Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Artificially assigning a non-zero value to the upper two bits of DIR_ATTR is used to generate files that cannot be deleted or renamed by standard file system tools without formatting.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

This is useful, for example, when fighting Autorun.inf viruses (Panda USB and AutoRun Vaccine program).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

On the other hand, the same tool can be used by viruses themselves.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Dir_attr = 0x40 is reserved for internal use (device).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

What happens when you create a catalog


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

When creating a directory, Dir_FileSize = 0 is set for it “for life”.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The size of the catalog content is determined by simply following the cluster chains to the End Of Chain tag.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The size of the directory itself is limited by the file system to 65,535 32-byte records (that is, directory entries in the FAT table cannot be more than 2MB).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

This limitation is designed to speed up file operations and allow various utilities to use a 16-bit integer (WORD) to count the number of entries in a directory (as a result, it occurs the theoretical limit on the number of files in a directory is 65,535, provided that all file names follow the 8.3 standard).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

A directory has one data area cluster (unless it is the FAT12/FAT16 root directory), and the Dir_FstClushi/Dir_FstCluslo fields are assigned the cluster number value.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

An EOC label is placed in the FAT table for the record corresponding to this cluster, and the cluster itself is zeroed.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Next, two special files are created, without which the FAT directory is considered corrupted (the first two 32-byte entries in the cluster's data area) — zero-size files named “.” (single dot, directory id) and “..” (two dots, pointer to parent directory).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The date and time stamps of these files are equal to the values for the catalog itself at the time of creation and are not updated when the catalog changes.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The dir_fstclushi/dir_fstCluslo fields in the “.” file contain the number of the cluster containing it, and the file “..” contains the number of the first cluster of the directory containing this one.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Thus, the file “.” refers to the directory itself, and the file “..” refers to the parent directory's initial cluster; if the parent directory is the root directory, the starting cluster is considered null.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Time and date


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The double-byte date stamp has the following format:


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

bits 0-4 are the day of the month, values 1—31 are allowed


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

bits 5—8 are the month of the year, values 1—12 are allowed


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

bits 9-15 — year, counting from 1980 (“MS-DOS era”), values from 0 to 127 inclusive are possible, that is, 1980-2107.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The two bytes corresponding to the timestamp are distributed as follows:


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

bits 0—4 are the seconds counter (two each), the values are 0—29, that is, 0—58 seconds;


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

bits 5—10 are minutes, values 0—59 are allowed;


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

bits 11—15 are hours, values 0—23 are valid.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Of the date and time stamps, only the time of the last modification (that is, Dir_wrtTime and Dir_wrtDate) is critical, the rest may not be supported by many systems; when operating on a file in such system (such as DOS or Windows 3.1) ignores these fields.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

FAT stores the date and time stamps according to the local time zone, and do not change the marks when it changes.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Directory timestamps are set when they are created and do not change when new files are written to the directory, renamed, or a new cluster is allocated to it.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The file's last access date is updated every time it is accessed, for example, when viewing file properties, moving to a different volume (but not within a volume).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

When you copy a file on Windows 98, the last access date of the original file is updated, but not on Windows XP.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The file modification date-time changes each time new content is written to the data area (not the file record).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

In other words, the modification date-time does not change when you change attributes or rename a file.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Moving or copying a file retains its original modification mark.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The creation date and time are specified when you select a file record for a new file that did not exist before that file.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

In other words, when you rename or move a file, the creation date and time does not change, and when you copy the new file, it gets a new stamp.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Thus, when you copy a file to Windows, the file may receive a later creation date than the modification date.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

LFN records


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Files and directories with a long name (above 8.3) are handled in a special way by the FAT file system.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The 32-byte record structure for an LFN (Long File Name) file is different from a regular (SFN) record:


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The first byte of the record is used to number the records in the set.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The ten-byte field at 0x01 contains the first five characters of the file name (or rather, the part of its name that is reflected in this LFN record).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The attribute byte at 0x0B is 0x0F (ATTR_LONG_NAME).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The byte at 0x0C is zeroed and additionally indicates that this FAT table entry belongs to a file with a long name.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The byte at 0x0d contains the SFN checksum of the file alias corresponding to the set of LFN records.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

A 12-byte field at 0x0E that contains the sixth to eleventh characters of the file name.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The 2-byte field at address 0x1a, in the context of an LFN record is meaningless and is reset to zero.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

A 4-byte field at 0x1C that contains the 12th and 13th characters of the file name.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The FAT catalog LFN record set must always be associated with a regular SFN record that is physically preceded on disk.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

A set of LFN records found without a corresponding normal record is called an orphan and the record is considered corrupted; such a file is completely invisible in older versions of MS-DOS/Windows.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

In a sequence of LFN records, each of them has its own sequence number defined by the first byte (LDIR_ord).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The 0x40 mask indicates that this record is the last in the row of LFN records that follow it (that is, for example, for the third LFN record in the row, the value of the LDIR_ord byte will be 0x43, for the 17th - 0x51).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

In subsequent records, this byte changes from N for the Nth “long” record in the count from the corresponding normal record to 1 for the closest record to the normal record.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Long file names are stored in UNICODE (UTF-16) encoding, while preserving the alphabetic case entered.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

