Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

To transfer the relic to the ship, the merchants resorted to a trick: the body of the evangelist was placed in a large basket and covered with pork carcasses on top, which the Saracens could not touch even when customs inspection.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

For greater reliability, the basket was hidden in the folds of the sail of one of the ships (the events related to the transfer of the relics are dedicated to the mosaics of the presbytery and one of the lunettes of the central facade).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

After the relics were transferred to the city, the Apostle Mark replaced St. Theodore as the patron saint of Venice, and the symbol of the city was the sign of this evangelist — the winged lion.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Construction was started by Doge Giustiniano Partechipacio in 829 and completed in 832 by his brother Doge Giovanni Partechipacio.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Since the building of the first basilica has not survived, its appearance can only be judged by archaeological excavations carried out during the restoration of the cathedral's crypt, when the ancient masonry of the walls was discovered.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

It is believed that the church was built in the form of a Latin basilica of the Ravenna type (San Vitale) and occupied the place of the current crypt [3].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The dome, installed above its central part, was located above the burial place of the relics of the Apostle Mark.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The basilica was damaged by a fire that broke out in 976 during a palace coup, when Doge Pietro Candiano was removed by Doge Pietro Orseolo.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The fire that broke out in the Doge's Palace spread to the north-western part of the cathedral and caused serious damage to it.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

By the end of the 10th century, the basilica was restored, but researchers believe that it was a restoration of the building, and not a new construction [3] [4].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Modern basilica


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The construction of the modern basilica began in 1063 under Doge Domenico Contarini.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

In 1071, Domenico Selvo was elevated to the post of Doge in the still unfinished cathedral, under which the first cycle of creating the mosaic decoration of the basilica began in 1071-1084.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The consecration of the church took place in 1094 under Doge Vital Falier, who was buried in the gallery on the site of the modern narthex of the cathedral [5].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The five-domed cross-domed church was built on the model of the Church of the Apostles in Constantinople [6].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Over the following centuries, the church was continuously expanded and decorated: in 1159, work began on facing the cathedral with marble, in the 12th century mosaics of the central domes and vaults were made, From 1343 to 1354, the Baptistery and Chapel of St. Isidore were added, in the 15th century - the Mascoli and Sacristy Chapel (1486—1493), and in 1504-1521 the Zen Chapel.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The exterior of the cathedral was completed by the end of the 15th century, as evidenced by its image in Gentile Bellini's painting Procession of the Relic of the Holy Cross in St. Mark's Square (1493).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Architects such as Jacopo Sansovino and Baldassar Longhena held the title of the main builder of the cathedral at various times [7].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Many ancient relics came to the cathedral after the crusaders looted Constantinople in 1204.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

These include the quadriga on the western facade, the “golden altar” of Byzantine work, the image of the Madonna of Nicopeia.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The basilica played a significant role in the history of the Republic of Venice.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

According to the established tradition, the head of the republic was supposed to appear before the citizens and is publicly proclaimed a doge from the pregola, the right pulpit specially arranged for this purpose in the cathedral.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Despite the fact that the basilica was only a palace chapel until 1807, it hosted major official ceremonies (the blessing of the army before the war, including before the fourth crusade, demonstration of banners captured from enemies).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Friedrich Barbarossa had a penitent meeting with Pope Alexander III in the basilica.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The cathedral was entirely under the jurisdiction of the Doges and had its own clergy, independent of the local bishop [8].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

In 1807, by order of Napoleon, the pulpit of the Patriarch of Venice was moved to San Marco Cathedral from the Church of San Pietro di Castelo (the title belongs to the Bishop of Venice since 1451) and the temple became a cathedral Venice Cathedral.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Currently, the cathedral is an active temple.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Everyday services are held in the chapel of St. Isidore.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

In addition to the relics of the Apostle Mark, the relics of the basilica include the head of the Apostle James the Younger, the relics of the martyr Isidore [9] and the image of the Virgin Nicopeia, which makes it the center of Christian pilgrimage [10].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Architecture


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Characteristics of the architectural style


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The long construction of the basilica influenced its architectural style.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Built as a classic Greek basilica with a harsh Romanesque facade, the cathedral has acquired its modern image over the years of rebuilding, which mixes different styles.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

This is also due to the fact that its decoration uses oriental marble brought to Venice at different times, columns of various orders, Greek and Romanesque bas-reliefs, Byzantine and Italian sculptures, gothic capitals.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

All this was combined by craftsmen in the harmonious architectonics of the cathedral.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

A number of researchers find it difficult to clearly identify the architectural style of the cathedral and write about its features:


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

I don't know if there is still a cathedral in the world on which you could put four bronze horses without the risk of not only spoiling the artistic impression, but also profaning the building.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

This is not the way St.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Brand.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

A fantastic mixture of all moods and tastes, all styles and eras... This building is a kind of unicum, a unique personality in the world of churches.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

His style is considered Byzantine, but I think this is true only to a certain extent: of the mass of influences that created the cathedral, Byzantine was predominant.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

He wrote a general sketch of the building, the dome, the mosaic.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

But the Gothic turrets of the main facade, Gothic arrows woven from statues, an ancient forest of colorful columns, oriental variegation and gilding, finally, a wide terrace around the domes — what style forms all this together, if not the style of St.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

A brand that has no ancestors or imitations.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

General features


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The cathedral is built in the shape of a Greek cross and is a typical Byzantine cross-domed basilica built in the image of the Church of the Holy Apostles of Constantinople [12], but is not its exact repetition.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

At the end of the 12th century, a spacious narthex was added to the basilica, and in the following centuries a number of other rooms (several chapels, a baptistery, sacristy) were added.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

With the exception of the altar part, which ends with an apse, the arms of the cross are divided by arcades into three naves, and there are no choirs (the second floor of the side naves) [13].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The size of the basilica is 76.5 meters (the length together with the altar part) by 62.5 meters.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The height of the basilica (along the central dome) is 43 meters.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The altar part (presbytery), according to the eastern model, is separated from the central nave by a Gothic iconostasis created in 1394 by masters Pietro Paolo and Jacobello Delle Masigne.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The altar barrier is made of colored marble and crowned with a large cross, on the sides of which there are fourteen statues (twelve apostles, the Virgin Mary and the Apostle Mark).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

In the altar part there is a ciborium (5th century), under which there is the main altar of the church with the relics of St. Mark, transferred to the cathedral from the crypt in 1835.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

It is carved from a single piece of green oriental marble and supported by four columns of calcareous alabaster (13th century).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

