Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

On September 1-8, at the initiative of Narimanov, the First Congress of the Peoples of the East was held in Baku, which was attended by representatives of 37 Muslim peoples, about 2,000 people; among the delegates as honorary the guests were Bela Kun, John Reed, Ho Chi Minh, Mustafa Subhi and others [29]


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The First Congress of the Peoples of the East elected the Council of Propaganda and Action of the Peoples of the East as a permanent body, which included Narimanov [30].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The intervention of Narimanov, who sent a corresponding letter to Lenin, saved tsarist generals Mehmandarov and Shikhlinsky from repression.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

On March 12, 1922, Narimanov became chairman of the Union Council of the ZSFSR, remaining in this post until December 13.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

[25] On December 30 of the same year, by the resolution of the 1st session of the CEC of the USSR of the 1st convocation, Nariman Narimanov was appointed Chairman of the Central Election Commission


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

[25] Since April 25, 1923, he has been a candidate for membership in the Central Committee of the RCP (b).


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

[25] In resolving territorial disputes, Narimanov played an important role in the Nagorno-Karabakh issue, as a result of which Nagorno-Karabakh remained part of Azerbaijan.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Throughout 1924, Narimanov, along with his state work, lectured at the Institute of Oriental Studies under the Central Election Commission of the USSR and at the Communist University of Workers of the East, collaborated with Pravda and Izvestia is preparing for publication its works about Lenin: “Lenin and the Muslim East”, “Lenin is an Extraordinary Name in the Eyes of Muslims”, “Lenin and the East”, “A Year of Work Without Lenin”.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

At the same time, his scientific studies were written: “Ways to Understand Communism”, “The National Question”.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

From April 28, 1920 to April 1922 he was Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Azerbaijan SSR.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In 1922, Narimanov participated in the work of the international Genoese Conference as part of the first Soviet delegation.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Before leaving for Genoa, the Baku Council gave him a special order: “The Baku Council obliges you to remind the world bourgeoisie of the greatest destruction that has been inflicted on Azerbaijan civil war imposed on us by imperialism, and demand full compensation for losses” [31].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

As a member of the Soviet delegation, N. Narimanov defended the position of the Soviet government on it.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Upon returning home, he made a report on the Genoa Conference at the Congress of Working Women of Transcaucasia, ending it with the words: “... to be honest, I left Genoa under a very difficult impression. I approach the Genoa Conference not only as a communist Bolshevik, but also as a writer, and I speak on the basis of everything I saw and heard there:... The mind in Western Europe is currently held captive by capital... We must unite as soon as possible and jointly free this mind from the captivity of capital.”


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

He prepared a special book “What is Genoa?” [2].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Since December 30, 1922 he was chairman of the Central Election Commission of the USSR


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

An unflattering description of Narimanov's activities is given by O. G. Shatunovskaya, former secretary of the head of the Baku Council of People's Commissars, at that time secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

According to Shatunovskaya, Narimanov actively prevented the nationalization of the land, trying to use his official position for personal purposes: “When Soviet power came for the second time, Narimanov took possession of mansions. Workers of the ChON (special purpose units) protested and demanded that they have orphanages. At that time, thousands of starving children were brought from forty provinces of Russia... When we talked about this in Moscow, we were told: “We know this, nothing. For now, let it be “... Narimanov was needed to give an Azerbaijani image to the new Soviet government of Azerbaijan, which had too few prominent Azerbaijanis. Most of the educated Azerbaijanis fled from Soviet power to Iran and subsequently remained in exile. Narimanov was still a famous person and writer. And it was needed as a sign. Therefore, until a certain measure, he was tolerated.”


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Death and funeral


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Nariman Narimanov died on March 19, 1925 at 8:30pm in Moscow [2].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The circumstances of his death, as J.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Baberowski, are shrouded in secrecy.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

According to the official version, his death was due to a heart attack that occurred to him on the street of Moscow near the Kremlin [28].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

By resolution of the Presidium of the Central Election Commission of the USSR, work was stopped in all government institutions in Moscow and the entire Soviet


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The Board of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs declared two days of mourning in all departmental institutions of the country and abroad.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

On March 20, by a resolution of the CEC of the USSR, a special commission was organized to organize the funeral [2


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The coffin with Narimanov's body was installed on the same day in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Access to his body was opened for 24 hours to say goodbye to the deceased.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In the evening, the Symphony Orchestra of the City of Moscow played [28].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The day of the funeral was declared a mourning day.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In this regard, all performances, concerts, movies and other entertainment events were canceled.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

On the occasion of his death, all national flags were lowered at half-mast throughout the USSR for five minutes, from government buildings to ships of the USSR military and merchant fleet [2].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

On March 22, the coffin with Narimanov's body on a gun carriage was delivered through Revolution Square to Red Square.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Ahead of the coffin was the commander of the Moscow Military District K. E.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Voroshilov, followed by the family of the deceased, members of the Central Election Commission of the USSR and the Union Republics, the Council of People's Commissars and the Presidium of the Central Committee of Trade Unions


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The funeral of N. Narimanov were filmed by Azkino cameraman A. Yalov [33].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

On the day of the funeral at 13:00 Moscow time, fireworks were fired by artillery shots of one battery in all garrisons of the Red Army by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Where there was no artillery, military units fired a rifle volley with blank cartridges of one battalion.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Six volleys were fired in Moscow, Baku, Tiflis and Erivan with breaks of two minutes [2].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Nariman Narimanov was buried near the Kremlin wall and he is the only Azerbaijani buried here.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Chairman of the Central Election Commission of the USSR from the RSFSR M. AND. Kalinin, member of the Politburo L. B.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Kamenev, from Zakkraykom — M. G. Tskhakaya, from the Council of Nationalities — N. A. Skrypnik.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The Central Asian republics were represented by A. AND. Islamov said.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

But there was no one from Azerbaijan [28].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Ordzhonikidze, in his article in memory of Narimanov, called him “the largest representative of our party in the East” [1].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In Ulyanovsk, on the day of his death, the Kazansky Trakt was renamed Narimanovskoye Shosse (now Narimanov Avenue).