If an OEM or UNICODE character of a name cannot be converted to a code page character, it is always displayed as an underscore “_”, and stored on disk the valid character does not change.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The checksum byte is calculated according to a certain algorithm based on the 8.3 name of a regular record (for a file with a long name, the “name” from a regular record is called an alias) and copied to all its corresponding “long” records.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

If any of the values do not agree with the file name (for example, if the file was renamed under an earlier version of MS-DOS/Windows), orphan occurs.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

An SFN file alias with a long name consists of a main body and, if necessary, a digital tail.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

If a file has an extension, its first 3 characters are saved in an alias.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The corresponding name is formed by translating the characters of the long file name into the OEM encoding, with all spaces in the long name being ignored, and characters that are not translated into the OEM or are prohibited in the context of the short name names, are replaced by the underscore “_”.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The digital tail “~n”, where n = 1 ÷ 999999, is added to the alias if the originally obtained alias conflicted with the name of a file in the same directory or exceeded the 8.3 standard, or if any character did not find an OEM analogue when changing the encoding and was replaced by an underscore.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Thus, aliases of the NEWFIL~1.DJV type (LFN = New file for me.djvu) are formed.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The file alias formation scheme is optimized for speed of operations and is therefore unpredictable in detail.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

A file name that is not a multiple of 13 characters does not completely fill in the LFN record name fields in the FAT table.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

In this case, the file name is artificially terminated with a NUL character (0x00), and redundant bytes are clogged with ones (i.e. 0xFF characters).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

For long names, the name length is limited to 255 characters, not counting the NUL separator, and the full path is limited to 260 characters, including NUL.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The long name also allows six special characters that are prohibited in short names: +,; = []


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

When you try to create a file or directory on a FAT32 volume with a name that contains this symbol, an LFN record is automatically generated regardless of the length of the file name.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

A similar process occurs when you create a file/folder with a name that contains non-ASCII characters.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

It is possible that a volume label file does not physically precede all records in a volume with long names (when the volume does not have a label or was assigned after a file with a long name was written).


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Then the volume label in FAT12/FAT16 will be displayed incorrectly, as it will be taken from the nearest LFN record (since it also has a VOLUME_ID attribute), and when trying to change the volume label in the name of the corresponding file will actually be violated.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

When you delete a file that has associated LFN records, the latter are not affected and become orphan.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

When further creating a new file, the mentioned orphan may be mistakenly associated with it if the checksums of the names of the old and new files coincide, but the calculation algorithm used checksum (the ASCII code of the first character of the file alias is cyclically shifted a bit to the right and the code of the next character is added, etc.) makes this probability negligible.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

The Meaning of File Operations in FAT


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Volume formatting — the index index table is reset to zero, except for the first three (FAT [0] and FAT [1], are reserved, and FAT [2] contains an entry corresponding to the volume label file, or if not its EOC label) and broken cluster records; root directory entries are reset to zero (except for the volume label file, if any), otherwise the data area is not affected.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

File deletion—Replaces the first character of the file record and all associated LFN records with the 0xE5 code; the clusters occupied by the file are marked free in the FAT table, and the data area is not are affected.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Creating a file or directory with the “Create” command of the context menu — creates a file record for a new “empty” file with a default name (for example, “New Folder”) and a size determined by the file type; the file itself, if it has a non-zero size (which is true for almost all “empty” files, except directories and text documents), is written in the data area to the clusters allocated to it; in the FAT table a corresponding cluster chain is created.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Once a file is given a valid name (not the default), the originally created file record is marked as deleted and a new one is created.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Rename a file — a new record is created with the updated name; the old record is marked as deleted.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Save a file from the application (not from the command line) — creates an entry that contains all fields except the file size and initial cluster; when the file is saved, a new record is created, which contains all fields, and the old one is removed.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Copying a file — an identical file record is created in the new location (possibly with the exception of some time stamps, see above), the file is allocated the first free cluster and content the file is copied to a new location, and the current cluster is copied, the next free cluster is searched, and the FAT table is filled.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Move a file (between different volumes) —Copy and delete the file from its original location.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

File move (within volume) — the cluster chain is not affected, the file record is copied unchanged to the new directory, and then deleted from the previous one.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

In general, the search for a free cluster in the index pointer table to allocate to a new file does not begin from the beginning of the data area (that is, from cluster 2), but from the last one allocated to a the cluster file, the number of which is stored in the FSInfo structure.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

In other words, if file 1 is assigned cluster 30 and file 2 is assigned cluster 31, after which file 1 is deleted, then when a new file 3 is created, it is likely to be physically located starting with cluster 32.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

System fault tolerance


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Since FAT stores file data and free disk space data in one table, the file write operation, which traditionally consists of two stages (adding the occupied block to the list occupied and the exclusion of the same block from the list of free) takes place in FAT in one action.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Due to this, the FAT system has an inherent resistance to failures, that is, a failure (for example, power) during a read or write operation will in most cases not lead to destruction file system.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

However, in this case, we are talking about the integrity of the file system, not the files themselves.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Features [3]


