Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Not recognizing the election of the Laurus and the decisions of the council, Metropolitan Vitaly on November 1, 2001 at the Transfiguration Skete in Mansonville, with the support of Bishop Barnabas (Prokofiev), the only bishop who did not signed a message approving the decision of the Bishops' Jubilee Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, and consecrated Bishop Sergius (Kindyakov).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Bishop Alexander Mileant later claimed that “the consecration was performed in the presence of Metropolitan Vitaly (who was standing next to him in a robe (and unable to serve due to senile infirmity) (who is on his own request for rest)” [21].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Publicist Vladimir Moss wrote that Metropolitan Vitaly “was present there without appropriate vestments, dressed only in a robe (as can be seen in the photos from the consecration: Bishop Barnabas and Bishop Sergius are standing in full hierarchal vestments, and Metropolitan Vitaly in a robe), while neither liturgy nor consecration can be performed in a robe” [22].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

During November 2001, three new episcopal ordinations were performed.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Part of the ROCOR parishes that reject rapprochement with the Moscow Patriarchate came under the jurisdiction of Metropolitan Vitaly [23].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

The newly formed non-canonical jurisdiction was called the “Russian Orthodox Church in Exile”, but soon the name was changed to “Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia”.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

To distinguish this church group from Metropolitan Laurus's ROCOR, the name ROCOR (B) began to be used.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

From the very beginning, it was doubtful that Metropolitan Vitaly himself compiled the documents that came out with his signature: the official website of the canonical ROCOR noted: “After Vl. Vitaly found himself in Mansonville, none of the bishops could meet with him without hindrance, talk without outside witnesses, and not a single document signed by Metropolitan Vitaly was obtained under conditions that were not abusive. It is not even known if Vl himself knows. Vitaly about the existence of documents that came out under his signature from Mansonville” [24].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Yevgeny Sokolov, an employee of the Russian editorial office of Radio Canada, who moved to ROCOR (B) in 2001, noted: “Unfortunately, Vladyka believed the people in vestments who surrounded him at the moment and signed documents when he was persuaded that this should be done. He even sometimes wrote under dictation. <... > Note that what Vladyka wrote himself has a completely different language than the documents that convinced him to sign” [25].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

In November 2004, at the Council of Bishops of ROCOR (C), it was decided “to honor for many years of leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia and more than fifty years of service in the hierarchal rank His Eminence Metropolitan Vitaly with the title of “His Beatitude”” [26].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

On July 26, 2006, Anthony (Orlov), “Deputy First Hierarch of ROCOR (V), Archbishop of Los Angeles and South America”, addressed a message to the hierarchs of ROCOR (V), in which he called on the bishops of ROCOR (V) come to the Transfiguration Skete in Mansonville in order to free the “spiritual suffering” Metropolitan Vitaly from the hands of “outrageous people” led by the personal secretary of the First Hierarch Lyudmila Rosnyanskaya.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

As an accusation of the latter, he put forward falsification of decrees on behalf of the Metropolitan and abuse of “his weakness”.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

An example of weakness is the dialogue, which makes it clear that the 96-year-old Metropolitan does not even recognize bread.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

In addition, the message said that Metropolitan Vitaly stopped attending services that he had previously attended almost daily, which leads to his “spiritual exhaustion” [27].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

He died on September 25, 2006.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

His death followed at about 10:45am in a hospital in Magog, Canada.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

[28] [29].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

On the same day, Metropolitan Laurus, First Hierarch of the Russian Church Abroad, called for the commemoration of his predecessor: “Vladyka Metropolitan Vitaly, being at rest, to our great sorrow, cannot be to say that of his own free will, but because of his environment, he withdrew from us. But despite this, we remembered him in our temples as sick. And now that his soul needs prayers, we call on our pastors and flock to pray for the repose of his soul” [30].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

The funeral service at the Holy Transfiguration Skete was performed by Bishop Vladimir (Tselishchev), the oldest consecrated, co-served by Andrei Lomov, as well as other clerics of the non-canonical ROCOR (V).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

The funeral service was attended by Archpriest Veniamin Zhukov from Paris, Archpriest Nikolai Semenov from Brussels, rector of St. Blessed Xenia's parish in Ottawa, Fr. Vyacheslav, as well as more than 200 laity, are in the vast majority of the ROCOR flock (B).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Flor (Vanko), a monk of the Holy Trinity Monastery of ROCOR, and several other clerics of the canonical ROCOR also came to Mansonville to say goodbye to Metropolitan Vitaly.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

However, they all prayed somewhat apart from the main group [31].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Upon completion of the funeral service, Metropolitan Vitaly was buried in an iron sarcophagus next to the Holy Transfiguration Skete and the graves of Archimandrite Nathaniel and Bishop Sergius (Kindyakov).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Not far from the skete, Metropolitan Vitaly's mother, nee Lydia Stopchanskaya, also rests in the cemetery [31].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

On December 9, 2006, participants in a meeting of the Synod of Bishops of ROCOR, chaired by Metropolitan Laurus, held a funeral service in absentia for Metropolitan Vitaly, co-served by numerous clergy and with the participation of a male choir under the direction of P. A. Fecules [32] [33].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Grades