On each column in nine rows there are reliefs with the history of the Virgin Mary and Jesus, which reflect, in addition to canonical ones, apocryphal stories.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The marble floor of the basilica was created in the 12th century and is in harmony with the exterior and interior marble decoration of the cathedral.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

It is made of polychrome marble slabs with inserts of mosaic images (created in the period before the 15th century), made of small pieces of marble of various shapes and sizes.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Among the floor mosaics there are both geometric ornaments (circles, squares, octagons), as well as images of animals, floral ornaments.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Some of the ornaments were created in 1425 by the Florentine artist Paolo Uccello.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The cathedral has a freestanding belfry about 100 meters high.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

It was built in 1514 and, in addition to church functions, also served as a beacon for ships entering the lagoon.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The bell tower completely collapsed in 1902, but was restored to its original form in 1912.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Facades


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Initially, the appearance of the cathedral corresponded to the harsh canons of the Romanesque style [14].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The more luxurious marble cladding of the cathedral's facade was made in the 13th century.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The idea of a more magnificent decoration of the facade arose after the fourth crusade, when columns and capitals from Constantinople's palaces and temples were taken to Venice.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Main facade (west)


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

It is faced with marble slabs, decorated with columns topped with Corinthian capitals.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

It has five entrances, decorated in the form of portals with columns in two tiers.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The archivolts of the central portal are decorated with compositions with allegorical images of arts and crafts [13].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The arches of the portals and the lunettes above them are decorated with mosaics.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The lunettes are decorated with a Gothic crown made in the XIV-XV centuries by Tuscan craftsmen.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Between the arches of the crown, decorated with floral ornaments, there are turrets with figures of saints.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The outer towers of the facade depict the scene of the Annunciation (the Archangel Gabriel in the leftmost turret, the Virgin Mary in the far right).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Figures of evangelists with their symbols are placed in four turrets between them.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Main entrance


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Lunette mosaics


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

(made in 1617-1618 by Luigi Gaetano according to sketches by Maffeo Verona) “Descent from the Cross” “The Descent of Jesus Christ into Hell” Stained glass window and loggia with quadriga “Resurrection of Christ” “Ascension of Christ” Mosaics of arches portalcenter|150px “Procession of the transfer of the relics of St. Mark to the Cathedral” “The Doge and the Venetian Senoria greet the body of St. Mark” “Appearance of Christ to the Judge” “Arrival of the relics of the Apostle Mark in Venice”” Transfer of the body of St. Mark to the ship” The oldest of the mosaics of the facade (XIII century) depicts the event of the discovery of the relics of the apostle after the completion of the construction of the modern basilica.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

During the long construction of the church, the relics were hidden by the Doge and the rector of the cathedral to prevent them from being stolen.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The cache was lost and then miraculously opened in the pilaster of the basilica.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Mosaic by Leopold dal Pozzo on cardboard by artist Sebastian Ricci, 1728—1729.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The latest of the mosaics of the cathedral, made in 1836-1838 by Liborio Salandri on cardboard by artist Lattanzio Querena, unknown cardboard mosaic artist Pietro Vecchia, 1660.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Unknown mosaic artist on cardboard by artist Pietro Vecchia, 1660.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The Saracens inspect the ship of Venetian merchants in Alexandria, and to prevent the discovery of the relics, the Venetians put them in baskets and covered them with pork carcasses.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Despite the fact that most of the existing mosaics of the facade were created in the XVII-XVIII centuries, the general architectural idea of the mosaic decoration of the facade was made in the XV century, which is confirmed by Gentile's painting Bellini's “Procession of the Holy Cross Relics in Piazza San Marco” (1493).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

All “new” mosaics repeat ancient iconography in accordance with the orders of the Supreme Procurators of San Marco, who, in the event of alteration of the lost or destroyed mosaic, instructed to reproduce it plot according to an ancient pattern and make an explanatory inscription [15].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The bronze doors of the cathedral (except for the central one) were created in the 12th-14th centuries.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Their author, Venetian jeweler Bertuccio, left an inscription on one of them in 1300 that when working on them he was guided by the sample of the doors of the central portal.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The doors of the central portal date back to the 6th century and, like many other elements of the facade, were brought to Venice from Constantinople.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The doors are made of transverse bronze plates, which are decorated with 34 rows of arches arranged in the shape of a peacock tail.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Between the arches of the entrance portals, under the loggia located above, Byzantine slabs with paired bas-reliefs are installed, symmetrically located with respect to the main portal.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The cycle begins with images of two holy warriors — Dimitri Solunsky and George the Victorious.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

This is followed by images of the Mother of God and the Archangel Gabriel in the scene of the Annunciation.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The cycle closes with two images of the exploits of Hercules: the taming of the Erimanth boar (a plate of Byzantine origin of the Theodosius era) and the murder of the Hydra of Lerney (a plate of Venetian work, XIII century).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

South facade


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

It goes to the piazzetta and the Doge's Palace.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The facade is faced with marble, decorated with mosaics and statues of saints.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The most famous is the image of Saint Christopher, which is also repeated in the form of a sculpture on the northern facade and a mosaic in the narthex.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The placement of the image of Christopher on the southern facade, facing the sea and visible from the water, is explained by the ancient belief that anyone who looks at the image of this saint will not be touched by any evil on this day.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Under the image of Christopher is the only entrance to the cathedral from the sea.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

It is decorated with a semicircular tympanum with reliefs of prophets (13th century).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The southern facade is decorated with numerous decorative elements taken from Constantinople.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The greatest interest is the sculpture of four tetrarchs made of porphyry.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Tetrarchs are installed on the corner of the treasury, next to it are Acrytan pilasters.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

North facade


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

It is decorated with marble inlays of various origins.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The façade has a single entrance leading to the cathedral's narthex.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

It is made in the form of a portal and decorated with a sculptural image of the Nativity of Christ, created by Venetian craftsmen in the 13th century in accordance with Byzantine canons.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Due to the use of floral ornaments in the decor of the portal, the entrance was named Porta dei Fiori (“gate of flowers”).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

St Mark's Quadriga


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

St. Mark's quadriga is a quadriga made of gilded bronze installed on the loggia of the cathedral.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

It is the only surviving example of multi-figure horse antique sculpture.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The creation of the quadriga is attributed to the sculptor Lysippus and dates back to the 4th century BC. e.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The quadriga adorned the Hippodrome of Constantinople and was taken to Venice in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade by Doge Enrico Dandolo after the looting of Constantinople by the Crusaders.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The quadriga was installed on the loggia of the Basilica of San Marco during the reign of Doge Reniero Zeno (1252—1268).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