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Some representatives of Azerbaijan believed that the cause of death could be a long-term quarrel with Anastas Mikoyan over Muslim workers in Baku, but there are no strong arguments in favor of this.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Literary creativity


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Narimanov is a major Azerbaijani novelist and playwright.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In his works, he reflected the stages of the struggle for the liberation of the East [29].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In his artistic manner, Narimanov is a realist everyday life with a journalistic bias [34].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Nariman Narimanov created a number of major works of art that were of great importance for the development of Azerbaijani literature.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In 1895, the play “The Trouble with Language” or “Shamdan-bey” was published in Baku [35].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In 1896, his novel “Bahadur and Sona” was published, or as the author himself called it “The Little Novel”, the plot of which is based on the love of an Azerbaijani boy Bahadur and an Armenian girl Sona.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The novel caused an angry reaction among the clergy.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

This work was the first realistic novel in Azerbaijani literature [36].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Narimanov is the author of the first historical tragedy in the history of Azerbaijani literature “Nadir Shah” (1899) [37].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

For a long time, the tsarist authorities prevented the production of the tragedy and it was staged on the Azerbaijani stage only after the First Russian Revolution [35].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In the novel “Feast”, Narimanov opposes religion, scourges fanaticism and exposes the clergy of tsarist Russia.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

This work is one of the best examples of propaganda, anti-religious literature [34].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Another novel “Nadanlyk” (“Ignorance”) was written in the same spirit [1].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In 1915, his short story “The Adventures of a Village” was published [38].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In his literary and critical articles, Narimanov considered the problems of realism in the works of Kasum-bey Zakir, Mirza Fatali Akhundov, Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, A. Sabira et al.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

He defended realism, criticized the theory of “pure” art [39].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The author of memoirs about V. AND. Lenin [37].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

A film (dir.) was made based on Nariman Narimanov's works in 1956, and an opera by composer Suleyman Alesgarov was staged in 1962.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Worldview


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In the 1890s. Nariman Narimanov stood on educational positions and put forward democratic, humanistic, internationalist ideas, and already during the First Russian Revolution he began to lean towards the position of Marxism [ 39].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

An important place in his worldview was occupied by the question of the state, to which he approached historically, putting forward the idea of democracy.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

He wrote: “It is necessary to introduce into the consciousness of the nation that the state should serve the interests of the nation, the homeland, and not vice versa. Working people must understand that the state did not arise by the will and prayers of the divine. Enough to make him understand it. In this case, we can assume that the powder is ready, only a spark is needed” [17].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Remembering two years of struggle for the victory of the Soviet authorities in Azerbaijan, Narimanov wrote:


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

For two years, we, the Communists, while in Russia, thought about Azerbaijan all the time and took care of it every minute.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

If our bodies were in Russia, our soul was in Azerbaijan.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

We knew for sure that Azerbaijan could not exist without Russia, that Azerbaijan should have a connection with Russia.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

We knew for sure that Turks, British and other invaders came to Azerbaijan for their own interests, that they were there temporarily, and the eternal happiness of the Republic of Azerbaijan was associated with Russia [40].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Referring to the sovereignty of the Azerbaijan SSR, he noted that “all our institutions are free and independent and there is no pressure from anywhere and we do not ask anyone whether it is possible to issue such laws or no”, but Azerbaijan's sovereignty needs fraternal cooperation and mutual assistance: “Now, the issue (about independence — note) is in the following plane: the Armenian Republic is completely dependent on us, so how it will receive everything from Soviet Azerbaijan. We send oil to Georgia completely free of charge, without accounts, without everything Soviet Russia sends 25,000 sets of uniforms, from Soviet Russia we receive millions of pounds of bread, a lot of sugar and much more. And there are no accounts, no accounting department for all this” [41].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

family


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In the summer of 1915 [42] Nariman Narimanov married Gulsum-khanum Mir-Kazim kyzy (1900—1953), who received home education and was fluent in Russian.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

On March 8, 1914, poet Abdullah Shaig dedicated a poem to Narimanov's betrothal to Gulsum Khanum:


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

On December 2, 1919, the couple had a son, Najaf.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In 1940, he graduated from the military school in Kiev.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

During the Great Patriotic War, Najaf Narimanov, as the commander of a tank platoon, took part in the liberation of Stalingrad and in the battles in the Donbas.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Killed in the battle for Volnovakha [43].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

memento


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Postage stamps of the USSR and Azerbaijan were issued in honor of Narimanov.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In 1965, a monument to Narimanov was erected in Sumgait (architects E. Ismayilov, F. Leontyev) [44], and in 1972 — in Baku (sculptor J. Karyagdy) [45].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In 1977, the Nariman Narimanov Memorial Museum was opened in Baku.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The film “Stars Do Not Go Out” [46] was shot about the life of Nariman Narimanov, starring Vladimir Samoilov.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Writer Mirza Ibragimov created the epic novel “Per-vane”, dedicated to the life and revolutionary activities of Narimanov [47].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Nariman Narimanov's memorial plaque is installed in Baku, on the wall of the house where Narimanov lived.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Today, this building houses the first building of the National Museum of Arts of Azerbaijan.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In Baku, a memorial plaque was installed on a house on Najafgulu Rafiyev Street, where Narimanov worked as a doctor from 1914 to 1917.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Now the Azerbaijan Museum of Medicine is located here [48].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Narimanov's memorial plaque is installed on the wall of a house in Moscow (Povarskaya Street, No. 11), where Narimanov lived.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

On May 28, 2013, the opening of Narimanov's memorial plaque took place in Kazan, at house No. 52 on the street. Nariman Narimanov [49].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Nariman Narimanov's house-museum was located in Tbilisi, on Mirza Shafi Vazeh Street.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In December 2008, during construction work, the house was destroyed, and in January 2009, an agreement was signed between Azerbaijan and Georgia on the restoration of the house [50].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In June 2017, after restoration, the opening of the Nariman Narimanov House-Museum took place [51].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The building of the Nariman Narimanov Memorial Museum in Baku.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Nariman Narimanov House-Museum Building in Tbilisi


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Memorial plaque on the wall of the building in Baku, where Narimanov worked as a doctor from 1914 to 1917


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Narimanov's memorial plaque on the wall of the house in Baku where Narimanov lived.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Today, this building houses the first building of the National Museum of Art of Azerbaijan


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Narimanov's memorial plaque on the wall of a house in Moscow (Povarskaya Street, No. 11) where Narimanov lived


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Narimanov Street in Kazan


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Bas-relief depicting Narimanov on the wall of a house on the street of the same name in Kazan


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The objects named after N. Narimanov


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Named after Nariman Narimanov:


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

A settlement in Volgograd Oblast (Russia).