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

FAT12FAT16FAT32Microsoft DeveloperFull NameFile Allocation Table (File Allocation Table) (12-bit version) (16-bit version) (32-bit version) Introduced1980 (Microsoft Disk BASIC) August 1984 ( MS-DOS 3.00, stripped down)


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

full July 1988 MS-DOS 4.0 [6] August 1996 (Windows 95 OSR 2) Volume ID0x01 (MBR) 0x04, 0x06, 0x0E (MBR) 0x0B, 0x0C (MBR)


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 (GPT) StructuresDirectory ContentTableFile Placement ListFailure LocksCluster RestrictionsFile Size32 MIB2 GIB4 GIBQuantity clusters408465 524268 435 445 (228−12) File name length8.3 or 255 characters when using LFNVolume size32 MIb2 GiB


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

4 GiB (64 Kb per cluster, not supported everywhere) 2 TiB


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

8 TiB (2 KB per sector) CapabilitiesSaved DatesCreation, Modification, AccessDate Range January 1, 1980 — December 31, 2107Additional DataInitially Not SupportedFile Attributes Readable Only, hidden, system, volume label, subdirectory, archiveAccess rights delimitationTransparent compressionSeparate utilities (Stacker, DoubleSpace, DriveSpace) Transparent encryptionThird-party DOS utilities or clones


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Licensing


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Microsoft has patented some algorithms for working with FAT and VFAT.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

In the United States, on reconsideration, it was decided to revoke some of the patents, but then it was revoked.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

In October 2006, a patent for VFAT issued by the European Patent Office was revoked in Germany for evidence [7].


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Over time, FAT has become widely used in various devices for compatibility between DOS, Windows, OS/2, Linux.


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Microsoft did not intend to force them to be licensed [8].


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

In February 2009, Microsoft sued TomTom, a manufacturer of Linux-based car navigation systems, for patent infringement [9].


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

According to Jeremy Ellison, Microsoft's goal is to give different companies a choice: to enter into a patent protection treaty with Microsoft (the one Novell entered into with it in November 2006) thereby violating the GNU GPL license, and making it impossible for yourself to use Linux or not enter into such a contract, and be accused of violating the patents protected by it under condition of non-disclosure [10] [11].


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

In March 2009, TomTom filed a counterclaim for patent infringement [12].


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

See also


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

exFAT


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Notes


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

References


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

(in English) FAT standard


Question: Who was the developer of the FAT file system architecture?

FAT

Category:Microsoft file systems


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (October 13 (October 25) 1820, Moscow — July 10 (July 22) 1864, St. Petersburg) was a Russian magazine.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Fyodor Dostoyevsky's elder brother.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Biography


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Born in 1820 in Moscow in the family of Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, headquarters physician of the Mariinsky Hospital.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

After home education, together with his younger brother Fedor, he studied at Moscow boarding houses N. AND. Drashusova (1833—1834) and L. AND. Cermak (1833—1834) [1].


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

In May 1837, my father took brothers Mikhail and Fedor to St. Petersburg and assigned them to the preparatory boarding house of K. F. Kostomarov for admission to the Main Engineering School [1].


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

M. M. Dostoevsky did not enter the school, as he was mistakenly recognized as consumptive according to a medical examination.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

He was married to Emilia Fedorovna von Dietmar, with whom he had sons Fedor Mikhailovich (Jr.), Mikhail Mikhailovich and daughters Ekaterina, Maria and Varvara.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Together with his brother, Mikhail Mikhailovich was interested in the teachings of the French socialists, became interested in Fourierism, was close to Petrashevsky's circle, although he did not take an active part in it.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

In 1849, he was involved in the investigation of the Petrashevtsy case, spent more than a month in the Peter and Paul Fortress, but was released.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

At the invitation of his friend A. P. Milyukova in 1860 took part in the literary magazine Svetoch, which was published in St. Petersburg on a monthly basis.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

In 1861, with the assistance of F. M. Dostoevsky began publishing the magazine Vremya, which was banned during the Polish uprising in April 1863 for an article by N. N. Strakhov “The Fatal Question”.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

In 1864, M. M. Dostoevsky began publishing the magazine “Epokha”, which, along with Vremya, served as the main press organ of soil workers, but died in July of the same year.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

The grave of Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Pavlovsk has been lost [1].


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Creativity


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

In the 1840s, he published several stories in “Patriotic Notes”: “Daughter”, “Mr. Svetelkin”, “Sparrow” (1848), “Two Old Men” (1849), “Fifty Years” (1850), the comedy “The Eldest and the Smaller” (1851).


