Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The size of a musical instrument may vary, depending on the height and length of the hands of the player playing it.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

For children, this is from 25 cm to 30 cm, and for adults it is from 72 cm to 86 cm. The length of the tube is also adjusted to the owner's height.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The length is considered acceptable if the lower hole on the pipe could be covered with the palm of the hand or fingers.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Therefore, the length of the flute should not exceed the size of the outstretched arm from the shoulder to the fingertips.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The body of the kaluka has a conical passage that tapers slightly from top to bottom.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The inner diameter of the tubes is from 15 to 25 mm.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The diameter of the outlet does not exceed 12-14 mm, and the upper hole is 19-23 mm.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Dudka was discovered in 1980 by students of the Moscow and Leningrad Conservatories in the villages of Bolshebykovo and Podserednee, located halfway from Belgorod to Voronezh.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Kena


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Quechua: qina, Spanish: quena is a longitudinal flute used in music in the Andean region of Latin America.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

It is usually made from cane.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

It has six upper and one lower finger holes.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Usually made in G formation. The kenacho flute (Quechua: qinachu, Spanish: quenacho) is a variant of the ken with a lower sound, in line D.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

In the 1960s and 1970s, kena was actively used by some musicians working in the nueva canción direction.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

In most cases, the instrument was used in specific song compositions, but individual groups, such as Illapu, resorted to its capabilities regularly.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Subsequently, in the 1980s and 1990s, Kena was also involved in rock bands, such as Soda Stereo or Enanitos Verdes.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The instrument is also found in ethnic music.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

With whistle device


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

See also the Flute with Whistling Device category.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

In flutes with a whistling device [1] (whistling flutes), an air stream is formed and directed to the pointed edge through a special channel in the mouthpiece of the instrument.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Recorder


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Recorder (German: Blockflöte - flute with block) is a type of longitudinal flute.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

This is a brass wooden musical instrument from the whistle family.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

An insert (block) is used in the design of the head part.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Related tools: pipe, saddle, whistle.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The recorder differs from other similar instruments by the presence of 7 finger holes on the front side and one on the back - the so-called octave valve.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The two lower holes are often made double.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

8 fingers are used to close the holes during the game.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Fork fingering is often used to take notes (when the holes are closed not in turn, but in a complex combination).


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Among the varieties of the longitudinal flute, the recorder is defined as the most important.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

In Europe, it has been widespread since the 11th century; later the popularity of this instrument increased, as a result of which in the period from the 16th to the 18th century the recorder was the most an actively used and common type of flute.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The instrument is characterized by a soft, warm, cantiled (that is, melodious) timbre, but at the same time it has limited capabilities in terms of dynamics.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The recorder is often used in musical works by composers such as I. S. Bach, A. Vivaldi G. F. Handel et al.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Due to the fact that the sound of the recorder is quite weak, its popularity gradually decreased due to the spread of the transverse flute.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

However, this variety is currently enjoying some interest for some reasons, including the trend towards the revival of early music and the possibility of using a recorder as an educational tool (since the technique of playing it is relatively simple) [8].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Whistle


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Whistle (from English: tin whistle, literally translated “tin whistle, pipe”, pronunciation options (Russian): whistle, vistle, the first is more common) is a folk longitudinal flute with six holes on the front, widely used in folk music from Ireland, Scotland, England and some other countries.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The most popular are small whistles in key D. They are tuned an octave higher than other wind instruments (a regular flute, for example, or bagpipes), and the notes for them are respectively recorded an octave lower .


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

However, the popularity of the so-called low whistle, a longer modification of the instrument, which sounds approximately in the same range as a regular flute, is also increasing.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

There are also whistles in other keys; they are defined as transposable (that is, all whistles are considered instruments in key D, even if they actually sound higher or lower) [9].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Pipe


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The pipe is a Russian folk wind musical instrument, a kind of longitudinal flute.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Sometimes it can be double-barreled, while one of the trunks is usually 300-350 mm long, the second is 450-470 mm.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

At the upper end of the barrel there is a whistling device, in the lower part there are 3 side holes for changing the pitch of sounds.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The trunks are tuned together in a quart and give a generally diatonic scale in the septima volume.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

In addition, a pipe can also be understood as an outdated wind instrument, which was characterized by a double tongue inserted into a special cup; later on its base, by some simplifying the design (in particular, eliminating the use of the cup) was developed by the oboe.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

In this sense, the pipe correlates with the bombard, the woodwind instrument that was the predecessor of the bassoon.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The pipe was historically its first and smallest type [10].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Pyzhatka


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Pyzhatka is a Russian folk wind musical instrument, a wooden flute, traditional for the Kursk region of Russia


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

It is a wooden tube with a diameter of 15-25 mm and a length of 40-70 cm, at one end of which a wooden cork (“wad”) is inserted with an oblique cut that directs the blown air to the pointed edge a small square hole (“whistles”).


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The term “pyzhatka” can also be considered as a synonym for the concept of a nozzle - a type of longitudinal whistle flute, which is also a traditional Russian folk wind instrument, the most the oldest among those who were in circulation among the Eastern Slavs.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

This variety was characterized by a diatonic scale and a range of up to two octaves; when changing the strength of the air flow and using special fingering, chromatic scale.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

It is actively used by amateur groups both as a solo and as an ensemble instrument< [12].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Double


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Main article: Double flute.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Whistling flute made of two tubes.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Multi-barreled


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Main article: Multi-barrel flute.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Multi-barrel flutes consist of several tubes of different lengths fastened or unfastened together, each of which emits one fundamental tone.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The upper ends of the tubes are located at the same level next to each other.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The lower end of the tube is open or closed with a stopper.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The tubes are brought to the lips in an upright position and blow on their upper cut.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Siringa


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Siringa (Greek) is an ancient Greek musical instrument, a kind of longitudinal flute.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The term first appears in Homer's Iliad (X,13).


