Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Meanwhile, Castiel learns shocking information about Darkness: Metatron's words reveal that Darkness is the sister of God.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In addition, Dean feels a connection with Amara, and Darkness reciprocates the former bearer of the tag, which means that Dean will not be able to kill her, and Sam must do so.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Sam continues to have visions.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

He sees Lucifer's cage, and all the signs indicate that he needs to go back there.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

To finally find answers, Sam and Crowley force Rowena to find a spell that allows you to block Lucifer's forces, after which they go to the first circle of Hell.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Rowena places symbols on the cell and casts a spell — Lucifer appears.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

He agrees to help solve the problems with the Darkness, but he needs a vessel.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Sam refuses, and Lucifer erases the signs of the spell, transferring Winchester to his cage.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The truth is that all this time Sam's vision came from Lucifer, not God.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Dean and Castiel go to Hell to help Sam, but Lucifer carries them to him, and the battle begins between them.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Rowena casts a spell, and Lucifer disappears after a flash of bright light.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Crowley orders to leave Hell, and the brothers return to Earth.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

A little later, Castiel returns to Crawley.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

However, it becomes clear that Lucifer is in Castiel's body: in a desperate hope of defeating the Darkness, Castiel agreed to the devil to use his body as a vessel.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Lucifer kills Rowena, returns his throne, and Crowley puts on a chain, mocking him in every possible way.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

There is a ray of hope in the fight against Darkness: it can be defeated by using ancient artifacts containing the power of God (the Hand of the Lord).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

However, they are limited in number, their location is unknown, and can only be used once.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The brothers lost one of the artifacts immediately after receipt, in the process finding out the truth about Castiel and Lucifer.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Crowley lost the second artifact - having escaped from Lucifer's slavery, he attempts to kill him with Aaron's wand, but one of the demons took the blow, and Lucifer remains unharmed.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The third uses Lucifer himself against Amara, but nothing good comes out of this, it becomes clear that the Hand of the Lord is useless against Darkness, and after an unsuccessful battle, Amara kidnaps Lucifer.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Assuming that Lucifer is the only creation of God that the latter cares about, Amara begins to torment the devil in the hope that God will not leave it just like that.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

She is lucky: God is brothers and reveals his identity, all this time the creator of the universe has been hiding behind the image of none other than the writer Chuck Shirley.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

According to him, if you hide, it's in plain sight.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Sam and Dean decide to save Lucifer from the clutches of Amara, learning that God Chuck can fight the Darkness only because of this.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

During the rescue operation, Dean decides to distract Amara, and Sam, Donotello (the new prophet) and Metatron will save Satan.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

But as soon as Lucifer was released from Amara's trap, she appears in person.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Metatron orders all three to flee, and he remains to draw a trap for the Darkness.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

When Darkness cannot be trapped, Amara destroys Metatron.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Sam, Lucifer and Donotello go to the guardian house, but Darkness stands in their way.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

At the last minute, Chuck teleports their car home.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

This is where God meets his favorite son, who was once cast down from Heaven.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Later, Darkness drives Lucifer out of Castiel's body and hurts God dangerously.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

And in the next episode, it begins to devour the sun, but soon God and Darkness reconcile and disappear in order to restore the balance between darkness and light.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

It ends with Sam coming with Cas to the shelter, and there is a woman waiting for them: she moves Casa to Paradise, and Sam persuades her to remove the gun, but at the last minute you hear a shot.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Meanwhile, Dean comes out of the forest, where his mother meets him.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Season 12


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The twelfth season consists of 23 episodes, which aired on October 13, 2016 and aired on Thursdays at 9:00pm.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

After the departure of God and Darkness, Dean meets Mary Winchester, resurrected by Amara (Darkness).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

After explaining to the mother and son, they go to the Keepers bunker.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Castiel, expelled by Antonia Bewell, lands a few dozen kilometers from the bunker and hurries back.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Dean and Mary find Sam's blood in the bunker.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Younger Winchester is severely tortured by the British Enlightened.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Bewell is interested in how the Winchesters coped with the Darkness, as well as where are the other hunters operating in the United States.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

While trying to break Sam's mind, he tries to escape from captivity, but to no avail.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Dean, Mary and Castiel follow Antonia Bewell and release Sam.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The latter is saved from reprisals by Mick Davis, another member of the British Enlightened.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

He apologizes to the Winchesters for the actions of his obstinate colleague and offers cooperation, but his offer is rejected.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

At the same time, Lucifer, expelled by Amara from Castiel, is trying to find a new shell, and Crowley follows him in the hope of killing the Devil while he is still weak.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

As a result, Lucifer moves into aging rock musician Vince Vincent.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Crowley, with the help of Rowena, tries to return the devil back to the cage, but unsuccessfully: the latter is captured.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Lucifer is in no hurry to kill Rowena, trying to force her to strengthen his vessel, but the witch does the opposite — the devil is sent to the bottom of the ocean.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Mary leaves her sons to recover without being reminded of her lost past.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

After their mother leaves, Sam and Dean continue hunting.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

All this time, they are followed by Arthur Ketch (the main killer of the British Enlightened) and cleans up the “tails” for the brothers.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Sam and Dean meet their mother at the funeral of Asa Fox, a hunter from Canada, whom 37 years ago she saved from a werewolf, thereby predetermining his future.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The demon hunted by Ace kills two hunters, and his victim almost becomes Jodie Mills.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

During the cremation of the bodies of the dead, Reaper Billy appears to the Winchesters and invites Mary, as well as Sam and Dean to return to paradise, as they have already died enough.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Meanwhile, Lucifer is summoned from the bottom of the ocean by two teenagers pretending to be Satanists.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Realizing whose body he has occupied, the devil wants to have intense fun by staging a massacre at a concert of Vince's old band.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

There is a fiasco — and Lucifer intends to raise rates.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

After leaving the body of Vince Vincente (which is then incinerated), Lucifer jumps from body to body of high-ranking members of society and commits atrocities, and eventually moves into US President Jefferson Rooney and conceives a Nephilim from his mistress Kelly Kline.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Realizing that they will not be able to get close to Lucifer in his current vessel, Sam turns to Mick Davis for help.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

As a result, the devil is expelled, but Sam and Dean are detained by the Secret Service for an attempt on the life of the president and end up in a secret prison for terrorists.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The brothers manage to get out of prison only with the help of a contract concluded with the reaper Billy.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

But when Billy demanded that the terms of the contract be fulfilled — the death of one of the Winchesters — Castiel kills her.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Kelly is in hiding, haunted by both demons and angels.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Mary secretly starts working with Arthur Ketch from her sons.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

She manages to steal the Colt from the prince of hell Ramiel, whose sister Dagon captures Kelly.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Lucifer is secretly captured by Crowley and tortured.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Soon he is released and goes in search of his son.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Castiel kills Dagon and gets Kelly, who convinces him that the child will not be Evil.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The British Enlightened, after unsuccessful attempts to attract the Winchesters to their side, decide to destroy them and all American hunters.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