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

According to the memoirs of Archpriest Vladimir Malchenko [34]


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Metropolitan Vitaly was a man of great spiritual strength.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

His talks were a living theological school.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

And he always preached, sowed the word of God.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

We sometimes think that if a person is far from the Church or deliberately removes himself from it, then it is useless to talk to him about faith.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Metropolitan Vitaly believed that a conversation about faith and the Church could never be useless, that the word of God would definitely find a response in any soul.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

And he always sowed God's word.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

And when a person sows a lot, there will definitely be fruits of this Christian sowing.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

He was a real shepherd.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

<... > He was an ardent preacher, had the gift of kindling people in his own words.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

And he was a preacher of monastic spiritual feat.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

He went through a theological school in Ladomirovo, his spiritual mentor was the future Archbishop Vitaly (Maximenko), then Archimandrite of the Pochaev Lavra, who was already in Jordanville, as a bishop, potatoes I collected it together with everyone.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

This is humility, meekness and austerity!


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

And Vladyka Vitaly (Ustinov) took this image of monasticism.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

In the Preobrazhensky Skete, the first bell rings at half past five in the morning.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Morning prayers begin at five o'clock.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Metropolitan Vitaly enters at exactly five o'clock.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

<... > And every day he leads the morning service.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

It was a monk, it was an ascetic, it was a prayer book, it was a hard worker.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

When the brethren rest (an hour and a half in the afternoon), who calls, wakes everyone up to obedience?


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Metropolitan!


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

The first one gets up after this rest.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

He was really a father, he was a teacher who dreamed of only one thing — I always remember him saying it: “My dream is for at least one of my monks to become an ascetic, at least one.”


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

But we live in Canada, where there are not so many Russians... If we lived in Russia, the monastery church would be full, there would be many young people, many monks...


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

I lived with Metropolitan Vitaly for a year at his metochion in Montreal.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

And this was a theological school for me.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

<... > Vladyka Vitaly's spiritual example meant a lot to us.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

But we're all human beings.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

His old age came, his memory began to be surrendered, and some people took advantage of this, and unfortunately he left the Church Abroad.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

We understood that this was a disease...


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

According to Archpriest Peter Kholodny


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

I knew Metropolitan Vitaly well.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

I think he was an absolutely wonderful person.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

I think that the changes that took place in Russia, unfortunately, took place at a time when he was too old to fully understand what was happening.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

It got stuck sometime in the '50s [35].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

According to Ksenia Endres-Nenchin, who worked in the Synod of Bishops from 1982 to 1990 [36]:


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

ROCOR's missionary activity among English-speaking peoples was largely nullified by the short-sighted resistance of the then Archbishop (later Metropolitan) Vitaly to the use of our churches in any language other than Church Slavonic.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

That missionary scale, at least in the Eastern American Diocese, was achieved despite him, and not because of him.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

His idea of missionary work<... > was to attract non-church Russians to church services, which in itself is good, although this lacks the breadth of horizons of St.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

John of San Francisco.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

For Metropolitan Vitaly, English was desecrated by thousands of years of apostasy.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

On September 25, 2016, at a memorial service on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the death of Metropolitan Vitaly, Archbishop Gabriel (Chemodakov) noted: “The elderly Metropolitan, overcome by diseases, was, himself, not quite aware, literally taken away from our Church. But today, first of all, we remember all the good and useful things that the Metropolitan did in the field of Tserkovnaya, and especially for his beloved brainchild: the Canadian Diocese of the Russian Church Abroad” [37].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

family


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

His father was Pyotr Konstantinovich Ustinov (26.1.1884-2.7.1958).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

He graduated from the Mikhailovsky Artillery School (1905), artillery classes (1914).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Midshipman (1910), then Lieutenant (March 25, 1912).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

He began his service in the Kerch Fortress Artillery, and in 1911, after passing exams for the course of the Naval Corps, he was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

In 1915 he served on the battleship Empress Maria, and since 1916 he served as a senior artillery officer on Admiral Nakhimov [38].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

During the Civil War, he joined the Armed Forces of Ukraine, senior lieutenant of the auxiliary cruiser Africa of the Caspian Military Flotilla.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

In 1920 he emigrated to the United States through Batumi and Constantinople.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

He lived in Oneonta, Ontsego County, New York, and in 1925 he was a member of the Society of Former Russian Naval Officers in America [39].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

He ran a lampshade factory in Connecticut, and worked as an engineer in Texas during the Great Depression.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

In 1944 he moved to New York and served as a naval quartermaster at a military base.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

The second wife is Maria (born in 1901), son Alexey (born in 1928).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Mother — Lydia Andreevna, nee Stopchanskaya (April 30, 1890, Tiflis — May 12, 1973, Toronto), daughter of a gendarme general who served in the Caucasus.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

In addition to her, there were 7 other children in the family.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

On September 12, 1918, in Odessa, she married captain Vsevolod Nikolaevich von Langammer for the second time (19.10.1879-1945) [40].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