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Single-barreled siring (srigmonokalamos) and multi-barreled siring (srigi poluklamos) differed; the latter was later given the name of Pan's flute.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Russian translators traditionally convey the word “pipe” with a somewhat vague word [13].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The Greek word served as the anatomical name for the vocal organ of birds (see syrinx).


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Siringa is known as a traditional wind instrument of shepherds and peasants in antiquity.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

This variety often appears in ancient Greek poetry; it was also used for musical accompaniment of stage performances, including in ancient Rome.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Subsequently, the instrument also penetrated into later European folk music [14].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Pan's Flute


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Fleita Pana is a class of woodwind instruments, a multi-barreled flute consisting of several (2 or more) hollow tubes of various lengths.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The lower ends of the tubes are closed, the upper ones are open.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The name is due to the fact that in antiquity, the invention of this type of flute was mythologically attributed to the deity of forests and fields Pan.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

When playing, the musician directs the flow of air from one end of the tubes to the other, as a result of which the air columns enclosed inside begin to oscillate, and the instrument whistles of a certain height; each of the tubes produces one basic sound, the acoustic characteristics of which depend on its length and diameter.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Accordingly, the number and size of the tubes determine the panflute range.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The tool can have a movable or fixed plug; depending on this, different ways of fine-tuning it are used [15].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Kugikli


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Kugikly (kuvikli, tsevnitsa) is a Russian folk wind musical instrument, which is a kind of multi-barreled flute.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The tool is a set of hollow tubes of various lengths and diameters.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Pipes are made from stems of kugi (marsh reeds), reeds, bamboo, tree branches and shrubs that have a core.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The upper open ends are located at the same level, the lower one is closed by the barrel assembly.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The flute is usually made up of 3-5 tubes of the same diameter, but different lengths (from 100 to 160 mm).


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The tool tubes are not fastened together, which allows them to be changed depending on the required structure.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Bringing the upper ends of the tubes to the mouth and moving them (or head) from side to side, they blow on the edges of the sections, extracting, as a rule, short, jerky sounds.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

A set of five pipes in the hands of one performer is called a “pair”.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Transverse


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

See also the Cross Flute category.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Modern flute


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Modern orchestral flute (often simply “flute”; Italian: flauto from Latin: flatus — “wind, whiff”; French: flûte, English: flute, German: Flöte) is a woodwind musical instrument soprano register.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The pitch of the sound on the flute changes by blowing (extracting harmonic consonances with the lips), as well as by opening and closing the holes with valves.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Modern flutes are usually made of metal (nickel, silver, gold, platinum), less often wood, sometimes glass, plastic and other composite materials.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The name is due to the fact that during the game, the musician holds the instrument not in a vertical, but in a horizontal position; the mouthpiece, respectively, is located on the side.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Flutes of this design appeared a long time ago, in late antiquity and in ancient China (IX century BC) [16].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The modern stage of development of the flute begins in 1832, when the German master T. Boehm improved it; over time, this variety replaced the previously popular longitudinal flute.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The modern flute is characterized by a range from the first to the fourth octave; the lower register is soft and deaf, the highest sounds, on the contrary, are piercing and whistling, and the middle and partly upper registers have a timbre that is described as gentle and melodious [17].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Piccolo flute


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Fleita Piccolo (often called simply piccolo or small flute; Italian: flauto piccolo or, French: petite flûte, German: kleine Flöte) is a woodwind musical instrument, a variety modern flute, the highest sound instrument among wind instruments.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

It has a brilliant, piercing and whistling timbre in the fort.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The small flute is twice as short as the ordinary flute and sounds an octave higher, and a number of low sounds cannot be extracted on it.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The piccolo range is from d² to c5 (pe of the second octave to the fifth octave), and there are also instruments that have the ability to take c² and cis².


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Notes are written an octave lower for readability.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Mechanically, the small flute is arranged equivalent to the usual flute (not counting the absence of “D flat” and “before” the first octave) and therefore is characterized by generally the same performing features.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Initially, within the framework of the orchestra (starting from the second half of the 18th century), the small flute was intended to strengthen and extend upwards the extreme octaves of the large flute, and it was recommended to use it more in opera or ballet than in symphonic works.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

This was due to the fact that in the early stages of its existence, due to insufficient improvement, the small flute was characterized by a rather sharp and somewhat rough sound, as well as a small degree of flexibility.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

It should also be noted that this type of flute is quite well combined with ringing percussion instruments and drums; in addition, the small flute can be combined in an octave with an oboe, which is also generates an expressive sound [18].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Irish flute


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The Irish flute (English: Irish flute) is a transverse flute used to perform Irish (as well as Scottish, Breton, etc.) folk music.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

It is a transverse flute of the so-called simple system - its main 6 holes are not closed by valves, when playing, they are closed directly by the fingers of the performer.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

The Irish flute is found in versions with valves (from one to ten), and without.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Despite its name, the Irish flute is not directly related to Ireland by its origin [19].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

In fact, it is an English version of a transverse wooden flute, which for quite a long period of time was known as the “German flute”; the British subjected it certain modifications, and the most significant of them were made by the English inventor and performer Ch. Nicholson Jr. [20] [21].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Many classical and some modern variations on this flute include the use of metal flaps and additional tone holes, which makes it possible to achieve partial or full chromatic scale.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Dee


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Di (, from Old Chinese hengchui, handy - transverse flute) - ancient Chinese wind instrument, transverse flute with 6 playing holes.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

In most cases, the di trunk is made of bamboo or reeds, but there are di made of other types of wood and even stone, most often jade.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Dee is one of the most common wind instruments in China.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

It is assumed that this type of flute penetrated the country from Central Asia in the 2nd-1st centuries BC. e.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Its air injection hole is located near the closed end of the barrel; in the immediate vicinity of the latter there is another hole, which is covered with a thin film of reeds or cane (there is, however, an option without a film, which is called “mendi”).


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

For adjustment, the remaining four holes are used, which are located at the open end of the barrel.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

This instrument is played in the same way as a transverse flute.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Depending on its use in works of certain genres, two types of di are distinguished: quidi and baidi [22].