But the brothers win.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In the finale, Crowley and Castiel, trying to kill Lucifer, die, and Mary and Lucifer fall into the rift between worlds, created by the birth of Nephilim Jack.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Season 13


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

On January 8, 2017, The CW renewed the show for a thirteenth season, which premiered on October 12, 2017.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Season 13 consists of 23 episodes that aired from October 12, 2017 to May 17, 2018.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Dean and Sam, who have lost almost all of their allies, have new responsibility for Jack.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Sam is willing to give the boy a chance, and Dean thinks he's Evil and wants to kill him.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Jack is hunted by Asmodeus, the fourth prince of hell.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In another world, Lucifer is holding Mary hostage to bid for her son.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

He runs into an alternative Michael who killed his Lucifer.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Jack accidentally revives Castiel, but then escapes.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Michael wants to take over Earth.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

But the weakened Lucifer is the only time to slip into the rift created with the help of Kevin Tren.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

He finds Castiel and convinces him to unite to find his son and confront Mikhail.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Suddenly, they are captured by Asmodeus, with whom Arthur Ketch, who survived with the help of Rowena's spell, also works.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The Winchesters, with the help of Jack, are trying to open the door to the Otherworld to save Mary.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Jack is captured by Mikhail, but then he is released together with Mary.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Lucifer's strength has been restored, and together with Castiel he flees Asmodeus.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

With the help of the angel's grace, Anael (Sister Joe), Lucifer strengthens her strength and deceives into heaven.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In another world, Jack and Mary, with the support of Singer, fight angels.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Winchesters are looking for spells to open doors between worlds.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Ketch, who went against Asmodeus, frees the Archangel Gabriel, whose grace Asmodeus fed, and brings him to the bunker.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Using the grace of Gabriel, Dean and Ketch go to another world, where they save Charlie Bradbury.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Asmodeus tries to get Gabriel back, but Gabriel kills him.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Gabriel takes revenge on Loki and his sons, who sold it to Asmodeus.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

After revenge, Gabriel joins the Winchesters.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

They managed to capture Lucifer and use his grace to keep the doors to another world open.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The Winchesters, Castiel and Gabriel go to another world.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

On the way to the rebel camp, they are ambushed by vampires, and Sam dies.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

He is resurrected by Lucifer, who is thrown into the rift by Rowena while trying to kill her.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Lucifer is meeting Jack.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Mary refuses to go home and leave the rebels behind.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The Winchesters decide to take everyone from the camp to our world.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Near the rift, Mikhail attacks them.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Gabriel and Lucifer are covering up the retreat.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Gabriel dies and Sam closes the door to Lucifer.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

But Lucifer makes an agreement with Mikhail and they enter our world.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

By tricking Lucifer into appropriating Jack's power.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Dean is forced to make a deal, becoming a vessel for Michael to stop Lucifer.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Lucifer is killed, but Michael controls Dean's body and leaves.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Season 14


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for the fourteenth season [89], which aired on October 11, 2018 [90].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Season 15


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

On January 31, 2019, The CW renewed the series for its fifteenth season, which is scheduled to be released in autumn 2019.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

TV series reviews


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The well-known magazine “The New York Times” published an article on February 25, 2011 entitled “Heaven, Hell, Brothers and an Impala” (English: Heaven, Hell, Brothers and an Impala), in which the author claims that the series is unlikely to interest people over 15 years old who do not read “fan fiction” (English: fan fiction).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

According to the publicist, numerous cases of trading in one's soul seem to ridicule the very idea, as if someone dares to at least boldly dream of a life full of moral purity.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The author also ridicules Dean's atheism in the early seasons, adding that the zeal with which this atheist fights Satan deserves better use.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

However, the awkwardness of the plot, according to Ginia Bellafante, became the only thing that keeps the show from sacrilege, which other projects on similar topics sin.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The journalist believes that the series is imbued with love of God rather than something else, but “love of God without a steering wheel and without a sail” (English: God loving yet utterly without an agenda), and myth-making, which distinguishes “Supernatural”, Ginia Bellafante calls too inconsistent and ill-conceived, situational.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

As for the speech of the characters, the language of the series is nothing more than a network lingua franca, consisting of hackneyed phrases and words from the sphere of popular culture.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

As a result, Supernatural is a reflection on the terrible consequences of living in a world of spiritual lawlessness (English: the terrible consequences of living in a spiritually lawless world).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

“Supernatural” is a story about heaven, hell, faith, revenge, and the automotive industry.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

But to a greater extent, it is about selfless brotherly love.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Ginia Bellafante is inclined to think that the main message of the series that made the project popular is that parents are not done yet, most often they are either gone, or they are dead or inattentive, and all they have brothers are themselves [92].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Another article by “The New York Times”, entitled “Eternal Life, Thanks to Angels and Abs” (English: Eternal Life, Thanks to Angels and Abs), published on April 19, 2014, by Mike Hale lists the components of the series's success:


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

it's about the hair, he jokingly writes, that is, Sam's attractive hairstyle;


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

in brothers, that is, everything revolves around them, including in the life of the film crew, where Padalecki and Eccles are the soul of the whole company;


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

in masculinity, that is, it is the story of initiation — the transformation of boys into men, as Misha Collins noted (English: It's really a show about boys becoming men);


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

angels who brought a new twist to the project;


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

in online popularity, that is, the old seasons are now watched by teenagers who were 5-6 years old at the time of the premiere of the project;


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

in relief semi-naked male bodies (English: beefcake), or rather, in their almost complete absence, since Jared Padalecki had to be half-naked no more than 10 times in all the episodes, which he is proud of;


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

in fans and their conventions, in the enthusiastic writing of homoerotic fantasies based on the series, which keeps the popularity of the project afloat, but frankly disgusts Jensen Eccles, who shies away from fan homoerotics with own participation;


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

in modesty, that is, both main actors are nice in life, brotherly close and do not wonder;


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

in plans for the future, that is, new seasons are announced continuously.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The head of the channel for the endless continuation of the project, since the ratings are high, and Mike Hale threatens him with a twelve-inch angel blade if he does not keep his promise [93].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The television industry website tv.avclub.com published an article by Alex McLevey entitled “The supernatural has found a new life by overcoming bad habits” (English: Supernatural found new life by killing bad habits), in which the author lists 4 main “bad habits” that this long-running project managed to overcome by season 11 in order to remain fresh and interesting to the viewer:


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Building a plot on secrets between brothers is not equal to drama (English: Keeping secrets isn't inherently dramatic).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

If in the early seasons this plot added drama, then it became hackneyed — too often the brothers hid something important from each other, eventually suffering invariably.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The biggest breath of fresh air for the project was mutual frankness between the Winchesters.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Monster hunting has become frivolous and comes down to allegory (English: Cases of the week are more than just distractions—or worse, allegations).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The “walk-through” storylines deserve the same dedication as the main line that runs through the entire season.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