She was buried at the Holy Transfiguration Skete in Mansonville (Quebec).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Maternal grandfather — Andrey Mikhailovich Stopchansky (6.1.1839-?) , Major-General (14.4.1902) [41].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

He served in Batalpashinsk, Pyatigorsk, Alexandropol.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Chief of the district police in the Kubinsky district, since March 18, 1897 - head of the Kutaisi Provincial Gendarme Administration [42].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

The older sister, Militsa Ustinova (11.4.1909-28.4.1998), was born in Sevastopol, lived in France with her husband Lev Tretyakov (March 20, 1889-?) , Lieutenant of the Russian Squadron in Bizerte [43].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

On September 28, 1939, she and her husband received French citizenship.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Died in Montreal [44].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Essays


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

“The Mystery of the Church”//Orthodox review.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

P. 37-39;


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Ecumenism: [A report read to the Council of Bishops in 1967].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Montreal, 1982;


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Prayer//Orthodox Conf.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

(6th, 1984).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Toronto, 1984;


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

A Word for the Burial of the First Hierarch.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

P. 4-5;


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Ecumenism.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— New York: Byzantium Press.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 1987.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 20 p.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Interview for Voice of America radio station//Orthodox Rus.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

P. 5-7;


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

On iconography//Russian pastor.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

San Francisco 1992.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

#2 (13).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

P. 78-83;


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Satanic depths. Mitr.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Vitaly: Anniversary Collection [Sydney, 2001].


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

P. 104-106;


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Vonmem: The Spiritual State of the Russian People in Russia.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

P. 109-112;


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

The answer of the saints: [Report at the Youth Convention in Toronto]//Met.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

P. 113-119;


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

The apocalypse of our day: [Dokl. To the Bishops' Council in 1983]//Met.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

P. 120—125;


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Jubilee Message//Met.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

P. 135-137;


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Excerpts from letters//Met.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

P. 143—156.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Literature


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Seraphim, archbishop.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Glorious Worker in the Field of Christ (To the 25th Anniversary of the Hierarchate of His Grace Archbishop Vitaly)//“Orthodox Russia”.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 1976.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— No. 13.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— P. 4-5


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Nathaniel (Lviv), archbishop.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Memories of the Struggle: A Brief Biography of the Newly Elected First Hierarch//“Orthodox Russia”.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 1986.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— No. 2.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— P. 3


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Brief biography of the newly elected First Hierarch//“Orthodox Russia”.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 1986.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— No. 2.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— P. 3-4


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Metropolitan Vitaly First Hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad in Australia//"Tserkovnoe Slovo”.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Organ of the Australian and New Zealand Diocese of ROCOR.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Craydon, Australia.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 1986.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— NO. 10. — P. 15-16


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

40th Anniversary of Metropolitan Vitaly's Hierarchal Ministry//“Russian Pastor”.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Journal of students of Holy Trinity Theological Seminary.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

San Francisco.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 1991.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— NO. 11. — P. 38-43


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Herman Ivanov-Thirteenth, Protodeacon.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

“Retaining.”


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

To the 50th anniversary of Metropolitan Vitaly's archpastoral ministry (1951—2001).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

- Lyon.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 2001


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Seraphim, archbishop.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

To the 40th anniversary of the archpastoral ministry of His Eminence Metropolitan Vitaly//“Orthodox Russia”.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 1991.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— № 13 (1442).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— P. 2-3


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Metropolitan Vitaly First Hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Anniversary collection.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

June 29/July 12, 2001.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

- New York City.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 2001.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 174 P.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Orthodox life.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Jubilee collection dedicated to the 50th anniversary of Metropolitan Vitaly's archpastoral life.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 2001.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— No. 8 (619).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— 50 P.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Ep.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Mitrofan (Znosko-Borovsky).


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

A chronicle of one life.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

— M.: St. Vladimir Brotherhood, 2006.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

p. 548-585.


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Notes


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

References


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

//Open Orthodox Encyclopedia “Drevo”


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

//pravoslavie.ru


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Bishop Evtikhy of Ishim and Siberia


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Metropolitan Vitaly in the film: Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help)


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Category:Russian emigrants of the first wave in France


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Category:Russian first-wave emigrants to the United States


Question: In what year did Metropolitan Vitaly become bishop?

Vitaly (Ustinov)

Category:Eastern American and New York Diocese


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay (Mary Kay, after founder Mary Kay Ash) is a company engaged in the production and sale of cosmetics, personal care and skin care products, perfumes for both women and men direct sales method.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 2011, Mary Kay was the sixth largest direct selling company in the world.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Net revenue amounted to 2.9 billion US dollars.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay is headquartered in Addison, Texas, near Dallas.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The company was founded by Mary Kay Ash in 1963.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Her son Richard Rogers is the Chairman of the Board of Directors, and David Holl is President and CEO (since 2006).