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Vascular


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Main article: Vascular flute.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

These are flutes with a body shape that differs from most other flutes.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

In Russia, a traditional similar flute is a children's toy whistle.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

European ocarina flutes and English ocarina have the largest musical range.


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Notes


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Literature


Question: How many octaves does the flute have?

flute

Category:Musical instruments alphabetically


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

General education (first level of education) is not professional or special education [1].


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Currently, it is customary to refer to general education in a broad sense the following components: preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary general and additional education of children.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Sometimes pre-school and/or primary general education are not included in the concept of general education and are considered separately.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In Russia and some other countries, three levels — primary general, basic general and secondary general — are sometimes called secondary education, as they are included in school education and are taught in secondary schools.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

General education structure


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Early childhood education


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Preschool education is ensuring the intellectual, personal and physical development of a child aged 2 to 7 years.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Depending on legislation, traditions and cultures, the approach to preschool education is different — it may have different main and particular tasks, it may be mandatory or not, is implemented through various traditional institutions.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Preschool education in Russia is carried out, as a rule, in preschool education institutions, general education institutions (preschool), institutions of additional education for children (centers and early development associations), but can also be carried out at home in the family.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Taking into account the fact that in Russia now more than a third of young families with a child are not provided with preschool institutions, parents are prepared for the basics of family preschool education is becoming one of the most important tasks of youth family policy.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Primary general education


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Primary general education (grades 1-4) is the first stage of general education for children in Russia and many other countries.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

By receiving primary education, children acquire the first knowledge about the world around them, skills in communication and solving applied problems.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

At this stage, the child's personality is formed and begins to develop.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Basic general education


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Basic general education (grades 5-9) is the second stage of general education in Russia and in most other countries, the goals of which are to create conditions for the formation and formation of personality the student, the development of his inclinations and interests.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Basic general education is a necessary stage for obtaining secondary (complete) general education and initial vocational education.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

[2] [3]


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In developed countries, basic general education is compulsory for all, in most developed countries it must be publicly available, that is, free.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Both are directly declared in constitutions.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In most developed countries, basic general education involves nine years of secondary school education.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

At the end of the last 9th year, schoolchildren take tests (in Russia — the OGE), the results of which determine the ability of each student to receive either complete secondary education or secondary vocational education.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In the 20th century, the USSR, in the period from the 1920s to the 1980s, had the status of “incomplete secondary education” (NSO): in the 1920s and 1960s, it was 7 grades out of 10 grades of secondary school that were fully completed.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In the 1960s and 1980s, it was 8 classes out of 10 grades of high school.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

When switching to 11-year secondary education, the NSO corresponds to 9 grades of a comprehensive school.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

General secondary education


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Secondary general education (grades 10-11) is the third, final stage of general education in Russia and some other countries, the goals of which are to develop the creative abilities of the student and formation of self-study skills.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In accordance with Part 5 of Article 66 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, secondary general education is mandatory until the student reaches the age of eighteen, if this education has not been completed before.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

General secondary education is a necessary stage for obtaining higher education.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

[2] The main purpose of high school is to prepare for admission to a higher education institution.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Students go to high school after screening exams, which end basic general education.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In Russia, secondary general education implies primary, basic general education and 2 years of study in high school (grades 10 and 11).


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In most developed countries, this is not 2, but 3 years (in some countries, for example, Germany, 4).


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

For this reason, Russian certificates are only partially recognized in the West, and Russian applicants are deprived of the opportunity to directly enroll in most foreign universities.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Secondary general education ends with state exams (USE), the results of which determine the possibility of entering the university.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In addition to secondary general education schools, secondary general education also exists in secondary specialized educational institutions of secondary vocational education, as well as in evening secondary schools, gymnasiums and lyceums.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Supplementary education for children


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Additional education for children is an integral (variable) part of general education, an essentially motivated education that allows the student to acquire a stable need for knowledge and creativity , realize yourself as much as possible, determine yourself professionally and personally.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Many researchers understand additional education for children as a purposeful process of upbringing and training through the implementation of additional educational programs.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

The term “additional education for children” appeared in the early 90s in connection with the adoption of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Rights and Obligations


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948 declares that general education is accessible and free of charge: “Education must be free at least as far as primary and general education”.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In some countries, including Russia, this provision is enshrined in the Constitution (see Article 43 of the Constitution of Russia, Article 112 of the Constitution of Latvia).


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Currently, in some countries (for example, in Russia), general education is not only a right, but also an obligation of citizens.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Organization


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

General education is provided within the framework of state, municipal, and private organizations.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In some countries, the creation of private organizations in the field of general education is prohibited, in others, as in Russia, most of the levels are subject to licensing.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In almost all countries, general education, at least up to and including the basic level, is available free of charge.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Usually, within the framework of social policy of states, the entire structure of general education is supported


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Quality standards for secondary education


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Unlike higher education, the standards of which are international in nature (the Bologna Process), the quality of secondary education, standards for training schoolchildren and curricula are developed at state level in each individual country.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

There is practically no single international standardization in secondary education: there are only general requirements for the duration of school studies (at least 12 years) and the need to introduce state exams for high school graduates.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In some countries, students take 6 exams (Great Britain, France), in others 12 (Switzerland).


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In most countries, the school cycle is 12 years, but in Germany and Austria, secondary education provides for 13 years of schooling.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

In Russia, the training cycle is shorter — only 11 years and the number of state exams is the smallest — only 3 (Russian, mathematics and English).


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

To obtain a certificate of secondary (full) education, you must pass only these subjects.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

The graduate has the right to choose the remaining exams, if necessary, for admission to the university.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Education is a strategically important area of state policy.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Therefore, despite the lack of international standards for secondary education, international organizations (OECD, UNESCO, UN and others) consider it extremely important to monitor changes taking place in the field of secondary education both at the global level and at the national level, for which they conduct their own research.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

The most authoritative such study is PISA (Program for International Student Assessment).