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

City and district of the same name in Astrakhan Oblast (Russia) [52].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Azerbaijan Medical University [53].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Sarinsky fish processing plant in Lankaran district (Azerbaijan) [54].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Baku Children's Clinical Hospital [55].


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Streets in cities


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Russia (Moscow [56], Kazan, Astrakhan, Volzhsky, Kostroma, Rostov-on-Don, Voronezh, Kasimov, Shatura, Buzuluk and Naberezhnye Chelny)


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Azerbaijan (Ganja, Imishli)


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Kazakhstan (Shymkent, Kostanay)


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

A street in the village of Chernyanka, Belgorod Oblast (Russia).


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Avenue, district, metro station, shoe factory and cinema in Baku


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Prospectus (see


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Narimanov Avenue (Ulyanovsk)) and the square in Ulyanovsk.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Narimanovo Airport [57] in Astrakhan (Russia).


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

House of Culture in Shatura.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Central Park in Qusar (Azerbaijan).


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Populated places in Azerbaijan


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Narimanli villages in Shamkir and Goranboy


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Narimankend in Bilasuvar, Gobustan, Gadabay and Sabirabad


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Narimanabad is an urban-type settlement in Lankaran [54] and a village with the same name in Yevlakh districts of Azerbaijan.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Collective farms in the Kulinsky district of Dagestan and the Volodarsky district of the Astrakhan region.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

City secondary school No. 9 in Yevlakh district of Azerbaijan.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

School No. 2 named after Nariman Narimanov in the city of Khudat.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Narimanov School No. 5 in Karakol, Kyrgyzstan


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The following were named after Narimanov:


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In 1981, his name was given to a village in Uzbekistan [52] (now Payaryk).


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Baku shoe factory.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Monument in Narimanov (Astrakhan Oblast, Russia).


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Monuments to Nariman Narimanov


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

A monument to Narimanov in front of the House of Culture, which bears his name.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Sumgayit.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Sculptor Mir-Ali Mir-Kasimov


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The monument in Kusary


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Monument in Baku


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Monument in Tbilisi


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

The image of N. Narimanov in feature films


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

1971 — Stars don't go out (dir. A. Ibragimov) — Vladimir Samoilov.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

1981 — The day after tomorrow, at midnight (dir. A. Babayev) — Melik Dadashev.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

In philately


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Postage stamp of the USSR, 1973


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Postage stamp of Azerbaijan, 1997


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Awards and titles


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Bronze medal (1897) — for conscientious work in the gymnasium [2]


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Order of Stanislav III class (1899) [2]


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Order of the Red Banner (1921) [58]


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Honorary Proletarian Badge of the Azerbaijan SSR [59]


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Honorary Citizen of Dagestan ASSR [60]


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Notes


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

References


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Gusterin P. IN.


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Literature


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:Azerbaijani playwrights


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:19th-century playwrights


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:20th-century playwrights


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:Azerbaijani writers


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category: 19th-century Russian writers


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:20th-century Russian writers


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category: Soviet writers


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:Heads of Government of Azerbaijan SSR


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:Azerbaijani communists


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:Marxists


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:Russian revolutionaries


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:Revolutionaries of Azerbaijan


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:Bolsheviks


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:Deaths from heart failure


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category: Burials in the necropolis near the Kremlin wall


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:Chairmen of the Central Election Commission


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:Candidates for the CPSU Central Committee


Question: Was Nariman Kerbalai Najaf ogly Narimanov an atheist?

Nariman Kerbalai Najaf oglu Narimanov

Category:Personalities on postage stamps


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The Varangians (Old Norse: Væringjar, Greek: Cambogia) is a group in the population of Ancient Rus, which is ethnic, professional or social in nature.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In Russia, people from Scandinavia were called Varangians [1].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The Varangians are known as hired warriors or merchants in the Old Russian state (9th—12th centuries) and Byzantium (11th—13th centuries).


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Old Russian chronicle The Tale of Bygone Years connects the emergence of the state of Russia (the “vocation of the Varangians”) with the Varangians and Rus.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

A number of sources bring the concept of “Varangians” closer to the Scandinavian Vikings, pointing to the replacement of the previously used lexeme “Varangians” with the pseudo-ethnonym “Germans” since the XII century.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

From Byzantine sources, the Varangians (Varangs) are known as a special detachment in the service of Byzantine emperors since the XI century.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Scandinavian sources also report that some Vikings joined the Varangian (Wering) detachments while serving in Byzantium in the XI century.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Varangian question


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Since the XVIII century, historians have been arguing about who those legendary Varangians who founded Russia according to the chronicle version (“vocations of the Varangians”) were.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

If according to Old Russian sources, the Varangians were “discoverers from across the sea” (from the shores of the Baltic), the Byzantines introduce into the name a clear ethnic shade with a blurred geographical localization.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Scandinavian sources mainly link the activities of the Varangians with military service in Constantinople.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

It should also be noted that in the story about the vocation of the Varangians in the Tale of Bygone Years, the chronicler writes about them as a separate people.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The Varangians, along with Russia (the alleged tribe of Rurik), include Svei (Swedes), Normans (Norwegians), British and Goths (Gotlanders): “Idosha across the sea to the Varangians, to Russia. Sice bo call you Varangians Rus, as se druzias are called svee, drusia urmani, anglyans, inei and gote, tacos and si”.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Attention is drawn to the presence of the same peoples together with the Varangians in the list of descendants of Japheth: “Afetovo is also a koleno: Varangians, Svei, Urmanes, Goth, Rus, Aglan...” [2].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In Russian pre-Soviet historiography, starting with N. M. Karamzin [3], the Varangians were most often identified with the Scandinavian peoples.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Most modern historians also adhere to this version [4].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

There are also other versions of the ethnicity of the Varangians: they are considered as Finns [5], Prussians [6], Baltic Slavs [7] and as Varangians of the “Russian” (that is, salt) fishery of the Southern Ilmenye [8] [9].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The “Varangian question” is commonly understood as a set of problems:


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

the ethnicity of the Varangians as a whole and the people of Russia as one of the Varangian tribes;


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

the role of the Varangians in the development of East Slavic statehood;


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

the importance of the Varangians for the formation of the Old Russian ethnic group;


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

etymology of the ethnonym “Rus”.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Attempts to solve a purely historical problem were often politicized and combined with the national question.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In the 18th and first half of the 20th centuries, Norman theory (Normanism) was accused of glorifying the superiority of the “Germanic race”; now this connection is rejected as unscientific.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In Soviet times, historians were forced to be guided by party attitudes, as a result of which chronicles and other data were rejected as fiction, if they assumed the Scandinavians among the founders Russian state [10].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

