Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1608 - 1610, by order of Cardinal Commendator Odoardo Farnese, the chapel was significantly increased and painted by young Domenichino.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The latter was also responsible for the overall interior design (architectural design, marble floor, coffered ceiling).


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The only work in the chapel that does not belong to Domenichino is an altar image by Annibale Carracci.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The presbytery of the chapel is richly decorated with colorful marble and gilded wooden details and decorative plaster.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The altar image is dedicated to the scene of the appearance of the Virgin to Saints Nile and Bartholomew; on both sides of the altar there are images of Saints Eustathius and Eduard, patrons of Cardinal Odoardo Farnese.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The presbytery is crowned with a dome, in which, surrounded by numerous putti, God the Father is depicted in the form of a gray-haired old man.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Unlike the presbytery, the walls of the nave are devoid of any decorative frills: the entire surface is covered with Domenichino frescoes.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The upper register is occupied by half-length portraits of the Eastern Fathers of the Church; the lower register is occupied by large historical scenes from the lives of Saints Nile and Bartholomew.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Meeting of Saint Nile and Otto IIIChrist's Appearance to Saint Niluchudo with the HarvestConstruction of the Abbey


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

On the left wall there are the following frescoes from the life of Nil Rossansky (sequentially, starting from the altar):


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Saint Nile banishes demons from a possessed boy.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The meeting of Saint Nile and Emperor Otto III.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

According to legend, Otto III, returning from a pilgrimage to Monte Gargano, visited Saint Nile in Serperi (near Gaeta).


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The emperor offered Nile rich gifts for the development of the monastery, but the saint refused them and only said: “I do not ask Your Majesty anything but that you take care of the salvation of your soul.”


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the fresco, the young emperor, dismounted and left behind his retinue, hugs an elderly monk.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Saint Nile and his accompanying monks occupy only the small lower left corner of the fresco; the rest of the space is occupied by the ruler's large retinue.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

It is generally believed that Domenichino depicted himself and his contemporaries in the imperial retinue.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The young man holding Otto's horse under control is a self-portrait of the artist.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In two men standing on the other side of the same horse, researchers see Guido Reni and Guercino.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

To their right, Domenichino depicted his beloved Rosa Fallani from Frascati in the form of a blond page.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the right corner of the painting, the manager of Cardinal Farnese, who usually delayed the payment of the artist's works, gets off his horse awkwardly.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Christ appears to Saint Neil.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

According to legend, when the saint prayed before the crucifixion, Christ tore his right hand off the cross and blessed the Nile.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

On the right wall there are the following frescoes from the life of Bartholomew (sequentially, starting from the altar):


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The appearance of the Virgin to Nile and Bartholomew: she gives them a golden apple as a sign of Her favor and instructs them to build a monastery in Grottaferrata.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The construction of the abbey.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the center, St. Bartholomew discusses the plan of work with the architect; presumably, under the guise of the latter, Domenichino depicted his teacher Annibale Carracci.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the background is a scene from the life of Bartholomew, in which a decrepit monk, with the blessing of the abbot, stops a falling column with one hand.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The fresco is filled with numerous secondary characters — builders and peasants, so that the picture breaks up into many small everyday subjects.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

A miracle with the harvest.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Another scene from the life of St. Bartholomew: the saint with his prayers is stopped by a sudden tornado that threatens to destroy the freshly harvested wheat.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The monastery library


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The Grottaferrata Library has preserved for the present time a significant number of Latin and Greek manuscripts, as well as first printed publications.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The founders of the monastery, Neil Rossansky and Bartholomew the Younger, taught monks to engage not only in agriculture, but also in the correspondence of books.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Saint Nile was the inventor of a special system of abbreviations in the text, which is the original feature of a special school of writing (usually called “Nilian” by his name).


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Three manuscripts personally executed by Saint Nile have been preserved in Grottaferrata.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In addition, the founders of the monastery brought with them a collection of codes from their native Calabria.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Later, the collection of Grottaferrata's manuscripts was consistently replenished thanks to the work of monks — copyists.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

A significant contribution to the library of Grottaferrata belongs to Cardinal Vissarion of Nicaea, who brought with him many books from Constantinople seized by the Turks, and then successively withdrew manuscripts from the Greek monasteries of Southern Italy under its jurisdiction.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the following centuries, Greek books accumulated in Grottaferrata, as the monastery was the main center of the Basilian Order.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Despite the fact that a significant part of Grottaferrata's book collection was seized during the French occupation (1809—1814) and after the unification of Italy, the monastery library still remains significant.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Currently, Grottaferrata houses 1,197 manuscripts (575 in Greek, 622 in Latin), 71 printed books of the 15th century, 700 books of the 16th century, 50,000 books of a later issue.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Since 1931, a laboratory for the restoration of ancient books and manuscripts has been operating on the territory of the monastery (the second in Italy after the Vatican Library).


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Among the “secular” treasures of Grottaferrata are:


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

a 5th-century manuscript containing parts of Strabo's Geography;


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata Monastery

the most complete text of the Byzantine novel Digenis Akrit (12th century);


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

a complete collection of poems by Christopher Mytilensky (XI century);


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

a code containing handwritten notes of Manuel II Paleologos (belonged successively to John VIII Paleologus and Vissarion of Nicene).


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

In addition, the liturgical books preserved in Grottaferrata, containing information on the early stages of the formation of the Byzantine rite, including the features of liturgical life, are of great importance churches of this rite in Southern Italy.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

For the study of Byzantine melurgy, the 50 singing manuscripts stored in Grottaferrata are very important, in which all types of notated liturgical books are found.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

Grottaferrata and the Russian Diaspora


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

The monastery was visited, lived in it, worked in scientific and publishing fields by representatives of the Russian Apostolate: Bishop Alexander Evreinov (later buried in it), Exarch Leonid Fedorov, Archpriest Alexander Sipyagin, priest Kirill Korolevsky and journalist, historian Vladimir Zabugin.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

The monastery's printing house published liturgical and doctrinal books for the Russian Apostolate [1].