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

According to this international survey on the quality of secondary education, on average in the OECD, the quality of training for schoolchildren is declining (from 500 points in 2000 to 493 points in 2015).


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Singapore and Japan have the best secondary education, according to the PISA rating.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Estonia and Finland top the list among European countries.


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Russia took 32nd place out of 73 countries participating in the rating of the quality of secondary education in 2015 [5].


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

See also


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Federal Basic Curriculum for Educational Institutions of the Russian Federation


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Federal State Educational Standard (Russia)


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

Notes


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education

References


Question: Is it mandatory for girls to attend school in Afghanistan for 2019?

General education


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Vikenty Konstantin (Kastus) Semenovich Kalinovsky (Polish: Wincenty Konstantin Kalinowski; January 21 (February 2) 1838, Mostovlyany, Grodno Uyezd, Grodno Province, Russian Empire - 10 (22) March 1864, Vilna, Vilna Province, Russian Empire) - Belarusian revolutionary, publicist, poet, leader of the liberation uprising of the Belarusian-Lithuanian people during the uprising of 1863 on territories of the Kingdom of Poland and the Western Territory of the Russian Empire.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Ancestry and family


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The Kalinowski family comes from Masovia (Poland) [1], where it is mentioned since the end of the XV century.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Subsequently, it was divided into 13 branches, included in parts I and IV of the genealogy book of Vilna, Grodno, Vitebsk, Volyn, Kovno, Minsk, Mogilev and Podolsk provinces [2] and in the lists of nobles Kingdom of Poland.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky's ancestors owned the Kalinovo estate on Branska land in the border of Belarus and Poland for almost a hundred years, but in the second half of the 18th century the estate was sold [3].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

His father is a landless nobleman from Grodno, owner of a small weaving manufactory Semyon Kalinowski (Belarusian: Simon (Syamyon) Kalinouski, Polish: Szymon Kalinowski); mother, Veronika Rybinskaya, died when Konstantin was 5 years old.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Konstantin Semenovich Kalinowski was born on the estate of Mostovlyany (now a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship of Poland).


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

There is no consensus among modern historians about Kalinovsky's nationality.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Some consider him a Belarusian [4], while others consider him a Pole [5] [6].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky's contemporary, Major General V. F. Ratch in his report to Vilna Governor-General M. N. Muravyov argued the following: “Konstantin Kalinovsky, with the mood of the Herzen school, at the head of the most ambitious personalities from the Red Litvins, persistently pursued the idea of Lithuania's independence” [7] (“Lithuania ” and “litvin” in this case is meant in the historical sense, that is, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which included the territories of present-day Lithuania and Belarus).


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinouski has never been mentioned in the newspaper Nasha Niva, which became the first national Belarusian newspaper.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Perhaps the first source in which Kalinouski was tried to give “Belarusianism” was the article “In Memory of the Fair” by V. YU.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Lastovsky in the newspaper Goman No. 1 of February 15, 1916.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The same Lastovsky first called him Kastsyuk, from whom Kastus was then formed [8].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

There is no consensus on the form of Kalinovsky's name Kastus, which is common in Belarus [9].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Doctor of Historical Sciences Alexander Kravtsevich claims as a proven fact that according to the documents this form of the name was used in the Kalinovsky family [10], but does not specify according to which one.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Biography


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

He graduated from the Svisloch Pro-Gymnasium in 1856 [11] In 1856—1860 he studied at the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

During his student years, together with his older brother Viktor Kalinovsky, he actively participated in the activities of student communities and revolutionary circles, became close to Zygmunt Serakovsky, Yaroslav Dombrovsky, V. Vrublevsky.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky's worldview was formed in the context of the growth of the peasant movement, under the influence of the ideas of Russian radical publicists N. G. Chernyshevsky, A. AND. Herzen and under the influence of the traditions of the Polish national liberation movement.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Returning to his homeland, Kalinovsky, together with Vrublevsky and others, in 1861 created revolutionary circles in Grodno and Vilna provinces, which were part of a single conspiracy organization.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In 1862 Kalinovsky headed the Movement Committee that headed this organization (later called the Lithuanian Provincial Committee).


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In 1862—1863, he supervised the publication and distribution of Mużyckaja prauda, the first illegal revolutionary newspaper in the Belarusian language (the Belarusian Latin alphabet was used).


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky actively supported the national liberation struggle of the Polish people.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

He participated [5] in the publication of the Polish-language newspaper Znamya Svobody, intended for the Polish population [12].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

K. Kalinouski believed that the advanced revolutionary forces in Belarus should focus on Poland and the Polish revolutionary movement, which can guarantee self-government to residents of Belarusian-Lithuanian lands [13].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinouski's motto was the words: “The Polish cause is our business, it is a matter of freedom” [14].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Having led the uprising in 1863 on the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the territory of modern Belarus and Lithuania), Kalinovsky called for the widespread involvement of peasants in the struggle, for the spread uprisings to the east and north of the borders of the North-West Territory.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The peasants, however, for the most part did not accept the uprising, and sometimes even fought together with the tsarist troops against Kalinovsky's detachments [15].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In the face of brutal actions of government forces, being in deep underground, Kalinovsky led the rebels until his arrest, which occurred on the night of (16-17) January 28-29, 1864.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

During the investigation, he was firm and confident.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In exchange for a commutation of the sentence, he refused to give safe houses and passwords, as well as the names of other leaders of the uprising.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

42 days after his arrest, on March 12, 1864, he was sentenced to death by firing squad.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

However, the next day, at the personal request of M. N. Muravyov's execution was replaced by public hanging.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Sentenced to death, Konstantin Kalinovsky continued to fight, addressing the people with “Letters from under the gallows”.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

It follows from the letters that Kalinouski did not recognize the Russian government as his own for Belarusians.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

He called on the Belarusian people to fight “for their God, for their right,... for their Motherland” [16] [17].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