During the restoration of the cathedral in the 1970s, it was decided to replace the quadriga on the cathedral's loggia with a copy.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

In 1982, the original quadriga was placed in the basilica museum, located in the upper rooms of the cathedral's narthex.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Domes


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The cathedral, built in the shape of a Greek cross, has five domes: four above the branches of the cross and the central one above the center.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The domes were created in the 13th century during the reign of Doge Sebastiano Ziani.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Their architecture was influenced by oriental churches and mosques familiar to Venetian merchants and participants in the Crusades.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The domes are made of bricks and mounted on low drums with windows along the perimeter, from the outside they are covered with a wooden frame lined with lead plates.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Each of the domes of the cathedral is crowned with a top, on which a cross is fixed, facing the four cardinal points, topped with a gilded ball.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The central dome is 13 meters in diameter and rises 28.15 meters above the floor of the basilica.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Crypt


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The crypt room is located under the presbytery and side chapels of the Apostle Peter and St. Clement.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Some of the architectural elements related to the first basilica have been preserved in the crypt.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

They were discovered during restoration work in the second half of the 20th century.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

In the center of the crypt there is a chapel decorated with an openwork marble slab of Byzantine work.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Under it until 1835, the relics of the Apostle Mark were located, until they were transferred to the main altar of the cathedral.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Interior decoration


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The vaults, domes and the upper level of the walls of the cathedral are covered with mosaic canvases with a total area of about 4000 m² [16].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The creation of the mosaic decoration of the cathedral began in 1071 (mosaics of the apse) and lasted for more than two hundred years (the narthex mosaics were completed in 1280).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The mosaic cycle of St. Mark's Basilica is one of the most significant examples of this art form [17].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Early mosaics were created by nameless craftsmen who followed only the tradition of the icon painting canon.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

In the 11th century, Byzantine masters were involved in the creation of mosaics, and later the work was performed by Venetian mosaic artists [18].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

In the following centuries, Jacopo Bellini, Paolo Uccello, Mantegna, Titian and Tintoretto created the cardboard on which the compositions were laid out during the renovation and reconstruction of mosaics.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Glass made on the island of Murano was used as a material for the mosaics.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The glass mass of various colors was laid out against the background of gold foil, thereby creating radiance, despite the meager lighting of the cathedral.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The mosaics depict stories of the Old and New Testaments, scenes from the lives of the Virgin, the Apostle Mark, John the Baptist and St. Isidore.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

English art theorist John Ruskin wrote: “No city has had such a famous Bible. The temple is a book that sparkles from afar like the Star of Bethlehem” [19].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Narthex mosaics


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Narthex was attached to the cathedral at the end of the 12th-13th centuries and decorated with mosaics by Venetian mosaic masters [20].


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The mosaic cycle is devoted to Old Testament stories and aims to show through them the significance of the coming of Jesus Christ in the salvation of mankind.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

A number of Old Testament compositions were exemplified by miniatures of the Early Byzantine manuscript of Genesis in Venice, later known as Cotton Genesis (6th century).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Small domes, vaults and lunettes of the narthex are covered with mosaics, the plot falls into the following groups:


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Creation Dome


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The dome is divided into three circular stripes located around a central composition of golden scales.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

It contains 26 scenes from the first chapters of Genesis and is accompanied by a text in Latin: “In the beginning, God created heaven and earth. The Spirit of God rushed over the water” ().


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Each of the six days of creation is dedicated to a separate scene, in which, according to Eastern iconography, the figure of the Creator is depicted as a young Christ with a crossed halo and a high cross in his hand.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

On all stages, the Creator is accompanied by the figure of an angel, symbolizing every day of creation.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The scene of the blessing of the seventh day is interesting, in which God, sitting on a throne surrounded by a heavenly retinue, blesses an angel symbolizing Sabbath.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The following scenes of the dome are devoted to the history of the creation of Adam and Eve, their fall from sin and their expulsion from paradise.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

On the stage of expulsion from paradise, in the background, among the heavenly tabernacles, a cross is depicted as a symbol of the impending salvation.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Door rests


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

On the lunettes and arches of the doors leading to the cathedral, the mosaic cycle tells about the birth of the children of their ancestors, the murder of Abel by Cain and the death of mankind during the great flood and the salvation of righteous Noah.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

This is followed by the construction of the Tower of Babel, depicting it against the background of a medieval city surrounded by a battlements, in which masons follow the instructions placed in the center of the composition chief.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Nearby are images of a biblical mixture of languages where God, standing in front of an unfinished tower, separates people to the cardinal points.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

This is followed by scenes from Abraham's life, where there is a story of his conversation with God, depicted in the form of a hand appearing from a strip of heaven.


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St. Mark's Basilica

Joseph's Domes


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Three small domes of the northern part of the narthex are dedicated to the story of Joseph the Beautiful.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

They detail this biblical story (29 scenes), accompanied by appropriate quotations from the Old Testament (written in Latin in the form of abbreviations).


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

In a number of scenes, Egyptian buildings (houses, granaries) are depicted in the form of pyramids.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

In the sails of the domes there are images of Old Testament prophets holding scrolls with their prophecies about the coming of Jesus Christ.


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Moses Dome


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St. Mark's Basilica

It contains eight basic scenes from the life of the Prophet Moses, from his salvation in the waters of the Nile to the exodus of Jews from Egypt.


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St. Mark's Basilica

The scenes are not separated from each other by a golden background, as in the rest of the mosaics, but follow one another framed by stylized landscapes and architecture.


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Entrance portal


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Mosaic images of four evangelists are placed around the portal in four niches.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Their creation dates back to the end of the 11th century, that is, to the period before the construction of the narthex, when the portal served as the entrance to the cathedral from the side of the


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St. Mark's Basilica

The mosaics contain Greek rhymed inscriptions addressed to every evangelist (for example, “Insidious souls repel the blow, Saint Matthew”, “Where you stayed in eternity, lead us, pure John”).


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In a large semicircular niche located above the portal, there is a majestic mosaic image of the Apostle Mark, created in 1545 by the Zuccato brothers, on cardboard attributed to Titian [18].


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St. Mark's Basilica

Next to it is a prayer addressed to the saint: “O Mark, forgive the sins of those who, with their hands folded, cry out to you, your intercession and mercy of God, may they be saved.”