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

Notes


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

Sources


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

Kolupaev, Vladimir Evgenyevich.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

Publication of musical and liturgical books in the Russian Diaspora of the 20th century//Library Science.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

2009, #6.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

P. 86 — 89.


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

Category:Abbeys in Italy


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

Category:Basilian monasteries


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

Category:Monasteries in Italy


Question: When was Saint Nile's Abbey founded?

Grottaferrata

Category:Italo-Albanian Catholic Church


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Constitution of Ukraine) is the basic law of the state of Ukraine.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

Previous Ukrainian Constitutions


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

“Constitution of Philip Orlyk”, 1710


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

After the death of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, on April 5, 1710 in the city of Bendery (now Transnistria), between the new hetman Philip Orlik and the part of the Ukrainian Cossacks that was loyal to Mazepa and Orlik, the document “Treaties and Regulations of the Rights and Liberties of the Military...” was concluded and published, which described the rights and obligations of the hetman and his subjects.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

This document was similar to the Constitutions that were concluded between the kings of Poland and the gentry (“Nihil novi”, “Henryk Articles”); and is known in history as the “Constitution of Orlyk”.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

The document was compiled in Western Russian and Latin.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

Latin title: Latin: “Pacta et Constitutiones legum libertatumqe Exerccitus Zaporoviensis”, that is, the word “decrees” is translated by the word lat.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

“constitutions”, from which, in fact, the modern word Rus comes from.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

“constitution”.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

In the full title of this document it was written: “Approved during the free election by a formal oath from the same Clairvoyant Hetman confirmed”, that is, the hetman and his subjects took the oath to fulfill this constitution.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

“Treaties and Resolutions” proclaimed the independence of the Zaporizhzhya Army (the text uses equivalent names: “Ukraine” and “Little Russia”) from Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the patronage of Sweden.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

The territory is defined as “Little Russia, Our Motherland” (Article 2), “Ukraine” (Article 14), and residents as “Little Russian People”, “Sons of Little Russia”, and was determined in accordance with the Zborov Treaty of 1649 years.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

Monuments have been erected to the Orlik Constitution:


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

On April 9, 2010, a memorial sign in honor of the 300th anniversary was installed on the territory of the Bendery Fortress in Pridnestrovie, and the opening was attended by the Foreign Ministers of Sweden and Poland [1].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

June 29, 2011 in Kristianstad, Sweden.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

The opening was timed to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the Constitution of Philip Orlyk and the 15th anniversary of the modern Constitution of Ukraine [2].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic of 1918


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic was adopted on April 29, 1918 by the Central Rada.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

The constitutional process began by the Central Rada immediately after the proclamation of the First Universal by the creation of a constitutional commission consisting of 100 people.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

led by Mikhail Hrushevsky.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution was supposed to be adopted by the All-Ukrainian Constituent Assembly; this was prevented by the German occupation of Ukraine (which took place under the Brest Treaty between Germany and the Bolshevik Russia).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

On the last day of its existence, April 29, 1918, the Central Rada approved its provisions, but did not implement it, since it itself was dissolved (in agreement with the leadership of the German occupation corps) by Hetman of Ukraine Pavel Skoropadsky.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution of the UPR had a subtitle - “Charter on the state structure, rights and liberties of the UPR” and consisted of 83 articles combined into 8 sections: I.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

General regulations (arts. 1-6); II.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

Rights of Ukrainian citizens (arts. 7-21); III.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

Authorities of the UPR (Articles 22-26); IV.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

National Assembly of the UPR (Articles 27-49); V. On the Council of People's Ministers of the UPR (Articles 50-59); VI.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

UPR Court (Articles 60-68); VII.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

National unions (arts. 69-78) VIII.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

On the temporary cessation of civil liberties (arts. 79-83).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

The UPR was proclaimed “a sovereign, independent and independent state from anyone”, the sovereign right in which belongs to the people (all together citizens of the republic).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

Its territory is indivisible and its border cannot be changed without the consent of 2/3 of the parliament.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

A person who acquired this right legally was considered a citizen, and dual citizenship was not provided.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

Act, civil and political capacity came from the age of 20.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

All citizens, regardless of age, faith, race, gender, were proclaimed equal in their rights.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

They were guaranteed all rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech, press, conscience, to vote and to be elected (active and passive suffrage), free residence, movement, inviolability of personal life, confidentiality of correspondence, etc. The election procedure and legislative procedure were established.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

The powers were divided into branches: legislative, executive and judicial.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

The legislative one belonged to the National Assembly of the UPR, the executive - to the Council of People's Ministers, the judicial - to the General Court of the UPR.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

National minorities were granted the right to form national unions that formed self - government bodies, issued corporate laws that would not contradict the Constitution of the UPR, set a budget, etc. In the event of war or uprising, civil liberties were limited by a special law for no more than 3 months, which was adopted by the National Assembly or the Council of People's Ministers.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

So, the Central Rada saw the UPR as a classic parliamentary republic, without a president.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

On the basis of the Constitution, a number of legislative acts were to be drafted.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR of 1919


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On March 10, 1919, the 3rd All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets adopted the first Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR (adopted in final version by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee at a meeting on March 14, 1919 years).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR of 1929


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The second Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR was adopted on May 15, 1929.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

It established the sovereignty of workers, abolished private property (see para. NEP), confirmed its entry into the USSR, consolidated the principle of supremacy of all-Union bodies and all-Union legislation.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR of 1937


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The next Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR was adopted by the Extraordinary 14th Congress of Soviets of the Ukrainian SSR on January 30, 1937.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

In it, the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian: Verkhovna Rada) was vested with the supreme power in the republic.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

At the same time, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic was officially renamed the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution of Carpathian Ukraine of 1939


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On March 15, 1939, at the first (and last) session of the Seimas of the Carpathian Ukraine, two laws were adopted that had the status of constitutional and determined the form of the new state structure.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

1978 Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The new Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR was adopted on April 20, 1978 following the adoption of the new Union Constitution.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

From 1989 to 1995, a number of significant changes were made to the text of the Constitution.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On October 24, 1990, an amendment was made on the establishment of the Constitutional Court of the Republic [5].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On April 18, 1991, Art.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