On March 10 (22), 1864, he was executed by hanging in Vilna on Lukish Square.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

During the last announcement of the verdict, after the words “to sentence the nobleman Kalinovsky...” he shouted his famous phrase “We do not have nobles, we are all equal!” (Belarusian: We have nyama dvaran, we have a moustache!) [18].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky's publicistic and publishing activities


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinouski's printed heritage includes seven issues of the Belarusian-language leaflet newspaper Muzhitskaya Pravda (Belarusian: “Mużyckaja prauda”), “Letters from Under the Gallows” (the general name, which was was given by one of the leaders of the uprising, Agathon Giller, who in 1869 published letters that K. Kalinovsky sent during his period under investigation until hanging on March 10 (22), 1864), and also the Polish-language newspaper Znamya Svobody (Polish: “Chorągiew swobody”), in which K. Kalinovsky.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In addition, revolutionary instructions and appeals prepared under his leadership are known [3].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In Polish historiography, it is widely believed that “Letter from Jaska the master from Vilnia to the peasants of the Polish land” (Belarusian: “Pismo ad Jaska haspadara s pad Wilni da mużykow ziemli polskoj”) is also widely believed belongs to Kalinovsky's journalism, at the same time, most Belarusian researchers are of the opinion that the authorship of this letter does not belong to Kalinovsky [3] [19] [20] [21].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

They base this conclusion on the fact that the letter bears a stamp of the Warsaw publishing house of the rebel National Government [9] [21], thus knowing about the popularity of the signature “Yaska master from under Vilny”, the “whites” could use it for their own purposes [9].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

It is widely believed that issues relevant to peasants were covered in Muzhitskaya Pravda extremely briefly, logically, consistently, sometimes deliberately rude in a peasant way.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The newspaper is characterized by a propaganda style designed for the environment of illiterate and illiterate peasants [17] [19] [22].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

At the same time, historian Gronsky concluded that the publication of “Muzhitskaya Pravda” was a purely propaganda action, which is confirmed by the existence of the “Banner of Freedom”, which was designed for Polish-speaking nobles and citizens and carried a completely different content.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The principle of equality of estates was mentioned in the newspaper, but “without prejudice to anyone's property” [5].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Historiography about K. Kalinovsky


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In historiography, the uprising of 1863—1864 is devoted to numerous and at the same time rather contradictory literature, presented mainly by Polish and Russian authors.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In Russian historiography, information about Kalinovsky appeared thanks to the work of members of the investigative commission that interrogated the rebels.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The image created as a result of her activity was fully reflected in the work of V. Ratch, from where it moved to the pages of fiction.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

As a nihilist and fanatic of the revolutionary idea (according to V. Krestovsky) Kalinovsky received the completed design in pre-revolutionary Russian historiography in the work of P. Bryantseva [23].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Polish contemporaries portrayed Kalinowski as a gifted person, fully devoted to the uprising [24].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Jozef Yanovsky (1832—1914), who was Secretary of the National Government in 1863-1864, called the rebel “a man devoted soul and body to the idea of liberating the people, a true apostle of the Belarusian people , a real hero of the uprising of 1863” [25].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The formation of Belarusian historiography about the uprising took place in the 1920s. In popular literature of that time (in particular, V. Lastovsky [26]) Kalinovsky is characterized as a national hero, the first Belarusian revolutionary and leader of the peasant anti-landlord uprising.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The first serious scientific analysis of the events of the uprising and the views of K. Kalinovsky was undertaken in articles and monographs by Vsevolod Ignatovsky.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

He described the uprising as bourgeois democratic, and Kalinovsky as a Belarusian revolutionary democrat, an ideologist of the left “reds”, who on certain issues was forced to go to a compromise with the right wing of the Whites.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

At the same time, there were other assessments of the uprising: for example, the Belarusian Soviet historian Samuil Ogursky in his book “Narysy pa historyi ravalutsyynaga ruhu in Belarus (1863—1917)” stated that the uprising 1863 was organized by Polish landowners and Catholic clergy and took place under Polish chauvinistic slogans, the author called Kalinowski a “mythical hero” and a “Polish chauvinist” a similar opinion was shared by Russian monarchical authors [19].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In the 1930s, in the BSSR, K. Kalinovsky was assessed as a reactionary figure [19].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

His return to the ranks of positive characters in the history of Belarus is associated with the work of Russian scientist S. N. Dranitsyn, in which Kalinovsky was called a “famous Jacobin” and “revolutionary democrat”, which was reflected in the first edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia [27].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

This officially lifted the ban on studying the personality of the rebel in the BSSR, which was used by I. F. Lochmel.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In his works of the late 1930s, K. Kalinouski appeared as the most radical leader of the uprising, spokesman and defender of the interests of the Belarusian peasantry.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In the post-war period, a significant contribution to the development of the history of the uprising and scientific biography of K. Kalinovsky was introduced by Belarusian historians Vladimir Pertsev, Anatoly Smirnov, Ivan Lushchitsky, Gennady Kiselyov [28], Susanna Sambuk.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Conclusions were drawn about the hostility of K. Kalinovsky to the gentry national liberation movement and the revolutionary's non-recognition of the leading role of the Warsaw Committee and its program.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky was described as the creator of the free Belarusian press and the largest representative of the advanced public opinion of Belarus in the 19th century. At the same time, the presence of K. Kalinovsky slogans for the state independence of Lithuania and Belarus, it was claimed that Kalinovsky was attributed to him by “ideologists of autocracy and Polish nationalists”.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

With the introduction into scientific use of a multi-volume collection of documents and materials dedicated to the uprising, there was a significant clarification of the conclusions drawn earlier.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Thus, historian A. Smirnov recognized and positively assessed the production of K. Kalinovsky of the issue of the formation of an independent Lithuanian-Belarusian Republic.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