IN. O. Klyuchevsky noted that, unlike the Vikings and Normans in Western Europe - pirates and coastal robbers, the Varangians in Russian history are primarily armed merchants, which included, the testimony of Titmar of Merseburg, “agile dans” (ex velocibus danis), and some fugitive slaves of unknown origin, mainly engaged in trade along the Varangian route.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Settling in large trading cities along this way, the Varangians met socially related local armed merchants and mixed with them, entering into a trade partnership with the locals or hiring for a good fee to protect local trade routes and trading people, that is, to escort trade caravans [11].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Some historians consider the story of the vocation of the Varangians to be borrowing, pointing, in particular, to a similar plot in the chronicle of Vidukind of Corvey, which deals with the vocation of the Saxons by the Britons [12] [13].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

E.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

A. Melnikova and V. ME.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Petrukhin created the concept of the emergence of the Old Russian state, revealing the important role of Scandinavian trade squads in catalyzing social stratification and the development of society East Slavic and Finnish peoples.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

This concept, recognizing the Varangians as Scandinavians, and early Russia as immigrants from Scandinavia, differs from classical Normanism in moderation in assessing the role of the Scandinavians and comprehensive consideration available archaeological, linguistic and written sources.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Rurik's vocation to reign is considered as a folklore reflection of contractual relations ([row] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) between the population and the tribal nobility of the Eastern Slavs and Finns on the one hand, and the Varangian squad led by the prince, located everywhere except Kiev, in camps separate from ancient Slavic cities — on the other hand [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

etymology


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

[[File:Old norse, ca 900.png|right|250px|mini|Approximate limits of distribution of Old Norse and related languages in the 10th century.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Retrospectively, Russian chroniclers of the late XI century attributed the term “Varangian” to the middle of the IX century (“the vocation of the Varangians”).


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In the Icelandic sagas, the Varangians (væringjar) appear when describing the service of Scandinavian warriors in Byzantium at the beginning of the XI century.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The Byzantine chronicler of the 2nd half of the XI century Skilitsa first reports on the Varangians (Varangs) when describing the events of 1034, when the Varangian detachment was in Asia Minor [21].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The concept of the Varangian is also recorded in the work of the scientist from ancient Khorezm Al-Biruni (1029):


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

“A large bay separates from [the ocean] in the north near the Saklabs [Slavs] and stretches close to the land of the Bulgars, the country of Muslims; they know it as the sea of varanks, and this is the people on its shore.” [22] Also one of the first synchronous mentions of the Varangians date back to the reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) in Russkaya Pravda, where their special legal status in Russia was distinguished.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Sigismund von Herberstein, being an adviser to the ambassador to the Moscow state in the 1st half of the 16th century, was one of the first Europeans to get acquainted with Russian chronicles and expressed his opinion on the origin Varangians:


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

... since they themselves call the Baltic Sea the Varangian Sea... I thought that due to their proximity to princes, they had Swedes, Danes or Prussians.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

However, Lübeck and the Duchy of Holstein were once bordered by a vandal area with the famous city of Vagria, so it is believed that the Baltic Sea got its name from this Vagria; since... vandals then they were not only powerful, but also had language, customs and faith in common with the Russians, then, in my opinion, it was natural for Russians to call themselves the rulers of the Wagrs, in other words, the Varangians, and not to concede power to foreigners who differed from them in faith, customs, and language


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Tatishchev assumed, referring to Stralenberg, the origin of varg - “wolf”, “robber” [23].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The translator of sagas from ancient Icelandic O. AND. Senkovsky believed that the word “Varangians” - the self-name of the Viking squad distorted in the Slavic language - félag [24] The lexeme “verings” (væringjar) that arose later in Byzantium could be a borrowing from the Rus, that is, it was a distortion of the word “Varangians”.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

19th century historian S. A. Gedeonov found another close meaning in the Baltic-Slavic dictionary of the Drevan dialect, published by I. Potocki in 1795 in Hamburg: warang, “sword”.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

A well-known specialist on Byzantium V. G. Vasilievsky believed that the Greek name “Varangi” (“Varangi”) and the Russian “Varangians” were formed independently of each other.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

He considered the first to come from the Greek words “farangi” (farangi), that is, the Franks or “marangi” Marangi, that is, “alien from the sea” [25], and the second - came from the language of the Crimean Goths and, through the Normans, borrowed by Russian mercenaries in the service of Byzantium [26].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Subsequently, as a result of a chronicler's error, these two terms merged into one [27].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Another common version is that the “Varangians” came from others.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

-germ.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

wara (oath, oath), that is, the Varangians were warriors who took an oath.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Max Vasmer, adhering to this etymology as a whole, produces the word from the alleged Scandinavian *váringr, vœringr, from vár “loyalty, guarantee, vow”, that is, “allies, members of the corporation” [28].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

According to A. G. Kuzmin, the word comes from the Celtic var (water), that is, the Varangians were understood as residents (according to Kuzmin: weakened Celts) of the coast in general (an analogue of etymology in Russian: Pomors) [29].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In his opinion, the word “Varangians” goes back to the ethnonym “varins” or “varna”, through the intermediate ethnonym “varangs”, from which others derive.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

-Russian.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

“Varangians” and “Varangian Sea”, and possibly “vagras” and “varnas” (in the German transmission the names of some tribes of the Baltic Slavs).


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

According to Lev Klein, the word “Varangian” comes from the Scandinavian word “var” (oath).