108 of the Constitution, an amendment was made to rename the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers to the post of Prime Minister [6].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On May 21, 1991, in Articles 115 and 116, the name “Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR” was replaced by the “Cabinet of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR” [7].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On June 19, 1991, the Constitution included a mention of the Crimean ASSR [8], restored (in June 1946, autonomy, being part of the RSFSR, was abolished, and in April 1954, the territory the liquidated republic was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR) following the results of a Crimean referendum on January 20 of the same year.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On September 17, 1991, the names “Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic” and “Ukrainian SSR” were excluded from the Constitution and replaced by the name Ukraine [9], which at that time contradicted Art.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

71 of the USSR Constitution.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Council of Ministers was finally renamed the Cabinet of Ministers (Article 121), which at that time contradicted Art.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

139 of the USSR Constitution.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On February 14, 1992, in connection with the declaration of independence of Ukraine and the signing of the Belovezha Agreement on the liquidation of the USSR in Art.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

68 of the Constitution declared that Ukraine is an independent state.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

From Art.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

166 the coat of arms of Soviet Ukraine was removed [10].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On June 19, 1992, references to the USSR were completely removed from the Constitution, and the flag of the Ukrainian SSR of 1949 (Article 167) was excluded [11].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On September 21, 1994, an amendment was made to rename the Crimean ASSR (Republic of Crimea) [12] into the Autonomous Republic of Crimea [13].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitutional Treaty of 1995


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On June 8, 1995, President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma and Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Alexander Moroz, acting on behalf of the Parliament, signed a Constitutional Treaty that was in force until its adoption a new constitution [14].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

This Constitutional Treaty was a prototype of the Constitution of Ukraine, adopted in 1996.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution of Ukraine of 1996


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution of Ukraine of 1996 was adopted on June 28 at the 5th session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the 2nd convocation.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Act No. 254/96-BP, ratifying the new Constitution and repealing the previous Constitution and Constitutional Treaty, was officially signed in a solemn atmosphere in mid-June 1996.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Nevertheless, according to the opinion of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, the Constitution entered into force at the time when the results of the parliamentary vote were announced, that is, on June 28, 1996, at about 9 in the morning Kyiv time.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

In accordance with the Constitution, the day of adoption of the Basic Law is a public holiday — the Constitution Day of Ukraine.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On July 12, 1996, on the last day of the fifth session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, which announced the adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine, for the first time in the history of Ukraine, deputies took an oath of allegiance to Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Mariinsky Palace hosted the solemn signing of the text of the Law of Ukraine “On the Adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine and its Enactment”.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Thus, the next stage of the post-Soviet constitutional process in Ukraine was completed — the stage of preparing the text of the Basic Law, discussing it and adopting it by the Verkhovna Rada.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution of Ukraine of 1996 as the supreme legislative act defined the basic principles of the organization of supreme bodies of state and local self-government, their relations and competence, as well as rights and freedoms and the duties of a person and citizen.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The adoption of the Basic Law of the State has created a legal basis for the effective and rational restructuring of political structures, the stabilization of the economy, the formation of a developed civil society, Ukraine's organic entry into the world community.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The 1996 Constitution became the first Constitution of independent Ukraine.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

With the adoption of the Constitution, basic coordinates and guidelines were determined, a set of social values — everything that forms the political and economic system.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The relations between the state and the individual, the state and the citizen, their rights and mutual obligations are outlined.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The limits of state interference in the life of society and the individual have been established.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The adoption of the Constitution delimited the rights and duties of various branches of government, political parties and public organizations.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Structure of the 1996 Constitution


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

It consists of 15 sections and 161 articles.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section I.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The main provisions.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section II.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Rights, freedoms and duties of a person and citizen.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section III.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Elections.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Referendum.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section IV.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section V. President of Ukraine.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section VI.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Other executive authorities.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section VII.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Prosecutor's Office.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section VIII.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Justice.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section IX.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The territorial structure of Ukraine.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section X. Autonomous Republic of Crimea.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section XI.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Local government.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section XII.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitutional Court of Ukraine.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section XIII.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Amendments to the Constitution.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section XIV.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Final provisions.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Section XV.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Transitional provisions.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Problems and proposals for reform


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution of Ukraine was adopted by the Parliament (Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine) at the 5th session on June 28, 1996; it was not adopted at the all-Ukrainian referendum.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The PACE Venice Commission strongly recommends that [16] constitutional reform be carried out in order to avoid the constitutional crisis that took place in 2007 and respect the right of the people to choose the form state structure through a system of direct democracy universally recognized by the world community.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Legal scholars, specialists in constitutional law, found 176 errors in the Constitution of Ukraine [17], leading to endless legal conflicts and requiring immediate legal resolution.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The fact of the urgent need to amend the current version of this document is also confirmed by the latest initiative of the former head of state of Ukraine, President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko in the draft law of Ukraine “On Amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine” [18].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The constitutional process in Ukraine after 1996


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Five campaigns aimed at changing the Constitution


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Since 1996, the Presidents of Ukraine (L. Kuchma, V. Yushchenko, V. Yanukovych) were the initiators of five campaigns to amend the Constitution of Ukraine, two of these campaigns (in 2000 and 2009) ended in vain; the other two (in 2004 and 2010) led to a significant change in the political system of Ukraine; the last, fifth campaign was initiated by V. Yanukovych in 2011; its results were valid until the change of power in 2014.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Referendum on amending the Constitution in 2000


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

In August 1999 (at the beginning of the presidential elections, which took place in November 1999), President of Ukraine L. Kuchma called for holding a nationwide referendum to amend the Constitution [19].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On January 15, 2000, L. Kuchma signed a decree on holding a referendum [19].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On April 16, 2000, a vote was held on a nationwide referendum on four issues:


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

1) on the introduction of a bicameral parliament;


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

2) on the right of the President to dissolve the parliament if within a month he does not form a permanent majority or does not approve the budget within three months;


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

3) on the reduction of deputies from 450 to 300;


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

4) on depriving deputies of immunity [19].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The referendum gave a positive answer to all these questions; but none of them were implemented in Parliament [20].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The general direction of the proposed amendments to the Constitution was to strengthen the power of the President and weaken the