However, the 2nd volume of the History of the Byelorussian SSR (Minsk, 1972) does not mention the positions of the Belarusian revolutionary democrats on the national issue on the eve and during the uprising.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In parallel with these processes, a different opinion was formed in the publications of the 1960s.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

So, M. Misko said that K. Kalinovsky considered Lithuania and Belarus as part of Poland and fully shared the program of the Polish insurgent government, which provided for the inclusion of Belarusian-Lithuanian lands in the Polish state and the preservation of landlord land ownership.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

At the same time M. Misko completely ignored the known facts that testify to the acute conflict between the Kalinovsky and Vilna rebel center as a whole with the Warsaw Central National Committee [19].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

It is widely believed that this conflict was the result of the discrepancy between the views of K. Kalinovsky with the program of the Warsaw Central Committee.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In particular, Kalinovsky advocated the independence of the Belarusian-Lithuanian lands and revolutionary democratic ways to solve the agrarian issue [3] [12] [19] [29].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Based on historical sources, the proof of this interpretation of the conflict was cited by M. Scourge.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The historian points out that in the book of the Russian Major General V. Ratcha, who could use all the documents of the investigation, noted the following: Kalinovsky “persistently pursued the idea of independence of Lithuania”, his party “decided to finally get rid of Warsaw guardianship.”


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

“Kalinouski,” wrote Ratch, “took over the dictatorship. The Warsaw government was supposed to <... > receive a message that Lithuania and Belarus are an independent state.”


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

According to Ratch, Kalinovsky decisively associated the success of the uprising with the active participation of the peasant masses in it, with the creation of a peasant organization, and in this regard advocated the transfer of the entire land to the peasantry.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

He did not hope to know and spoke in favor of eliminating “this rotten and depraved caste.”


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Then M. Beach consistently cites similar opinions about K. Kalinovsky, Secretary of the Warsaw Government Jozef Yanovsky and the leader of the Lithuanian-Belarusian “whites” Jakub Geishtar:


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky “did not want to have anything to do with the nobility, but relied only on the people. I understood Lithuania's connection with Poland only as federal — with full independence of Lithuania. He did not fully recognize the authority of the Central Committee, did not want to accept any orders or instructions from there. This is Kalinovsky's position, which not everyone in the Committee (LPK — M. B.) were fully shared, was a reason for misunderstandings”


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

“It was a hot-tempered nature, but fair, without any shadow of hypocrisy. He is devoted to the people with soul and heart, but a supporter of extreme revolutionary theories, who did not stop even at the outbreak of a civil war and thought about Lithuania's independence. He was an incomparable, exemplary conspirator, the soul of the Committee... When I first met, he proved to me that the participation of nobility and landowners in the uprising is not only unnecessary, but also harmful. The people will win their own freedom and demand property from the landowners”


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

M. Beach points out that Oscar Aveide, a member of the CSC, testified to the extreme aggravation of relations between the timber industry and the CSC at the end of 1862 in his testimony to the commission of inquiry in January 1865. In particular, he referred to the facts of the removal from the timber industry of Warsaw Commissioner Nestor Dzyuleran, and then his successor, noted the firmness and determination with which the timber industry demanded equality in relations with Warsaw and the transfer of the Bialystok Voivodeship to the subordination of Vilna.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

It was Aveide, on behalf of the CSC, who negotiated the status with the commissioners of the timber industry Edmund Veriga, and then with Boleslav Dluski.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The first of them made fundamental concessions and agreed to the status according to which Vilna fell into complete subordination to Warsaw.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Only on the issue of the timing of the uprising, the consent of the Lithuanian representative in the CSC was mandatory.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In another case, Lithuania was not obliged to accept the Warsaw deadline.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The timber industry rejected this agreement and sent B.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Dluski.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

“Due to some blind firmness of both him and the Vilensky committee in these unreasonable, in our opinion, demands,” Aveide noted, “despite all my efforts, I made all possible concessions from the The Central Committee did not have time to reach an agreement with Dluski within two or three weeks. This circumstance was a real and great harm to the revolution, because until the very moment of the uprising [agreement] between Vilna and Warsaw did not happen” [19].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Similar opinions about the causes of the conflict are widespread in Polish and Lithuanian historiography.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In particular, they were pointed out by V. Pshiborowski, A. Yanulaitis, V. Kardovich, K. Kankalevsky, S. Kenevich, editors of the Polish Biographical Dictionary, etc.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

historians [30].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

However, some historians offer other explanations for this conflict.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

So, A. Gronsky writes that “Warsaw subdued part of the territory previously controlled from Vilna, and began to collect money there. Naturally, full of ambition and youthful maximalism, V.-K. Kalinovsky could not tolerate the fact that a region that could provide financial support had gone out of his control. For some reason, Belarusian historians perceive this fact as proof of K. Kalinovsky of Belarusian ideas. In fact, it was only a question of rejection of Warsaw as a phenomenon that prevents a young and ambitious person from making the “right” course of history” [31].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

A different opinion was expressed in 1923 by Professor S. Kostelkovsky.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

He argued that there could be no question of Vilna's desire to isolate himself from Warsaw.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

“I think,” wrote Kostelkowski, “that in 1863 it is possible to oppose the rebel government in Warsaw to the same government in Vilna not as the Polish national government to the Lithuanian national government, but only as a government to the central provincial government... There was not even a talk about the formation of an independent, let alone hostile to Poland, Lithuanian states... Kalinovsky's isolation was based only on the difference in rebel tactics and was associated with certain personal ambitions.”