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

[2] [3]


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Business model


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay was the first Company to teach women how to care for their skin — before that, beauty companies simply sold blush, lipstick, or new shades of shadows.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Sales are carried out through a network of sales consultants — “Independent Beauty Consultants”.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

To become a Consultant, you need to take a short free training course on sales and skin care programs (more in-depth trainings can be taken throughout the entire period of cooperation with Company), as well as purchase a starter kit that includes the Company's products.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The starter kit is sold at a discount relative to the market value, which allows Consultants to resell profitably, easily and quickly and thereby generate income and better understand the specifics Companies.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Training of Consultants is extremely important and a priority for the Company.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Such seminars are often held in the format of no more than 6 people, at home.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Delivery of goods, as well as payment for them, are made strictly on the spot.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay specifically limits its product range: this is done so that Consultants have an excellent knowledge of the existing range of products and easy to remember new products.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

And also so that Consultants, if desired, can maintain a mini-warehouse of products and ensure instant delivery of the ordered goods.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Unlike many companies, Mary Kay does not limit sales.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay Independent Beauty Consultant can hire any number of other Consultants from anywhere in the world.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The Company has no assigned territories.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay Ash writes in her autobiography: “I remembered that when I was earning $1,000 in commission a month on sales of my unit, my husband got a new job in St. Louis. I couldn't take the unit with me, so I lost all sales commissions from people I had attracted, trained and motivated for eight years. I think this is an obvious injustice. I invested in developing my territory, but someone else inherited these great sales reps and commissions from their sales.”


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The Company also has incentive programs, such as the famous Cadillac pink.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Methods are also used to encourage husbands to be proud of their wives and encourage their careers.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

For example, at one of the Seminars, each of the Consultants' husbands received the badge “She is fantastic!” , another time, a car bumper sticker “Ask me about my wife's career.”


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The company sometimes receives thank-you feedback from the clients' husbands as their wives look better, and from the Consultant husbands, who got to know their children better when the wife started working and the husband began to take part in their upbringing, as well as from the husbands of the Consultants, who were able to change their unloved job to a more productive one for them due to the fact that their wives began to earn more and could provide for the family during the transition period.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay, having carefully considered the issue of franchising, abandoned this idea.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The refusal was due to the fact that many women will be forced to turn to men for funding, which in turn will significantly reduce their independence and, ultimately, affect the Company.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Instead, the Company publicly entered into an IPO in 1967.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

This made it possible to significantly increase funding and expand the range of its expansion into the market.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay cosmetics company became the first company on the New York Stock Exchange to be headed by a woman [4].


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In addition, Richard was the youngest president of a company listed on the New York Stock Exchange [5].


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

But between 1974 and 1978, sales stagnated and even slowed down slightly.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

To restore them, the company increased the bonuses for its Consultants.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Sales began to grow again, averaging between 29% and 84% p.a., over the next four years.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The companies offered to sell products in shopping centers, but it did not suit them.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay specializes in personalizing the art of beauty, and it is less convenient to hold consultations in public places, as women are embarrassed to remove cosmetics in public and do not want to waste time, allotted for purchases, consultations.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 1977, the construction of a new 8-story headquarters in Dallas was completed.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 1993, the total area of Mary Kay's production facilities was equivalent to 3 football fields.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The Company also received a license from the FDA, which made it possible to develop and sell medicines, such as sunscreens and other products.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In the 1980s, there was a sharp decline in economic growth, and women were now employed full-time.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Between 1983 and 1985, the number of Independent Beauty Consultants almost halved and amounted to about 100,000 people.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Sales fell from $323 million to $260 million. USA.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The value of Mary Kay shares on the stock exchange has significantly decreased.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay and her son Richard decided to buy back all remaining shares of the Company on their own for a total amount of $315 million. USA.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

There was also a problem with IPS about timely payment of taxes, but it was solved in 1993, when Mary paid IPS $3 million.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 1989, Mary Kay made an attempt to capture its largest competitor, Avon, but the attempt was unsuccessful.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 1992, the company's retail turnover exceeded $1 billion.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The number of products distributed numbered more than 200 titles, and the number of Beauty Consultants increased to 250,000 people in 19 countries around the world.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

And already in 1993, the number of Consultants exceeded 300,000, and the number of clients was more than 20,000,000.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

More than half of the National Leaders earned more than $1 million during their careers at Mary Kay, and the Company's total bonus fund amounted to $38 million annually.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 1993, Mary Kay became a bestseller in facial care and cosmetics in the United States, and wholesale sales grew by more than $735 million.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 1995, Mary Kay Ash resigned from the position of manager of the Company for health reasons.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The company celebrated its 35th anniversary in 1998 and in honor of this holiday, established a new prize for Consultants — Leaders, a white GM sports jeep.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In the same year, Mary Kay was again recognized by Fortune magazine in its list of the 100 best employer companies in America [4].