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

In these works, Dostoevsky cultivated the tradition of fiction, which had recently been canonized by his brother.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

In their style, Dostoevsky's stories are close to “Poor People” and “White Nights” and are marked by the strongest influence of sentimentalism.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Their artistic significance is not great.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

M. M. Dostoevsky left many translations of European classics: Goethe's Reineke Fox (Patriotic Notes, 1848), Schiller's Don Carlos (Reading Library, 1848), etc.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

The creative heritage (texts of works, translations, journalism and letters) of M. M. Dostoevsky is presented on the electronic resource of Petrozavodsk State University.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Works by Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Prose


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Sparrow (1848) — story.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Dramaturgy


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Older and smaller (1851) is a comedy in one act.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Criticism and journalism


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Thunderstorm.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Drama in five acts by Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky (1860)


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Poems by Alexey Nikolaevich Pleshcheev (1861)


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Transfers


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Hugo V. Last day of a man sentenced to death.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

(Dernier Jour d'un condamné), 1860


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Goethe I. IN. Reineke the Fox.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Twelve songs.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

(Reineke Fuchs), 1865


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Silsfield Ch. Tokea, or White Rose.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

A story from the last Anglo-American war.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

(Tokeah, or the White Rose), 1864


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Schiller F. Don Carlos Infant Spanish.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

A dramatic poem.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Schiller F. Deceit and love.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Excerpts.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Bourgeois drama (Kabale und Liebe)


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Schiller F. Gods of Greece, 1860


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Schiller F. Naive and Sentimental Poetry, 1850


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Schiller F. Brigands


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Known addresses


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

in Tallinn


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Uus Street 10


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

in Saint Petersburg


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

1861 — July 10, 1864 — A. A. Astafyeva — Ekaterininsky Canal Embankment, 61.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Bibliography


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

The collection of works by M. M. Dostoevsky, in 2 vols. Ed.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

The Pantheon of Literature.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

— SPb. 1915, with an article by F. M. Dostoyevsky.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Correspondence with F. M. Dostoevsky in the latter's works.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

“Letters” magazine, vol. I.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

— L. 1928.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Vengerov S. A. Sources of the dictionary of Russian writers.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

t. II.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

SPb. 1910.


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Notes


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

References


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Category:Fyodor Dostoyevsky


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Category: Russian writers of the 19th century


Question: When was Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born?

Mikhail Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky

Category:Russian editors


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Toronto Leicester B.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Pearson (Toronto Pearson) (IATA: YYZ, ICAO: CYYZ) is the main international airport serving Toronto, Ontario, Canada.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The airport is located 27 km northwest of downtown Toronto in Mississauga (a small part is located in Etobicoke, Toronto).


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

It is the main airport for the densely populated area of Southern Ontario, including and covering the Greater Toronto area, also called the Golden Horseshoe.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Named after the 14th Prime Minister of the country Leicester B.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Pearson.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Toronto Pearson is Canada's largest [1] and busiest airport [2] [3].


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In 2008, it served 32.3 million passengers [3], handled 429,262 takeoffs and landings [2] and ranked 22nd on the list of the busiest airports in the world in this indicator.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Two years earlier, Toronto Pearson was named the best airport in the world by the Transportation Management Institute in the UK [4].


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The airport is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority, which in turn is part of Transport Canada [5].


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Toronto Pearson is one of Canada's eight commercial airports that operate US border preclearance points.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Toronto International Airport is the main transit hub (hub) of Air Canada's flagship airline and therefore the largest air hub for the global airline alliance for passenger transportation Star Alliance in Canada [6] [7] [8] [9].


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Air Canada Jazz, Air Georgian, Air Transat, Fedex Express, Sunwing Airlines, WestJet and Skyservice charter company also use the airport as their hub.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The main air carriers operating in Toronto Pearson serve a large route network to large, medium and small cities in Canada.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

74 airlines operate on international flights, providing non-stop flights to more than 100 cities in the United States of America, Mexico, Asia, Europe, Central and South America, the Caribbean, the Middle East and Oceania [10] [11].


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

History


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Malton Airport (1937-1960)


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Work on the initial infrastructure of the airport began in 1937 on the site of nine farmland purchased by the Toronto Municipal Committee from private owners.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Malton Airport, named after the nearby town of the same name, was opened in 1939.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The airport was surrounded from the north by the Derry highway, from the east by the Airport highway (sixth line), from the south by the Elmbank Side Road and the Torbram Road (fifth line) western part [12].


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The first passenger terminal was built in 1938 and was a standard building without frills and decorations, reconstructed from a former private estate.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The total area of the airport by 1939 was 420 acres (1.7 km²), its infrastructure included a complete lighting system for the airport area, radio and meteorological equipment, two paved runways and one lane on cleared grass.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In 1940, Malton Airport was acquired by the Toronto City Council.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

From June 1940 to July 1942, the airport was used as a base for an elementary pilot training school, which was part of the Commonwealth Pilot Training Program (English: British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP)).


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In 1942, a traffic control tower was built at the airport [13].


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The second passenger terminal building, similar to the existing Toronto Island Airport terminal, was erected in 1949 to replace the first terminal, which was very outdated at that time.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The capacity of the commissioned building amounted to 400,000 passengers per year; an observation deck was placed on the roof of the terminal.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Further expansion of the airport took place in the southern and western directions, which ultimately led to the disappearance of a fairly large settlement of Elmbank.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Malton Airport operated runway 14/32 with a length of 3,368 meters, which was used for test flights of the Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow supersonic fighter-interceptor aircraft manufactured by Avro Canada Corporation and is currently taxiway 05/23; runway 14/32 with a length of 3498 meters from north to south, later replaced by runway 15L/33R , and runway 10/28 with a length of 2,263 meters from north-west to southeast, currently also used as a taxiway [14].