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The author bases this thesis on quotes from the “Letter of Yaska the Master to the Peasants of the Polish Land” [9].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In Polish, Russian (including Soviet) and some part of Belarusian historiography, the uprising of 1863-1864 in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus is traditionally defined as Polish.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Thus, according to the majority of Belarusian authors, its essential features in the Belarusian-Lithuanian region are ignored and, first of all, the fact that, as M. Beach, on the eve and during the uprising, for the first time, the course of the Belarusian national liberation movement led by K. Kalinovsky.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Based on this, a number of publications by Belarusian historians do not call it Polish in relation to the territory of Lithuania-Belarus [19].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

This postulate, however, is not accepted by some publicists.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

For example, S. Shiptenko writes that “the peasants evaded participation in the uprising, considering his case Polish and pansky, massively opposing the rebels, when organized by the Vilna Governor-General gr. M. N. Muravyov of rural guards, that is, it was Muravyov-Vilensky, and not Kalinovsky, who was able to rely on the folk element in the region” [32].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In turn, historian M. Bich points out that the distrust of Belarusian peasants was caused by the fact of support for the uprising by local Polish landowners, the limited program of its leaders and the slogan of restoration Polish state.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In addition, M. Beach concludes that the support of the uprising among the peasantry was influenced by false rumors spread by the tsarist authorities and the Orthodox Church - “as if the Polish landowners rebelled against the Russian tsar for freeing the peasants from serfdom and striving to restore the serfdom” [19].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

A similar opinion is shared by historian A. Gritskevich: “Orthodox peasants began to be told that they are “truly Russian and should help defeat this Polish rebellion.” They handed out guns and Belarusians started shooting Belarusians” [33].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The changes in the implementation of the reform on February 19, which the authorities made in connection with the uprising, also significantly affected the peasants [19].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Belarusian historian A. Gronsky expresses the opinion that the figure and life of Kalinouski, as well as the uprising itself, are largely mythologized to give them Belarusian features.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In the 10s of the XX century, when witnesses of the Polish uprising of 1863—1864 were still alive, representatives of the Belarusian national movement did not find any Belarusian figures in the uprising, including Vincent Konstantin Kalinovsky.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

There is not a single mention of him in the Nasha Niva newspaper.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

They tried to make Kalinouski a Belarusian national hero only at the end of the First World War, that is, more than 50 years after his death, when the vast majority of eyewitnesses to the uprising were already died, and no one could refute the statements of the new Belarusian historians.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The legend spread after the collapse of the Russian Empire among Belarusian separatists, successfully, albeit not without difficulties, fit into Soviet historiography and, finally, just as successfully moved into the new a nationalist concept of history that began to take shape in the late 1980s.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In Belarus in the late 20th century, the legend of K. Kalinovsky received a new development.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Gronsky A. D. Kastus Kalinouski: constructing a hero//Belaruskaya dumka.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

No. 2.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

P. 82-87.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

To this end, Kalinouski came up with a new name — Kastus (Belarusian diminutive of Konstantin; apparently, Kalinouski was “renamed” by Belarusian publicist Vaclav Lastovsky), although never during his lifetime it was not called that; Soviet historical literature began to feature a falsified signature of Vincent Kalinovsky: historian Anatoly Smirnov erased the letter B in his signature and inscribed the letter K [33].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Gronsky sees the root cause of mythologization in the fact that by 1916 (when the first reports about the “Belarusian” nature of the uprising appeared), the western part of the territory of the Russian Empire was under the German occupation.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Therefore, Lastovsky, who worked in the occupied territory, emphasized the anti-Russian orientation of Kalinovsky's activities to maintain the image of a national hero, and to give this anti-Russianism Konstantin (or Constanta) became Belarusian features with V. Lastovsky Kastsyuk [34].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Later, Kastsyuk was transformed into Kastusya, which has been consolidated to this day [5].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

According to modern Belarusian historian Y.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

AND. Treshchenka, “the history of the Polish (...) uprising of 1863 on the Belarusian lands is one of the most mythologized, tendentiously distorted events of the Belarusian past” [35].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

It was because of the creation of an artificial myth that Polish revolutionary Vincent Konstanty Kalinouski turned into a “Belarusian revolutionary democrat Kastus Kalinouski” [5].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In addition, Lastovsky was also engaged in direct falsifications of V. Kalinovsky.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

For example, in Kalinovsky's original text [36]:


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

My brothers, dear men!


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Maryska, my black-brova dove


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The same poem by Lastovsky [34] turns into:


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Belarusians, dear brothers!


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Belorusskaya zemelka, my dove


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The author concludes that Kalinouski's whole “Belarusianism” comes down to publishing several newspapers in Belarusian in order to spread the ideas of the Polish uprising among Belarusian peasants.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

According to A. Vashkevich, A. Gronsky in the article “Kastus Kalinovsky: Designing a Hero” is nothing more than a resuscitation of the old theoretical provisions of the Soviet historian S. Ogursky.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Vashkevich points out that Gronsky's publication contains contradictions characteristic of his Soviet predecessors, in particular, they are manifested in the author's assessment of Kalinovsky's social views .


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Vashkevich expresses the opinion that Gronsky's statements about ethnic Polish origin and religious indifference of K. Kalinovsky testify to the “attraction” of facts to specific conclusions [26].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

According to Doctor of Historical Sciences V. Golubev, in modern Belarus politics determines history.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The historian believes that “the Belarusian state now appeals less to historical figures who have done a lot for the national liberation movement. Moreover, official views on such people are being revised: new books on history are being published, documents appear in which Kastus Kalinouski is called not a Belarusian hero, but a Polish hero or in general an anti-Russian figure”.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Golubev argues that such publications are determined by the policy of individuals who are at the head of Belarus [37].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

According to Vadim Gigin, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Kalinovsky was not a popular figure among Belarusian revivals of the early 20th century.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The situation changed after the Bolsheviks came to power.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

According to their historical concept, the Communist Party had to have its forerunner in every nation.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

It was decided to make Kastus Kalinovsky such a “proto-Bolshevik” [38].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

memento


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In 1943, the Soviet partisan brigade was named after Kastus Kalinovsky, which was one of the most active units in the vicinity of Grodno and Bialystok [26].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kastus Kalinovsky is dedicated to a feature film shot in 1928, a drama by Evstigney Mirovich (1923) and the tragedy of Vladimir Korotkevich


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In 1963, in Minsk, the capital of Belarus, a street in the Vostok and Zeleny Lug microdistricts was named after Konstantin Kalinovsky.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kastus Kalinouski is named after one of the central streets in Grodno, as well as a street in Zhodino (Minsk region) and Svisloch (Grodno region).