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Sales


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 2005, global revenue exceeded $2.2 billion. US dollars, and in 2010 2.5 billion US dollars. USA, excluding product returns.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Notes:


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The data are given without taking into account inflation;


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The official methodology of Mary Kay, Inc.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

includes rounding up revenue and rounding down the number of advisors.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Factories


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The main production plant is located in Dallas, Texas, USA.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The second factory in Hangzhou, China, manufactures and packages products for the Chinese market.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

A third factory was opened in 1997 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, for the European market.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The Swiss factory was closed in 2003.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Cars


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 1968, Mary Kay Ash bought her first pink Cadillac in the Elvis style, repainted by the dealer in the pink shade of Mountain Laurel Blush.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

[33] This advertising stunt was so successful that Mary Kay decided in 1969 to award five of her best Consultants with pink Cadillacs at the Company's expense.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Pink was an obvious choice that matched the Company's palette of products for eyes and lips.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Since 1980, this shade has been used exclusively by Mary Kay's fleet.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Every two years, a Business Group Leader or National Leader can participate in the Contest for a new Cadillac.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

At the end of the two-year lease, the cars are re-painted and sent back to auction.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The shade of pink has changed over the years.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 1998, it changed to “mother-of-pearl pink”.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In honor of its 35th anniversary, a white GMC Jimmy sports car was offered in the United States, a special edition for Mary Kay.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

As of 2007, Business Group Leaders can still earn themselves the coveted pink Cadillac.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 2005, the company's fleet consisted of 9,870 cars manufactured by GM (USA).


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Ukraine, there are pink Mercedes-Benz cars.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In Argentina, you can make money on a pink Ford, and in Taiwan, a pink Toyota.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

[35] In Australia, there is a choice between Ford Falcon and Volkswagen Beetle.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

[36] In China, the pink Volkswagen Santana.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In the Nordic countries, the pink Volvo V50. [37]


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The specific requirements for obtaining a car depend on the country and the model you want.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

If the requirements are not met, the driver must pay part of the rental fee for the car that month.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

If the requirements are met, the driver pays 85% of the insurance and does not pay the monthly lease, or receives a pre-agreed amount of monetary compensation.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Since the introduction of this program, more than 100,000 Independent Beauty Consultants have met the requirements to be able to use such a car or receive monetary compensation.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

[3] It is not known how many Leaders chose to receive money instead of a car, but GM estimates that the company made a total of about 100,000 pink Cadillacs for Mary Kay.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 2012, cars of the following brands are available: Chevrolet Malibu, Chevrolet Equinox, Toyota Camry and Cadillac CTS, SRX & Escalade Hybrid, as well as to increase motivation and productivity of sellers a newcomer is presented - a black Ford Mustang.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Salesperson earnings


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

As a private company, Mary Kay Inc.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

does not disclose all its financial information to the public.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Consultants can earn money at Mary Kay in two ways:


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Attracting new Consultants;


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Retail sales;


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Earnings by hiring new consultants


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Earnings from attracting new Consultants reflect the commission and bonuses for the team's total sales.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

It does not include revenue from retail sales and revenue from Mary Kay's business instruments.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In February 2010, Mary Kay (Canada) published the following revenue data for its sellers: [40]


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

29,675 people were salespeople during the year;


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

1,878 consultants earned more than $100 from the commission;


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

276 out of 553 sales leaders earned more than CAD 17,471 through commissions;


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

15 out of 23 national sales leaders earned more than CAD 100,000 through commissions;


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

the standard commission was 50% of revenue.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Consultant turnover


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Staff turnover is estimated at 68.6% per year based on data provided by Mary Kay (USA) to the FTC.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

According to Mary Kay (Canada), staff turnover is estimated at 85% per year.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

[42] This figure deducts consultants who earn commission but have been with the company for less than a year, as well as those who have been with the company for more than a year but do not receive a commission.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Lawsuits


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Woolf v Mary Kay Cosmetics


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 2004, Woolf v.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay Cosmetics was initially decided in favor of the applicant, Claudin Woolf.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

This was the first time that [43] labor law was applied to independent consultants working at home.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

This decision was overturned on appeal and finally rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 31, 2005.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Ms. Wolf was fired from the position of leader (director) because her division did not sell for three consecutive months.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Wolf insisted that the dismissal was illegal due to her medical condition — she suffered from cancer.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Claims against liquidators


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In May 2008, Mary Kay Inc.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

filed a lawsuit against a website that sold products of former Mary Kay consultants at significantly reduced prices.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

According to the company, the website interfered with its business and illegally used the Mary Kay trademark.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

July 20, 2009 Mary Kay Inc.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

sued Pink Face Cosmetics for trademark misuse.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

[45] This company sold Mary Kay products on eBay and other online resources at a below-average price.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Animal testing


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 1989, the company announced a moratorium on animal testing under pressure from animal rights groups.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

She was one of the first in her industry to do so and signed the PETA appeal.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In 2010, the company “Mary Kay” was removed from the “white” list of RETA, to this day and was at the center of a big scandal, due to the fact that it resumed testing of its products on animals, only in Asian countries (at the request of these countries).