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In 1958, Malton Airport was transferred to Transport Canada, and in 1960 it was renamed Toronto International Airport.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Toronto International Airport (1960—1984)


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The beginning of the era of jet passenger transportation marked the rapid growth of the commercial aviation industry around the world.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In the second half of the 1960s, the existing infrastructure of the airport approached its limit of the capacity for servicing the passenger flow, so it was decided to demolish the second terminal and the construction of a new building for passenger terminal 1 (T1), which was a square box with an eight - level covered car park, along the perimeter of which there were entrances - exits to the terminal building from the common area and boarding gates from the sterile airport security zone.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The terminal was designed by John Parkin, and the project itself was implemented between 1957 and 1964.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In order to reduce passenger traffic through Toronto International Airport, in 1972 the Government of Canada bought land in the east of the city with the prospect of building a second major air hub with the working name Pickering Airport.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The implementation of this project was postponed in 1975 primarily due to the constant protests of public activists and environmental organizations.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

However, the rights to the purchased land remain with the federal government to this day.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In the late 1960s, the volume of passenger traffic served at Terminal 1 reached its practical maximum, as a result of which it was decided to build another Terminal 2 building (T2 ), to which it was supposed to transfer all cargo operations of the airport.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Terminal 2 was officially opened on June 15, 1972 and for some time worked only with cargo transportation, however, after the suspension of the Pickering Airport construction project, the management of the International Toronto Airport was forced to carry out work on the reconstruction of the Terminal 2 building and convert it into a passenger terminal, which in its final form was located on two floors and had 26 boarding gates (contact gates).


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

At the first stage, T2 served only charter airlines, and from April 29, 1973 became the central service area for flights of the country's flagship carrier Air Canada.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Terminal 1 was connected to the north-eastern part of Terminal 2 through a closed passage equipped with moving platforms.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

After the commissioning of the Terminal 2 building, the airport management planned to build a third and fourth passenger terminals, which would be an exact copy of the T1 building.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

However, due to the massive entry into the market of wide-body aircraft, it was decided to abandon the concept of a circular airport complex


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Terminal 2's operating capacity was used for three major airlines: American Airlines, British Overseas Airways Corporation (which later formed British Airways) and Canadian Pacific Airlines (which became part of Canadian Airlines in the late 1970s).


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Terminal 2 was formally divided into three separate zones: the west wing served Canadian Pacific Airlines domestic flights, the central part of the terminal was intended for international flights British Overseas Airways, the eastern wing of the terminal, served American Airlines cross-border routes.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

After several years of active operation, it became obvious that the infrastructure of Terminal 2 is not able to cope with the increasing traffic and passenger requirements for additional services and services.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The main complaints were the lack of a covered parking lot and the catastrophic lack of windows in the T2 building.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Due to the sum of infrastructure shortcomings, American Airlines and British Overseas Airways abandoned Terminal 2 services and transferred their flights back to the Terminal 1 building, and to T2 forced the mainline airline Air Canada to transfer its flights.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In the late 1970s, Terminal 2 was reconstructed again, after which another Canadian mainline carrier Canadian Airlines moved to it, which was serviced at the terminal until 2000 year.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The west wing of the T2 was left for domestic flights, the middle part of the terminal served Air Canada flights under its special Rapidair program to Ottawa MacDonald/Cartier International Airport and Montreal Dorval International Airport, east wing, was reserved for flights to the United States, with an additional lounge at the end of the eastern zone to serve international flights of both airlines, Air Canada and Canadian Airlines.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Along the southern part of Terminal 2, a crossing was organized connecting the customs control zone and the sterile zone of international flights, which made it possible for transit passengers of international flights move between departure halls without going through customs clearance.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Toronto Pearson International Airport (1984-present)


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In 1984, the airport changed its official name to Leicester B.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Pearson in honor of the Nobel Peace Prize winner, 14th Prime Minister of Canada Lester Bowles Pearson.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Later, the semi-official names of the airport were Toronto Pearson, Toronto Pearson International Airport, and often simply Pearson.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In 1991, the building of Passenger Terminal 3 was put into operation, which took over the lion's share of the passenger flow of terminals 1 and 2 overloaded in excess of any measure.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

From 1971 until its opening, Terminal 3 was called a small hangar built to serve Canadian Pacific Airlines flights, whose passenger traffic on flights did not fit into capacity two main passenger terminals.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Currently, this hangar is located next to the airport's cargo terminal, but is not used by passenger or cargo airlines.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In 1996, the Government launched Canada's National Airports Program, under which Pearson International Airport was removed from the Federal Department and transferred to the Greater Toronto Airport Authority.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

After a short time, a large-scale airport development program was launched, aimed at reconstructing passenger terminals, improving the comfort of the terminal halls, and strengthening security in sterile areas (boarding gates and departure lounges) and other problems of the airport complex that were ripe by that time.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The program was designed for a ten-year period, with a total budget of 4.4 billion Canadian dollars (almost 4 billion US dollars).