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Seventh day blessing


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Neu the Winegrower


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Abraham and Melchizedek Meeting


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Joseph distributes grain


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Interior mosaics


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The mosaics of the cathedral are a logical continuation of the narthex, depicting scenes of waiting for the Messiah.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Inside the cathedral, mosaics depict subjects from the earthly life of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary and the Apostle Mark.


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St. Mark's Basilica

In the lunette above the main entrance is Deesis, made in the Byzantine tradition, but the figure of John the Baptist is replaced by Saint Mark, the patron saint of the city.


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In the hands of Christ, the Gospel is open in the words: “I am the door: whoever enters by Me will be saved” ().


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Scenes from the Revelation of John the Theologian are depicted on the walls of the central nave adjacent to the central entrance.


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St. Mark's Basilica

Mosaics of the central nave


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St. Mark's Basilica

The cycle of mosaics in the central nave begins with a presbytery where an image of the Virgin is placed in the dome, surrounded by prophets, showing her scrolls with the texts of their prophecies about the coming of the Messiah.


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St. Mark's Basilica

Next to Mary stands the prophet Isaiah, pointing to a beardless young man depicted in the center of the dome, and utters his famous prophetic words: “Behold, the Virgin in the womb will receive and give birth to a Son, and call His name : Emmanuel” ().


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St. Mark's Basilica

Nearby is the figure of King David in lush Byzantine robes, predicting the royal origin of the Savior: “From the fruit of your womb I will plant on your throne” ().


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The theme of prophecies about the coming of Christ continues on the walls of the central nave, which are decorated with ten mosaic paintings created in the 13th century.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

On the left wall, Christ Emmanuel is depicted in full length, surrounded by the prophets Hosea, Joel, Micah, and Jeremiah, and on the right the Mother of God with the prophets Isaiah, David, Solomon, and Ezekiel.


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St. Mark's Basilica

The vault above the iconostasis is decorated with a mosaic depicting the beginning of the fulfillment of prophecies.


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It depicts four compositions: the Annunciation, the Adoration of the Magi, the Presentation and the Baptism of the Lord.


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These mosaics were created in the 14th century based on sketches by Tintoretto on the site of an earlier mosaic cycle that collapsed.


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Transept mosaics


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Numerous scenes of the New Testament history are depicted on the walls and vaults of the transept.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

In addition to individual compositions (the temptation of Christ, the Entry into Jerusalem, etc.), there are also mosaic cycles.


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These include: “miracles of Christ” (depicting the blessings of Jesus for the sick, suffering and sinners) and “The Passion of Christ”.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

In the passionate cycle, the Prayer for the Chalice mosaic, created in the 13th century, stands out, depicting in separate stamps all three prayers of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane before his arrest.


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St. Mark's Basilica

On the arches of the central dome there are large mosaic canvases depicting the last events of the earthly life of Jesus Christ: the crucifixion, the descent into hell and the Resurrection.


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St. Mark's Basilica

The main dome of the cathedral, located at the intersection of the transept and the central nave, is decorated with the Ascension of Christ mosaic.


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St. Mark's Basilica

In the center of the dome, against the background of a star circle, there is a figure of Christ sitting on a rainbow, which is lifted up by four angels.


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Below the perimeter are figures of the twelve apostles and the Virgin Mary surrounded by two angels.


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Sixteen female figures representing virtue and bliss are placed between the windows of the drum of the central dome.


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Of these, a figure in royal robes, depicting mercy, stands out, and is framed by the inscription: “mother of all virtues.”


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St. Mark's Basilica

The New Testament cycle of mosaics ends with the dome of the descent of the Holy Spirit.


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In its center, on the throne prepared, the Holy Spirit is depicted in the form of a dove from which tongues of fire emanate on the apostles depicted in a circle.


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Between the windows of the dome drum there are images of various peoples listening to the apostles preaching.


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The temptation of Christ


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The Last Supper


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Christ's Passion


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Angels of the Seven Churches (from the Apocalypse)


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Baptistery


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The baptistery, located in the southern part of the cathedral, was built in the first half of the 14th century by order of Doge Andrea Dandolo.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

During the restoration in the middle of the 20th century, it was discovered that the baptistery was originally part of the narthex [21].


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The walls of the baptistery are covered with marble, and the vaults and lunettes are decorated with mosaics in the Venetian-Byzantine Gothic style.


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The Gothic tombs located in the baptistery house the burials of Doges Giovanni Soranzo and Andrea Dandolo.


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The mosaic cycle of the baptistery is devoted to stories from the life of John the Baptist: from the Annunciation of Zechariah to his martyrdom by order of Herod.


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In the narthex of the baptistery, scenes from John's life are combined with episodes from the life of Jesus Christ, the central image is the scene of the Baptism of the Lord.


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In the center of the baptistery there is a stone font, covered with a bronze lid with reliefs created in the middle of the XIV century by Jacopo Sansovino by his students.


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St. Mark's Basilica

In the dome above it, there is a mosaic image of the twelve apostles at the time of their baptism of various peoples.


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St. Mark's Basilica

In the center of the composition is the figure of Jesus Christ, saying the words:.


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St. Mark's Basilica

In the dome above the altar of the baptistery, there is an image of heavenly tabernacles, in which nine angels surround Christ supported by seraphim.


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St. Mark's Basilica

In the lunette above the altar there is a mosaic Crucifixion of Christ, where Doge Andrea Dandolo is depicted at the foot of the cross as a donor.


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Saint Isidore's Chapel


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The chapel is located in the northern transept of the cathedral.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

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Its construction was carried out in the middle of the 14th century together with the Baptistery, by order of Doge Andrea Dandolo.


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The chapel is dedicated to the early Christian martyr Isidore of Chios, whose relics were brought by the Venetians from the island in 1125 under Doge Dominiko Mikiel, who revered the saint no less than the Apostle Mark Chios [22].


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The relics of the saint are placed in a niche above the altar of the chapel, and the mosaics of the vault depict scenes from his life, including the transfer of the relics to Venice.


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St. Mark's Basilica

Currently, everyday liturgies are held in the Chapel of St. Isidore.


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Sacristy


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Sacristy (sacristy) was added to the altar part of the basilica in 1486—1493 by architect Giorgio Spavento.


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It is accessed through the chapel of the Apostle Peter.


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The room has a rectangular shape, high vaults, and is illuminated by three large windows overlooking the canal of the Doge's Palace.


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The walls of the sacristy are faced with carved walnut wood panels, made around 1550 according to drawings by Jacopo Sansovino.


