Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The movement of some Russian columns to Augustov and Lomza forced the Poles to advance two divisions to Pultusk and Serotsk, which was quite in line with Dibich's plans - to cut the enemy army and defeat it parts.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The unexpectedly thaw changed the situation.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The movement of the Russian army (which reached the Chizhev-Zambrov-Lomzha line on February 8) in the accepted direction was recognized as impossible, since it would have to be drawn into a wooded and swampy strip between the Bug and Narev.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

As a result, Dibich crossed the Bug at Nur (February 11) and moved to the Brest road, against the right wing of the Poles.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Since during this change the far right column, Prince Shakhovsky, moving to Lomzha from Augustov, was too far from the main forces, it was given complete freedom of action.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On February 14, there was a battle at Stochek, where General Geismar could not stop the 1st Brigade of the 2nd Horse Jaeger Division, which fled the battlefield in full force in front of the Dvernitsky detachment.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

This first battle of the war, which turned out to be successful for the Poles, greatly lifted their spirits.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Polish army took a position at Grohov, covering the approaches to Warsaw.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On February 19 (February 7, O.S.), the first battle began - the Battle of Grokhov: the 25th Division of the VI Corps attacked the Poles, but was repulsed, losing 1620 people.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The main battle between the Russian army (72 thousand) and Polish troops (56 thousand) took place on February 25; the Poles, who had lost their commander by that time (Khlopitsky was wounded), left their position and retreated to Warsaw.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In this battle, both sides suffered serious losses: the Poles lost 10,000 people against 8,000 Russians (according to other sources, 12,000 against 9,400).


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Dibic near Warsaw


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The day after the battle, the Poles occupied and armed the fortifications of Prague, which could only be attacked with siege weapons — and Dibic did not have them.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

General Skrzynetsky was appointed commander-in-chief of the Polish army to replace Prince Radziwill, who proved his inability.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Baron Kreutz crossed the Vistula at Pulaw and moved towards Warsaw, but was met by Dvernitsky's detachment and forced to retreat beyond the Vistula, and then retreated to Lublin, who, by misunderstanding, was cleared by Russian troops.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Dibic abandoned actions against Warsaw, ordered the troops to retreat and placed them in winter apartments in villages: General Geismar was located in Wavre, Rosen - in Dembe Wielka.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzynetsky entered into negotiations with Dibic, which, however, remained unsuccessful.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the other hand, the Sejm decided to send troops to other parts of Poland to raise an uprising: the Dvernitsky corps - to Podolia and Volyn, the Seravsky corps - to the Lublin Voivodeship.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On March 3, Dvernitsky (about 6.5 thousand people with 12 guns) crossed the Vistula at Pulaw, overturned the small Russian detachments he met and went through Krasnostav on Wojslawice.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Dibich, having received news of the movement of Dvernitsky, whose forces were very exaggerated in the reports, sent the 3 Reserve Cavalry Corps and the Lithuanian Grenadier Brigade to the Veprzh, and then further strengthened this detachment, entrusting the command over it to Count Tolya.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Having learned about his approach, Dvernitsky took refuge in the fortress of Zamosc.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Polish counteroffensive


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In early March, the Vistula cleared of ice, and Dibic began preparations for the crossing, the point for which Tarchin was scheduled.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, Geismar remained in Wavre, Rosen - in Dembe Wielka, to monitor the Poles.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

For his part, the chief of the Polish General Staff Prondzinsky developed a plan to defeat the Russian army in parts until units of Geismar and Rosen joined the main army, and proposed it Skrzhinetsky.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzynetsky, having spent two weeks thinking, accepted it.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the night of March 31, a 40,000-strong army of Poles secretly crossed the bridge connecting Warsaw with Warsaw Prague, attacked Geismar at Wavr and scattered in less than an hour, taking two banners, two guns and 2,000 prisoners.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Then the Poles went to Dembe Wielka and attacked Rosen.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

His left flank was completely destroyed by a brilliant attack by the Polish cavalry led by Skrzyniecki; the right managed to retreat; Rosen himself was almost captured; on April 1, the Poles overtook him at Kalushin and took away two banners.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzhinetsky's slowness, whom Prondzinsky vainly persuaded to immediately attack Dibich, led to the fact that Rosen managed to receive strong reinforcements.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, on April 10, under Egan, Rosen was defeated again, losing 1,000 people out of action and 2,000 prisoners.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In total, the Russian army lost 16,000 people, 10 banners and 30 guns in this campaign.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Rosen retreated across the Kostrzyn River; the Poles stopped at Kalushin.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The news of these events thwarted Dibich's campaign to Warsaw, forcing him to take the opposite movement.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On April 11, he entered the city of Siedlce and joined Rosen.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The beginning of the movement in the former GDL and Volyn


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

While regular battles were taking place near Warsaw, a guerrilla war unfolded in Volyn in Podolia and on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Preparation and start of performances in the former GDL


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Already on December 1, 1830, the Russian authorities established martial law in the Vilna, Grodno and Minsk provinces and in the Bialystok district.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Nevertheless, at the end of 1830, preparations for an uprising began in the counties, which was led by the Vilna Central Committee (VCC) [4].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On March 18, 1831, Karol Zalussky was elected head of the VCC on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania [5].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the Russian side, on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, there was only one weak division (3,200 people) in Vilna; garrisons in other cities were insignificant and consisted mainly of disabled teams.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

As a result, Dibic sent the necessary reinforcements to Lithuania.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In March 1831, rebels began to take over the cities.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In particular, on March 26, they captured the city of Rasiena and repelled the first attempts to dislodge them [4].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In March, the uprising spread to Oshmyansky, Vilensky, Sventyansky, Vileysky, Braslavsky and Disnensky districts, and in the spring to the areas of Belovezhskaya Pushcha.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

County governments were created here, which announced recruitment and sworn in residents.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

A number of prominent feudal lords, landowners (Soltans, Korsaki, Plattera, Brzeetowski, etc.) sided with the rebels.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Catholic monks and priests took an active part in the uprising in the Belarusian provinces.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Many Catholic monasteries became strongholds of the rebels.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Russian troops had to recapture Sventyany, Diena, Vileyka, Oshmyany, Lepel from the rebels.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, in most of the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (with the exception of Vilna province) there were mainly small clashes between detachments of rebels and government troops .