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The greatest consequences could have been the introduction of a bicameral parliament - it was assumed that the “upper house” would be formed with the participation of the President and would monitor laws and resolutions adopted by the lower house of Parliament.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Constitutional reform of 2004


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The “constitutional reform” in 2003-2004 took place on the initiative of President L. Kuchma [21] and with the support of Prime Minister V. Yanukovych.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The direction of this reform was opposite to L. Kuchma (when it was proposed to weaken the power of the future president and turn Ukraine into a parliamentary republic in which the government would be formed by parliament).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

National Constitutional Council 2007


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On December 27, 2007, according to V. Yushchenko created the “National Constitutional Council”, which was supposed to prepare a concept for a systematic renewal of the Constitution (see the newspaper “Uryadovy Kuryer” dated January 9, 2008, Page 6) [22].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On August 25, V. Yushchenko signed a decree on nationwide discussion of the constitutional reform.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

It was planned that a nationwide discussion would be held by December 1, 2009, after which a referendum would be announced [23].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

However, the political influence of V. Yushchenko both among the “blue” and among the “orange” electorate (which at that time was already guided by Yu. Tymoshenko) was already so small that his initiative did not receive practical implementation.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Cancellation of the Constitutional Reform in 2010 and the Constitutional Assembly


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On September 30, 2010, the “Constitutional Reform” was canceled by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine — without a vote in the Verkhovna Rada.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Until the end of 2013, the issue of abolishing the constitutional reform was not confirmed by the decision of the Verkhovna Rada.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

After the abolition of the constitutional reform of 2004, the question arose about confirming this abolition by voting in the Verkhovna Rada.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

However, the Verkhovna Rada did not gain a “constitutional majority”, and then President V. Yanukovych, as a compromise, declared his readiness to develop a “new version of the Constitution”.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

This process was again called the “Constitutional Reform”.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On May 18, 2012, V. Yanukovych issued a decree on the creation of the Constitutional Assembly (former President L. Kravchuk [24]), which was instructed to develop a new constitution for its further adoption in the Parliament of Ukraine [25].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

2004 year.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Adoption of the “Constitutional Reform” in the Verkhovna Rada (402 votes)


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

During the Orange Revolution (early December 2004), President Kuchma (with the support of the Moroz Socialist Party, the Communist Party Symonenko, with the support of Prime Minister Yanukovych) set a condition that he would agree to “re-voting of the second round of the presidential elections” only in exchange for the adoption in the parliament of the “Constitutional Reform” (by this time the Supreme Court of Ukraine had already adopted on December 3, 2004 a decision on” the impossibility of establishing a result in the presidential elections, due to massive falsifications”).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

To overcome the acute political crisis, trying to stop the escalation of the confrontation in the country, at the request of the political forces of Leonid Kuchma, Viktor Yanukovych, the Socialist Party, the Communist Party — December 8, 2004 The Verkhovna Rada adopted (402 votes “for”, in particular “for” the entire faction of the “Party of Regions” voted “for”; but the entire faction of the “Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc” and personally Viktor Yushchenko and Yulia Tymoshenko did not vote) 2222-IV “On Amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine” and (in the package to it) “Law on Amendments to the Law on Presidential Elections” (the latter allowed re-voting of the second round election of the President).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma signed these documents immediately after the vote — on the rostrum of the Verkhovna Rada.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Law on Amendments to the Constitution (on Political Reform) provided for the transition from a presidential-parliamentary to a parliamentary-presidential form of government — that is, the formation of the government was carried out not the president, but a “coalition of deputy factions”; also, the term of office of the Verkhovna Rada was extended to 5 years (according to the Constitution 1996 — 4 years).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

According to the final and transitional provisions of the law, the main provisions of the “Constitutional Reform” came into force from the moment of the inauguration of the new president, and less significant provisions (related to system of local self-government) — either from January 1, 2006 or from September 1, 2005 (depending on whether the “Law on Local Self-Government” (draft law 3207-1) will be adopted by September 1, 2005, which was subsequently never adopted).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

2006 year.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Yanukovych is against the abolition of the Constitutional Reform of 2004


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

In 2005-2009, the leaders of the Party of Regions repeatedly stated that they fully support the Constitutional Reform of 2004 and categorically against its abolition.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

In particular, on September 9, 2006, Viktor Yanukovych said on Inter TV channel that there were no legal grounds for canceling the “Constitutional Reform”:


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

“The constitutional reform has taken place and has been in effect for 11 months, and the desire of politicians to take any steps towards the abolition of the current Constitution will not have legal consequences.”


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Yanukovych also noted that world experience shows that the parliamentary-presidential system is the most effective, as it allows you to create an effective mechanism for cooperation between the government and Parliament [26].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

2010 year.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Repeal of the 2004 Constitution (without a vote in Parliament)


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

In mid-2010, “252 people's deputies” (the faction of the “Party of Regions” and their allies in the parliament) sent a request to the Constitutional Court of Ukraine demanding the abolition of the “Constitutional Reform”.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On September 30, 2010, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine ruled that Law No. 2222 on Amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine (adopted in the Verkhovna Rada on December 8, 2004 and known as” Constitutional Reform”) was adopted in violation of the procedure, namely, before the vote, amendments were made to it, which did not pass the examination by the Constitutional Court.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On this basis, on September 30, 2010, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine terminated the Constitution as amended in 2004, which was in force in the period 2005-2010 [27]:


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

“Law N2222 loses force from the date of this decision,” the court said in its verdict.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitutional Court declared that the 1996 Constitution has been in force since September 30, 2010.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The public authorities were entrusted with the task of bringing normative legal acts in line with the old Constitution in the version of June 28, 1996.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The decision of the Constitutional Court is binding on the territory of Ukraine, it is final and is not subject to appeal.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

However, under the Constitution of Ukraine, amendments to the text of the Constitution of Ukraine can be adopted only by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, that is, it is required to vote at two sessions of the Verkhovna Rada in compliance all procedures (in particular, according to Articles 155 and 156 of the Constitution of Ukraine in both 1996 and 2004 versions, it is required that a “constitutional majority” of 300 votes for amendments to the Constitution votes).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