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay in Russia


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay (Russia) is a member of the Russian Direct Selling Association.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

September 1993 of the year.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The first 20 Russian Consultants.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

1996 year.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Bill Clinton, at a meeting with representatives of American companies operating in Russia, noted Mary Kay as the only company that provided the opportunity to run their own business for more than 20,000 women.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

September 2003 of the year.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

There are already more than 50,000 Beauty Consultants in Russia.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

2006 year.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Based on the results of its work in 2005, the Russian branch was awarded the President of the European Region award for the growth of the Company in terms of the number of


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The company receives the “Golden Certificate of Philanthropist” for its contribution to charitable activities and to the revival of the high ideals of spirituality and mercy.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

2008 year.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The Russian branch again received an award for the Company's growth and won the third Brand of the Year award (Effie), as well as the winner of the international award “Best Company of the Year '2008”.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

2009 year.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The star of Mary Kay Russia is named after the company.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

2013 year.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

The anniversary year, 20 years in Russia, more than half a million consultants in the Russian Federation.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Mary Kay Ash Charitable Foundation


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

This charitable foundation was founded in 1996 for two purposes:


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

• Fighting cancer in women by supporting leading medical scientists looking for a cure for breast, uterine, cervical and ovarian cancers;


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

• Combating the epidemic of violence against women by providing grants to women's shelters and supporting community programs.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

In culture


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Film Mary Kay Battle, 2002.


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Notes


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

References


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Category:US Companies


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Category:Cosmetics and perfumery manufacturers


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Category:Direct sales


Question: Which cosmetics company was the first to abandon animal experiments?

Mary Kay

Category:Multilevel marketing


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis and Futuna (sometimes Wallis and Futuna; Wallis and Futuna Islands, French: Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna) are islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about 2⁄3 of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

It is bordered to the north by Tuvalu's territorial waters, to the east by Samoa's territorial waters, to the southeast by Tonga, and to the west and south by Fiji.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The exclusive economic zone of the territory is about 266,000 km².


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The Territory consists of three large islands (Ouvea, Futuna, Alofi) and 22 smaller islands.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Only Uvea and Futuna are inhabited.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The total area is 274 km², the population is 12,197 people (2013), (together with the temporary population is 12,867 people.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(2013) [1]).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The capital of the Territory is Mata-Utu.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The Dutch Jacob Lemer and Willem Schouten discovered some of the Territory's islands (Futuna and Alofi) in 1616.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Since 1961, the Territory had the status of an overseas territory of France, and in 2003 it was changed to the Overseas Community of France.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis and Futuna are a member of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (since 1947), the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme and an observer at the Pacific Islands Forum (since 2006) years).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Name


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis Islands were named after the English navigator Samuel Wallis, who visited them (the first European) during his round-the-world voyage from 1766 to 1768.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The Polynesian name of these islands, Ouvea, means “a distant, distant island” in Wallisian [2] [3].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Probably, the islands got this name from the colonizers from Tonga, for whom the island was located quite far away.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The Futuna Islands got their name from the local name for the tree, futu, which grows on the coast of the islands [4].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Another common name for these islands, Horn, was given to them by the Dutch Jacob Lemer and Willem Schouten in honor of their hometown.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Physical and geographical characteristics


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Geographical location and topography


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis and Futuna Islands are located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean and consist of two island groups located 230 [5] km apart (Wallis; Horn (Futuna) —).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The closest archipelagos are Tonga in the southeast (400 km from Uvea), Samoa in the east (370 km from Ouvea) and Fiji in the southwest (280 km from Futuna).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The total area of the islands is 274 km² [6] (in other sources, the area of the islands is indicated in the range of 210—274 km² [7]).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The Wallis Group consists of the relatively large island of Ouvea (an area of 77.9 km² [5]) and small islands.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The total area of the group (including the lagoon) is 159 km² [7] [8].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Ouvea is a low volcanic island.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The highest point is Mount Lulu-Fakahega (French: Lulu-Fakahega) with a height of 151 m [9].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The hills in the center and south of Ouvea Island (Loka, Afafa, Lulu Luo, Holo, Hologa, Atalika and others) are formed by the cones of craters of extinct volcanoes [10].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The northern part of the island is a plain filled with ancient lava flows.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Extreme points: north - coast near the village of Vailala, east - Cape Tepaco, southern - Cape Fogo'one, west - Cape Waha'i'utu.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis Islands are surrounded by a barrier reef.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The reef is cut by four passages, the main of which, French: Honikulu, in the south, leads to the port of Mata-Utu, the administrative center of the territory.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The longest width of the lagoon is 5 km [10].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

During the day, two full tides and ebbs are observed [10].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The lagoon is dotted with 22 small islands (Nukufotu, Nukuaelae, Nukufulanoa, Nukuloa, Uluiutu, Nukuteatea, Nukutapu (northern), Luaniwa, Tekaviki, Nukuhione, Nukuatea, Faioa, Fenua Fu, Fugalei, Nukuhifala, Nukutapu (southern), Nukumotu, Nuku'taaki'moa, Nukuaofa, Nukufetau, Nukutaakemuku, Haofa), some of which are coral and the other are volcanic [10].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The Horn Group (Futuna) consists of the islands of Futuna and Alofi, 1.7 km apart from each other.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The area of Futuna is 83 km² [11], and Alofi is 32 km² [12].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

These are high volcanic islands.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The highest points are Mount Puke (French: Puke) 524 m [9] on Futuna and Mount Kolofau (French: Kolofau) 417 m [9] on Alofi.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The islands have undergone a recent rise and have a very rugged relief.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