But by season 11, the choice of new monsters was exhausted, and therefore the series willingly turned into nothing more than dummy episodes, allegorically playing on another tension between the brothers.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

This devalues the deaths of secondary heroes and their tragedies.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Fortunately, by season 11, the brothers remembered that their main task was to save people, and the fate of those they saved had regained paramount importance.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The plots change, but the characters do not (English: Plots are recyclable; character developments aren't).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Having become successful, the project continues to exploit the same plot cliches: Sam again experiments with dangerous magic, the creators of the series again make Dean evil, but this approach impoverishes the characters - they growth and development are necessary.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

No character is “disposable” — even if they die (English: No character is “disposable” —even if they die).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

“Supernatural” earned a bad reputation for the fact that secondary characters were killed and taken out of the plot for no apparent reason.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

On the one hand, no one is immortal, but on the other hand, secondary characters have turned into “chair à canon”, cannon fodder, while the Winchester brothers resurrected tirelessly and expectedly.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In recent seasons, it has become increasingly difficult to show the sincerity of brothers' grief for each other in the event of the death of one, to reaffirm their loyalty to each other and the irreversibility of death [94].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In another of their latest article, “The creators of Supernatural shared a giant list of fresh plot ideas — and there are a lot of cool ones among them” (English: Supernatural's creator shared his giant list of original episode ideas, and there are some doozies) Supernatural columnist Alex McLeevy notes that there are two main “horror stories” in the series:


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

monster destroyer brothers played by Jared Padalecki and Jensen Eccles;


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

someone somewhere “damn sure” dies every episode (English: Someone, somewhere, is going to die every damn episode) [95].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Media


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Promotional


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The ads chosen by The WB for the show went beyond just commercials and billboards.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Before the premiere of the series, the chain advertised the show at gas stations and issued rubber glow-in-the-dark bracelets in cinemas in New York and Los Angeles [96].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

And coffee cups, which, when heated, showed the image of “a woman in horror who seemed to be glued to the ceiling” [97] were distributed to 500 cafes throughout New York, Chicago and Los Angeles Angeles [96].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The same image was used on special mirrors that the channel installed in almost 200 nightclubs in three cities to attract “young horror fans” [97].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Additional posters were placed in bars, cinemas and video game stores, and hundreds of bars also received “supernatural” napkins and coasters [96].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

There are also real-life things in the show.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The site of urban legends from the first season episode called “Hell House” was at one time a real site created by the producers of the show [98].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In the episode “Spirit Tamers”, Hellhounds Lair creates their own show like Ghostbusters, and The CW launched a website [99].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In an episode of the fourth season of “It's a Horrible Life,” the Winchesters visit this site.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

However, this has not only spread to the Internet.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Dean's cell number (1-866-907-3235), which became known in the episode “Ghost Wanderer” [100], was really real and worked, and Jensen Ackles read a message on his answering machine: “This is Dean Winchester. If this is an emergency, please leave a message. If you're calling about November 2, 1983, please let me know your contact details.” [101]


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

An episode of “Fairy Tale” of the second season referred to the Weekly World News issue that week.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The February 19 and March 19, 2007 issues featured exclusive interviews with Sam and Dean, written by Paul Capperberg [102] [103].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Comics


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The TV series has also expanded its universe.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Three mini-series of comics, each of the six issues, were published by WildStorm [104], a subsidiary of DC Comics.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The comic book “Supernatural: Origins” (English: Supernatural: Origins) tells about the early lives of Sam, Dean, and their father and how John became a hunter [105].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Supernatural: Rising Son (English: Supernatural: Rising Son) tells the story of Dean, who begins to follow in his father's footsteps [106].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Kripke was very involved in the creation of the first episode, but the strike of writers did not allow him to do the same with Growing Son [106].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

“Supernatural: Beginning's End” (English: Supernatural: Beginning's End) describes the various events that prompted Sam to leave his family and go to Stanford.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The fourth miniseries Caledonia (English: Caledonia), which was released in the UK under the title “Supernatural: The Dogs of Edinburgh” (English: Supernatural: The Dogs of Edinburgh), was written by Brian Wood and Grant Bond and talks about Sam Winchester's journey to Edinburgh during his years at Stanford [107].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The first two miniseries were written by Peter Johnson, one of the co-executive producers of the television series, and the third comic was written by the show's writers Andrew Dubb and Daniel Laughlin [108].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Books


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

A dozen novels based on the television series have been published.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Book reviews


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The Telegraph Bookshop, an online resource and online store, distributes “The Diary of John Winchester” (English: “Supernatural: John Winchester's Journal”), published by the legendary English publishing house” HarperCollins” in 2011 in the science fiction category.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Edited by Alex Irwin, the diary “reveals the soul of a man haunted by guilt” (English: “revealing the heart of a man haunted by guilt”).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In addition to the above book, the British resource “The Telegraph Bookshop” provides a brief overview of the hardcover publication “The Essential Supernatural”, titled “On the Road with Sam and Dean Winchester ” (English: “On the Road with Sam and Dean Winchester”).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Released in 2012 by Titan Books, the book describes the adventures of the brothers seasonally, adds photos from the set, as well as maps, exclusive posters and interviews with actors and filming a team.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

This is a complete visual guide to Supernatural, offered to fans of the series for 29.99 British pounds [109]


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Supernatural — The Men of Letters Bestiary Winchester by Tim Waggoner has also been released in hardcover.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The British branch of the popular Amazon portal ranks all books in the series in different genre sections of the site, and it is possible to compare the rating of the British division Amazon.co.uk with main:


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

“Supernatural: Nevermore” (“Supernatural: Nevermore”).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

UK Amazon: 38,604 on Amazon Bestsellers Rank, No. 288 in Horror, Occult; No. 2832 in Science Fiction; No. 7922 in Science Fiction science fiction and fantasy”.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Based on 30 amateur reviews, the book received 4.2 stars out of 5 possible, with 60% of readers giving the book 5 stars and 3% 1 star.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The main Amazon: Based on 174 amateur reviews, the book received 4.1 out of 5 stars, with 43% of readers giving the book 5 stars and 14% only 1 star.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

“Bone Key”.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

UK Amazon: 271,334 on Amazon Bestsellers Rank, No. 3102 in Titan Books Comics; No. 14522 in Science Fiction; No. 24945 Fantasy category.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Based on 14 amateur reviews, the book received 4.3 out of 5 stars, with 72% of readers giving the book 5 stars and 7% 1 star.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The main Amazon: Based on 80 amateur reviews, the book received 4.5 out of 5 stars, with 61% of readers giving the book 5 stars and 3% 1 star.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Witch's Canyon.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