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The rebels attacked military depots and transport carts.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The tsarist government announced that peasants who voluntarily laid down their arms would be forgiven.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The nobles who took part in the uprising are subject to prosecution, and their estates - confiscation.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Therefore, many peasants, convinced that the uprising did not give them anything and learned that they were forgiven, left the detachments.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The authorities took measures to suppress the uprising.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In early April, a special army was formed from troops stationed near Brest and Grodno, and reserve units.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

It was intended to suppress the uprising on the territory of the former GDL.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Communication between the Kingdom of Poland, Lithuanian and Belarusian provinces was limited, correspondence was censored, police supervision was strengthened, and unreliable ones were sent to the depths of Russia.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The estates of those landowners who had been in the Kingdom of Poland since the beginning of the uprising were subjected to sequestration [6].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Vilna governorate.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Campaign to capture Vilna


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In the Vilna province, the rebels established control over all villages and cities, except Vilna, Kovno and Vidz.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The main target of the rebels was the city of Vilna (the capital of the GDL) [7].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Wanting to cut off ties between him and Russia, the rebels captured the Belarusian city of Oshmyany, but on April 14, Russian troops led by Colonel Verzilin liberated the city, killing all local residents and rebels from the Stelnitsky department.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Nevertheless, on April 16, the detachment of Karol Zalussky launched an offensive on Vilna, but was defeated by Russian troops led by Verzilin.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Then Russian troops began to advance from Vilna, liberating the Vilna province from the rebels.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Already in May, the rebels lost control of most of the province and were forced to return to guerrilla warfare [4].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

A detachment of rebels led by Onufriy Yatsevich lost the battle of Palanga.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The development of this city could provide the rebels with access to the Baltic Sea, where a transport of weapons purchased in the UK was to arrive [8].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In June, Emilia Plater's detachment took part in battles against the tsarist troops in the vicinity of Vilna.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Minsk and Grodno governorates


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

A guerrilla war broke out in Minsk Province [9].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

To suppress the rebellion, the 2nd Tepter Cossack Regiment was sent to the province [10].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In Disna district, the total number of rebel detachments numbered about 6 thousand people.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After suffering a number of defeats, on May 16, insurgent detachments united in Luzhki.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Due to the approach of significant Russian troops, they decided to retreat.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In order to divert the attention of the military enemy, the rebels carried out a successful maneuver (a detachment of 1200 people came to the Lepel district, which was later defeated), which allowed a significant part of them ( 2000 people) successfully retreat to Vilna province [11].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

By the end of May, rebel detachments operating in the territory of the Minsk province were defeated [10].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In Grodno province, rebels from Kraskovsky's detachment gathered in Belovezhskaya Pushcha.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On May 17, Russian Colonel Sarabia (sent by General Nu Ruzenu) captured a rebel camp.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, having learned that at the same time the rebels destroyed the train en route from Brest to Skidel, he decided to retreat.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

General Linden's department was sent to Belovezhskaya Pushcha by General Ruzen, but it was defeated by the detachment of Khlapovsky, who came from Poland [4].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Rovko's detachment (300 people) also operated on the territory of Belovezhskaya Pushcha.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Russian troops drove him out of Pushcha, later part of the detachment joined Khlopovsky, and part (about 100 people) continued to fight in the same place, but at the end of July joined the rebel General Dembinsky [6].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Having defeated the detachment of General Linden, Khlapovsky moved north, launching a regular army in false directions and uniting with small detachments of rebels, Khlapovsky reached Lida.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Captain Komarnitsky with 2 companies retreated from Lida, but was detained in an open field by the cavalry of the rebels and after a little resistance laid down his arms.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At this time, the department of Colonel Gaferland came from Zhirmuna to Lida, who arrived there after the defeat of Komarnitsky.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Khlapovsky began a fight with him, forced him to go on the defensive, and then retreated and continued to move, avoiding major fights.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, soon the rebel general Anthony Gelgud crossed the Neman not far from Vilna (near Gelgutsishak) and demanded that Khlapovsky and his troops go to him, which he did [4].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Fighting in Volyn


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Meanwhile, Seravski's detachment, located on the left bank of the Upper Vistula, crossed to the right bank; Kreutz defeated him and forced him to retreat to Kazimierz.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Dvernitsky, for his part, came out of Zamosc and managed to penetrate into Volyn, but there he was met by the Russian detachment of Ridiger and after the battles at Boreml and the Lyulinskaya tavern was forced to leave for Austria, where his troops were disarmed.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Battle at Ostroleka


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Having arranged the food part and taking measures to protect the rear, Dibich again launched the offensive on April 24, but soon stopped to prepare for the implementation of the new action plan indicated to him by Nicholas I.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On May 9, Khrshanovsky's detachment, moved to help Dvernitsky, was attacked by Kreutz near Lyubartov, but managed to retreat to Zamosc.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, Dibic was informed that Skrzhinetsky intends to attack the left flank of the Russians on May 12 and go to Sedlec.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

To anticipate the enemy, Dibic himself moved forward and pushed the Poles back to Yanov, and the next day found out that they had retreated to Prague itself.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

During the 4-week stay of the Russian army at Sedlec, under the influence of inaction and poor hygiene conditions, cholera quickly developed in its environment, and in April there were already about 5,000 patients.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Meanwhile, Skrzhinetsky set his goal to attack the guard, which under the command of General Bistrom and Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich was located between the Bug and Narev, in the villages around Ostroleki.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Its forces numbered 27 thousand people, and Skrzhinetsky sought to prevent its connection with Dibic.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Having sent 8,000 people to Siedlce in order to stop and detain Dibic, he himself moved against the guard with 40 thousand.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Grand Duke and Bistrom began a hasty retreat.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In the interval between the guard and Dibic, a detachment of Khlapovsky was sent to provide assistance to the Lithuanian rebels.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzhinetsky did not dare to immediately attack the guard, but considered it necessary to first seize Ostroleka, occupied by Saken's detachment, in order to secure a retreat route.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On May 18, he moved there with the same division, but Saken had already retreated to Lomza.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Gelgud's division was sent to pursue him, which, moving to Myastkov, found itself almost in the rear of the guard.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Since Lubensky was occupied by Nur at the same time, Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich retreated to Bialystok on May 31 and settled near the village of Zholtki, behind Narev.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Attempts by the Poles to force crossings on this river were unsuccessful.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Meanwhile, Dibic for a long time did not believe the enemy's offensive against the guard and was convinced only by receiving news of the occupation of Nur by a strong Polish detachment.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On May 12, the Russian avant-garde ousted Lubensky's detachment from Nur, which retreated to Zambrov and joined the main forces of the Poles.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzhinetsky, having learned about the approach of Dibich, began to hastily retreat, pursued by Russian troops.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On May 26, a hot battle followed near Ostroleka; the Polish army, which had 48,000 people against 53,000 Russians, was defeated [12].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the military council assembled by Skrzynecki, it was decided to retreat to Warsaw, and Gelgud was ordered to go to Lithuania to support the rebels there.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On May 20, the Russian army was stationed between Pultusk, Golymin and Makov.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Kreutz corps and the troops left on the Brest highway were ordered to join with it; Ridiger's troops entered the Lublin Voivodeship.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Meanwhile, Nicholas I, irritated by the prolongation of the war, sent Count Orlov to Dibich with a proposal to resign.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“I'll do it tomorrow,” Dibic said June 9.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The next day he fell ill with cholera and died soon after.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Count Tol took over the command of the army until the appointment of a new commander-in-chief.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Suppression of movement in the former GDL and Volyn