With the exception of a few small coastal plains, the shores of these islands are steep.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The relief of Futuna Island is represented by a number of low plateaus that gradually rise to Mount Puke, separated by small plains.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The extreme points of Futuna are: north - Cape Fatua; east - Cape Vele; south - coast at Vele airfield; west - coast near the village of Toloke.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

On Alofi, Mount Kolofau is surrounded by a 150-200 m high plateau. The extreme points of Alofi Island: north - the coast of Uaua Wave; east - Cape Sauma; southern - Cape Afaga; west - Cape Mafa'a.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The Horn Islands are geologically young, so the reefs are located close to the coast (about 50 m) and do not form a lagoon.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Only the northern part of Alofi Island has a small lagoon [13].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Geology


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The islands are close to the Fiji Fault Zone (one of the most active in tectonic terms, located between the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates), and due to their existence a fault passing through Futuna and Alofi (some researchers identify the Futuna tectonic microplate here [14]), earthquakes regularly occur on these islands.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The strongest earthquake recorded had an intensity of 6.5 on the Richter scale and occurred on March 13, 1993 [5] (5 people died and 20 were injured [15]).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The last earthquake (as of November 15, 2009) occurred on September 29, 2009.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

On the Wallis Islands, tremors measuring 5.2 points were recorded [16] (no tremors were felt on Futuna [17]).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

There were no casualties or damage [16].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The high Wallis islands are composed of olivine basalt lavas and pyroclasts, with the exception of one extinct crater on Ouvea and associated lava flows composed of oligoclase andesite.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The low islands are composed of lime sand or are destroyed remains of tuff cones and lava domes [18].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis Islands lavas belong to the group of alkaline lavas of the Central Pacific volcanoes [19].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Ouvea Island was formed by combining lava flows from 19 volcanic craters.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

With the exception of two young lava flows only covered by soil, most of the island is made up of mid-Pleistocene lava flows.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

No intermediate lava was found [18].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The formation of the Horn Islands began in the Pliocene (the formation of three ancient volcanoes).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Their volcanic activity ceased in the Pleistocene.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

After the cessation of volcanism, the islands experienced a significant rise (up to 500 m) [20].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Hydrology and soils


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The hydrographic network on the island of Ouvea is poorly developed.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

There are 7 large lakes on the island by local standards (Lano, Lalolalo, Lanumaha, Lanutavake, Lanutoli, Kikila, Alofivai).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

All of them, except Lanutoli, are fresh and fill the craters of extinct volcanoes (except Kikila).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The largest lake is Kikila (17.9 ha [7]).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In addition, there are about 20 salt swamps along the northern and eastern coasts.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Lots of short streams and springs.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The island is covered with reddish lateritic soils rich in iron oxide and alumina, but poor in nitrogen and phosphorus, and therefore infertile [10].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The same soils are typical for other volcanic islands of the Wallis group.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The soil of the remaining islands of the group is represented by carbonate sand [18].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Futuna has about 50 short rivers, the largest of which are Vainifao, Gutuvai, Vai Lasi and Leava.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The coast is swampy.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

There are no permanent watercourses on Alofi.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The soils are similar to the volcanic soils of the Wallis Islands [10].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Climate


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The climate of the islands is tropical with trade winds, humid, constantly warm, without a pronounced dry season.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The average monthly temperature throughout the year varies between 25°C and 26°C.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The hottest month is February (the average temperature is +30° C), the coldest is July (the average temperature is +24° C).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Extreme temperatures recorded during the entire observation period: minimum 18.4° C, maximum 33.4° C [21].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Annual precipitation is 2500-3000 mm on the Wallis Islands (80% humidity) and almost 4000 mm in Futuna.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The most rainfall falls between November and April.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

During this period, weak winds blow, but hurricanes may also form.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Since 1970, 12 hurricanes have hit the islands, the strongest of which (Raja, December 1986 [10]) was accompanied by squalls reaching 137 km/h.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The driest month is August, with less than 134 mm of precipitation [10].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Flora and fauna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In the past, the islands of Ouvea, Futuna and Alofi were completely covered by natural forests — deep moist inland forests and sparse coastal forests.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

However, they were cut down for agricultural needs (mainly for rain-irrigated slash-and-burn agriculture still used).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

As of 2009, primary forest occupied 13% of the area of Ouvea Island, 23% on Futuna Island and 66% on Alofi Island [22].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Moist forests are low.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The upper tier rarely exceeds 20 m with a trunk diameter of less than 80 cm. The species are not evenly distributed, and depending on the type of soil, limestone or not.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In total, 50 plant species are found in the humid forests of the islands, including 3 endemics (,,) [22].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Mangroves are found in coastal forests (on small Wallis islands); psammophiles, acacias, coconut trees and others grow on the sands [22].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Secondary forests were formed on the site of primary forests as a result of human activities and now occupy 44% of the total area of the islands.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Acalypha grandis, Decaspermum fructicosum, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Homolanthus nutans, Macaranga harveyana, Melastoma denticulatum, Morinda citrifolia, Scaevola taccada are most common in them.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Specific is vegetation of the “toaf” type - fern thickets on ferralitic soils (represented mainly by Dicranopteris linearis).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Since 1974, artificial afforestation of Caribbean pine began, which continues to this day [22].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