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St. Mark's Basilica

The upper part of the walls and vaults were decorated with mosaics between 1524 and 1530, sketches of which are attributed to Titian [23] The mosaic of the vault depicts a large cross of floral ornament in medallions which contains images of Jesus Christ and four evangelists, the lunettes are decorated with images of the Old Testament prophets who predicted the coming of Christ.


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The Golden Altar


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St. Mark's Basilica

The Pala d'Oro (Italian: Pala d'Oro — “golden altar”) is an altar image installed at the main altar of the basilica.


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The size of the altar is 3.34 by 2.51 meters.


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Miniatures of the altar (about 250) were made in the cloisonne enamel technique by Byzantine craftsmen in the 10th—12th centuries.


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During the reign of Doge Enrico Dandolo in 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, enamel plates were brought from the Monastery of Pantocrator in Constantinople to Venice, which now make up the upper part of the altar.


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The lower part of the altar was ordered during the reign of Doge Pietro Ziani (1205—1229) from Byzantine masters.


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Pala d'Oro acquired its modern look in 1343, when Doge Andrea Dandolo ordered jeweler Giambattista Bonesenya a Gothic frame made of gilded silver, decorated with two thousand precious and semiprecious stones.


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Enamel miniatures were installed in this frame, and the altar itself was placed in a marble gift bearer.


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Until the middle of the 20th century, the Pala d'Oro, which was considered the festive altar of the basilica, was not freely available.


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It was opened during solemn moments of the service, at other times it was closed in an everyday altar image.


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Currently, the Pala d'Oro is located in the altar part of the basilica (that is, turned in the opposite direction), facing towards the apse.


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The Treasury and Museum of San Marco


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The cathedral's treasury is located in the rooms connecting the temple with the Doge's Palace.


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The entrance is located in the southern transept, the door is decorated with a 13th century mosaic created in memory of the fire of 1231 and depicts two angels among the flames holding a surviving reliquary with a particle The Life-Giving Cross.


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The collection of the treasury consists of numerous caskets for storing relics, chalices and other church utensils brought from the East or donated by the popes.


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The most valuable objects in the treasury are items brought by the Venetians as loot after the looting of Constantinople in 1204.


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Currently, 283 items are kept in the treasury [24].


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This is a small part of the previous collection, which was seriously damaged after the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797 and the looting of the cathedral, as well as after the forced sale in 1815-1819 of pearls and precious stones in order to obtain funds for the restoration of the cathedral [25].


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The San Marco Museum was founded at the end of the 19th century on the initiative of Pietro Saccardo to collect items related to the history of the cathedral [26].


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During its existence, it has repeatedly changed its location due to the growth of the collection.


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St. Mark's Basilica

In 2003, the San Marco Museum occupied the upper rooms of the cathedral's narthex and a number of rooms in the northern transept, through which you can enter the Banquet Hall of the Doge's Palace.


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The museum presents an exhibition related to the history of the cathedral's mosaic decoration.


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It features fragments of the cathedral's early mosaics (11th—12th centuries).


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Among the most valuable exhibits of this department are mosaics: myrrh-bearing wives (a fragment of the mosaic placed in the coffin) and the beating of babies.


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The Banquet Hall of the Doge's Palace houses the museum's exposition with a collection of precious fabrics, icons and ancient chorales.


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Among them stands out a series of wool tapestries from the Flanders manufactory, depicting the cycle of the Passion of Christ.


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Among the picturesque masterpieces, the everyday altar by Paolo Veneziano, painted in the technique of Byzantine icon painting, stands out, created in the middle of the 14th century by order of Doge Andrea Dandolo.


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Social life


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Saint Mark's Procurators


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

The position of procurator of St. Mark's Basilica was one of the most honorable and significant in the Republic of Venice.


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Suffice it to say that usually the Doge was chosen from among the 12 procurators.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

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This position was de jure extremely honorable, related to public charity, and lifelong.


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Procurators were obliged to monitor St. Mark's Basilica and the expenditure of its treasury.


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After the post of Doge ceased to be lifelong, after retiring, the former head of state could continue his service as a prosecutor (they have the highest authority in the elected council States) [27].


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For procurators, a building called the Old Prosecutor's Offices was built near the chapel at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries.


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This is a long three-story arched building.


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In the second half of the 16th century, on the opposite, southern side of the square, the building of the New Prosecutors was built, also three-story and similar to the first.


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After the fall of the Republic of Venice, the institution of procurators continued to exist, dealing with the maintenance of St. Mark's Cathedral.


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St. Mark's Basilica

In 1931, the Procurations were renamed the Administration for the Construction of St. Mark's Basilica [28] The functions of the department include supervising the condition of the cathedral, the preservation of its mosaics, and carrying out restoration works.


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music


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

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The cathedral is known for its acoustics, which attracted many of the greatest musicians and composers from different eras.


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Adrian Villart, Claudio Merulo, Andrea (he began his career as a singer in the cathedral and became its organist in 1566) and Giovanni Gabrieli, Giovanni Legrenzi, Lorenzo Perosi performed within the walls of the cathedral [29].


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The famous composer Monteverdi, having moved to Venice, remained in the service of Kapellmeister in St. Mark's Basilica from 1613 until the end of his life [30].


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Giovanni Vivaldi, Antonio Vivaldi's father, was a violinist in San Marco Cathedral [31].


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Since 1490, the cathedral's second organist was the composer Francesco Ana.


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In the middle of the 16th century, Girolamo Parabosco was the official organist of the cathedral.


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St. Mark's Basilica

The peculiarity of the performance of music in the cathedral was that thanks to the acoustics, it was possible to use many places for performances.


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St. Mark's Basilica

In addition to the traditional place of two church choirs on the kliros, where two organs are located, musicians and singers were accommodated in pulpits in front of the iconostasis, two Sansovino stands [32] in the transept and other places.


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St. Mark's Basilica

In addition, antiphonic singing has been cultivated within the walls of the cathedral since the 16th century (by two or more choirs alternately) in the form of so-called divided choirs (Italian: cori spezzati), in the 17th century this style It spread from Venice throughout Italy, as well as to Germany and Austria [33].


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Bibliotheca


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

For some time, until the construction of a separate building began in the 16th century, the walls of the cathedral housed the Library of St. Mark.


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Paolo Veronese, Francesco Salviati, Andrea Meldolla and other famous masters of that time worked on decorating the library halls [34].