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

This was the name of the Scandinavian mercenaries who swore allegiance to the Byzantine emperor (the basis of “vering” with the ancient German suffix -ing, which naturally gave the Slavic -eng > -yag) [30].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Varangians in Russia


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Varangians Rus


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In the earliest surviving Old Russian chronicle, the Tale of Bygone Years, the Varangians are inextricably linked with the formation of the state of Russia, so named after the Varangian tribe Rus.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Rurik at the head of Russia came to Novgorod lands at the call of the union of Slavic-Finnish tribes to put an end to internal strife and civil strife.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The chronicle began to be created in the second half of the 11th century, but even then there is a contradictory information about the Varangians.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In the introductory part of the PVL, the chronicler gives a list of peoples known to him by origin from biblical patriarchs:


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

“The Poles [Poles] and Prussians, Chud are sitting near the Varangian Sea. The Varangians sit on this sea: from here to the east to the limits of the Simovs, they sit on the same sea and to the west to the land of England and Voloshskaya. Japheth's offspring are also: Varangians, Swedes, Normans [Norwegians], Goths [inhabitants of Gotland], Rus, Angles, Galicians, Volokhs, Romans, Germans, Corlazi, Venetians, Fryags [Franks] and others.” [31]


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

When, according to the chronicle version, the union of Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes decided to invite a prince, they began to look for him from the Varangians: “And they went overseas to the Varangians, to Russia. Those Varangians were called Rus, as others are called the Swedes, and others are Normans and Angles, and other Gotlanders, like this. [...] And from those Varangians, the Russian land was nicknamed.” [31] [32]


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In Russian service


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

According to the “Tale of Bygone Years”, Prince Igor resorted to the help of the Varangians as mercenaries for the first time in a campaign of 943. Starting with Vladimir the Baptist, the Varangians are actively used by Russian princes in the struggle for power.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Vladimir served the future Norwegian king Olav Tryggvason.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

One of the earliest sources on his life, “Review of the Norwegian King Sagas” (c. 1190), reports on the composition of his squad in Russia: “his detachment was replenished by the Normans, Gauts and Dans.”


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

[33] With the help of the Varangian squad, Novgorod prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich seized the throne in Kiev in 979, after which he tried to get rid of them:


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

“After all this, the Varangians told Vladimir: “This is our city, we captured it,” we want to take a ransom from the citizens for two hryvnias per person.” And Vladimir said to them: “Wait a month for the coons to be collected for you.” And they waited a month, and Vladimir did not give them a ransom, and the Varangians said: “He deceived us, so let us go to the Greek land.” He said to them, “Go.” And he chose good, intelligent and brave men from among them, and gave them towns; the rest went to Tsargrad to visit the Greeks. Even before them, Vladimir sent ambassadors to the tsar with the following words: “Here are the Varangians coming to you, do not dare to keep them in the capital, otherwise they will do you the same harm as here, but they have settled them in different places, and don't let a single one come here.” [34]


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Under Vladimir, there was evidence of a large contingent of Rus (about 6 thousand) in the Byzantine army.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Eastern sources confirm Vladimir's sending soldiers to help the Greek emperor, calling them Rus.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

[35] Although it is not known whether these “Rus” belong to the Varangians of Vladimir, historians suggest that from them in Byzantium soon came the name Varanga (βraggoi) to refer to the selected military a subdivision consisting of different ethnic groups.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The Varangians were actively involved by Yaroslav the Wise in the internecine war with Prince Svyatopolk.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The Strand of Eimund saga [36] retained the conditions for hiring the Varangians in Yaroslav's army.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The leader of a detachment of 600 soldiers, Eimund, put forward the following requirements for a year of service:


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

“You have to give us a home and our entire squad, and make sure that we don't lack any of your best supplies that we need [...] You have to pay each of our warriors eirir silver [...] We we will take it with beavers and sables and other things that are easy to get in your country [...] And if there is any military booty, you will pay us this money, and if we sit still, ours the share will be smaller.” [37]


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The last mention of the Varangians mercenaries as part of the Russian army was placed in 1036, when they participated in the battle under the walls of Kiev with the Pechenegs.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Varangians and Germans


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In synchronous documents of the X century (Russian-Byzantine treaties and Byzantine documents), the name “Varangians” is not used, so all references to them until the XI century are retrospective in nature.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In Russian chronicles, the Varangians appear primarily as hired professional warriors in the 10th—11th centuries. Since the 12th century, they have been like merchants from the Baltic, and the concept of “Varangian” is shifting towards a generalizing ethnic feature.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In the life of St.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Princess Olga reported about her parents: “She had a pagan father, and also a mother unbaptized from the language of Varyazhsk.”


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In the agreement [38] of the end of the 12th century, Novgorod residents with the Hanseatic Trade League, the Varangians act as an obsolete common name for the “Germans” and residents of Gotland.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Novgorod's first chronicle of senior (and younger) recitations [39] celebrate in 1201 the conclusion by Novgorod residents of peace with the Varangians, which completed a major quarrel in Gotland, apparently on trade affairs, by several years earlier.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

But the localization of the chronicles of the Varangians from 1201 (relative to Staraya Russa and the return land road to Novgorod by mountain through the village of Korostyn) requires further research - “And the Varangians let go without peace across the sea. The same lat cut down in the Russian city. And in the fall, Varyazi came mountain to the world. and yes, they have peace in all their will” [40].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In the chronicles for Lake Ilmen in the direction of Staraya Russa, another name has been preserved - the “Russian Sea” [41].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In Russian sources, the word “Varangian” in relation to churches actually meant “Catholic”.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Since the XIII century, the word “Varangians” was largely replaced by the pseudo-ethnonym “Germans”, which was reflected in the description of Rurik's vocation in later chronicles [42]: “Three brothers from childbirth were elected from the German with your own...”


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Tsar Ivan the Terrible wrote to the Swedish king: “In the previous chronicles and chronicler, it is written that the Varangians visited many battles with the great sovereign autocrat Georgiy-Yaroslav: and the Varangians were Germans” [43]


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In any case, as the English Ambassador Fletcher later explained, the Russians and Tsar Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century considered their dynasty German, not Scandinavian, but because they considered them Germans and Baltic Slavs and Hungarians.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

S. M. Solovyov and his student V. O. Klyuchevsky, following a skeptical school, denied the purely ethnic content of the term “Varangians” and believed that the term was originally a socionym, and the Varangians meant either “all Baltic residents, therefore, Slavs”, or, mainly, squads, “wading gangs of adventurers”, as Klyuchevsky specified - armed merchants [45].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Ivan the Terrible was convinced that all, without exception, those Varangians who were his ancestors on the male line were in any case Germans (just Germans), and the Swedes (Swedish Germans) and Norwegians (Murmans) to his ancestors only served or gave wives.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Varangians in Byzantium


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In Byzantine sources, the Varangians appear under their own name in the XI century, sometimes together with the Rus.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Since the 9th century, Greek chronicles mention Farganoi (farganoi) as guards of the emperor: in the Psamathia Chronicle, a document of the 1st half of the 10th century [47], and in “On Ceremonies” by Konstantin Bagryanorodny [ 48] [49]


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Mercenaries


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

For the first time, the Varangians in the Byzantine service were noted in the chronicle of John Skilitsa in 1034 in Asia Minor (Thema Fraqueson), where they were accommodated in winter apartments.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