UK “Amazon”: Ranked 659.779 on Amazon's bestseller list “Amazon Bestsellers Rank”, No. 2484 in the “Books on TV Shows and Movies” category.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Based on 18 amateur reviews, the book received 4.6 out of 5 stars, with 72% of readers giving the book 5 stars and no one less than 3 stars.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The main Amazon: Based on 127 amateur reviews, the book received 4.3 out of 5 stars, with 55% of readers giving the book 5 stars and only 2% 1 star.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

“The Unholy Cause” (“The Unholy Cause”).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

British Amazon: 406,826 in Amazon bestsellers list “Amazon Bestsellers Rank”, No. 2098 in the category “Comics, Horror”; No. 2458 in the category “Mystery Detective”; No. 4307 in the category “Magic and fantasy”.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Based on 20 amateur reviews, the book received 4.4 out of 5 stars, with 75% of readers giving the book 5 stars and 5% 1 star.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The main Amazon: Based on 71 amateur reviews, the book received 4.3 out of 5 stars, with 54% of readers giving the book 5 stars and 3% 1 star.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Amazon posts reviews of the book:


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

“One Year Gone” (“One Year Gone”).


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

British Amazon: 310,688 in Amazon's bestseller list “Amazon Bestsellers Rank”, No. 1179 in Fantasy category, No. 1381 in TV Show and Movie Books; No. 1704 in Category Comics, horror”.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Based on 22 amateur reviews, the book received 4.2 out of 5 stars, with 54% of readers giving the book 5 stars and 5% 1 star.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The main Amazon: Based on 74 amateur reviews, the book received 4 out of 5 stars, with 57% of readers giving the book 5 stars and 16% 1 star.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

“War of the Sons”.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

UK Amazon: rating 424,884 on Amazon's bestseller list “Amazon Bestsellers Rank”, No. 1753 in TV Show and Movie Books category; No. 2183 in Comics, Horror category; No. 2365 in “Occultism” category.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Based on 21 amateur reviews, the book received 3.9 stars out of 5, with 57% of readers giving the book 5 stars and 5% 1 star [110].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The main Amazon: Based on 65 amateur reviews, the book received 4.2 out of 5 stars, with 63% of readers giving the book 5 stars and 4% 1 star [111].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Amazon posts reviews of the book:


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Spin-offs


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Approved


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Spirit tamers


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The growing popularity of “amateur hunters” Ed Zeddmore and Harry Spengler prompted Kripke to release a spin-off series with these characters.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

He discussed the possibility of implementing the project with actors A. J.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Buckley and Travis Wester and the bosses on the studio and TV channel [112].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

After receiving a positive result in all three negotiations, Kripke presented the web series English: Ghostfacers at San Diego Comic-Con International [113] in 2008, but production was postponed until 2009 due to the economic crisis [112].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The ten-minute episodes were written by A. J.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Buckley and Travis Wester along with Patrick J.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Doody and Chris Valensiano [112] Kripke planned that the crew would actually explore real haunted houses [113], but the first season was set in haunted theater.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The series also stars Brittany Ishibashi as Maggie and Austin Basis as Kenny Spruce.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Since Buckley has a common manager with Kelly Carlson, she starred in the guest role of Janet [114].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

On October 23, 2011, A. J.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Buckley tweeted a link to a special web episode in which Spirit Tamers met Castiel [115].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Supernatural Anime


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

On June 9, 2010, the official Japanese website Warner Bros.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

announced the creation of an anime version of the series called English: Supernatural: The Animation, which premiered in Japan in January 2011 [116] [117].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

A total of one season of the series was released, consisting of twenty-two episodes that retell the first two seasons of the original show [117] [118].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Jared Padalecki voiced Sam in English, but Jensen Ackles voiced Dean only in the final two episodes due to discrepancies in schedules; the first 20 episodes of Dean were voiced by Andrew Farrar.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Cancelled


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Samuel Colt


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

During the production of the third season, Eric Kripke stated that writers sometimes discussed the possibility of launching a prequel to the series, which would take place in the Wild West, and the main characters would be Samuel Colt and a group of hunters.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Supernatural: Ancestry


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

On July 22, 2013, The CW announced that a spin-off of Supernatural was being developed, and the twentieth episode of the ninth season would be an embedded pilot episode of the planned show [119].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

On January 29, 2014, it was announced that the series would be called “Supernatural: Bloodlines” (English: Supernatural: Bloodlines) [120].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The script for the built-in pilot episode was written by Andrew Dubb, and the episode was directed by Robert Singer.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The series was supposed to talk about “the clash of the worlds of hunters and monsters in Chicago”.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The show was not ordered by the channel for the new TV season.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Nevertheless, the channel left open the question of launching another spin-off of the television series [121] [122].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Prodigal sisters


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

On June 20, 2017, the Supernatural spin-off called Prodigal Sisters was announced.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

According to the writers, the plot of the series was to develop around a group of girls who faced paranormal forces [123].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The built-in spin-off pilot was included in the thirteenth season of Supernatural.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Kim Rhodes as Sheriff Jody Mills, Brianna Buckmaster as Sheriff Donna Hanscam, Catherine Newton as Claire Novak, Catherine Ramdin as Alex Jones and Clark Bako as Patience Turner and Yadir Guevara-Prip as Kaia Nives [124].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

In May, CW announced that the show had not been booked [125].


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Impact


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Ratings


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

The season rank is based on the average number of viewers for each episode of Supernatural, aired on The WB and The CW.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Awards and nominations


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Critics reviews


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Notes


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

References


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

(in English)


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category:American drama television series


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category:Comedy-drama television series from the United States


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category: American television series launched in 2005


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category:Mystic American television series


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category:The CW TV programs


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category:Warner Bros.


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Television


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category:Horror TV series


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category:TV series set in the United States


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category:2000s American television series


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category:The WB TV programs


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category:English-language television series


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category:TV shows about demons


Question: When was Supernatural created?

Supernatural (tv series)

Category:American action television series


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria (the number of Kurds is approximately 9% of the country's population) [2].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In Syria, Kurds mainly live compactly in regions of the northern and northeastern parts of the country, unofficially called “Syrian Kurdistan” (Kurdish: Kurdistana Sûriyê) [3], mainly in Hasakah governorate.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Among the Kurdish population, the name “Western Kurdistan” (Kurdish: Rojavayê Kurdistanê) is also used to name these territories, as part of Kurdistan as a whole [4] [5] [6].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The largest cities inhabited mainly by Kurds are Qamishli, Hasakah and Ain al-Arab in Aleppo governorate near the Turkish border.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

A significant part of Syrian Kurds have a desire for political autonomy, like Iraqi Kurdistan in Iraq, and there are also circles focused on full political independence.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

During the civil war in Syria, Syrian government forces left many places of compact residence of Kurds, which stimulated the growth of self-government of the Kurds [7].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Demographics