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Part of the library collection was donated by Francesco Petrarch [35].


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In art


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Painting


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The image of the basilica is found both in historical paintings dedicated to the Republic of Venice and in romantic views of Venice:


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Gentile Bellini: “Procession of the Holy Cross Relic in St. Mark's Square” (1496)


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Canaletto: “Piazza San Marco with the Basilica” (c. 1730), “Capriccio: The Horses of San Marco in the Piazzetta” (1743)


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Francesco Guardi: “Doge Alvise Mocenigo appears before the people in St. Mark's Basilica” (1763), “La Fiera della Sensa in Piazza San Marco”, “Doge on a Figurative Throne” (second half of the 18th century)


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Carlo Grubach: Views of Venice — a series of works (1840s)


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James Whistler: “Nocturne in blue and gold. St. Mark's Basilica in Venice” (1879-80)


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Auguste Renoir: St. Mark's Square (1881)


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Valentin Serov: St. Mark's Square in Venice (1887)


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Maurice Brasil Prendergast: Splash of Sunshine and Rain (1899)


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Francis Cadell: Café Florian (1910)


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Konstantin Pervukhin: “Venice. St. Mark's Square” (1912)


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Literature


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

With the exception of a few poems dedicated to the basilica, references to it in literature can be found only in a few lines that mark the impressions of it:


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Description of Metropolitan Isidore's journey to Florence Cathedral (first half of the 15th century): “In Venice, along all the streets of the water and go in barques; the Church of St. The mark is stone, the pillars in it are wonderful, buckwheat wrote with musia” [36]


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George Byron: “Childe Harold's Pilgrimage” (1818)


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Charles Dickens: “Until now I have never seen anything that I would not dare to describe, but I feel that it is impossible to describe Venice. All the magical pictures of Arabian Nights are nothing in front of St. Brand” [37]


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Pyotr Vyazemsky: “An Old Notebook” (Meanwhile, almost every day I go to the Basilica of St. Brand and each time with a new delight. Firstly, it is quite cool there, and secondly, in the tenths and hundredths, there are so many riches, so much elegant and remarkable that every time you admire something new) (1853) [38]


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Rainer Maria Rilke: poem: “St. Mark's Basilica” (1907) [39]


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Sofia Parnok: poem “I don't like churches where the architect...” (1914) [40]


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Marcel Proust, the novel “The Runaway” (1925), describes the hero's impressions of the cathedral.


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

See also


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

St. Mark's Campanile


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

St Mark's Quadriga


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Pala d'Oro


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

List of churches in Venice


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Notes


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Literature


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

References


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

(in English)


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

(in English)


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Category:Cathedrals in Venice


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Category:Mosaic


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

TO


Question: In what year was St. Mary's Cathedral built?

St. Mark's Basilica

Category:Buildings and structures in St. Mark's Square


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Direct Line with Vladimir Putin is an annual TV show during which President and earlier Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin answers questions from Russian citizens.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

In 2008-2011, when Vladimir Putin was Prime Minister of Russia, the program was called “Conversation with Vladimir Putin”.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

During the preparation and during a direct line with the President, anyone from Russia and near and far abroad sends their questions to a special message processing center through various means communication: via phone, SMS and MMS messages, websites, mobile applications and social networks.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

In total, several million questions pass through the message processing center [1].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

According to Vladimir Putin himself, the “direct line” is the most powerful opinion poll that allows citizens to convey their position and assessment to the country's leadership [2].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Format and purpose


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

During the program, citizens ask questions to Vladimir Putin by phone, via telegrams [3], some questions are voiced by presenters, and some are asked through television broadcasts from major Russian cities.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Correspondents of the news programs of Channel One and Russia-1 take part in these broadcasts.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

People on television broadcasts underwent a special selection, after which they were given and agreed on questions to be asked to the main guest of the program [4].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

From 2008 to 2017, questions were also asked by invited guests in the studio [2] [5].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

In April 2016, RBC and the BBC Russian Service reported on rehearsals that took place before the “direct line” at the Polyany boarding house near Moscow, owned by the Presidential Administration, where it was brought several hundred people from all over the country.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

During the rehearsals, the questions asked were edited and formulated (in particular, offering pre-prepared ones) by employees of state channels, who selected the final group.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The participants who did not pass the selection were ordinary spectators.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Some of the participants knew about the true purpose, while others were offered to participate in the “program”, “talk show”.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Such events have been held there for 3-5 years [3] [6].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

History


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The first broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The very first live broadcast took place on December 24, 2001.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The live broadcast then and for the next 5 years was conducted by two national TV channels — ORT and RTR [7], later renamed Channel One and Rossiya, respectively.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The authors of the idea of this format were the heads of both broadcasters — ORT General Director Konstantin Ernst and Chairman of VGTRK Oleg Dobrodeev [8].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Questions received by phone and on the Internet website were conveyed to the President by leading TV companies Ekaterina Andreeva and Sergei Brilev.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The phone calls were moderated by Kirill Kleymenov.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Putin answered 47 questions from Russian citizens — the entire program lasted 2 hours and 20 minutes [9].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

In his opening remarks before answering questions from Russians live on ORT and RTR, the President of Russia said that the outgoing 2001 was generally successful for Russia [10].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The second broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The second live broadcast took place a year later, on December 19, 2002.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Putin was asked 51 questions, and the total duration of the program was 2 hours 37 minutes [11].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

He also noted that over the past year, Russians as a whole have begun to live better, and the country has become richer [12].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The third broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The third live broadcast took place on December 18, 2003. [13]


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The program lasted 2 hours and 50 minutes, and the President was asked 69 questions [11].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

More questions were asked by men, and 4 children spoke by phone with the then head of state [14].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

In 2004, the direct line did not take place.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The fourth broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The fourth live broadcast took place on September 27, 2005.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Ekaterina Andreeva and Sergey Brilev remained the hosts of the program, and Natalia Semenikhina became the moderator of phone calls.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The program lasted 2 hours 54 minutes, and Putin was asked 60 questions [11].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The inclusion from the regions with questions from local residents was not without scandals — a human rights activist who tried to talk to Putin was beaten in Vorkuta [15].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The fifth broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The fifth live broadcast took place on October 25, 2006 [16].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The duration of the direct line was 2 hours 54 minutes, during which 55 questions were asked [11].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The rating of telecommunication between Russian President Vladimir Putin and the people was lower than the previous four.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Whereas in 2001 such a TV broadcast on Channel One was watched by 52% of the Moscow audience, by 2006 this figure had almost halved — 29% [17] [18].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Sixth broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

On October 18, 2007, the sixth live broadcast took place.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The program lasted 3 hours and 3 minutes, and the President was asked 69 questions [11].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Then Putin last spoke with his fellow citizens live on television and radio as President of Russia.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Starting the live broadcast, Putin congratulated the Russian national football team on their victory over England [19].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Seventh broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

On December 4, 2008, the seventh live broadcast took place, but this time only on the Rossiya and Vesti channels (due to the fact that only VGTRK channels, according to their status, have the right to provide air to the chairman Governments).


