblowers [121].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Kitchen


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Traditional Hoi An cuisine has its own characteristics based on local products and spices.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

It is dominated by seafood, including shrimp, crab and squid, fish, various vegetables and rice.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The most popular dishes include kaolau (seafood and vegetable noodles), mikuang (shrimp and crab noodles), fo-ga (chicken noodle soup), pho bo (noodle and beef soup), tebap (corn sugar pudding), banchangdap (fried rice and steamed rice pancakes), banseo (spicy fried pork and shrimp pie), nems (rice paper rolls), tamhyu (shrimp and pork with onions), nyokmamzan (fermented fish sauce) and nyoktam (chilli, garlic, ginger, sugar and fish sauce sauce sauce sauce).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The most favorite dish of citizens and tourists is kaolau, which is made from a special variety of rice noodles fried with soy sprouts.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Then seafood, pork, vegetables, chili peppers are added to the noodles and served in a bowl with sweet and sour sauce [122] [123] [124] [125].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Many traditional dishes are cooked by frying, the main methods being tien, sao, yum, tai and ram.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The city offers both street food and inexpensive eateries, as well as European fast food and haute cuisine restaurants at expensive hotels.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An dishes of Chinese origin include pies with various fillings (including baozi and Fujian fried pork pies), seafood and mushroom wontons, banbao banwak (pies” white rose”), sweet soups, com duong chau (Cantonese fried rice) and “Fujian yam”.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Other cultures have also left a noticeable mark on local cuisine, with Hoi An restaurants serving Indian curry (cà ri), Thai seafood soup tom yum and European beef steaks (bo-bittet).


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Coconut milk, bean milk with sugar, soy milk with sugar, leaf tea, rice wine and leaf juice from the Cham Islands are widespread among drinks [118] [124] [126].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Museums


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An is home to several museums, four of which — the Museum of Folk Culture, the Museum of History and Culture, the Commercial Ceramics Museum and the Sahuin Cultural Museum — are housed in restored historical buildings.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Museum of Folk Culture displays traditional crafts and artifacts from village life.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Opened in 2005, the museum occupies the largest wooden two-story house in the old part of Hoi An.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Museum of History and Culture displays artifacts from the prehistoric period, Dongshon and Sahuin cultures, the Cham period, the Daiviet and Dainam periods.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

It is located in the former Quanyin Pagoda of the 17th century, adjacent to Guan Yu Temple [127] [128].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Merchant Ceramics Museum features ancient trade routes, as well as 13th-17th century ceramics from Japan, China, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and various parts of Vietnam.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Founded in 1995, the museum is housed in a traditional two-story wooden building with a large courtyard, built in the middle of the 19th century in the Vietnamese-Japanese style.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The Sahuin Museum of Culture displays Vietnam's richest collection of artefacts related to this archaeological culture.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The exhibits tell about the ancient population of the country and its contacts with the cultures of neighboring regions.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

The museum, founded in 1994, is based in a two-story brick mansion built in the French colonial style.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An is also home to Terracotta Park, which exhibits various pottery and smaller copies of architectural monuments, an art museum of gems and a gallery museum precious heritage, where photographs and original costumes of Vietnam's national minorities are exhibited,


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

collected by a French photographer [129] [130] [131] [132] [133].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Authenticity


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Hoi An

Municipal authorities actively contributed to the transformation of historic buildings in old Hoi An into hotels, shops and restaurants.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

These transformations have increased the income of tourists, but in some cases they have disrupted the authenticity of the heritage.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Following the outflow of the indigenous population in the old town, the number of traditional shops aimed at local citizens rather than tourists has decreased.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Many residents rent out their real estate in the old town for commercial properties, and move to the outskirts themselves.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Others remain in the building, but most of the premises are used as a “living museum” accessible to tourists.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Thus, the exterior and structure of buildings are preserved, and their functions and habitat are radically changed.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Authorities and merchants assess these changes as positive, but many tourists criticize old Hoi An for losing authenticity, lack of real life, turning many elements of culture and everyday life into theatrical performance [134].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Hoi An residents compensate for the lack of authenticity of everyday life in the old city with new cultural products, such as silk and paper lanterns or paintings, but these are not traditional products Hoi An, they appeared and took root in the city in the wake of the tourist boom thanks to the creative potential of citizens.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Many traditional festivals, rituals and rituals have become entertainment for tourists and have lost their original spiritual significance.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Even fishing on the Thubon River has turned from fishing to a way to make money from tourists for photos.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Tourists are in demand for cultural events, but they want to see events that are significant to the locals, and not just entertainment shows [135].


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Architecture and landmarks


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

According to archaeological excavations and historical documents, the first settlements on the site of Hoi An originated in the area of modern Nguyen Thiminh Thai Street (Kampho District) and Changfu Street (Min'an District).


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Hoi An

Due to silt deposits and changes in the riverbed, the area of the ancient port gradually shifted to the south.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

Nguyen Thaihok Street was created in the late 18th and early 19th centuries precisely to make it easier for transport to access this port area.


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Hoi An

Old streets running from east to west parallel to the river cross perpendicular streets running from north to south.


Question: What sea is Hoi An on the shore?

Hoi An

This grid of streets greatly distinguishes Hoi An from traditional villages, in which the layout is superimposed on a labyrinth of narrow winding streets, chaotically laid according to the landscape [136].