In the “Special Opinion” to this decision of the Constitutional Court, Judge V. AND. Shishkin and noted that the Constitutional Court has the right to recognize violations in the procedure for adopting Law No. 2222 (Constitutional Reform), but:


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

did not have the right to change the existing structure of power in Ukraine, but only had to instruct the Verkhovna Rada to decide to confirm the “Constitutional Reform”, or to cancel it, since the changes Constitutions can be implemented only through voting in the Verkhovna Rada, because there is “the exclusive right of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to “final interference” in the text of the Constitution of Ukraine, with the exception of sections I, III, XIII, when such a right belongs directly to the Ukrainian people... This approach follows from the provisions of part two of Article 19 of the Constitution” (from V. AND. Shishkin) [27].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitutional Court illegally assumed the functions of the Verkhovna Rada: “The Constitutional Court of Ukraine... having made a constitutional review of the existing structure of power in the state, assumed powers of the constituent power in the state (the Verkhovna Rada and the President), which contradicts part two of Article 19 of the Constitution of Ukraine” (from V. AND. Shishkin) [27].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Politicians of the opposition camp (primarily Yulia Tymoshenko) said that the Constitutional Court, on behalf of President Yanukovych, carried out an unconstitutional coup [28] [29], as a result of which the President Yanukovych has appropriated the right to form a government.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

But the opposition could not effectively oppose this decision of the Constitutional Court, since at that time Ukraine was actively developing processes that in six [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] regulations of the European Parliament have referred to as “politically motivated prosecution” (see para.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

“Criminal prosecution of officials of the Tymoshenko government” and “Criminal prosecution of Yulia Tymoshenko (since 2010)”).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Doubts about the legitimacy of this decision of the Constitutional Court are expressed by well-known lawyers even after a few years — for example, Honored Lawyer of Ukraine, Professor Viktor Musiyaka, who was one of the authors of the 1996 Constitution (at the time of its adoption he worked as “Permanent Representative of the President in the Verkhovna Rada”) said on June 28, 2013 (Constitution Day of Ukraine):” It is difficult to say which Constitution is currently in force” [36].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The reaction of PACE and the Venice Commission


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On October 5, 2010, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe appealed to the “Venice Commission” with a request to assess the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the abolition of the political reform of 2004.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On December 18, 2010, the Venice Commission compiled its opinion, in which it called “extremely unusual for European constitutional law” the fact that amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine were recognized The Constitutional Court of Ukraine “contrary to the Constitution” after they acted for six years [37].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

2014 year.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Return to the Constitution as amended in 2004 (386 votes)


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On February 21, 2014, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine voted for the restoration of the Constitution of Ukraine in the 2004 edition — 386 deputies voted “for”, including 140 deputies of the “Party of Regions”, 89” Batkivshchyna”, 40 “Udar”, 35 “Freedom”, 32 Communist Party of Ukraine (out of 32), 50 non-fractional deputies [38] [39] [40].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

According to Article 94 of the Constitution of Ukraine (as amended on June 28, 1996), if the President of Ukraine within 15 days (in this case, until March 8) does not return the law for reconsideration, the law is considered approved by the President of Ukraine and must be signed and officially promulgated.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

However, without waiting for the end of this term, Verkhovna Rada Chairman Oleksandr Turchynov signed the law on the restoration of the constitution as amended in 2004 [41] and on February 23 it was published [42].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution was restored on the grounds that on September 30, 2010 it was repealed by a decision of the Constitutional Court, without a vote in Parliament, which grossly contradicts the provisions of the The Constitution both in the 1996 version and in the 2004 edition [39].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On February 27, 2014, on the basis of the restored Constitution, the ruling coalition “European Choice” was created in the Verkhovna Rada, which appointed Arseniy Yatsenyuk to the post of Prime Minister, has formed a new government.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

And earlier, on February 22, 2014, when it became known that President Yanukovych was in Kharkiv, the Verkhovna Rada stated that he had withdrawn from the presidency [43], so The Verkhovna Rada voted to deprive Yanukovych of presidential powers and scheduled early presidential elections for May 25, 2014 [40] (“for” 328 deputies, including most of the faction of the “Party” regions”) [44].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

While in Kharkiv, Yanukovych said that he would not resign [40].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On February 23, 2014, the Verkhovna Rada voted to temporarily entrust the duties of the President to the Chairman of the Parliament, in accordance with Article 112 of the Constitution of Ukraine (as amended on December 8, 2004) Alexander Turchinov (“for” 285 deputies) [45], before the election of the president in the early elections on May 25, 2014.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

However, according to this article, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada can become acting president only in case of early termination of the powers of the President (the powers of the then incumbent president Yanukovych were not terminated ahead of schedule, as required by Art. 108-111 of the Constitution of Ukraine).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

2015 year.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Introduction of changes in terms of decentralization


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On July 2, 2015, President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko submitted to the parliament Draft Law No. 2217a “On Amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine (Regarding Decentralization of Power)”.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On July 9, the draft law was approved by the Venice Commission [46].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The draft law provides for amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine, which establishes a departure from the centralized model of government in the state, ensures the ability of local self-government and a new system of territorial organization of power in Ukraine is being introduced.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On July 16, the Rada sent the bill to the Constitutional Court of Ukraine for consideration by 288 votes in favor (57 against, 10 abstentions and 19 non-voting deputies [47]).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On July 31, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, chaired by Judge Vasyl Bryntsev, promulgated an opinion according to which the amendments comply with Parts 157 and 158 of the Constitution of Ukraine and do not provide for abolition or restriction of human and civil rights and freedoms [49].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The greatest controversy among a number of deputies under the law was caused by paragraph 18 of the transitional provisions of the Constitution, which establishes that “the features of local self-government of certain districts of Donetsk and Lugansk areas are regulated by a separate law.”