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

The name of Kastus Kalinouski was given to Svisloch Secondary School No. 1 (now”).


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In 1995, the Order of Kastus Kalinouski was introduced into the system of state Belarusian awards [39], which was conceived as the highest state award of the country; its description was approved by the President countries on January 15, 1996 [40].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

However, this order was never awarded, and in June 2004 it was officially abolished.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In 1993, a postage stamp of Belarus dedicated to Kalinovsky was issued.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In February 2013, a postcard dedicated to the 175th anniversary of Kalinovsky's birth was issued [41].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

On March 11, 2013, the National Library of Belarus opened the exposition “For Dignity! For the Motherland!” , timed to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the uprising of 1863-1864 and the 175th anniversary of the birth of one of its leaders, Vikenty Kalinovsky (Kastus Kalinovsky).


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

In August 2013, on one of the buildings on the street. Kalinouski's memorial plaque to Kalinouski was restored in Minsk [42].


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Bibliography


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinouski K. For our volnasts.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Creations, dacuments.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

- Minsk, 1999.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky K. From printed and handwritten heritage.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

— Minsk, 1988.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Notes


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Literature


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Belyavskaya I. M. A. AND. Herzen and the Polish national liberation movement of the 60s of the XIX century — Moscow, 1954.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Smirnov A. F. Kastus Kalinovsky.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

— Minsk.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

— 1963.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Shalkevich V. F. Kastus Kalinouski: Biography pages.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

— Minsk, 1988.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Gronsky A. D. Kastus Kalinouski: constructing a hero//Belaruskaya dumka.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

— 2008.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

-No 2.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

— P. 82-87.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Karpovich O. IN. Participation of the population of Belarusian districts of Grodno province in the uprising of 1863—1864//Vesnik Grodzenskaga dzyarzhaunaga universiteta.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Gray 1.- 2009.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

— No. 1.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Smirnov A. P. Kastus Kalinouski and paustanni 1863 year.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

— Minsk, 1959.


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

References


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

on the Belarusian Wikiquote


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

(in Belarusian)


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Belarusian revolutionaries


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Polish revolutionaries


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Russian revolutionaries


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Lithuanian revolutionaries


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category: Polish rebels of 1863


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Members of the organization “red”


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Executed revolutionaries


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Hanged in the Russian Empire


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Revolt Leaders


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:People from Grodno


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Konstantin Semyonovich


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category: People executed in 1864


Question: How did the uprising of 1863 under the leadership of Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky end?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category: Executed participants of the Polish Uprising of 1863 — 1864


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side (abbreviated as Bolshoy Prospekt P. S. to distinguish it from Bolshoy Prospekt V. O.), one of the main highways of the Petrogradsky District, connects the south-western part of the district with its central and northern territories.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

History and sights


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

The emergence of Bolshoy Prospekt dates back to the 1730s.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

It was the main road that crossed the settlements of the garrison regiments: Yamburgsky, Koporsky, Petersburg and Belozersky.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

First it was called the Big Garrison Road, then Bolshaya Ofitserskaya Street, and its modern name was established in 1806 (in 1918, the avenue was named after Karl Liebknecht, but on January 13 In 1944 [1] the name “Bolshoy Prospekt” was restored).


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

The main straight part of the avenue begins [1] at the Tuchkov Bridge across the Malaya Neva [2] and ends with the semicircular Lev Tolstoy Square at the intersection with Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Behind the square there is a short, smoothly curved section of the avenue, laid in 1910 and ending at the Petropavlovsky Bridge over the Karpovka River.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

General characteristics of the development


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

From the middle of the 18th century to 1861, there was a ban on the construction of stone houses on the Petrogradskaya side by individuals (this was due to considerations of the defense efficiency of Petropavlovskaya fortresses).


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

This is partly why the buildings were mostly wooden.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

In the last third of the 19th century, stone buildings were developed, initially with low mansions (an example is the surviving house No. 42).


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Finally, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, large-scale development of the Petrogradskaya Side is underway, during which Bolshoy Prospekt turns into a respectable shopping street with large apartment buildings and shops.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

It was during this period that the modern architectural appearance of the avenue was mainly formed.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

The buildings are built in a variety of styles; Art Nouveau, Northern Art Nouveau, Eclecticism and Neoclassicism predominate.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

After the revolution and until now, due to the lack of vacant plots, development takes place occasionally and locally, no longer having a significant impact on the overall appearance of the avenue.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Transportation


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Since 1860, a horse began to walk along the avenue, from the end of 1908, a tram was launched instead of it (tram traffic along the avenue was interrupted during the first blockade winter, but resumed in 1942 [3]), and In 1947, a trolleybus began to run instead of a tram.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

By 1955, the tram rails were completely removed [4].


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Buses also run along the avenue, and minibuses have been running since the 1990s.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

In 1965, traffic on the main part of the avenue became one-way: from Dobrolyubov Avenue to Lev Tolstoy Square; at the same time, traffic in the opposite direction was carried out along Bolshaya Pushkarskaya Street.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Since November 3, 1985, the direction of one-way traffic on both highways has been changed to the opposite, and now along Bolshoy Prospekt it is carried out from Lev Tolstoy Square to Avenue Dobrolyubova.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Since the end of 2007, the far right lane has been reserved for public transport.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

At the beginning of the avenue is Sportivnaya metro station,


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

and towards the end, at the intersection with Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt, Petrogradskaya.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Chkalovskaya Metro Station is 400 metres from the avenue.


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Cultural monuments of federal significance


Question: In what year did transport begin to travel along Bolshoy Prospekt of the Petrogradskaya Side?

Bolshoy Prospekt, Petrogradskaya Side

Monuments are listed in the order of their location along the avenue according to the List of Historical and Cultural Heritage Sites [5].