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Vilna governorate


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Meanwhile, Gelgud's detachment (up to 12 thousand) passed to Lithuania, and his forces in conjunction with Khlapovsky and rebel detachments almost doubled.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Osten-Saken retreated to Vilna, where the number of Russian troops on the arrival of reinforcements also reached 24 thousand.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

June 7, “Trinity Day”, A. Gelgud attacked Russian troops located “7 versts from Vilna along the Troksky tract on Ponary” (Volyn Guards Regiment under the command of D. D. Kuruts), but was defeated and, pursued by units of the Russian reserve army, had to go into Prussian borders.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Of all the Polish troops that invaded Lithuania, only Dembinsky's detachment (3,800 people) managed to return to Poland.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Minsk, Vitebsk, Mogilev provinces


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In June 1831, new unrest began in the Minsk province.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The performances of rebel detachments took place in Mozyr, Rechitsa and Pinsk districts.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The detachments of the rebels were led by landowners F. Kyanevich and T. Puslovsky.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, the uprising here was smaller than in other areas, with a total of about 1,300 people operating in these areas.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

During June-September, they were defeated by the tsarist troops [11] [13].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces, the uprising had a pronounced gentry character and did not become widespread [10].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The actions of T. Puslovsky


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Titus Puslovsky began organizing his speech in Polesie.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

He gathered a detachment in his estate Plyanta, then marched through his estates Pisky, Khomsk, Pyasechna (Posenichi), replenishing his food supplies in them and increasing the number of the detachment (in the second the estate detachment numbered up to 1000 people).


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, his stay at the Pyasechna (Posenichi) estate, located near Pinsk, was noticed by the Russian authorities, who expelled a detachment of soldiers from Pinsk against him.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time after him was sent from Kobrin the Russian cavalry group under the command of Colonel Ilyinsky.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Being squeezed on both sides and having swamps in the north, Puslovsky had no choice but to turn south and go to the ancestral estate of Zavishche.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

When crossing the Pina River, he was overtaken by Ilinsky's detachment and a collision occurred between them near Konchitsy.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Puslovsky's detachment managed to break away for a while, but near Nevel (Nevmyany) he was waiting for a decisive battle.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After a stubborn and bloody battle, Puslovsky's detachment was defeated.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The rebels lost about 400 killed and wounded.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Wounded Puslovsky and a group of rebels managed to leave, they fled to Volyn, where they joined the detachment of Karol Ruzhitsky [14].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Grodno Governorate


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In July 1831, an insurgent detachment (1000 people) arrived from near Warsaw to Polissya under the leadership of S. Ruzhitsky.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The detachment moved to Belovezhskaya Pushcha.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On July 24, Ruzhitsky cut off communications between Brest and Grodno.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

He captured General Panyutin, who was on his way to take the post of chief of staff of Paskevich's army.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Russian infantry and cavalry (dragoon regiment) tried to throw the rebels beyond the Bug, but they failed and Ruzhitsky reached Belovezhskaya Pushcha.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On July 25, there was a battle in Pushcha near the village of Lesnoye, which ended in vain.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, after the battle, the rebels began to retreat northward until they joined Dembinsky's detachment [6].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The approach of Polish troops caused unrest in the Lida, Pruzhany, Kobryn and Slonim districts of the Grodno province, Novogrudok district of the Minsk province, but all of them were suppressed by the tsarist troops [6] .


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The actions of I. Kashia in Grodno and Minsk provinces


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Local rebels, headed by district marshal Joseph Kashia, spoke in Novogrudok and Slonim districts.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

He in his estate formed a detachment of the gentry, petty officials and students (up to 400 people).


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In early July, the number of the detachment increased to a thousand fighters.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Kashitsa's detachment engaged in battle with Russian troops near the villages of Gorodishche, Kamenny Brod, Koshelevo, Radkzhi, Noviny, disarmed the Russian military team in Novogrudok and released the arrested from the local prison, seized the town of Belitsa.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On July 12 (24), Kaszyca's detachment joined the detachment of General Dembinsky and together with him went to Poland [13].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Volyn


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In Volyn, the uprising also failed completely and completely stopped after a large detachment (about 5.5 thousand) led by Kolyshko was defeated by the troops of General Roth near Dashev, and then Majdanek village.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After the Battle of Ostroleka, the main Polish army gathered near Prague.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After a long inaction, Skrzyniecki decided to operate simultaneously against Ridiger in the Lublin Voivodeship and against Kreutz, who was still at Siedlz; but when on June 5, Count Toll produced demonstration of the crossing over the Bug between Serock and Zegrzh, then Skrzhinetsky recalled the detachments sent by him back.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Paskevich's movement to Warsaw


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On June 25, the new commander-in-chief, Count Paskevich, arrived at the main Russian army, whose forces at that time reached 50 thousand; in addition, a detachment of gene was expected to arrive on the Brest road.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Muravyov (14 thousand).


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

By this time, the Poles had pulled up to 40 thousand people near Warsaw.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

To strengthen the means of combating the Russian troops, a general militia was declared; but this measure did not give the expected results.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Osek, near the Prussian border, was chosen as the crossing point across the Vistula by Paskiewicz.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzhinetsky, although he knew about Paskevich's movement, limited himself to expelling part of his troops after him, and soon returned it, deciding to move against the detachment left on the Brest highway for demonstrations against Prague and Modlin.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On July 1, the construction of bridges near Osek began, and between the 4th and 8th, the most crossing of the Russian army took place.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Meanwhile, Skrzhinetsky, having failed to destroy Golovin's detachment standing on the Brest road, which distracted significant forces, returned to Warsaw and, yielding to public opinion, decided to speak with by all means to Sokhachev and there to give the Russian army a battle.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The reconnaissance carried out on August 3 showed that the Russian army was already at Lovich.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Fearing that Paskevich would not reach Warsaw by direct traffic to Bolimov, Skrzhinetsky on August 4 went to this point and occupied Neborov.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On August 5, the Poles were pushed across the Ravka River.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Both armies remained in this position until the middle of the month.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

During this time, Skrzynetsky was replaced, and Dembinsky was temporarily appointed to his place, who moved his troops to Warsaw.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Warsaw mutiny


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

News of the defeats of the army caused unrest among the population of Warsaw.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The first rebellion arose on June 20, at the news of the defeat suffered by General Anthony Yankovsky; under pressure from the crowd, the authorities ordered the arrest of Yankovsky, his son-in-law of General Butkovsky, several more generals and colonels, Chamberlain Fenshau (who served as Konstantin's spy) and the wife of Russian General Bazunov.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Those arrested were taken to the Royal Castle.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the news of the passage of the Russian army through the Vistula, the unrest broke out again.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Skrzynetsky resigned, and Warsaw was left without power.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On 15 August, a crowd broke into the Castle and killed the prisoners held there (including General Bazunova), and then beat and kill prisoners in prisons (a total of 33 people were killed).