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

[20] This time, Putin was already Prime Minister.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Despite the fact that the broadcast lasted about 2.5 hours, that is, an hour longer than planned, only 46 questions were answered [21].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Eighth broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

On December 3, 2009, the eighth live broadcast took place.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The Prime Minister began his dialogue with the people with the topic of terrorism, namely, the undermining of the Nevsky Express, which took place the day before [22].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The financial crisis and its consequences were discussed in general terms.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

In total, Putin was asked 80 questions, and the duration of the program was 4 hours and 1 minute [11].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Ninth broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The ninth live broadcast took place on December 16, 2010.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Putin spoke live for 4 hours and 25 minutes (the longest time compared to previous episodes).


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The direct line received more than 2 million requests in the form of phone calls, SMS messages and letters to the programs' website.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

During the conversation, the Prime Minister managed to answer more than 88 questions [23].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

This broadcast attracted the least number of viewers since Putin ceased to be head of state [24].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The tenth broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

On December 15, 2011, the tenth anniversary live broadcast of the program took place [25].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Putin talked live with the audience for 4 hours 33 minutes and answered 90 questions.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

At the end of the program, Vladimir Putin said that he would continue his conversation next year, even if he became president.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

On October 31, 2012, it became known that in 2012 President Putin was not going to communicate with citizens.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

A new format of communication has not yet been selected, it could be an appeal to the Federal Assembly or a press conference [4].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Later, Putin's press secretary Dmitry Peskov announced the postponement of the direct line to a warmer season [26] [27].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Eleventh broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

On April 25, 2013, the eleventh live meeting took place.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Both state broadcasters, Channel One and Russia-1, are again broadcasting live synchronously [28].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Putin talked live with the audience for 4 hours and 47 minutes.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The number of requests exceeded 3 million.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

During this Direct Line, Vladimir Putin summed up some of the results of the first year of his third presidency [29].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Twelfth broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The twelfth live broadcast took place on April 17, 2014 [30].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The topic of the conversation was Ukraine, in particular, the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation [31].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

For the first time in the history of this format, it was possible to ask the President a video question [32].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

In 2014, the live line aroused more interest from viewers than a year earlier: this was due to the aggravation of the situation in Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea to Russia [33].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The thirteenth broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The thirteenth live broadcast took place on April 16, 2015 in a specially equipped studio in the building of the Moscow Manege and lasted 3 hours 57 minutes [34].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

President Putin was asked 74 questions [34].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The President of Russia spoke about the past crisis, import substitution, healthcare, foreign policy, and the situation in Ukraine.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Fourteenth broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The fourteenth live broadcast took place on April 14, 2016 in the Gostiny Dvor building and lasted 3 hours and 40 minutes.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

During this time, Putin answered 80 questions.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The topics of the economy, rising prices and roads were touched upon.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The President also answered questions on the situation in Ukraine, Syria, Nagorno-Karabakh, relations with the United States and Turkey [35] [36] [37].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Fifteenth broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The fifteenth live broadcast took place on June 15, 2017 and lasted 3 hours 56 minutes.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

During this time, the President answered 73 questions [38].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

In 2017, more than 6 million people in Russia watched the “direct line” with President Vladimir Putin [39].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The program was hosted by Dmitry Borisov (Channel One) and Tatyana Remezova (VGTRK).


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

For the first time, SMS and MMS messages were displayed on the screen in real time, which often contained criticism of the President [40].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Sixteenth broadcast


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The sixteenth live broadcast took place on June 7, 2018 [41].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

It lasted 4 hours and 20 minutes.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

After the direct line, Vladimir Putin answered journalists' questions.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

During this time, Vladimir Putin managed to answer 73 questions, and 32 people were able to ask their questions to the President in person during live broadcasts.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

The innovation of the TV show was that for the first time there were no viewers in the studio and the President had the opportunity to contact all federal ministers, heads of regions of Russia and heads of regions of Russia on-line of the largest state corporations.


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Attitude


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

According to a poll by the Public Opinion Foundation in April 2015, 59% of Russians would like to ask Vladimir Putin any question (the most popular is about high prices and the well-being of citizens), 46% have nothing was to ask, and 5% found it difficult to answer [42].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

In 2016, according to TNS, the share of TV views of the direct line in Moscow fell to 58.4% compared to 2015 [43].


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Hosts


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Key presenters


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Ekaterina Andreeva and Sergey Brilyov (2001—2007) [44]


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Ernest Matskevičius and Maria Sittel (2008—2011) [45] [46]


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Kirill Kleymenov and Maria Sittel (2013—2015) [47]


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Evgeny Rozhkov and Valeria Korableva (2016)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Dmitry Borisov and Tatyana Remezova (2017)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Andrey Kondrashov and Kirill Kleymenov (2018)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Moderators


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Kirill Kleymenov (2001—2003)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Natalya Semenikhina (2005 [48], 2007 [49])


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Yulia Pankratova (2006) [50]


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Tatyana Remezova (2011—2013)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Tatyana Remezova and Anna Pavlova (2014) [51]


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Tatyana Remezova and Natalia Yuryeva (2015—2016)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Maria Gladkikh and Natalia Yuryeva (2017)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Tatyana Remezova and Natalia Yuryeva (2018)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Helpers


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Maria Morgun, Tatyana Remezova and Maria Kitaeva (2008—2009)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Ivan Kudryavtsev, Maria Kitaeva, Dmitry Shchugorev, Maria Morgun (2010-2011)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Olga Ushakova, Valeria Korableva, Maria Morgun and Dmitry Shchugorev (2013)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Olga Ushakova, Valeria Korableva, Tatyana Stolyarova and Dmitry Shchugorev (2014)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Olga Ushakova, Valeria Korableva, Dmitry Shchugorev and Ekaterina Mironova (2015)


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Olga Ushakova, Vera Krasova, Nailya Asker-Zade and Olga Pautova (2016—2017) [52]


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

See also


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Conversation with Dmitry Medvedev


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Articles


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

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Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Notes


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

References


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Category:Russian TV shows


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Category:VGTRK TV Shows


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Category:Vladimir Putin


Question: Is the Putin Must Leave website valid for April 2019?