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

This point was “attached” to the draft law on decentralization somewhat artificially and Poroshenko himself referred to the fact that this is necessary to implement paragraph 11 of the Minsk agreements, according to which at the end of 2015, it is planned to “carry out constitutional reform in Ukraine with the entry into force by the end of 2015 of a new constitution, which assumes decentralization as a key element (with taking into account the features of certain districts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, agreed with representatives of these districts)” [50].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Despite the assurances of the authorities [51], opponents of the law believe that with the adoption of these norms, the special status of the LPR and the DPR within Ukraine will actually be legalized, posing a threat to the one enshrined in the Constitution territorial integrity and unitarity of the country [52].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On August 31, 2015, a vote for the bill took place in the first reading.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Voting was held on the last day of the 2nd session of the Verkhovna Rada of the 8th convocation.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

In the morning, deputies of the Radical Party faction and a number of opponents of the adoption of the bill who joined them blocked the presidium and the rostrum in the session hall.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

After the negotiations at 12 o'clock, the rostrum was unblocked, but opponents of the bill tried to disrupt the speeches of the speakers with shouts and a siren [53].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Nevertheless, by the vote at 13:00, all deputies took their seats (with the exception of three leaders of the Rada, Speaker Groysman voted from the rostrum).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Of the 368 present, 265 people's deputies voted “for” the bill (with 226 necessary ones), 87 “against” with 5 abstentions and 11 deputies who did not vote [54].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The adoption of the bill, for which the three factions of the coalition did not vote, but voted by part of the opposition, caused a split in the coalition and the withdrawal of the Radical Party from it.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Five Samopomich deputies led by Anna Hopko, who supported the bill, were immediately expelled from the faction for opportunism [55].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

At the same time, nationalists and law enforcement officers clashed on Constitution Square in front of the Verkhovna Rada, during which 4 people were killed due to the explosion of an abandoned explosive device National Guard [56].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Consideration of the draft law in the second, final reading is scheduled for 2016.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

For its adoption, a constitutional majority of 300 deputy votes will be required.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Opposition Bloc [57] (43 deputies in the Verkhovna Rada) expressed support for the bill, it was opposed by the Samopomich Association [58] (26 deputies and Deputy Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada), Oleg Lyashko's Radical Party (20 deputies) [59] and All-Ukrainian Association “Freedom” (6 deputies) [60].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine as amended in 1996


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

In accordance with Article 161 of the Constitution, the day of its adoption is a public holiday — Constitution Day of Ukraine.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

On the day of the adoption of the Constitution, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted a law according to which June 28 was declared a holiday (non-working) day [61].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

In Article 133 (Territorial Structure of Ukraine), only cities, towns and villages are listed in the list of types of settlements.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Deputies forgot to specify urban-type settlements.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Thus, 885 [62] urban-type settlements exist with dubious constitutional status.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The same Article 133 of the Constitution states: “The cities of Kiev and Sevastopol have a special status determined by the laws of Ukraine.”


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

However, as of the beginning of 2013, the status of the city of Sevastopol has not yet been formalized by law.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Constitutional age


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the right to travel abroad with a foreign passport is 18 years old [63] (According to Article 4 of the Law “On the Procedure for Exit from Ukraine and Entry into Ukraine of Citizens of Ukraine” from January 1, 2012)


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

citizen's right to vote — 18 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the minimum age of a people's deputy, member of parliament is 21 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the minimum age of a judge is 25 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the minimum age of the President is 35 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the minimum age for a judge of the Constitutional Court is 40


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the maximum age of a judge is 65


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Constitutional terms


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

citizen's right to vote in elections — indefinitely


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the period of residence in Ukraine of a people's deputy before election is 5 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

term of office of the President is 5 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Parliament's term of office is 5 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the period of residence in Ukraine of the President before election is 10 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the term of office of the Prosecutor General is 5 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

term of office of a Constitutional Court judge is 9 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

term of office of the President of the Constitutional Court is 3


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the period of residence in Ukraine of an applicant for the position of judge is 10 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the period of residence in Ukraine of an applicant for the post of judge of the Constitutional Court is 20 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

term of work in the field of law of an applicant for the position of judge is 3 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

term of work in the field of law of an applicant for the post of judge of the Constitutional Court is 10


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the term of first appointment of a judge is 5 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

term of office of deputies of local self-government bodies — 5 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

term of office of chairmen of local self-government bodies — 5 years


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The number of authorities specified in the Constitution


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Parliament (Supreme Council) — 450 members


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Constitutional Court — 18 members


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

High Council of Justice — 20 members


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Constitutional immunity


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Subjects:


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

citizens — personal inviolability


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

people's deputies, members of parliament — parliamentary immunity


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

President — presidential immunity for the entire period of office


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

judges — judicial inviolability and personal safety for the entire period of office


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Objects:


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

country territory


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

housing


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Languages in the Constitution of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution of Ukraine uses the following terminology regarding languages:


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

“Ukrainian language” is defined as the state language


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

“Russian language” does not have the status of the state language, but is mentioned separately due to its widespread use in Ukraine: “Ukraine guarantees the free development, use and protection of the Russian and other languages of national minorities of Ukraine” (see)


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

“languages of national minorities”


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

“languages of international communication”


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

“native languages of citizens belonging to national minorities”


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

“national languages of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea”


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Separate status in the Constitution of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

A separate legal status is defined for:


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Subjects:


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

foreigners


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

justices


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

people's deputies


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

National Security and Defense Council (NSDC)


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Representative of the President of Ukraine in Autonomous Republic of Crimea


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

chairmen of local government bodies


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

deputies of local government bodies


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Objects:


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

capitals of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

special status for other cities


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

national currency


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

foreign currency


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Kyiv city


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Sevastopol city


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

localities as resorts


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The legal regime in the Constitution of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

property


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

state border


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

martial law


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

state of emergency


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

zones of environmental emergency


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

economic (free and special zones)


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

migration (free and special zones)


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Property in the Constitution of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Ownership types by


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

to the subject


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

people's property (property of the Ukrainian people)


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

the object is natural resources


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

state ownership


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

communal property


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

private property


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

legal entities


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

individuals


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

joint ownership


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

object


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

natural resources


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

material


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

alive


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

lifeless


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

intangible


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

intellectual property


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Assembly in the Constitution of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

plenum of parliament


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

plenum of the Supreme Court


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

plenum of the Constitutional Court


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Congress of Judges of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Congress of Lawyers of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

congress of representatives of law higher education institutions


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

All-Ukrainian Conference of Prosecutors


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Other forms of public events: picket, rally, demonstration, procession.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Oath in the Constitution of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

oath of people's deputy


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

President's oath


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

judge's oath


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

military oath


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Article 20 defines the city of Kiev as the capital of Ukraine; Article 133 also grants Kiev a special status.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The people directly participate in the administration of justice through people's assessors and jurors (art. 124).