When one of the Varangians tried to seize a local woman by force, she responded by stabbing the rapist with his own sword.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

[50] The admiring Varangians gave the woman the property of the victim, and his body was thrown away, refusing to bury him.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In 1038, the Varangians participate in battles with the Arabs in Sicily, in 1047 they operate in southern Italy, in 1055 they, together with the Russ, defend the Italian city of Otranto from the Normans.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Around 1050, the Byzantine emperor sent a detachment of 3,000 Varangians (Varangs) to Georgia to help an ally of Byzantium in his internecine war.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

As Kekavmen testifies, in the first half of the 11th century, Varangian mercenaries did not enjoy much favor of the emperors:


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

“None of these blessed rulers raised Frank or Varyag [Baragmon] to the dignity of a patrician, did not make him an ipat, did not entrust him with observation of the army, and only barely produced anyone in spafaria [54]. They all served for bread and clothes.” [55]


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Kekavmen, in a story about the famous last Viking and future Norwegian king Harald Surov, who served in the Varangians in the 1030s, called him the son of King Varangia, which is tantamount to a Byzantine understanding in the 11th century, the Varangians as Normans or Norwegians.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The 11th century Byzantine historian M. Psell also spoke of the Varangs as persons belonging to the tribe [56], although without specifying ethnographic affiliation or geographical location.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

A contemporary of Kekavmen and Psella, chronicler Skilitsa, generally identified the Varangians as Celts: “Varangs, Celts by origin, employees of the Greeks.”


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The ethnic understanding of the word “Varangians” by the Byzantines is evidenced by the certificates (chrysovules) from the archive of the Lavra of St.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Athanasius on Mount Athos.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The certificates of the emperors liberate the Lavra from military post, they list contingents of mercenaries in the Byzantine service.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In Chrysovula No. 33 of 1060 (from Emperor Constantine X Duka), Varangians, Rus, Saracens, Franks are indicated.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In Chrysovula No. 44 of 1082 (from Emperor Alexei I Komnenos), the list changes - Russ, Varangians, Kulpings, Inglins, Germans.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In Chrysovula No. 48 of 1086 (from Emperor Alexei I Komnenos), the list is significantly expanded - Russ, Varangians, Kulpings, Inglins, Franks, Germans, Bulgarians and Saracens.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In the old editions of Chrysovulas, neighboring ethnonyms “Rus” and “Varangians” were not separated by a comma (error in copying documents), as a result of which the term was mistakenly translated as “Russian Varangians”.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The bug was fixed after photocopies of the original documents appeared.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Emperors' Guard


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In Byzantine sources of the 12th-13th centuries, the mercenary corps of the Varangians is often called the axe-bearing guard of the emperors (Tgma tωn).


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

By this time, its ethnic composition had changed.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Thanks to chrysovulas, it became possible to establish that the influx of the British (Inglins) into Byzantium began apparently after 1066, that is, after the conquest of England by the Norman Duke William.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Soon, immigrants from England began to dominate the Varangian corps.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Norman chronicler of the XI century Gottfried Malaterra about the battle of 1082 noted: “Anglans, who are called Varangs.”


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

[59] The 15th-century Byzantine writer Georgy Kodin, when describing the court meal, says: “The Varangs exclaim to the emperor for many years in their native language, that is, English.”


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

[60] It follows from the latest evidence that the Varangians acquired a privileged position in the Byzantine army.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Perhaps the authors made a generalization, calling the Varangian language English.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Thus, Saxon Grammar, when describing the visit of the Danish king Eric to Constantinople in 1103, noted the meeting of the king with compatriots who served as personal bodyguards of the Byzantine emperor.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Foreigners were used as palace guards before, but only the Varangians acquired the status of a permanent personal guard of the Byzantine emperors.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The head of the Varangian Guard was called akoluf, which means “escort”.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

A 14th-century work by Pseudo-Codina defines: “Acoluf is responsible for the Varangs; accompanies Vasilevs at their head, and therefore is called acoluf.”


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Anna Komnenos, the daughter of the emperor, highly appreciates the Varangians, talking about the events of 1081:


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

“As for the Varangians, who carry swords on their shoulders, they consider their loyalty to the emperors and their service to protect them as a hereditary duty, as a lot passing from father to son; therefore, they retain loyalty to the emperor and will not even hear about betrayal.” [63] Anna characterizes the Varangians as brave barbarians, wearing double-edged swords on their right shoulder and having large shields.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In 1081, the entire Varangian detachment under Nambit was exterminated in a battle with the Italian Normans of Robert Guiscard.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The saga of Hakon Shirokoplech from the cycle “Circle of the Earth” tells about the battle in 1122 of the Byzantine Emperor John II with the Pechenegs in Bulgaria.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Then the “color of the army”, a selected Vering detachment of 450 people under the command of Torir Helsing, was the first to break into a nomadic camp surrounded by carts with loopholes, which allowed the Byzantines to win.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In 1204, the Varangian Guard showed itself for the last time, defending Constantinople from the Crusader Knights.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Nikita Honiat, a witness to these events, wrote this about the Varangians, the Axe Bearers after the knights broke into the city:


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

“Laskaris began to relentlessly exhort and encourage the people gathered here to resist the enemies. Equally, he excited the Axe Bearers with their abusive iron weapons on their shoulders to go to the upcoming battle, saying that they also need to fear disasters no less than the Romans if the management of the Roman the empire will pass to foreigners, because they will not receive such a rich salary even then and will not retain the venerable title of royal guard, but will be enlisted in the enemy army along with everyone else. However, despite all his efforts, none of the people responded to his voice and even the axe-bearers promised assistance only for money, dishonestly and thievously considering the extreme danger of the situation the most convenient time to bargain.” [64]


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

After the fall of Constantinople, there is no news about Varangians warriors in Byzantium, but the ethnonym “Varangian” is gradually turning into a patronym, an integral part of a personal name.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Documents of the 13th and 14th centuries indicate Greeks of apparently Scandinavian origin with the names Varang, Varangopul, Varangag, Varankat, of whom one was the owner of baths, the other a doctor, and the third was a church lawyer ( ecdicom).