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The next day, General Krukovetsky declared himself the commandant of the city, dispersed the crowd with the help of troops, closed the premises of the Patriotic Society and began an investigation.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The government has resigned.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Seimas appointed Dembinsky as commander-in-chief, but then replaced him on charges of dictatorial encroachments and re-appointed Krukovetsky, who hanged four rioters.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Siege of Warsaw


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On August 19, the taxation of Warsaw began.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the Volya side, the main forces of the Russian army were located against the city, on the side of Prague - the Rosen corps, which Paskevich ordered to try to seize Prague with the help of a surprise attack.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Dembinsky was replaced by Malakhovsky.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

A military council was convened in the Polish camp, at which Krukovetsky proposed to give a battle before Volya with all cash forces, Uminsky - to limit himself to defending the city, Dembinsky - to break into Lithuania.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Uminsky's proposal was accepted.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, Lubensky's cavalry detachment with 3,000 people was sent to the Plock Voivodeship to collect supplies there and threaten bridges at Osek, and the Ramorino corps with 20,000 - to the left bank against Rosen.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the Russian side, General Ridiger, who was in the Lublin Voivodeship, crossed the Upper Vistula with his detachment (up to 12,5 thousand, with 42 guns) on August 6-7, occupied Radom and to reinforce the main forces on August 30 sent the 10th Infantry Division to Nadarzhin.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Upon joining the Russian main army of reinforcements, its forces increased to 86,000; in the Polish troops defending Warsaw, it was counted to 35,000. At the same time, Ramorino pushed Rosen back to Brest (August 31), but after receiving a double order not to leave Warsaw, he withdrew to Miedzyrzec, and Rosen, following him, occupied Bela.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Assault on Warsaw


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

From the west, Warsaw was protected by two lines of fortifications: the first was a series of redoubts 600 meters from the city ditch, stretching from the fortified suburb of Chiste to the village of Mokotow; the second, in kilometer from the first one, it leaned on Fort Volia and the fortified village of Rakovets.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The first line was defended by Heinrich Dembinsky, the second — by Jozef Boehm.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Count Yan Krukovetsky, seeing the danger of the situation, entered into negotiations with Paskevich.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The latter offered some guarantees and amnesty, which, however, did not apply to the Poles of the “eight voivodeships”.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the contrary, Krukovetsky still demanded the return of Lithuania and Russia, saying that the Poles “took up arms to gain independence within the borders that once separated them from Russia.”


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In total, he had 50,000 people at his disposal, of which 15,000 were the National Guard; Paskevich had 78,000 with 400 guns.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At dawn on September 6, after intensive artillery shelling, the Russian infantry went on the attack and took the first-line redoubts with bayonets.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Volya resisted the longest, whose commander, General Sovinsky, replied to the offer to surrender: “One of your nuclei tore off my leg near Borodin, and now I can't take a step back.”


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

He was killed in a fierce assault; Vysotsky was wounded and captured.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Dembinsky and Krukovetsky made a sortie, trying to return the first line, but were repulsed.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Paskevich set up his headquarters in Wola, and during the night bombarded the second line; Polish artillery was poorly responsible for the lack of charges.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On September 7, at 3 o'clock in the morning, Prondzinsky came to Volya with a letter from Krukovetsky, which contained an expression of obedience to the “legitimate sovereign”.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

But when Paskevich demanded unconditional submission, Prondzinsky said that it was too humiliating and he did not have the authority to do so from the Seimas.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Sejm gathered in Warsaw, which, however, attacked Krukovetsky and the government with charges of treason.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At half past two, Paskevich resumed bombing.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The Russian army, having lined up in three columns, began an attack.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The bayonet counterattack of the Poles was repulsed by buckshot.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At 4 o'clock, Russian troops attacked the fortifications with music and took them.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, Paskevich himself was wounded in the arm.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After that, Prondzinsky again appeared with a letter from Krukovetsky, who said that he had received the authority to sign the surrender.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Paskevich sent Adjutant General F. F. Berg, who finally accepted the surrender from Krukovetsky.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

However, the Seimas did not approve it, offering other conditions.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Krukovetsky left the government and, taking advantage of the fact that the surrender was not approved, led 32,000 soldiers beyond the Vistula River, telling the deputies: “Save Warsaw — my job is to save the army.”


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On the morning of September 8, the troops of the Russian army entered Warsaw through an open gate, and Paskevich wrote to the tsar: “Warsaw is at the feet of Your Majesty.”


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On October 18, 1831, Infantry General Prince Ivan Leontyevich Shakhovsky was awarded the Order of St. George of the 2nd Class No. 90: “For the assault on Warsaw on August 26, 1831.”


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

For pursuing the enemy to the Prussian border, he was also awarded the Order of St. Vladimir of the 1st Class.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The end of war


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The remnants of Krukovetsky's army retreated in confusion to Plock.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Having learned that the Polish army had rejected the surrender, Paskevich sent Berg to Modlin for negotiations in order to give Rosen and Ridiger time to put an end to Ramorino and Rozhnecki.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Ramorino, contrary to Malakhovsky's order to join the main Polish army, went beyond the Upper Vistula, was pushed back to Galicia by Ridiger's troops and surrendered to the Austrians.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Rozhnetsky retreated to the free city of Krakow; the remnants of the main army of 20,000 people under the command of Rybinsky by early October moved to Prussia and were disarmed there.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Only the garrisons of Modlin and Zamosc remained, a total of about 10 thousand people.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Modlin surrendered on October 8, Zamosc on October 21.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“People's Revenge”.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The expedition of Jozef Zalivsky (1833)


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Jozef Zaliwski presented to the Polish People's Committee I. Lelevel is a plan for an uprising based on the common population.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Small detachments of emigrants armed in Austrian Galicia and the Prussian Principality of Poznan were supposed to penetrate Polish and Lithuanian-Belarusian lands and, proclaiming freedom and equality there, to persuade peasants and citizens to a general uprising.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Over each two povets (counties), the district chief will take command, over the voivodship or province - the head of the voivodship, and the supreme power over all will be in the hands of Jozef Zaliwski.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

All this enterprise was called “Revenge of the People”.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The People's Committee led by Joachim Lelevel approved the plan of the guerrilla campaign.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Leonard Khodzko, who was a member of the leadership of the committee in Paris, supported the preparation of an armed expedition of Colonel Jozef Zaliwski to the Kingdom of Poland.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Persecuted by the Russian Embassy in Paris, at the request of the French authorities, Khodzko was forced to leave the capital of France and went to the UK.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The uprising was scheduled to begin on March 19, 1833.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Several hundred emigrants made their way through Germany to Polish lands, ceded to Austria and Prussia, finding shelter in noble estates.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