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

In Ukraine, the parliament acts on behalf of the people, the President acts on behalf of the state, decisions are established by the courts in the name of Ukraine, are carried out by state authorities and local self-government bodies.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The President of Ukraine is elected by the people in all-Ukrainian elections, and removed from office by the parliament in accordance with the impeachment procedure.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

In Article 1 of the Constitution, Ukraine is proclaimed a state of law, Article 8 proclaims the principle of the rule of law, Article 124, the jurisdiction of courts extends to all legal relations arising in state.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution does not specify which branch of government the prosecutor's office belongs to.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The people elect the legislative (parliament) branch of government and the head of state (president), who appoint the executive (government) and judicial branches of government.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Notes


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Sources


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

(in Ukrainian)


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

(in English)


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

(in Russian)


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

See also


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Constitution


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Constitutional law


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

The Constitution of Crimea


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Literature


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Bobrovnik S. V. ta in.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Fundamental powers and rights.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

K — “AN of Ukraine”.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Institute of State and Law im.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

IN. M. Koretsky, 1993 year


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Kulchytsky V. History of the state and rights of Ukraine.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

— Lviv, 1996


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

Saltan A. N. Anatomy of the Ukrainian Constitution [Electronic resource].


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

— Article access mode: — Title from the screen.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

The Constitution of Ukraine

— 28.


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

Category:Government of Ukraine


Question: When was the Constitution of Ukraine adopted?

Constitution of Ukraine

Category:Constitutional Law of Ukraine


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Italian fascism is a totalitarian nationalist policy of corporatism pursued by Benito Mussolini from 1922 to 1943.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Etymologically, “fascism” comes from the Italian “fascio” (league), as well as from the Latin “fascia” (bundle), which is an ancient symbol of the Roman administration.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Benito Mussolini, driven by the idea of restoring the Roman Empire, chose fascia as a symbol of his party after World War I, hence its name, fascist.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Mussolini adopted the Roman fascia as a symbol of the fascist party in 1919 when creating the fasci di combattimento (Union of Struggle).


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

[1] [2] [3] The exhibition of the fascist revolution was devoted to the history of the coming of the Nazis to power.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In political science, Italian fascism means a syncretic model of government, from which other types of fascism are derived — but they do not have common cultural and ideological principles.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In the 20th century, authoritarian-nationalist movements appeared all over the world: Nazism in Germany under Hitler, Peronism in Argentina under the command of General Peron, phalangism in Spain under Franco's supremacy, the Iron Guard in Romania, integralism in Brazil, Action Francaise and Fire Crosses in France, Crossed Arrows in Hungary, Austrofascism of Engelbert Dolfus in Austria, Showa's statism in Japan, Rexism in Belgium, Ustashi in Croatia, the National Union in Portugal and many others.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Before World War II, the Nazis believed that they had common philosophical principles: a national leader, a one-party system, social Darwinism, elitism, expansionism.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

But each government adhered to discrete national fascism, for example: the Portuguese clerical and corporate New State led by Salazar, the Spanish alliance between the Phalangists, clerical fascists led by Franco.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In 1945, most fascist governments dissociated themselves from Nazism so that the diversity of their national fascist ideas was not equated with Hitler's model of National Socialism [4] [5].


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Prerequisites


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

After the First World War, Italy, although it was in the victorious camp.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

but was weakened so much that other countries did not recognize its territorial claims.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The economic situation was in crisis, and inflation was growing.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Soldiers demobilized after the war were often unable to find work.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

A great influence on the development of fascism in Italy was exerted by the events of September 1920, when workers throughout Italy began to occupy factories and factories, establishing their power on them.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

At this time, wider circles of the Italian bourgeoisie began to lose faith in the liberal state and parliamentarism.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The Nazis turned out to be the most unscrupulous and dexterous politicians in the struggle to attract a wide variety of social elements to their side.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In the first period, the fascist offensive developed mainly in rural areas, using the fear of part of the middle peasantry and even some small tenants of the revolutionary movement.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Liberal L. Peano wrote in his memoirs that “peaceful bourgeois, alien to violence, looked with approving sympathy for the actions of the Nazis.”


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

F. Cambo, a French liberal who lived in Italy, wrote about the sympathies of army officers, clergy, bureaucracy, officials — “in short, all those who understood the great danger of communism.”


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The Nazis received especially significant support from local authorities, the army and the police.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Liberal M. Missiroli noted that “all executive authorities: the army, the magistracy, the royal guard, the carabinieri — saw fascism as the liberator of Italy from the Bolshevik danger” [6].


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

History


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In March 1919. Benito Mussolini, who was expelled from the Socialist Party, created the Union of Struggle (Fashio di Combattimento).


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The party's program included the adoption of a new constitution for the country, the right to vote from the age of 18, including women and even natives of the colonies, an 8 - hour working day for workers, the abolition of the Senate, protection of child labor, election of officials, freedom of conscience, freedom of the press, and the transfer of Fiume and Dalmatia to Italy.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Mussolini then demanded an inspection of all contracts on military supplies to the army during the First World War, confiscate estates and provide land to peasants.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Mussolini declared himself an opponent of the monarchy, but spoke in favor of the development of Catholic schools and the prohibition of divorce, saying that “religion is a huge force that must be honored and protected” [7] [6].