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

[62] Thus, military craft did not become a hereditary affair among the descendants of the Varangians who settled on Greek soil.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Varangians in Scandinavia


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The word Værings is found on 11th-century runestones Ög 111 and Ög 68.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In northern Norway, near Russian Murmansk, there is the Varanger Peninsula and the bay of the same name.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

For the first time, the Varangians as væringjar (verings) appear in Scandinavian sagas recorded in the 12th century.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Verings were called mercenaries in Byzantium.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The Nyala Saga tells the story of Icelandic Kolskegg, who around the 990s: [65]


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

“I went to the east, to Gardariki [Rus], and stayed there for the winter. From there he went to Miklagard [Constantinople] and joined the Varangian squad there. The last thing they heard about him was that he married there, was the leader of the Varangian squad, and stayed there until his death.”


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The Salmon Valley Saga is somewhat contradictory in the chronology of the Nyala Saga, calling Bolly the first Icelandic in the Varangians in the 1020s:


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

“After spending the winter in Denmark, Bolly went to distant lands and did not interrupt his journey until he arrived in Miklagard. He did not stay there long when he joined the Varangian squad. We have never heard before any Norwegian or Icelander before Bolly, Bolly's son, become a vigilante of King Miklagard [Constantinople]” [67].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Bolly returned to Iceland in 1030 with rich weapons and luxurious robes that amazed his fellow tribesmen.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

One of the most famous heroes of the sagas was the future Norwegian king Harald III Severe, who fought in 1034-1043 throughout the Mediterranean with a detachment of 500 Varangians, and before that served Yaroslav A wise man.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The Harald Severe saga from the Circle of the Earth cycle reports a legendary custom that allowed the Varangians, after the death of the Byzantine emperor, to take treasures out of the palace: “Harald went around the chambers three times until was in Miklagard. It was customary there that whenever the king of the Greeks died, the Verings had the right to go around all the chambers of the king where his treasures were located, and everyone was free to appropriate what he could impose hand” [68].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

However, Harald, according to the same saga, was thrown into prison on charges of embezzlement of the emperor's property, and then fled to Russia.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Harald died in 1066 at the Battle of Stamfordbridge, which ended a two-hundred-year history of Scandinavian Viking invasions of England.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In the “Saga of Olav the Holy” and “The Life of Olav the Saint”, the Varangians appear in a slightly different capacity: a blacksmith slave in Novgorod of Norwegian origin is called wearing [69].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In the Egil Skalagrimsson Saga, Egil calls himself and his people “væringja” in one of the hangs [70].


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

See also


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Varangian Guard


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Vikings


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The Normans


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Chumaki


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Farang


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Ushkuiniks


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Wendel period


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Rus (people)


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Rurik


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Rurik State


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Varyazhskaya Street in Staraya Ladoga


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Kolbyagi


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Norman theory


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Anti-Normanism


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Notes


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

In fiction


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Semenova, Maria Vasilievna.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Valkyrie


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Mazin, Aleksandr Vladimirovich.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Varyag


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Literature


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Vikings and Slavs.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Scientists, politicians, diplomats on Russian-Scandinavian relations: Sat.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

/Ed.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Anders Hedman, A. N. Kirpichnikova.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— SPb.: Publishing house “Dmitry Bulanin”, 1998.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 96 p. — ISBN 5-86007-095-0


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Gurevich A. ME.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Viking hikes.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— Moscow: Book House “University”, 2005.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 2nd ed.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 208 p. — “Golden Stock of Knowledge” series.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 5000 copies


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— ISBN 5-98227-036-9.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Jackson T. N


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Jackson T. N. Icelandic royal sagas as a source on the history of Ancient Rus and its neighbors.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

X—XIII centuries//The oldest states on the territory of the USSR.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

1988—1989 — M.: Nauka 1991.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— P. 5-169.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Duvernoix A. L. — M.: Univ.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

type.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

, 1862.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 80 p.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Klein L. S. The dispute about the Varangians.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The history of the confrontation and arguments of the parties.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2009.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 400 s.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Koa Yves.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Vikings, kings of the seas.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— M.: OOO “AST Publishing House”, 2003.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 176 p. — Series “History. Discovery”.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Laskavy G. IN. Vikings: Hiking, discovery, culture.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— Minsk: MFTP, 2004.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 322 p. — “Peoples of the Earth” series.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

External link in |title= (help)


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Henrik Lovmiansky.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Rus and Normans/Trans. s pol.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

ed.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

IN. T. Pashuto.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— M.: Progress, 1985.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 304 p.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Melnikova E.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

A.//Drevnyaya Rus.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Medieval studies issues.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— MOSCOW, 2008.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— No. 2 (32).


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— P. 12-26.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Melnikova E.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

A. Varangians//Ancient Rus in the Medieval World.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Encyclopedia/Ed.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

E.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

A. Melnikova, V. ME.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Petrukhin.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 2nd ed.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— Moscow: Ladomir, 2017.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— P. 102-104.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Mikheev S. M.//Drevnyaya Rus.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Medieval studies issues.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

#2 (32).


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

P. 27-32.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Musset Lucien.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Barbaric invasions of Western Europe: Wave Two.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— SPb.: Eurasia, 2001.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 352 p. — “Barbaricum” series.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Nikitin A. L. The Royal Saga//V kn.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

: Nikitin A. L. Bonfires on the banks: Notes of an archaeologist.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— M.: Young Guard.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— P. 333-493.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Nikolaev S. L.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Oleinikov A. IN. Varangian Guard of Byzantium.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— Moscow: Veche, 2015.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 336 p.: Il.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— History Files series.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— ISBN 978-5-444-42364-6.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Petrukhin V. ME.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

//Ancient Rus.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Medieval studies issues.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

#2 (32).


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

P. 41-46.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Rydzevskaya E.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

A. Ancient Russia and Scandinavia in the 9th—14th centuries Materials and studies.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— Moscow: Nauka, 1978.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 240 p. — Series “The Oldest States on the Territory of the USSR”.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

/Ed.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

E.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

A. Melnikova.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

: Progress, 1986.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

[Orig. ed.: Wikinger und Slawen: Zur Frühgeschichte der Ostseevölker. — Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1982]


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Stringolm Anders Magnus.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Viking hikes/Trans. s him.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

A. Shemyakina.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Ed.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

A. A. Khlevova.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— M.: OOO “AST Publishing House”, 2002.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 736 p. — Historical Library Series.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Tiander K. F. Scandinavian trips to the White Sea.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— SPb.: Type.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

AND. N. Skorokhodov, 1906.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 464 p.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Fetisov A. A., Shchavelev A. S. Vikings.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Between Scandinavia and Rus.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— M.: Veche, 2009.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 336 p. — Terra Historica series.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— ISBN 978-5-9533-2840-1


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Heath I. Vikings.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The story.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Armament.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Tactics.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— M.: AST LLC, Astrel, 2004.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 64 p.: Il.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— “Elite Forces” series.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Hackansdotter L. (Original publication:)


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

The works of anti-Normanists:


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Reizd.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

: Gedeonov S. A. Varangians and Rus.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Exposing the Norman myth.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— M.: Eksmo; Algorithm, 2012.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— 288 p. — Series “The True History of Russia”.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

— ISBN 978-5-699-56960-1


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Kuzmin A. G.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Kuzmin A. G.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Tatishchev V. N.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Fomin V. IN.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Fomin V. IN.