YU.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Zalivsky, who arrived first in Galicia, picked up the commanders of the rebels, collected money and weapons.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On March 19, 1833, he and a group of only eight people crossed the Polish border at Sandomir and headed for Lublin.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Moving from village to village, Zalivsky was convinced that calls for revolution did not meet with a response, that the people, who had not forgotten the defeat of the November Uprising, did not want to attack the Russian troops.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Persecuted by the Cossacks, Jozef Zalivsky retreated to Galician territory, where he was arrested by the Austrians.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

A well-known participant in the uprising Mikhail Volovich, under the influence of Jozef Zalivsky, decided to take part in his military raid on the territory of Belarus and Lithuania.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

It was planned that Western European carbonariums would help them.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

According to the decision of Jozef Zalivsky, Mikhail Volovich was supposed to create and lead a partisan detachment in the Slonimsko-Novogrudok district. On March 19, 1833, the Postanets crossed the Russian border and began to operate on Slonim and Grodno regions.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The squad of M. Volovich was joined by the surrounding peasants from Porechye, Ostrov and Bardashov.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

To get the money, the rebels attacked the post office.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Volovich planned to storm the prison in Slonim so that the released prisoners would join the rebels.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

But such actions alarmed the authorities.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Grodno Governor M. N. Muravyov-Vilensky ordered to surround the rebel detachment over Shchara.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Mikhail Volovich tried to commit suicide, but the gun misfired.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The rebels were taken prisoner.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In total, more than 150 people were arrested in the Hrodna region.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

During interrogation, Volovich testified that he “wanted to use the alleged uprising to carry out his intentions and release the peasants.”


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

On June 11, 1833, the trial began in Grodno.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Next to Volovich, 10 peasants were sitting in the dock.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Volovich was sentenced to death by quartering, but Prince Dolgorukov commuted the sentence.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Mikhail Volovich was hanged in Grodno on August 2, 1833.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The rest of the rebels were exiled to Siberia — to hard labor, to prison companies and to a settlement.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Results of the uprising


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

February 26, 1832 — the Organic Statute was published, according to which the Kingdom of Poland was declared part of Russia, the Sejm and the Polish army were abolished.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The old administrative division into voivodships was replaced by the division into provinces.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In fact, this meant adopting a course to turn the Kingdom of Poland into a Russian province — the monetary system, the system of measures and weights that operated throughout Russia extended to the territory of the Kingdom.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Polonophilism and Russophobia have become important components of European public opinion in international relations [15]:


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In 1831, thousands of Polish rebels and their families fled the Kingdom of Poland to escape the persecution of the authorities of the Russian Empire.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

They settled in different European countries, arousing sympathy in society, which exerted appropriate pressure on governments and parliaments.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

It was the Polish emigrants who tried to create Russia an extremely unsightly image of a strangler of freedoms and a hotbed of despotism that threatens “civilized Europe”.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Polonophilism and Russophobia since the early 1830s have become important components of European public opinion.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

After the suppression of the uprising, the Russian authorities began a policy of weakening Polish-Catholic influence on the East Slavic population of the western outskirts of the Russian Empire.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

This led to the forced dissolution of the Greek Catholic Church in the western provinces and the transition of local communities to Orthodoxy (see para. Polotsk Church Council of 1839).


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The strengthening of this policy followed the Polish uprising of 1863.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The reflection of the uprising in world culture


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

All over the world, with the exception of Russia, the uprising was greeted with great sympathy.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

French poet Casimir Delavigne immediately after the news of him wrote the poem “Varshavyanka”, which was immediately translated in Poland, set to music and became one of the most famous Polish patriotic anthems.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

282px|mini|right| “Polish Prometheus” by Oras Vernet


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In Russia, most of society was opposed to the Poles, especially in view of the Greater Poland ambitions of the leaders of the uprising and the Polish gentry; the suppression of the uprising welcomes in his poems, written in the summer of 1831 by A. S. Pushkin (“Before the Tomb of the Saint...”, “Slanderers of Russia”, “Borodino Anniversary”), as well as Tyutchev.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“In front of the tomb of the saint...”.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Here the poet praises Kutuzov and expresses confidence that he would quickly suppress the uprising.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“Slanderers of Russia” (written on August 26, published after the capture of Warsaw).


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The reason for this poem was speeches in the French Chamber of Deputies demanding assistance to the Polish people.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

The poet argues that the uprising is a “family” affair, and other powers should not speak about it.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

This is what Pushkin wrote on June 1, 1831 to Vyazemsky: “... they need to be strangled and our slowness is painful. For us, the rebellion of Poland is a family, ancient, hereditary quarrel, we cannot judge it by European impressions, whatever our way of thinking may be...” [16] [17] Vyazemsky, who was then still a liberal, was horrified by the “Slanderers of Russia”.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, there were many people who admired the poem.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

P. ME.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Chaadaev wrote to Pushkin on September 18, 1831: “Here you are, finally, a national poet; you have finally found your vocation. I can't convey to you the satisfaction you've given me to experience. I would like to tell you: Dant has finally come” [18].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“Borodino Anniversary” (written on September 5).


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

In this poem, Pushkin reminds the “popular vitias” — that is, the French democrats who demanded a speech in support of Poland — as well as participants in the Russian-Polish hostilities about traditions Russian soldiers who can and should serve as a guarantee of good relations:


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

At the same time, Pushkin expresses satisfaction with the death of Poland:


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Only on September 14, Vyazemsky got acquainted with the poem.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

That day, he wrote in his diary: “If we had the publicity of the press, Zhukovsky would never have thought, Pushkin would not have dared to glorify Paskevich's victories... The chickens laugh to be beside themselves with amazement, seeing that the lion finally managed to put a paw on the mouse... And what a sacrilege to bring Borodino closer to Warsaw. Russia is crying out against this lawlessness...” [19].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Vera Zasulich's first journalistic work, a speech dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831, was published in Polish translation in Biblioteka's collection Równosci (Geneva, 1881).


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

See also


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Varshavyanka of 1831


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Seven Generals Monument


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Polish Uprising of 1863


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Great emigration


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Notes


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

References


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Voronin V. E.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Literature


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

N. IN. Berg “Polish Uprising of 1830 and 1863 Uprising” (“Russian Antiquity”, 1879);


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Giller Agathon.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

“Historya powstania narodu polskiego”, 1867—1871.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Lebedev, “The Last Polish Uprising of 1830 and 1863 of Troubles” (ib., 1874, vol. XI, 1875, vol. XII);


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Pavlishchev, “Weeks Polish Uprising of 1830 and 1863 of the Rebellion” (St. Petersburg, 1887); “Vilna Essays” (ib., 1883, vol. LX, 1884, t. LXI); Muravyov's Notes (ib., 1882, 1883 and 1884);


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Puzyrevsky A. K..