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The number of Kurds in Syria is about 2.5 million people (about 9% of the country's population) [2].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The Kurdish diaspora in Syria is relatively small compared to the Kurdish population in other countries: Iraq (4.7—6.2 million), Iran (7.9 million) and Turkey (14.4 million) [8].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Most Syrian Kurds speak Kurmanji and are Sunni Muslims, with the exception of some Yazidi Kurds [9].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

According to some estimates, at the beginning of the 20th century, about 12,000 Kurds lived in Damascus, 16,000 in the vicinity of the city of Jarabulus, and, apparently, the majority in the province [10].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In the 1920s, after the defeat of the Mahmud Barzanji uprising and the fall of the Kingdom of Kurdistan, an influx of Kurdish refugees poured into Syria from Kemalist Turkey.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

It is estimated that about 25,000 Kurds fled to Syria [11].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

But the number of these immigrants accounted for no more than 10% of the population of Al Jazeera province and the French authorities of Syria under mandate granted them citizenship [12].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Despite the fact that Kurds have long lived in present-day Syria, the modern Syrian government used the resettlement of Kurdish refugees in the 1920s as evidence that the Kurds are not native to the country and this justifies discrimination against the Kurds. [13] [14]


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Geography


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Kurds mainly live in the geocultural region in northeastern Syria, which occupies most of the governorate of Hasakah (formerly Al Jazeera province), where the Assyrian minority also lives.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The main cities in this area are Hasakah and Al-Qamishli.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Another area with a significant Kurdish population is Ain al-Arab in northern Syria.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

A significant number of Kurds also live in the Kurdish Mountains in the north-west near the Turkish border, near the city of Afrin (Aleppo province).


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In addition, Kurds live in many other cities in the country, for example, in the Rukn al-Din district in Damascus, which was formerly known as Hawi al-Akrad (Kurdish Quarter) [15] [16].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

History


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Early settlements


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The first Kurdish settlements in present-day Syria appeared even before the Crusades of the 11th century.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

A number of Kurdish military settlements were located on the territory of the future state of Alawite in the north of the country, as well as in the vicinity of the city


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The Krak des Chevalier Hospitaller Fortress, known in Arabic as Hisn al-Akrad (Kurdish Castle), was originally a Kurdish military settlement and was only later captured by the French crusaders.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Similarly, the territory of the Kurdish Mountains has been inhabited by Kurds for more than a thousand years [17].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Ayyubid period


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In the 12th century, the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, Salah al-Din, a Kurd from Tikrit, deposed the Shiite Fatimid dynasty and began extensive conquests.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The power of the Ayyubids extended to Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Yemen, Syria, and upper Mesopotamia.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

They inflicted a number of defeats on the Crusaders and pursued the Shiites.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

At the same time, Kurdish troops accompanying Salah al-Din created self-governing areas in the vicinity of Damascus.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

These settlements later turned into Kurdish districts of the city — Javi al-Akrad (Kurdish Quarter) and Salhiya, located in the north-east of Damascus on Mount Jabal Qasiyun [18].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The Kurdish community continued to play a significant role in Damascus during the Ottoman Empire.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Kurdish military units were entrusted with both maintaining order in the city and protecting pilgrims heading to Mecca.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Many Kurds from rural areas of Syria came to Damascus, where they were part of the Janissaries.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Subsequently, Kurds from the provinces of Diyarbakir, Mosul and Kirkuk joined the Turkish military units, which caused a significant expansion of the Kurdish community in the city [19].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Ottoman period


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

During Syria's stay in the Ottoman Empire (1299—1922), a large number of Kurdish Kurmanji tribes were evicted from Anatolia to areas of northern Syria.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Most of these tribes were part of the Reshvan Confederation, founded in the Turkish province of Adiyaman and settled throughout Anatolia.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The most influential group of Kurdish tribes in Syria was the Milli Conference, mentioned in Ottoman sources since 1518, which dominated northern Syria until the second half of the 18th century.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Their influence grew, and the Sultan appointed the leader of the Kurds Timur governor of Raqqa province (1800-1803) [20] [21].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Danish writer Karsten Niebuhr, who visited Al Jazeera province in 1764, described five Kurdish tribes living there (Dukurie, Kikie, Schechchanie, Mullie and Aschetie) and one Arab tribe.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

22] These Kurdish tribes live in Al Jazeera (present-day Hasakah governorate) to the present day. [


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

It is known that the Kurds held the positions of tax collectors in Akkar (Lebanon) and in the territory between Antioch and Latakia in northwestern Syria.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The Afrin Plateau, located northwest of Aleppo, was called “Sancak of the Kurds” in documents of the Ottoman Empire [23].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The head of the conference, Milli Ibrahim Pasha, was one of the leading commanders of the Hamidiye cavalry troops at the end of the 19th century.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

After Ibrahim Pasha's death in 1908, the Milli Confederate tribes rebelled again against the Ottoman government and eventually ended up mostly on the Syrian side of the Turkish-Syrian border 1922 of the year [24] [25].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

French Mandate


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

After the First World War, the Ottoman Empire, which was defeated by the Entente countries, signed the Treaty of Sevres on August 10, 1920.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The agreement provided, in particular, that the Ottoman Kurdistan, where all Kurdish settlements in Syria were located, was to be granted autonomy within the framework of the new Republic of Turkey, followed by full independence throughout the year.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

But the Turkish War of Independence of 1919-1923 led by Ataturk led to the conclusion of the Lausanne Treaty of July 24, 1923, which no longer contained any mention of an independent Kurdish state.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Most of the territory of Ottoman Kurdistan under the treaty was ceded to Turkey, and the rest of the territories were divided between the mandated French territory of Syria and the territory under the mandate of the British Iraq [26].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

During the French mandate in Syria, the French authorities pursued a policy of “divide and rule” against national minorities and formed local armed forces from Kurds and other minorities — Druze and Alawite [27].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

28] Between December 1931 and January 1932, parliamentary elections were held under the new Syrian Constitution. [


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Among the elected deputies were three representatives of the Kurdish Nationalist Party from three different Kurdish enclaves in Syria: Khalil bey ibn Ibrahim Pasha (Jazeera province), Mustafa bey Ibn Shahin ( Jarabulus) and Hasan Auni (Kurdish Mountains) [29].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In the mid-1930s, an autonomous movement among Kurds and Christians began in Al Jazeera province.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The leaders of the Kurds were Hajo Agha, Kaddour Bey and Khalil Bey Ibrahim Pasha.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Hajo Agha was one of the leaders of the Kurdish nationalist Hoibun Party.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

As leader of the Kurds of Al Jazeera, he entered into a coalition with leaders of the Christian community, including Syrian Catholic Patriarch Ignatius Gabriel-e-Tappouni and Michel Dome, the leader of the community of the Armenian Catholic Church in the city of Al-Qamishli.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The Kurdish-Christian coalition wanted to keep French troops in the province after Syria declared independence, as it feared that the Muslim government from Damascus would immediately replace provincial officials against Muslim Arabs.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