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Category:Byzantine Army


Question: How many wars did Varyag participate in?

Varangians

Category:History of Pskov


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

is a Japanese role-playing game developed and released by Square (now Square Enix), the ninth installment of the Final Fantasy video game series.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

It was released in 2000 in Japan and North America, and Final Fantasy IX was released in the PAL region in 2001.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The game was the third (and last) installment to be released on PlayStation, not counting the Final Fantasy Tactics offshoot.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The game takes place in a fictional magical world called Gaia.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The plot is based on a military confrontation between several nations, ignited by the ambitious Queen Branah.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The player follows the story of a young thief named Zidane Tribal, who teams up with some other characters to stop this evil queen and bring peace to earth.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The situation changes dramatically when the characters learn that Brana was only a puppet in the hands of an evil genius named Kuja.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The atmosphere of Final Fantasy IX is very different from the predecessor games Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The authors decided to use more traditional fantasy elements, the game absorbed the spirit of the original Final Fantasy and turned out to be similar to the earlier parts.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The soundtrack was written by the company's lead composer and was his last exclusive work for Final Fantasy.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The game received a lot of positive reviews and was recognized by many critics as the best in the series.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

By March 31, 2003, the game had sold 5.08 million copies worldwide.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Gameplay


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Navigate


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In Final Fantasy IX, the player controls several heroes traveling through a vast game world, exploring different locations, and interacting with NPCs.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Most of the events take place in cities, dungeons, caves, and other places displayed on the world map [1], while the three-dimensional figures of the characters move through two-dimensional pre-render fields.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

For the convenience of surveying locations, Final Fantasy IX has introduced a system of exclamation and question marks that appear from time to time above the head of the protagonist, thereby indicating that This place has something interesting [2].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

During the passage, the player periodically turns to the ubiquitous small creatures “mugls”, which allow you to save the game, restore lives and mana with the help of a tent, and trade various items [3] — all this is a reference to the early parts of the series, where savepoints had the same functions.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In addition, Muggles sometimes ask playable characters to help deliver letters to the Mognet mail network [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The journey takes place on a fully three-dimensional playing field, where, for the first time in the series, it became possible for the camera to move up and down [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The player moves freely in any territory except the sea and mountains, and chocobos, boats and aircraft can be used to overcome these geographical obstacles.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

As in previous parts of Final Fantasy, moving around the world map is accompanied by random fights with random opponents [4].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Final Fantasy IX adds a new element to the city survey process, the so-called “Active Time Events” (or “ATE” for short), which allows the player track the subtleties of the plot and get some bonus items by instantly moving the camera to another point in the game location [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

This system can also be used to switch between two groups of characters while solving puzzles and mazes.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Battle


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Every time playable characters encounter an enemy, the action is transferred to the “battlefield”.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

On the battlefield, enemies are always on the opposite side of the characters, and each battle takes place according to the classic Active Time Battle principle, which was first introduced used in Final Fantasy IV [4].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The set of available commands appears in the window to the left of the ATB accumulation indicators.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In addition to using simple physical attacks and inventory items, each character can use their own unique techniques and skills.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

For example, thief Zidane can steal items from enemies, summoners Eiko and Garnet can summon huge monster-like creatures “eidolons” to help, and the wizard Vivi to damage and destroy uses black magic to enemies [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The unique teams of characters change radically when they fall into a “trance”.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

This condition is activated at regular intervals after the character takes a certain amount of damage.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Trance was a replacement for the “ultimate blows”, which were previously used in Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In addition to adding some commands, trance also increases the character's physical strength for a short period of time, thus giving him an advantage over enemies [5].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In the Zidane control menu, for example, there is a Dash command that allows you to use powerful blows, and Vivi replaces the Black Magic command with the Double Black move, which allows cast two spells at once in a single turn [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In the settings menu, the player can change the default “Normal” battle style to “Set”, which leaves only two characters in control of the player, while the other two will be be under the control of artificial intelligence [5].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The success of a character's performance in battle largely depends on the magnitude of his individual characteristics, such as speed, strength, magic, defense, etc.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Character stats depend on the amount of experience gained during battles.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

After winning battles, characters are awarded so-called “experience points”, a certain number of which leads to an increase in “level”.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

As the level increases, the character's set of abilities also increases, which can also be learned by wearing various equipment.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

After the battle is over, the player is usually rewarded with money (called “gilas” in the game), Tetra Master playing cards, and ability points (AP) [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Equipment and abilities


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In Final Fantasy IX, the hero class is predetermined, and each of them has unique abilities that specifically indicate the character's role in battle [6] [7].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

For example, the black mage Vivi is the only member of the team capable of using black magic; the knight Steiner is the only one who knows sword fighting techniques [1] [5].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The main function of equipment in Final Fantasy games has always been to increase the characteristics of characters — wearing a mithril vest, for example, Zidane increases the basic defense score.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

But in Final Fantasy IX, weapons and armor also contain special features that the character can use when equipped accordingly.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

When you accumulate a certain number of ability points in battles, the capabilities of these items become available even after they are removed [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

In addition, armor increases some hero stats not only for the period of its use, but also gives certain bonuses when a character moves from one level to another [8].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

All abilities in the game fall into two categories: action and support.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Action abilities absorb magic points (MP), and in battles they are used to cast magic spells and perform special moves.


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Support abilities, in turn, have a permanent effect (for example, Antibody's ability permanently neutralizes the effects of poison and poison attacks).


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

Support abilities are activated using magic stones, the number of which depends on the level of a particular character [1] [5].


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The Game World


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The action in Final Fantasy IX mainly takes place on four continents that are united into a world called Gaia (consonant with Gaia of Final Fantasy VII, but has nothing to do with her).


Question: Who wrote the music for Final Fantasy IX?

Final Fantasy IX

The main population lives on the Foggy Continent, so named because all its lands are shrouded in fog.