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

— St. Petersburg, 1890


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Ustimovich, “Conspiracies and attempts on the life of the governor gr. Berg” (Warsaw, 1870; the appendix contains information about conspiracy circles and societies).


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Luferchik, Ye.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

G. Power and society during the Russian-Polish political crisis of 1828—1832/E.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

G. Luferchik//Scientific aspirations — 2011: collection.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

materials Int.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

scientific


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

-pract.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

conf.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

young scientists, Minsk, November 14-18, 2011: in 2 vols/Council of Young Scientists of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; ed.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

group: K. S. Bredikhina [et al.].


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

— Minsk: Belorus.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

science, 2011.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

— VOL. 2.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

— P. 70-73.


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830


Question: Who led the Polish Uprising of 1830—31?

Polish Uprising of 1830

Category:Wars of the Russian Empire


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

It should not be confused with Star Trek, which was released in 2009.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

English: Star Trek: The Motion Picture is the first science fiction feature film set in the Star Trek universe.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

The film premiered on December 6, 1979.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

The film's budget is $35 million.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

US cinema box office per year of screening: $34 million.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Full box office in US cinemas: $82 million


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Box office worldwide: $139 million.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

The plot


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

From the depths of space, an unidentified object of gigantic size approaches the Earth, only calling itself “V'Ger” (English: V'Ger) and does not enter into any detailed contact.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

The USS Enterprise is the only ship in the Earth's space fleet that can reach this strange object within an acceptable time.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

This mission, along with the ship, is given to former Captain of the Enterprise and now Starfleet Rear Admiral James T. A pickaxe who takes his entire old team with him.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

The Enterprise team discovers that in the center of the cloud object was one of the American interplanetary stations Voyager (No. 6, not launched in reality) of the 20th century, which was found by an alien civilization of machines, regarded by it as a fellow in machine intelligence, improved and sent back to the creator.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

The duration of the film is 2271 years.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Cast


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

We worked on the film


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

director: Robert Wise


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

story: Alan Dean Foster


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

scriptwriter: Harold Livingston


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

music:


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Jerry Goldsmith


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Gerald Fred


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Aleksandr Kurazh


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

producer: Gene Roddenberry


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

About making the film


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

After the resounding success of the television series “Star Trek: The Original Series” (English: Star Trek: The Original Series), Paramount decided to release a full-fledged feature a movie based on the series.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Of several proposed stories (authored by famous American science fiction writers), one was selected under the working title “Star Trek: Planet Of Titans” (English: Star Trek: Planet Of Titans) ) Chris Bryant and Allan Scott.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

But due to the huge popularity of the Star Wars film released at that time, the studio stopped further work.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Paramount planned to create its own television channel, followed by filming and broadcasting the new series Star Trek: Phase II.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

For this series, Gene Roddenberry created the script “Return of the Robot”, which was later redesigned by Alan Dean Foster and called “English: In Thy Image”.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

This plot was supposed to turn into a two-hour pilot episode of the new series.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

In 1977, Paramount Pictures decided to cancel work on the new series, and the company's producer Michael Eisner decided to use the finished script in the creation of a feature film.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

However, preparations for the creation of the series were carried out until 1978.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

In the shooting of the film, scenery and models created for the canceled series were used.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

The cast remained unchanged.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Leonard Nimoy, who plays Spock, refused to star in the upcoming series, and the place of his hero in the script was taken by the character of Zon (English: Xon) (actor David Guatro).


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Upon learning that a film would be shot instead of the series, Nimoy agreed to participate in it.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Thus, at the last moment, Spock returned to the script, and actor David Guthro played the role of Commander Branch.


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

The film was one of the first to contain combined shots shot by the Vista Flex camera automatic replay system, which allows you to combine several objects and parts of the background in one frame, shot separately from each other in several exhibitions [1].


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Composer Jerry Goldsmith used the experimental blaster beam stringed instrument, invented in the 1970s, to create the Vger theme [2].


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Awards and nominations


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Honors


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

1980 — Saturn Award for Best Special Effects


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Nominations


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

1980 — three Academy Award nominations: Best Set, Best Visual Effects, Best Music Written Specially for a Film (Jerry Goldsmith)


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

1980 — 9 Saturn Award nominations: Best Science Fiction Film, Best Director (Robert Wise), Best Actor (William Shatner), Best Actress (Parsis Cambatta), Best Supporting Actor (Leonard) Nimoy), Best Supporting Actress (Nichelle Nichols), Best Music (Jerry Goldsmith), Best Costume (Robert Fletcher), Best Makeup


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

1980 — Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Soundtrack (Jerry Goldsmith)


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

1980 - Hugo Award nomination for Best Production


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

2002 — Saturn Award nomination for directorial DVD edition of the film


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Notes


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Literature


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

References


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

on IMDb


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

at AllMovie


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Category:Star Trek: Movies


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Category:Films directed by Robert Wise


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Category:American action films


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Category: American adventure films


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Category: 1979 science fiction films


Question: Who wrote the music for Star Trek?

Star Trek (1979 film)

Category: 1979 American films


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin (,, Kuzminskaya Volost, Ryazan Uyezd, Ryazan Province, Russian Empire —, [1], USSR) was a Russian poet, representative of New Peasant poetry and lyrics, and more late period of creativity — imaginism [2].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Biography


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Yesenin was born in the village of Konstantinovo, Kuzminskaya Volost, Ryazan Uyezd, Ryazan Province, into a peasant family.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Father — Alexander Nikitich Yesenin (1873—1931), mother — Tatyana Fedorovna Titova (1875—1955).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Sisters: Ekaterina (1905—1977), Alexandra (1911—1981).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1904, Yesenin went to the Konstantinovsky Zemstvo School, after which in 1909 he began his studies at the parochial, second-grade teacher's school [3] (now the S. A. Yesenin) in Spas-Klepiki.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

After graduation, in the fall of 1912, Yesenin left home, then arrived in Moscow, worked in a butcher shop, and then in the printing house of I. D. Sytin.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1913, he entered the Historical and Philosophical Department at the Moscow City People's University named after A. L. Shanyavsky.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

He worked in a printing house, was friends with the poets of the Surikov Literary and Music Circle [2].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Professional activity


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1914, Yesenin's poems were first published in the children's magazine “Mirok”.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1915, Yesenin moved from Moscow to Petrograd, read his poems by A. A. Blok, S. M. Gorodetsky and other poets.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In January 1916, Yesenin was drafted into war.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Thanks to the efforts of his friends, he was appointed (“with the highest permission”) to Tsarskoye Selo Military Medical Train No. 143 of Her Imperial Majesty the Sovereign Empress Alexandra Fedorovna.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