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In 1919, clashes broke out between fascists and socialists.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

On April 15, 1919, in Milan, a column of thousands of socialists went to the editorial office of the fascist newspaper Popolo, chanting threatening slogans.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The Nazis, armed with batons and pistols, attacked the Socialists and scattered them, and then set fire to the editorial office of the Socialist newspaper Avanti.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In October 1920, Minister of War Bonomi recommended that demobilized officers join the fascist “black shirt” detachments as leaders of their combat personnel.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In 1921, the Union of Struggle was transformed into the National Fascist Party.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

According to data at the end of 1921, fascism was financed by 71.8% by industrial and financial societies throughout Italy, 8.5 by credit and insurance institutions, and 19.7% by individuals [6].


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In the parliamentary elections of 1921, the Nazis received only two mandates, but their parliamentary faction consisted of more than 30 people (at the expense of deputies elected from lists of other parties).


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The Nazis began to attack the editorial offices of socialist, communist and radical newspapers, workers' clubs, printing houses, premises of trade union and cooperative organizations.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

For 6 months of 1921, the Nazis destroyed 85 cooperative societies, 25 “people's houses” (centers of workers' organizations), dozens of workers' clubs, 10 printing houses, 6 newspaper editorial offices, 43 unions of rural workers.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Nazi attacks on strikers began, clashes took place between communists and fascists with the use of weapons on both sides, dead and wounded.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

At the same time, the police and the army often did not intervene, sometimes detained black shirts, but quickly released them, especially if the Nazis besieged police stations [7].


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

By the end of 1921, Mussolini's party had about 250,000 members.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In 1922, the Nazis practiced capturing entire cities — Treviso, Ravenna, Ferrara and others.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Several hundred armed black shirts entered the city, destroyed the premises of the committees of communists and socialists, attacked the apartments of working activists, public buildings, state institutions, editorial offices of newspapers.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

They beat and tortured those who resisted.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

A method of bullying was widely used, such as forcibly feeding the victim with castor oil.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In October 1922, Mussolini demanded that the King of Italy include the Nazis in the government of the country, threatening to seize power.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

On October 28, several columns of fascists began a campaign to Rome.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

They seized several cities, warehouses with weapons, staged pogroms.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The army in some cases provided armed resistance, but many commanders of military units sympathized with the Nazis.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

King Victor Emmanuel III discussed a plan to declare a state of emergency, but then decided to satisfy Mussolini's demands.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Mussolini became both Prime Minister, Minister of the Interior and Minister of Foreign Affairs.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Mussolini's government had 3 fascists, 3 Republican Democrats, 2 Catholics, 1 nationalist and 1 liberal [8].


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Immediately after the Nazis came to power, there was a law on amnesty for political crimes, which exempted the Nazis from liability for crimes they had previously committed.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

A law was then passed granting Mussolini emergency powers.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In December 1922, a decree was issued on the inclusion of the fascist police in the army.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

On December 30, Mussolini ordered the arrest of all members of the executive committee of the Communist Party, with the exception of two Communist MPs.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In the parliamentary elections of April 1924, after allied with the liberals, the Nazis won about 60 per cent of the vote and won 356 seats out of 536, facilitated by the current electoral law, according to which the party that won the first place in the elections and at least 25 per cent of the valid votes won 66 per cent of the seats in Parliament.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The remaining mandates were distributed among the rest of the parties according to a proportional system.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In May-June 1924, Socialist MP Giacomo Matteotti twice spoke in Parliament about mass fraud during the past elections.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

He was also going to expose the financial fraud in which the leaders of the fascist party were involved.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

On June 10, in the center of Matteotti, he was captured by fascist militants, wounded, taken out of the city and killed.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

His decapitated body was found only in August.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The investigation found that the editor-in-chief of the fascist newspaper, the deputy minister of the interior and some other leaders of the fascist party were involved in the kidnapping of Matteotti [7].


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

After the murder of Matteotti, which caused a wave of indignation throughout the country, the Socialists, Democrats, Republicans, Polari left parliament in protest and created a committee of opposition factions - Aventinsky block” (by analogy with the Roman plebeians who opposed the patricians in 451 BC and retired to Aventine Hill).


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The Aventine Bloc demanded that the king dissolve the fascist police and the resignation of Mussolini as a condition for his return to parliament.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Mussolini appealed to the king with a request for resignation, but was refused and remained the head of government.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

After coming to power, the Nazis declared war on the Sicilian mafia for complete destruction.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In 1924, Cesare Mori was sent to Sicily, who received the nickname “Iron Prefect” for his actions to restore order on the island.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Hundreds of Sicilians were arrested by police and black shirts at the slightest suspicion of involvement in the mafia.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

They were held in prison, forced to confess to involvement in the mafia and demanded the extradition of members of the mafia.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Their relatives, including women and children, were taken hostage.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Entire Sicilian villages and cities were often blocked if there were suspicions that their inhabitants had something to do with the mafia, followed by brutal raids house by house.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The Sicilian mafia was almost neutralized, many of its members fled the country, most of them imprisoned.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In 1925, newspapers and meetings of opposition parties were banned first, and later opposition parties themselves.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The Ministry of Press and Propaganda Affairs was established, and only members of the fascist trade union, which unites journalists who were members of the party, were allowed to head newspapers.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The Chamber of Deputies was dissolved, and the bureaucracy was purged of persons who were not members of the fascist party.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In December 1925, the Law “On the Duties and Prerogatives of the Head of Government” was adopted, according to which the Head of Government could restrict the activities of deputies of Parliament on certain issues, for example, no issue could be placed on the Parliament's agenda without the Government's consent.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In 1926, the Law “On the Right of the Executive Branch to Issue Legal Norms” was adopted.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The head of government received the right, under the “authority of the law” and “in exceptional cases”, to issue resolutions having the force of law.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In 1926, after the unsuccessful assassination attempt on Mussolini, emergency laws came into force: all “anti-national” parties were dissolved, and a Special Tribunal was created to consider political cases.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

At the end of 1926, the fascist party intelligence service OVRA became the political security body of the Kingdom of Italy.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

Since 1927, it has been introduced into the State Police of the Kingdom of Italy and is directly subordinate to its head Arturo Bocchini.


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

The Act of April 3, 1926 established Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB), which was officially intended to “physical, spiritual and moral education of young people.”


Question: When did fascism in Germany end??

Italian fascism

In fact, ONB was used not only for physical and spiritual education, but also for primary military, vocational and technical education.