Direct line with Vladimir Putin

Category:TV shows launched in 2001


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Roseberry (Latin: Rōsa) is a genus of plants of the order family.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Both the family and the order to which it belongs were named after this genus.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It has many cultural forms bred under the name Rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehip itself is often called a rose in botanical literature.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

According to some sources, there are up to 400 [1] [2], according to others - from 300 to 500 species [3]; 366 [4] species of rose hips are recognized [5].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

According to some sources, there are up to 10,000 cultivated varieties [6], according to others - up to 25,000 [7] and even up to 50,000.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

According to various sources, 48 [8] —100 [9] species grow wild on the territory of Russia, many of them are endemic [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is of the greatest distribution and economic importance.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

etymology


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Russian “rose”, “wild rose” through German means (German: Róse), and variants of “erysipelas”, “rozhan”, “gun” through Polish: róża, art.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

-chesh.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

růže, róže and in turn from Middle High German: rôse, were borrowed from Latin: rōsa [11], which, in turn, may be borrowed from Ancient Greek through Etruscan [12] or Oska: rhódon (compare with the name of the plant - rhododendron - “rosewood”) [13].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The ancient Greek word (praforma is*wródon, preserved in the Aeolian.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

— wródon, related to Armenian: vard— “rose” and Proto-iranian*ṛda-.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Hence Persian: gul — “rose” [14].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Perhaps the word “rose” is of non-Indo-European origin [15].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Similar forms are found in Semitic languages (Akkadian: wurtinnu, Biblical Hebrew: ward, Aramaic: wardā, Arabic: ward and Middle Persian.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

heterograph.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

to Persian: gul: Middle Persian: wlta from*wrta [16] [17].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Alfred Ernu and Antoine Meillet suggested “borrowing from Mediterranean civilization, possibly Semitic, where the plant (that is, the rose) was cultivated” [18].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In Russian, the name was used - “gulyaf” - “gulafnaya water”, “rose water”, the original meaning of which is borrowed from the New Persian guläb, guläv from gul - “rose” and äb - “water”.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Compare with Azerbaijan: guläbi — “incense essence” [11].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The name “rose hips” and the variants “spikes”, “spike”, “spike”, “spike”, “spike”, “spike color”, “shupshina” come from the unpreserved adjective* rose, formed from - spike - “arrow, a point, a thorn”, and does not have a reliable etymology [19] [20] [21].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The name “svoroborina”, “svorobovina” (modified “sverbalina”, “serbelina”, “serberina”, “serbarin”, “silver”) comes from the word “svorob” - “itching”, due to the hairiness of the seeds, their taste or effect on the intestines and is associated with the alternation of vowels with “twist” [11] from “sverb” — “itching” [11], from, comparable to Old High German: swērban — “spin, wash”, Latvian: svārpsts —” drill”, etc.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

-isl.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

svarf — “sawdust”, Gothic: af-swairban — “brush off” [22].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The name “thorn” was also applied to dog rose hips [23].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The word “thorn” is derived from “turn” [24], which through — “thorn” [25] [26] goes back to — “plant with a piercing stem” with a root — “to be stiff, hard”, “harden”, “stiffen” [27].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The Ukrainian “trojanda”, “trandafil” and “trandafira”, as well as the Bulgarian “trendafil”, “trandafil”, go back to Greek: triantaphullo, a “thirty-petal” rose () grown in the Balkans to obtain rose oil [28].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Botanical description


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Appearance


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips are deciduous shrubs and shrubs, sometimes evergreen, with erect, climbing or creeping stems of various heights or lengths, from 15-25 cm to 8-10 m. The height of the same species can sometimes vary depending on the growing conditions [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Rosehips are usually multi-stemmed shrubs up to 2-3 m high [10] and live to 30-50 years [29].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

But some specimens of these species, reaching the age of several hundred years, grow into whole trees.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The oldest rose (dog rose) grows in Germany on the territory of Hildesheim Cathedral.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Its age, according to various estimates, ranges from 400 to 1,000 years [30].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It reaches 13 m in height, and the girth of its trunk at the base reaches 50 cm [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the subtropics, evergreen liana roses are almost ubiquitous.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

If they reach a tree-like shape, their trunk shape is usually curved and twisted [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There is evidence that specimens of these roses have reached a considerable age.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In the United States, in Tombstone, Arizona, it grows, planted there in 1885.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest rose.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The girth of its trunks is 3.7 m, the occupied area is 740 m².


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In spring, about 200,000 flowers bloom on it [31].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

At the former dacha of artist K. Korovin in Gurzuf grow two specimens of Banks rose, the age of which is presumably 100 years.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

About two hundred specimens of rose on the southern coast of Crimea are 100-150 years old [32].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

In addition to evergreen rose vines, there are boreal lianoid roses, semi-deciduous and deciduous.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They develop one or two shoots of considerable length, 5-7 and even up to 9 m in length, which cannot be held on their own and require support in the form of tree trunks and crowns.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

The stems of boreal rose vines are not erect, but also not curly, like true vines, so it is more correct to call them half-vines, or lianoid.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

These include taiga growing in oak and beech forests of the Mediterranean region, as well as rose vines of walnut forests and junipers of Central Asia, spruce forests of the eastern Tien Shan and oak forests Eastern Caucasus.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Unlike the evergreen roses that originally arose in this form, boreal roses arose during evolution as a result of adaptation to the conditions of a dense and humid forest.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

It is known that a typical steppe species, falling into similar conditions, acquires a lianoid shape: its branches reach a considerable length, become thin and weave into the crowns of trees [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

There are dwarf types of roses that grow in the form of shrubs, a form closest to herbs.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

These include growing in Central Asia.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Its height does not exceed 30 cm. It has a dwarf form of growth (Rosa ecae).


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

One of the forms grown in pots does not exceed 5 cm in height. Dwarf roses are short-lived.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They bloom in the second or third year, and in the fifth to sixth year, their stems dry out and die off [10].


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

Some North American species, (Rosa foliolosa), are closest to herbaceous plants.


Question: How many types of rose hips are there?

Rosehip

They behave like herbaceous perennials: their stems do not lignify for several years and die off for the winter, and in subsequent years their lignification does not occur completely.