At this time, he became close to a group of “new peasant poets” and published the first collections (“Radunitsa” — 1916), which made him very famous.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Together with Nikolai Klyuev, he often performed, including to Empress Alexandra Fedorovna and her daughters in Tsarskoye Selo.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1915-1917, Yesenin maintained friendly relations with the poet Leonid Kannegiser [4], who later killed the chairman of the Petrograd Cheka Uritsky.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

By 1918 and early 1920s, Yesenin's acquaintance with Anatoly Mariengof and his active participation in the Moscow group of imaginists dates back to 1918 and early 1920s.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

During Yesenin's fascination with imaginism, several collections of poems by the poet were published: “Treryadnitsa”, “Confessions of a Hooligan” (both 1921), “Brawler's Poems” (1923), “Moscow Kabatskaya” (1924), and the poem “Pugachev”.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1921, the poet, together with his friend Yakov Blumkin, went to Central Asia, visited the Urals and Orenburg region.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

From May 13 [5] to June 3, he visited his friend and poet Alexander Shiryaevets in Tashkent.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

There, Yesenin spoke to the public several times, read poems at poetry evenings and in the homes of his Tashkent friends.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

According to eyewitnesses, Yesenin liked to visit the old city, teahouses of the old city and Urda, listen to Uzbek poetry, music and songs, and visit the picturesque surroundings of Tashkent with his friends.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

He also made a short trip to Samarkand [2].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In the autumn of 1921, in G. B.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Yakulova Yesenin met dancer Isadora Duncan, whom he married six months later.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

After the wedding, Yesenin and Duncan traveled to Europe (Germany, France, Belgium, Italy) and the United States (4 months).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

He stayed in America from May 1922 to August 1923 [6].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

The Izvestia newspaper published Yesenin's records about America “Zhelezny Mirgorod”.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Duncan's marriage broke up shortly after they returned from abroad.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In the early 1920s, Yesenin was actively engaged in book publishing activities, as well as selling books in a bookshop he rented on Bolshaya Nikitskaya, which occupied almost all of his time.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

The last years of his life, Yesenin traveled a lot around the country


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

He visited the Caucasus three times, visited Leningrad several times, and Konstantinovo seven times.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1924-1925, Yesenin visited Azerbaijan, published a collection of poems at the Krasny Vostok printing house, and was published by a local publishing house.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

There is a version that here, in May 1925, the poetic “Message to the Evangelist Demyan” was written.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In Baku, Yesenin stayed at the New Europe Hotel.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

He also lived in the village of Mardakan (a suburb of Baku) at the dacha of oil producer Murtuza Mukhtarov.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Currently, it houses his house-museum and a memorial plaque.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1924, Yesenin decided to break with imaginism due to disagreements with A. B.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Mariengof.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Yesenin and Ivan Gruzinov published an open letter about the dissolution of the group.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Newspapers began to publish sharply critical articles about Yesenin, accusing him of drunkenness, brawls, fights and other anti-social actions.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

The poet, by his behavior (especially in the last years of his life), sometimes gave rise to such criticism himself.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Several criminal cases have been opened against Yesenin, mainly on charges of hooliganism.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

There is also a known Case of Four Poets, related to the accusation of Yesenin and his friends of anti-Semitic statements.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

The Soviet government was worried about the state of health of Yesenin.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Thus, in Rakovsky's letter to Dzerzhinsky dated October 25, 1925, Rakovsky asks “to save the life of the famous poet Yesenin, undoubtedly the most talented in our Union”, suggesting: “invite him to your place, do it well and send a friend from the Prosecutor General's Office with him to the sanatorium, who would not allow him to drink...” [7] In the letter, Dzerzhinsky's resolution addressed to his close friend, secretary, the Chancellor of the Prosecutor General's Office V. D. Gerson: “M.B., could you do it?” Next to Gerson's note: “I called repeatedly - I could not find Yesenin.”


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

At the end of November 1925, Sofia Tolstaya agreed with the director of the paid psychoneurological clinic of Moscow University, Professor P. B.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Gannushkin about the poet's hospitalization in his clinic.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Only a few people close to the poet knew about this.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

On December 21, 1925, Yesenin left the clinic, canceled all powers of attorney in the State Publishing House, withdrew almost all the money from his savings book and a day later left for Leningrad, where he stayed at No. 5 of the Angleterre Hotel.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In Leningrad, the last days of Yesenin's life were marked by meetings with N. A. Klyuev, G. F. Ustinov, Ivan Pribludny, V. AND. Ehrlich, I. AND. Sadofiev, N. N. Nikitin and other writers [2].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Personal life


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1913, Sergey Yesenin met Anna Romanovna Izryadnova, who worked as a proofreader at the printing house of the Partnership I. D. Sytin”, where Yesenin joined.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1914, they entered into a civil marriage.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

On December 21, 1914, Anna Izryadnova gave birth to a son named Yuri (shot on false charges in 1937).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1917, he met and on July 30 of the same year married in the village of Kiriki-Ulita, Vologda Province, with Zinaida Reich, a Russian actress, the future wife of director V. E.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Meyerhold.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

The groom's guarantors were Pavel Pavlovich Khitrov, a peasant from the village of Ivanovskaya Spasskaya Volost, and Sergei Mikhailovich Baraev [8], a peasant from the village of Ustyanskaya volost, the bride's guarantors — Alexey Alekseevich Ganin and Dmitry Dmitrievich Devyatkov, a merchant son from Vologda [9].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

The wedding took place in the building of the Passage Hotel.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

This marriage gave birth to daughter Tatyana (1918-1992), a journalist and writer [10], and son Konstantin (1920—1986), a civil engineer, football statistician and journalist.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

At the end of 1919 (or early 1920), Yesenin left the family, and a half year old daughter Tatyana remained in the arms of Zinaida Reich's pregnant son (Konstantin).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

On February 19, 1921, the poet filed for divorce, in which he undertook to provide them financially (the divorce was officially formalized in October 1921).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Subsequently, Yesenin repeatedly visited his children adopted by Meyerhold.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1920, Yesenin lived at home with his literary secretary Galina Benislavskaya.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Their periodic personal relationship continued until their marriage to S. A. Tolstoy in autumn 1925.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1921, the poet visited his friend, Tashkent poet Alexander Shiryaevets from May 13 to June 3 [11].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

At the invitation of the director of the Turkestan Public Library, on May 25, 1921, Yesenin spoke in the library at a literary evening organized by his friends in front of the students of the Art Studio, which existed at the library [12].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Yesenin arrived in Turkestan in the car of his friend Kolobov [13], a responsible employee of the NKPS.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

He lived on this train all the time of his stay in Tashkent, then traveled on this train to Samarkand, Bukhara and Poltoratsk (present-day Ashgabat).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

On June 3, 1921, Sergei Yesenin left Tashkent and returned to Moscow on June 9, 1921.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