But the French authorities refused to consider any new autonomy status in Syria and contributed to Syria's annexation of the Alawite state and the Druze autonomy of Jabal al-Druze [30].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Independent Syria (1943—1961)


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In 1957, it was founded (DPSK), the goals of which were to protect the cultural traditions of the Kurds, fight for economic progress and democratic change in Syria.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The leaders of the party were also.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The DPSK has never been recognized by the Syrian authorities and remains an underground organization.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

After the failure of an attempt to create a political alliance between Syria and Egypt in 1961, Syria was declared an Arab Republic and the country's interim constitution entered into force.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In 1960, several leaders of the DPSK were arrested on charges of separatism and imprisoned.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In the 1961 parliamentary elections, the DPSK did not win a single seat in Parliament.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Syrian Arab Republic (since 1961)


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Al Jazeera Census


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

On August 23, 1962, the Syrian government conducted a special population census in the province of Al Jazeera, inhabited mainly by Kurds.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

As a result of the census, about 120,000 Kurds (20% of the total number of Syrian Kurds at that time) were deprived of Syrian citizenship.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

This was organized in such a way that many Kurds who had Syrian identity cards handed them over allegedly for exchange and did not receive anything in return.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Kurds who did not receive a new identity card received the status of “ajanib” (“foreigners”), and those who did not participate in the census received the status of “maktumin” (“unregistered”) — even more lower status than “ajanib”.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

These statuses made the Kurds completely disenfranchised: they could not get a job, get an education, own property, participate in politics, and even marry.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In some cases, discrimination was carried out even within Kurdish families: parents had Syrian citizenship, but did not give it to their children, or gave citizenship to one child, but denied citizenship to his siblings.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Kurds who lost their citizenship were often expelled from their lands, which the state gave to Arab settlers. [


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The media launched a campaign against the Kurds with slogans like “Save Al Jazeera Arab!” and “Fire for Kurdish danger!” [32].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

This campaign coincided with the beginning of Barzani's uprising in Iraqi Kurdistan and the discovery of oil fields in Syria inhabited by Kurds.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In June 1963, Syria took part in the Iraqi military campaign against the Kurds using aircraft, armored vehicles and a 6,000 army.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

During the hostilities, Syrian troops crossed the Iraqi border and invaded the city of Zakho [33].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Arabian cordon


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In 1965, the Syrian government decided to create the so-called “Arab cordon” (Hizam Arabi) in the province of Al Jazeera along the Turkish border.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The cordon was 300 kilometers long and 10-15 kilometers wide, and stretched from the border with Iraq in the east to Ras al-Ain in the west.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The creation of the cordon began in 1973, and the Bedouin Arabs were resettled to Kurdish areas.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The toponymy of these areas was also “Arabized”.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

According to the original plan, about 140,000 Kurds were to be deported to a desert area near Al-Raad.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Kurdish farmers, who were thus deprived of their plots, refused to move [34].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Protests 1986


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In March 1986, several thousand Kurds in national clothes gathered in one of the Kurdish districts of Damascus to celebrate the Novruz holiday.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The police, under the pretext that wearing Kurdish national clothes is prohibited, opened fire on a crowd of Kurds, killing one person.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The funeral of the victim in Qamishli resulted in a demonstration, which gathered about 40 thousand Kurds.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

At the same time, three more Kurds were killed in Afrin during the celebration of Novruz [35].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

2004 Qamishli riots


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

On March 12, 2004, a football match was held in Qamishli between a local (Kurdish) team and a Sunni Arab team from the city of Deir ez-Zor in southeastern Syria, which caused violent clashes between fans of the warring parties on the streets of the city.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Fans of the Arab team rode around the city in a bus, shouting insults at Iraqi Kurdish leaders Masoud Barzani and Jalal Talabani and waving portraits of ousted Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein, known for his repression of Iraqi Kurds.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Arab fans were attacked by Kurds with sticks, stones and knives.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Government security forces opened fire on the crowd while suppressing the riots, killing six people, including three children, all Kurds.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

After that, mass protests began in Qamishli, during which 65 people were killed and more than 160 were injured.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

According to Amnesty International, hundreds of people, mostly Kurds, have been arrested and tortured and ill-treated.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Some Kurdish students were expelled from universities for participating in protests [38].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Establishment of the National Assembly of Syrian Kurdistan


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The National Assembly of Syrian Kurdistan Syria was founded on two conferences in 2006, one of which was held in the US Senate and the other at the European Parliament in Brussels.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The goal of the National Assembly is to form a democratic regime in Syria and grant rights to Kurds and other national minorities, and create a federal state.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

European socialists and communists believe that people's assemblies are similar to the councils of the 1917 revolution [39].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Civil war in Syria


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

During the Arab Spring on February 4, 2011, Facebook announced a Day of Rage in Syria, which was attended by Kurdish activists who participated in demonstrations in the northeast of the country [40].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

On October 7, 2011, one of the Kurdish leaders was shot dead in his apartment by unknown masked men.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Many supporters of Tammo believed that the murder was organized by the special services of Syria.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The next day, during Tammo's funeral, which was attended by more than 50,000 people, security forces opened fire on the funeral procession, killing five people. [41]


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

M. Tammo's son, Fares Tammo, reacted to this as follows: “The murder of my father is the nail in the coffin of the regime.” [42]


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Since then, Kurdish demonstrations have become a permanent part of the civil war in Syria [43].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In June 2012, the main opposition body, the Syrian National Council (SNC), elected ethnic Kurd Abdel Seyd as its leader [44] (held this position until November 9, 2012).


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Kurdish uprising


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The main bodies of the Kurdish opposition, the Democratic Union and the Kurdish National Council (KNC), signed a cooperation agreement on July 12, 2012, which established the Kurdish Supreme The Committee (DBK) is the interim government of Syrian Kurdistan, acting as the governing body in all Kurdish regions of Syria [45] [46] [47].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The decision to establish the DBK was made on July 12, 2012 in Erbil with the approval of Masoud Barzani, President of Iraqi Kurdistan.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

DBK is headquartered in Ain Al Arab.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

DBK's fighting wing is the People's Self-Defense Units (YPG).