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Renovation of the airport began with the replacement of the Terminal 1 and 2 buildings with a new modern and functional building, now known as Terminal 1.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

At the same time, a complete reconstruction of the aircraft service and maintenance infrastructure was carried out


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

A cargo terminal building was erected in the center of the airport area between two parallel runways, and all cargo handling operations were withdrawn from main terminals in cargo [16].


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In 1997, work was completed on the construction of the third runway 15R/33L, and in 2002, the fourth runway 06R/24L, which significantly increased aircraft traffic at Toronto Pearson International Airport, so much so that in 2005, the port entered the top thirty busiest airports in the world in terms of the number of takeoffs and landings per year [17].


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Toronto Pearson became part of Transport Canada's counter-terrorist operation Yellow Ribbon.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

On April 6, 2004, the new Passenger Terminal 1 was put into operation.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Prior to the launch of T1, the capacities of Terminal 2 were used to service domestic and international flights, after the commissioning of T1, all domestic flights were transferred to the new terminal, leaving in T2 serving international routes for Air Canada and its partners in the Star Alliance global passenger alliance.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Terminal 2 operated until its closure on January 29, 2007, after which airlines were forced to temporarily relocate their flights to Zone F of Terminal 1 the following day.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Work on the demolition of the Terminal 2 building began in April 2007 and was completed in November of the following year [18].


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Currently, the total capacity of T1 and T3 is up to 55 million passengers per year, the configurations of the buildings of passenger terminals 1 and 3 provide for their further expansion by the free space formed after the demolition of Terminal 2, so with the planned maximum passenger traffic of 55 million people per year by 2020, both terminals will be completed and expand, thereby increasing the capacity of the entire airport complex.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

On June 1, 2009, Emirates Airline, a double-decker Airbus A380, landed at Toronto Pearson International Airport [15].


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Currently, the world's largest passenger aircraft, the A380, operate regular flights from Pearson to Dubai International Airport weekly on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The operating load at Toronto Pearson International Airport is more or less uniform throughout the year, and during the day, the peak of passenger traffic and the number of takeoffs/landings of cargo and passenger aircraft fall from 3 pm to 7 pm, regardless of the day of the week.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

In the late afternoon, Pearson receives the bulk of transatlantic flights from Europe, and late at night, trans-Pacific flights from East Asia arrive at the port.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Accidents


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The worst crash occurred on July 5, 1970 with Air Canada's Douglas DC-8, flying 621 on the Montreal-Toronto-Los Angeles route.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

By mistake, spoilers were released before the plane touched the ground.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

As a result of a rough landing, the right outboard engine was torn off along with the pylon and part of the wing skin, and the fuel tanks were damaged.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The crew began to leave for the second round, but when re-entering, the burning fuel caused explosions of fuel tanks, which then destroyed the wing.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

All 100 passengers and 9 crew members were killed.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

June 26, 1978, an Air Canada 189 flight to Winnipeg left the runway after an interrupted takeoff.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Of the 107 passengers, 2 were killed.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

August 2, 2005 — An Airbus A340 crashed during landing from Paris to Toronto.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

At the time of the crash, there were 297 passengers and 12 crew members on board the Airbus.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The plane flew to Toronto on schedule, around 15:50 local time.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

It was not possible to land immediately due to adverse weather conditions - a thunderstorm raged in the area of the runway and it was pouring rain.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

After a few laps, the all-weather liner nevertheless touched the ground at 16:03.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

The A340 could not stop to the end of the runway, broke through the airfield fence and drove another two hundred meters until it finally got stuck in a ravine near major highway 401, falling apart in two.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

A few minutes later (according to various sources, from two to five), the plane caught fire.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

43 people were injured.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

No fatalities.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

See also


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Hamilton is the second largest airport in the Greater Toronto Area.


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Notes


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

References


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Category:Airports in Ontario


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Category:Transportation Toronto


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Category:Buildings and structures in Toronto


Question: How many airports are there in Toronto?

Toronto airport

Category:Airports named after people


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

An analog-to-digital converter [1] [2] [3] (ADC, English: Analog-to-Digital converter, ADC) is a device that converts an input analog signal into a discrete code (digital signal).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The reverse conversion is carried out using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, DAC).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

As a rule, an ADC is an electronic device that converts voltage into a binary digital code.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, some non-electronic devices with digital output should also be classified as ADCs, such as some types of angle-to-code converters.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The simplest single-bit binary ADC is the comparator.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Permission


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The ADC resolution — the minimum change in the magnitude of the analog signal that can be converted by this ADC — is due to its bit depth.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In the case of a single measurement without taking into account noise, the resolution is directly determined by the bit depth of the ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The bit depth of the ADC characterizes the number of discrete values that the converter can output at the output.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In binary ADCs, it is measured in bits, in ternary ADCs it is measured in trits.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, a binary 8-bit ADC can output 256 discrete values (0... 255) because


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle 2^ {8} =256}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

, a ternary 8 bit ADC is capable of producing 6561 discrete values because


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle 3^ {8} =6561}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The voltage resolution is equal to the voltage difference corresponding to the maximum and minimum output code divided by the number of output discrete values.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example:


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Example 1


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Input Range = 0 to 10 Volts


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The bit width of the binary ADC is 12 bits: 212 = 4096 quantization levels


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Binary ADC voltage resolution: (10-0) /4096 = 0.00244 volts = 2.44 mV


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The bit depth of the ternary ADC 12 tri: 312 = 531,441 quantization levels


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Ternary ADC voltage resolution: (10-0) /531441 = 0.0188 mV = 18.8 μV


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Example 2


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Input range = −10 to +10 volts


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The bit width of the binary ADC is 14 bits: 214 = 16384 quantization levels


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Binary ADC voltage resolution: (10- (-10)) /16384 = 20/16384 = 0.00122 volts = 1.22 mV


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The bit depth of the ternary ADC 14 tri: 314 = 4,782,969 quantization levels


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Ternary ADC voltage resolution: (10- (-10)) /4782969 = 0.00418 mV = 4.18 μV


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In practice, ADC resolution is limited by the signal-to-noise ratio of the input signal.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

With a high noise intensity at the ADC input, it becomes impossible to distinguish between adjacent levels of the input signal, that is, the resolution deteriorates.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

At the same time, the achievable resolution is described by the effective bit depth (English: effective number of bits, ENOB), which is less than the actual bit depth of the ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

When converting a highly noisy signal, the low bits of the output code are almost useless, as they contain noise.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

To achieve the stated bit depth, the signal-to-noise ratio of the input signal must be approximately 6 dB for each bit depth (6 dB corresponds to a twofold change in the signal level).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Conversion types


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

According to the method of algorithms used, ADCs are divided into:


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Serial direct conversions


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sequential approximation


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Serial with sigma-delta modulation


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Parallel single-stage


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Parallel two- and more steps (conveyor)


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The first two types of ADCs imply the mandatory use of a sampling and storage device (UHF) in their composition.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This device is used to store the analog value of the signal for the time required to perform the conversion.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Without it, the result of converting a serial ADC will be unreliable.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Integral sequential approximation ADCs are produced, both containing UHC in their composition and requiring external UHC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Linear ADCs


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Most ADCs are considered linear, although analog-to-digital conversion is essentially a nonlinear process (since the operation of mapping continuous space to discrete is an operation nonlinear).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The term linear as applied to an ADC means that the range of input values mapped to the output digital value is linearly related to that output value, that is, the output value k is achieved when the input range is from


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

m (k+b)


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

upto


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

m (k + 1+b),


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

where m and b are some constants.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The b constant is usually 0 or −0.5.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

If b = 0, the ADC is called a quantizer with a non-zero step (mid-rise), but if b = −0.5, then the ADC is called a quantizer with zero in the center of the quantization step (mid-tread).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Nonlinear ADCs


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

If the probability density of the amplitude of the input signal had a uniform distribution, the signal-to-noise ratio (as applied to quantization noise) would be the maximum possible.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

For this reason, before amplitude quantization, the signal is usually passed through an inertialess transducer, the transfer function of which repeats the distribution function of the signal itself.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This improves the reliability of signal transmission, as the most important areas of the signal amplitude are quantized with the best resolution.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Accordingly, in digital-to-analog conversion, it will be necessary to process the signal with a function inverse to the distribution function of the original signal.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This is the same principle used in companders used in tape recorders and various communication systems, it is aimed at maximizing entropy.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

(Don't confuse compander with compressor!)


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, a voice signal has a Laplace amplitude distribution.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This means that the amplitude neighborhood of zero carries more information than areas with a larger amplitude.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

For this reason, logarithmic ADCs are often used in voice transmission systems to increase the dynamic range of transmitted values without changing the quality of signal transmission in the region of small amplitudes.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

8-bit a-law or μ-law logarithmic ADCs provide a wide dynamic range and have high resolution in the most critical range of small amplitudes; linear ADCs with similar quality the transmission would have to have a bit width of about 12 bits.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Features


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The transfer characteristic of the ADC is the dependence of the numerical equivalent of the output binary code on the value of the input analog signal.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

They talk about linear and nonlinear ADCs.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This division is conditional.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Both gear characteristics are stepped.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

But for “linear” ADCs, it is always possible to draw such a straight line that all transfer characteristic points corresponding to the input values


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

δ


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

k


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle\ delta\ cdot 2^ {k}}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

(where


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

δ


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle\ delta}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

is the sampling step, k is in the range 0..


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

N, where N is the ADC bit depth), were equidistant from it.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Accuracy


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

There are several sources of ADC error.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Quantization errors and (assuming that the ADC should be linear) nonlinearity are inherent in any analog-to-digital conversion.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In addition, there are so-called aperture errors, which are the result of jitter (English: jitter) of the clock generator, they occur when the signal as a whole (and not a single sample is converted ).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

These errors are measured in units called MHR —.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In the above example of an 8-bit binary ADC, the error in 1 MZR is 1/256 of the full signal range, that is, 0.4%, in a 5-digit ternary ADC, the error in 1 MZR is 1/243 of the full range signal, that is, 0.412%, in an 8-triple ternary ADC, the error in 1 MHR is 1/6561, that is, 0.015%.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Quantization errors