By coincidence, most of the poet's daughter Tatyana's life was spent in Tashkent [10].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In the autumn of 1921, in G. B.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Yakulova Yesenin met dancer Isadora Duncan [14], whom he married on May 2, 1922.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

At the same time, Yesenin did not speak English, and Duncan barely spoke Russian.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Immediately after the wedding, Yesenin accompanied Duncan on tours in Europe (Germany, Belgium, France, Italy) and the United States [2].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Despite the scandalous entourage of the couple, literary critics believe that both were brought together by the relationship of creativity [15].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

However, their marriage was brief, and in August 1923 Yesenin returned to Moscow.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1923, Yesenin began acquaintance with actress Augusta Miklashevskaya, to whom he dedicated seven heartfelt poems from the cycle “Love of a Hooligan”.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

One of the lines obviously contains the actress's name encrypted: “Why is your name ringing, like the August coolness?” [16] [17].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

It is noteworthy that in the fall of 1976, when the actress was already 85, Augusta Leonidovna admitted in an interview with literary critics that the romance with Yesenin was platonic and she did not even kiss the poet [18].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

On May 12, 1924, Yesenin had a son Alexander after an affair with poetess and translator Nadezhda Volpin, later a famous mathematician and figure in the dissident movement.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Alexander Yesenin-Volpin died in the United States on March 15, 2016 at the age of 91 [19].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

On September 18, 1925, Yesenin married for the third (and last) time — Sophia Andreevna Tolstoy (1900—1957) [20], granddaughter of L. N. Tolstoy, at that time the head of the library of the Writers' Union.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

This marriage also did not bring happiness to the poet and soon broke up.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Restless loneliness was one of the main reasons for the tragic end of Yesenin.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

After the death of the poet, Tolstaya devoted her life to collecting, preserving, describing and preparing Yesenin's works for publication, and left her memoirs about him [21].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

According to N. Sardanovsky and the poet's letters, Yesenin was a vegetarian for some time [22].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Death


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

On December 28, 1925, Yesenin was found dead in the Angleterre Hotel in Leningrad, his friend G. F. Ustinov and his wife.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

The poet's last poem, “Goodbye, my friend, goodbye...” [2] — according to Wolf Ehrlich, was given to him the day before: Yesenin complained that there was no ink in the room, and he had to write with your blood [23].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

According to the version, which is now generally accepted among academic researchers of Yesenin's life, the poet is in a state of depression (a week after finishing treatment in a psychoneurological hospital) committed suicide (hanged himself).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

After a civil funeral service at the Union of Poets in Leningrad, Yesenin's body was delivered by train to Moscow, where a farewell was also held in the Press House with the participation of relatives and friends of the deceased.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

He was buried on December 31, 1925 in Moscow on.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Murder version


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In the 1970s and 1980s, there were versions about the murder of the poet with the subsequent staging of Yesenin's suicide (as a rule, employees of the OGPU are accused of organizing the murder).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Eduard Khlystalov, an investigator of the Moscow Criminal Investigation Department, retired colonel, contributed to the development of this version [24] [25].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

The version of Yesenin's murder penetrated into popular culture: in particular, it is presented in artistic form in the television series “Yesenin” (2005).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Supporters of this version argue that if we look in detail at the posthumous photos of the poet in high resolution, it is safe to assume that the poet was severely beaten before his death [26].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In their opinion, this version is supported by a well-known fact: Sergei Yesenin, who had been fond of fist fights since his youth, was, according to his contemporaries, a fairly strong fighter who could be active resisting the assassins who attacked him.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1989, under the auspices of the Gorky IMLI, the Yesenin Commission was established under the chairmanship of Soviet and Russian Yesenin scholar Yu.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

L. Prokushev; at his request, a number of examinations were carried out, which, in his opinion, led to the following conclusion: “published “versions” about the murder of the poet with the subsequent staged hanging, despite some discrepancies... are a vulgar, incompetent interpretation of special information, sometimes falsifying the results of the examination” (from the official response of the professor at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Doctor of medical sciences B. S. Svadkovsky at the request of the chairman L. Prokusheva) [27].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Versions of Yesenin's murder are considered late fiction or unconvincing [28] and other biographers of the poet.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Creativity


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Poetry


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

From the first poetry collections (Radunitsa, 1916; Rural Book of Hours, 1918) he acted as a subtle lyricist, a master of a deeply psychologized landscape, a singer of peasant Russia, an expert in the folk language and people's soul.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

From 1919 to 1923 he was a member of the imaginists group.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Tragic worldview and mental confusion are expressed in the cycles “Mare Ships” (1920), “Moscow Kabatskaya” (1924), the poem “The Black Man” (1925).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In the poem “The Ballad of Twenty-Six” (1924), dedicated to Baku commissars, the collection “Soviet Russia” (1925), the poem “Anna Snegina” (1925), Yesenin sought to comprehend the rearing Russia “commune”, although continued to feel like a poet of “Leaving Russia”, “golden log hut”.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Dramatic poem “Pugachev” (1921).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

After N. AND. Bukharin in the central party body of the Pravda newspaper articles “Evil Notes” [29], which claimed that Yesenin “represents the most negative features of the Russian village”, and called for giving “class alien ” Yesenin region “a pretty volley”, a broad campaign of harassment unfolded around the poet's name.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

As a result, the poet's books were not published for a long time.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

However, this did not prevent its recognition by the people.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Songs were sung everywhere on Yesenin's poems, and his handwritten collections were distributed [30].


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Themes of works


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

From Yesenin's letters of 1911—1913, the difficult life of the aspiring poet and his spiritual maturation emerge.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

All this was reflected in the poetic world of his lyrics of 1910-1913, when he wrote more than 60 poems and poems.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

His love for all living things, for life and for the Motherland is expressed here.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

The poet is especially tuned to this mood by the surrounding nature (“The scarlet light of dawn woven on the lake...”, “Flood with smoke...”, “Birch”, “Spring Evening”, “Night”, “Sunrise”, “Winter sings - echoes...”, “Stars”,” The night is dark, I can't sleep...”, etc.).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

From the very first poems, Yesenin's poetry includes the themes of the homeland and revolution.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Since January 1914, Yesenin's poems have appeared in print (“Birch”, “Blacksmith”, etc.).


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

“In December, he quits his job and gives himself all his poetry, writes all day long,” Izryadnova recalls.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

The poetic world is becoming more complex, multidimensional, and biblical images and Christian motifs begin to occupy a significant place in it.


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

In 1913, in a letter to Panfilov, he wrote: “Grisha, I am currently reading the Gospel and find a lot of new things for me.”


Question: How many works were written by S. Yesenin during his life?

Sergey Yesenin

Later, the poet noted: “Religious doubts visited me early. As a child, I have very sharp transitions: either a prayer strip, then extraordinary mischief, up to blasphemy. And then there were such stripes in my work.”