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

On July 19, the YPG captured Ain al-Arab, and the next day, the cities of Amouda and Afrin. [48]


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

KNC and YPG subsequently formed a joint body to manage the captured cities [48].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

On July 24, the cities of Derik, Ras al-Ain, Dirbeshi and Al Mabad also came under the control of the YPG.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Of the large Kurdish cities, Hasakah and al-Qamishli remain under the control of government troops [49] [50].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Human rights


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

International and Kurdish human rights organizations accuse the Syrian government of discriminating against the Kurdish minority [51] [52] [53].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Amnesty International also reported that Kurdish human rights defenders are being subjected to ill-treatment and persecution in Syria. [54]


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Using the Kurdish language


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

According to Human Rights Watch, Kurds in Syria do not have the right to officially use the Kurdish language, it is not allowed to give Kurdish names to children, and the registration of companies that do not have Arabic is prohibited titles, it is not allowed to build Kurdish private schools, and it is forbidden to publish books and other materials in Kurdish [55] [56].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Syrian citizenship


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

The Syrian government claims that the Kurds illegally moved to Syria from neighboring countries, primarily Turkey.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

55] The government also accuses the Kurds of seeking illegal registration in order to benefit from the redistribution of land after the agrarian reform. [55]


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

According to representatives of Human Rights Watch, the Syrian government violates the rights of the Kurds by illegally depriving them of Syrian citizenship [57].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

After the 1962 census in Al Jazeera province, the number of stateless Syrian Kurds increased to more than 200,000 [58].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

A recent report by an independent commission confirmed that at least 300,000 stateless Kurds live in Syria. [


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

In April 2011, President B.


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Assad signed a decree that provides citizenship for Kurds who were registered as “foreigners” in Hasakah [60].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

However, a recent independent report shows that the actual number of Kurds who received identity cards after this decree does not exceed 6,000, while the fate of 300,000 Kurds - stateless persons living in Syria remains uncertain [59].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

One Kurd who is to be granted Syrian citizenship said: “I am happy to receive my identity card... But until the end of the process, I have no reason to fully believe these actions. Before I get my ID, I have to go through an interview full of questions and intimidation about state security. Citizenship shouldn't be a privilege. This is my right” [59].


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

See also


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Syrian Kurdistan


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Iraqi Kurdistan


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Iranian Kurdistan


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Turkish Kurdistan


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Kurds in Turkey


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Kurds in Georgia


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Kurds in Azerbaijan


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Kurds in Russia


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Notes


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

References


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Category:National minorities


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Category:People of Syria


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Category:Kurds


Question: What language is spoken in Syrian Kurdistan?

Kurds in Syria

Category:Northern Syria Democratic Federation


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park [1] [2] [3] (English: Yosemite National Park [4]) is a national park located in Madera, Mariposa and Tuolumne counties (English: Madera, Mariposa, Tuolumne) of California, USA.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

It covers an area of 3,081 km² and is located on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain range.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

It is famous for its landscapes and nature: impressive granite cliffs, waterfalls, rivers with clear water, groves of sequoia dendrons and rich biodiversity (almost 95% of the park is considered a wild zone nature).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In 1984, the park received the status of a “World Heritage” under the auspices of UNESCO.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

From the very beginning, it was conceived as a national park (although national parks existed before).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Among its organizers is John Muir, one of the first defenders of the idea of reserves (English: John Muir).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Four to five million people visit the park every year; most of them stay in the Yosemite Valley alone.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The park is one of the largest and most undivided wildlife conservation areas in the Sierra Nevada region; the local fauna and flora are extremely diverse.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Located at an altitude of 600 to 4000 m above sea level, the park includes five main vegetation zones: dense thickets of shrubs and oaks, lower mountain forest, upper mountain forest, subalpine and alpine belt.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Of the 7,000 plant species growing in California, about half are found in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and a fifth are found in the park itself.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

As a result of a rare geological formation and unique soils, it is a convenient place for the growth of more than 160 rare plant species.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The geological structure of the park is characterized by the presence of granite and the remains of even older rocks.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

About 10 million years ago, the Sierra Nevada mountains rose and then leaned in such a way that the western slope became more gentle and the eastern slope, facing the mainland, more steep.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The ascent increased the steepness of water flows and riverbeds, resulting in deep and narrow canyons.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

About a million years ago, snow and ice accumulated on the peaks formed glaciers in the areas of modern subalpine and alpine belts, thus lowering the river valleys down the slope.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

During the first ice age, the ice thickness in the glaciers was up to 1200 m. Further sliding of the glacial masses formed a trog (U-shaped) valley, which currently attracts a lot of tourists hunting for beautiful landscapes.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Geographical location


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park is located in the central part of the Sierra Nevada Range in the US state of California.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

It is 3.5 hours from San Francisco and approximately 6 hours from Los Angeles.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

It is surrounded by a number of protected wild areas: Ansel Adams in the southeast, Hoover in the northeast, and Emigrant in the north.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

With an area of 3,081 km², there are thousands of lakes and ponds, 2,600 rivers and streams, 1,300 km of tourist routes and 560 km of roads.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Two federal rivers, Merced and Tuolumne (English: Tuolumne River), originate within the park's boundaries and flow into the California Valley.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

More than 3.5 million tourists visit the park every year, most of whom concentrate on the 18 km² of the Yosemite Valley.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Rocks and erosion


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Almost the entire territory of the park is made of granite rocks of the Sierra Nevada batolite.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The remaining about 5% of the park's territory (mainly on the eastern border near Mount Dana) consists of metamorphized volcanic and sedimentary rocks.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

These rocks are referred to as the so-called “roof sagging”, because they were once the roof for the granite magma below.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

As a result of the erosion of various rocks that have experienced tectonic uplift and the associated faults, valleys, canyons, domed folds and other forms of relief that we can observe today (these joints and cracks do not move, so there is no geological fault).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The air spaces between joints and cracks are formed due to the presence of silicon dioxide in granite and granodiorite; a higher amount of silicon dioxide leads to the formation of more space and a more resilient breed.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Natural pillars and columns, such as Washington (English: Washington Column) and Lost Arrow (English: Lost Arrow), were formed as a result of a cross connection.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

As a result of erosion of the main fissure, valleys and later canyons were formed.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The most powerful erosion force over the past few million years has been the descent of glaciers in the Alpine belt, as a result of which the originally V-shaped river valleys turned into U-shaped glacial canyons (such as Yosemite and Hetch Hetchy valleys).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

As a result of secondary fracturing (formed as a result of the tendency of igneous rock crystals to expand), granite domes such as the Half Dome and North Dom were formed (English: North Dome).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Popular routes


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The Yosemite Valley occupies only one percent of the park's total area, but this is where most visitors flock.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

One of the most popular sites in the world among climbers with routes of different levels of difficulty is the granite rock El Capitan (English: El Capitan) with a height of 2307 m above sea level, good visible from any part of the valley, on the eastern slope of which you can see a rare phenomenon for several days in February — the reflection of the sunset rays in the falling stream of the so-called waterfall. “fiery” horse tail waterfall (English: Horsetail Fall).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Impressive granite domed folds, such as the Sentinel Dome and English: Half Dome, rise 900 m and 1450 m above the valley floor, respectively.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In the upper part of the park, you can find such beautiful natural places as Tuolumne Meadows (English: Tuolumne Meadows), Dana Meadows (English: Clark Range), Mountain Range the Cathedral Range (English: Cathedral Range) and the Kuna Crest (English: Kuna Crest).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The Sierra Crest (English: Sierra crest) and Pacific Crest (English: Pacific Crest) mountain hiking trails pass through the park along the crest of the mountains, passing through peaks consisting of a red metamorphic stone such as Mount Dane and Mount Gibbs (English: Mount Gibbs), as well as across granite peaks such as Mount Conness (English: Mount Conness).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The highest point of the park is Mount Lyell (English: Mount Lyell), 3,997 m above sea level.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The park has three groves of ancient sequoia trees: Mariposa (English: Mariposa Grove, 200 trees), Tuolumne (English: Tuolumne Grove, 25 trees) and Merced (English: Merced Grove, 20 trees) .