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Quantization errors are a consequence of the ADC's limited resolution.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This shortcoming cannot be eliminated by any type of analog-to-digital conversion.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The absolute value of the quantization error at each sample is in the range from zero to half of the MPR.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

As a rule, the amplitude of the input signal is much larger than the MPR.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In this case, the quantization error is not correlated with the signal and has a uniform distribution.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Its root-mean-square value coincides with the standard deviation of the distribution, which is


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

L


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

S


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

B


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

L


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

S


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

B


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle {1\ over {\ sqrt {12}}}\ mathrm {LSB}\ approach 0.289\\ mathrm {LSB}}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In the case of an 8-bit ADC, this would be 0.13% of the full signal range.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Nonlinearity


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

All ADCs have errors related to nonlinearity, which are a consequence of the physical imperfection of the ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This leads to the fact that the transfer characteristic (in the sense above) is different from the linear one (more precisely, from the desired function, since it is not necessarily linear).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Errors can be reduced by calibrating [4].


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

An important parameter describing nonlinearity is integral nonlinearity (INL) and differential nonlinearity (DNL).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Aperture error (jitter)


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Let us digitize a sinusoidal signal


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

x


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

A


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

sin


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

π


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

f


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle x (t) =A\ sin 2\ pi f_ {0} t}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Ideally, counts are taken at regular intervals.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, in reality, the time of taking the sample is subject to fluctuations due to jitter of the clock jitter.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Assuming that the uncertainty of the point in time of taking the order count


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Δ


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle\ Delta t}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

, we get that the error caused by this phenomenon can be assessed as


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

E


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

a


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

p


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

x


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Δ


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

A


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

π


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

f


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Δ


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle E_ {ap}\ leq |x' (t)\ Delta t|\ leq 2A\ pi f_ {0}\ Delta t}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The error is relatively small at low frequencies, but at higher frequencies it can increase significantly.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The effect of the aperture error can be ignored if its magnitude is relatively small compared to the quantization error.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Thus, it is possible to set the following requirements for jitter of the clock signal front:


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Δ


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

t


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

q


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

π


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

f


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle\ Delta t< {\ frac {1} {2^ {q}\ pi f_ {0}}}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

where


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

q


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

{\ displaystyle q}


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

— ADC bit depth.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

ADC bit widthMaximum input frequency44.1 kHz192 kHz1 MHz10 MHz100 MHz828.2 ns6.48 ns1.24 ns124 ps12.4 ps107.05 ns1.62 ns311 ps31.1 ps3.11 ps121.76 ns405 ps77.7 ps7.77 ps777 fs14441 ps101 ps19.4 ps1.94 ps194 fs16110 ps25.3 ps4.86 ps486 fs48.6 fs1827.5 ps6.32 ps1.21 ps121 fs12.1 fs24430 fs98.8 fs19.0 fs1.9 fs190 ac


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

From this table, we can conclude that it is advisable to use an ADC of a certain bit depth, taking into account the restrictions imposed by clock jitter.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, it is pointless to use a precision 24-bit ADC to record sound if the clock distribution system is unable to provide ultra-low uncertainty.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

In general, the quality of the clock signal is extremely important for more than this reason.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

For example, from the AD9218 (Analog Devices) chip description:


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Any high speed ADC is extremely sensitive to the quality of the sampling clock provided by the user.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

A track-and-hold circuit is essentially a mixer.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Any noise, distortion, or timing jitter on the clock is combined with the desired signal at the analog-to-digital output.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

That is, any high-speed ADC is extremely sensitive to the quality of the digitizing clock frequency supplied by the user.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The sampling and storage circuit is essentially a mixer (multiplier).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Any noise, distortion, or jitter of the clock frequency is mixed with the useful signal and fed to the digital output.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Sampling rate


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

An analog signal is a continuous function of time, and in an ADC it is converted into a sequence of digital values.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Therefore, it is necessary to determine the frequency at which digital values are sampled from an analog signal.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The frequency at which digital values are produced is called the sampling rate of the ADC.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

A continuously changing signal with a limited spectral band is digitized (that is, the signal values are measured at a time interval T — the sampling period), and the original signal can be is accurately restored from discrete values in time by interpolation.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

The accuracy of the recovery is limited by the quantization error.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

However, according to the Kotelnikov-Shannon theorem, accurate recovery is possible only if the sampling rate is higher than twice the maximum frequency in the signal spectrum.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Since real ADCs cannot perform analog-to-digital conversion instantaneously, the analog input value must be kept constant at least from the beginning to the end of the conversion process (This time interval is referred to as the conversion time).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

This problem is solved by using a special circuit at the input of the ADC — a sampling-storage device (UHF).


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

UHF, as a rule, stores the input voltage on a capacitor that is connected to the input via an analog switch: when the key is closed, the input signal is sampled (the capacitor is charged to the input voltage), when opened, storage.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Many ADCs, made in the form of integrated circuits, contain built-in UHF.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Spectra overlay (aliasing)


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

All ADCs work by sampling input values at fixed intervals.


Question: How many types are the analog-to-digital converter divided into according to the method of algorithms used?

Analog-to-digital converter

Therefore, the output values are an incomplete picture of what is being input.