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Sequoia trees are considered the most massive and one of the tallest and longest-lived trees in the world — growing trees in the park appeared before the last ice age [5].


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Waterfalls


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The park has a large number of waterfalls in a limited area, among which the following can be noted:


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Bridlevale — 190 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Horse Tail — 650 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Chilnwalna - 210 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Illiloette — 110 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Lehamit — 360 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Nevada — 180 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Ribbon — 492 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Royal Arch Cascade — 370 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Sentinel — 585 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Silver Strand — 175 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Snow Creek — 652 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Stercases — 310 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Tuilala — 256 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Vernal — 96 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Wapama — 520 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Waterville — 90 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Wildcat — 192 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Yosemite — 739 m


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Ponds and glaciers


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The Tuolumne and Merced rivers, which originate in the upper reaches of the mountains in the park, cut river canyons with a depth of 900 to 1200 m. The Tuolumne River basin in the park is approximately 1,760 km² and absorbs water from the entire northern part of the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The Merced River, on the contrary, flows from the southern peaks of the territory (mainly the Cathedral and Krark ridges) and has a basin of approximately 1,320 km².


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Hydrological processes, including icing, floods and river geomorphological cycles, were a decisive factor in creating the natural landscapes of the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In addition to the two main rivers, the park has 3,200 lakes with an area of more than 100 m² each, 2 reservoirs and about 2,700 km of various rivers and streams, each of which is part of one of the two watersheds.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

At the bottom of the valley, wetlands form throughout the park, which are often connected to nearby lakes and rivers by groundwater and seasonal floods.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Meadows at an altitude of 300 to 3,500 m above sea level are also often swampy, as they are located along flowing rivers and streams.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Multiple steep cliffs, glacial ledges and hanging valleys (that is, side valleys whose bottoms are higher than the bottom of the main valley) provide good soil for waterfalls, especially during times of snow melting in spring and summer.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

With a height of 739 m, Yosemite Falls is the tallest waterfall in North America and is the 20th tallest waterfall in the world.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Ribbon Falls, which is much smaller in terms of drainage, is nevertheless a waterfall with the highest point of unhindered water fall — 492 m [5].


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Perhaps the most picturesque waterfall in the park is Bridlevale Falls (translated as the bride's veil), which is clearly visible from a nearby road.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The glaciers in the park are relatively small in size and occupy areas that are mostly in the shade.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Lyell Glacier (English: Lyell Glacier), the largest glacier in Sierra Nevada, and therefore Yosemite Park, covers an area of 65 hectares.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

None of the modern glaciers are the remnants of the huge alpine glaciers of the Ice Age, responsible for changing the park's natural landscape.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

They were formed during the relative cooling of the Earth's climate, such as the Little Ice Age in the XIV-XVII centuries.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Global warming has reduced the number and size of glaciers around the world, including Sierra Nevada.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Many of the park's glaciers discovered in 1871 by John Muir have now either completely disappeared or have lost up to 75% of their surface.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Climate


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The climate in the park is Mediterranean, that is, most of the average annual precipitation falls on mild winters, at other times of the year the climate is relatively dry (less than 3% of precipitation falls on hot summers per year).


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Due to the orographic rise, precipitation increases with a rise in altitude to about 2,400 m, and then decreases sharply.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The amount of precipitation varies from 915 mm at an altitude of 1,200 m above sea level to 1200 mm at an altitude of 2,600 m. At the top, snow cover forms in November and lasts until March — early April.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The temperature decreases with increasing altitude.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

An extremely important factor in the temperature regime is that Yosemite National Park is located only 160 km from the Pacific Ocean.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Anticyclones formed in the summer on the coast of California send cool air masses towards Sierra Nevada and, as a result, bring clean dry air to the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The average daily temperature in the area of Tuolumne meadows at an altitude of 2,600 m ranges from -3.9 to 11.5° C.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

At the southern entrance to the park at an altitude of 1887 m, it keeps in the range from 2.2 to 19.4° C.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

At lower altitudes, the air warms up more, the average daily maximum temperature at the bottom of the valley (1209 m altitude varies from 7.8 to 32.2° C.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

At altitudes above 2440 m, high and dry summer temperatures are maintained due to frequent thunderstorms, although stale snow can last until July.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Due to the dry growing season, relatively low humidity and severe thunderstorms, fires often occur in the park.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

History


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Discovery


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

So far, there is a debate among historians about who was the first European to see the Yosemite Valley.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

In the fall of 1833, Joseph Reddeford Walker (English: Joseph Reddeford Walker) may have been the first to see the valley — in his later recordings he revealed that he led a group of hunters that crossed Sierra Nevada and came close to the edge of the valley, which went down “more than a mile”.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

His company was also the first to enter the Tuolomni sequoia tree grove, thus becoming the first non-native residents to see these giant trees.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Part of the territory of Sierra Nevada, where the park is located, has long been considered the border of settlements of Europeans, merchants, hunters and travelers.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

However, this status changed in 1848 with the discovery of gold deposits at the foot of the mountains in the west.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Since then, trading activity in this territory has increased sharply, as a result, provoking the California gold rush.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Visitors began to destroy the natural resources at the expense of which Indian tribes lived.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The first reliably known white man to see the valley is William P. Abrams, who, on October 18, 1849, carefully described some of the landmarks of the valley with his company , but it is not clear whether he or any of his troops has entered the land.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

However, there is no doubt that Joseph Screech actually descended into the Hetch Hetchy Valley in 1850 and, moreover, settled here.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

The first systematic study of the park's territory was carried out in 1855 by the team of Alexey V. Von Schmidt (Allexey W. Von Schmidt) within the framework of the state land research program “Public Land Survey System”.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Mariposa Wars


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

Before the first Europeans appeared on this territory, the Sierra Miwok and Payut Indian tribes lived here.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

By the time the first settlers arrived here, a group of Indians called themselves Ahwahnechee lived in the Yosemite Valley [7].


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

As a result of the sharp increase in the flow of immigrants during the gold rush, armed conflicts with local tribes began to arise.


Question: When was the Yosemite National Park founded?

Yosemite National Park

To put an end to the constant skirmishes, government troops, the Mariposa Battalion, under the command of Major James Savage, were sent to the valley in 1851 to persecution of about 200 Avanichi Indians led by Chief Tenaya (English: Tenaya).