30 hectares of forest around Lake Lalolalo form the protected area “Wao-tapu” (translated from Wallis as “Sacred Forest”).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Here, special attention is paid to fire prevention measures and restrictions on hunting are in effect [23].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The terrestrial fauna is poor.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In addition to domestic animals (cats, dogs, pigs, chickens), 37 [24] bird species (including shepherds, pigeons, terns, cormorants, frigates) have been recorded on the islands, 27 of which are permanent residents islands.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The territory is home to a local variety of flying fox (winged), known as peka [25].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Reptiles include the striped Fijian iguana (Brachylophus fasciatus) [26] and three species of lizards of the scink family of the genus emoya: Polynesian emoya [27] (Emoia adspersa), green-blue emoya [28 ] (Emoia cyanura) and Emoia tongana [29] [30].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Futuna is endemic to the white kingfisher, the Polynesian whistler larva, and the rare blue-capped hermit lori parrot is found on Alofi [25].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

There are also several packs of feral dogs on the islands.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The gardens are sometimes emptied by snails.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

There are many insects, especially mosquitoes (which can transmit dengue fever [10]).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Marine fauna is richer.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis Island lagoon is home to only 2 poisonous fish: stingray and rock fish.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Sharks are extremely rare [10].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

History


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

According to ethnographic studies of 1988 (discovery of Lapita pottery in the south of Ouvea Island), it is believed that the islands were inhabited between 1000 and 1500 (presumably around 1300 ).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Throughout the first half of the second millennium, Ouvea was dominated by Tongans, while Futunans resisted their conquest.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

According to oral tradition, the Tongans created their kingdom on Uvea, ʻUvea, around 1400.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The first Howe (king) of Ouvea was Tauloko [31].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Founded in 1565 [32], the Kingdom of Alo (Alo; in some sources Tuʻa [33]) became the first kingdom in Futuna.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The first king was Fakavelikele.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Later, in 1784, the Kingdom of Shigawe was founded, the first king of which was Tuikamea [33].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Between 1839 and 1841, the Kingdom of Alo occupied Sigave [33].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Europeans first saw these islands on April 28, 1616.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Dutch sailors Jacob Lemer and Willem Schouten sailed on the Eendracht near the islands of Futuna and Alofi.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

They named the Hoorn Islands after the city where they came from.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The next time these islands were visited on May 11, 1768 by Louis Bougainville, but the isolation of the residents was broken only 50 years later by whaling ships.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The Ouvea Islands were discovered by the Englishman Samuel Wallis (after him, the islands were named after him), who anchored in front of the island on August 16, 1767 on the ship HMS Dolphin.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

On April 21, 1781, Francisco Antonio Morell stayed on the island of Ouvea and called it the Island of Consolation [34].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In 1791, the English captain of the Pandora Edward Edwards came here to look for the rebellious Bounty [34].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Subsequently, various ships occasionally stopped on the islands until the arrival of whalers in 1828.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The first Europeans to settle here since November 1837 were the French missionaries of the Marie Society (French: Les Sœurs Missionnaires de la Société de Marie).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

They converted the local population to Catholicism.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The first missionary of Futuna Island, Pierre Marie Chanel, was martyred on April 28, 1841 [35] and was canonized on June 12, 1954 (declared Patron Saint of Oceania).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

On April 5, 1842, after the uprising of part of the local population, the missionaries asked France for protection.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In November 1842, Wallis and Futuna were separately declared “free and independent under the protection of France” with the signing of treaties of friendship.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

On November 19, 1886, Queen Amelia of the Wallis Islands signed a treaty officially establishing a French protectorate.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Sigave Kings Joav Manua Musulanu and Alo Aliasegi of Futuna and Alofi also signed a treaty establishing a French protectorate on September 29, 1887.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The Wallis and Futuna Islands United Protectorate was established on March 5, 1888 by decision of the Minister of the Colonies.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In 1917, three traditional territories under the administration of local chiefs were annexed by France and transformed into the Wallis and Futuna Colony, which was administered by the colony of New Caledonia.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In 1928, the first car appeared on the islands (it was a small Ford truck [34]), and the radio began to operate.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

During World War II (from June 1942), the islands served as a base for the US Air Force (for the Navy 207 unit).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

There were up to 6,000 [36] soldiers on their territory at the same time, leaving behind a modern infrastructure.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In a referendum on December 27, 1959, 94.4% of voters (4,307 out of 4,564 [34]) voted for the Wallis and Futuna Islands to integrate into the French Republic as an overseas territory.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The Overseas Territory status was established by the Act of 29 July 1961.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

After a constitutional reform on March 28, 2003, this status was changed to an overseas community.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Administrative division


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Wallis and Futuna are divided into 3 territorial districts that coincide within the boundaries of historical kingdoms, the largest of which, Ouvea, is divided into three districts [37].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

#Territorial


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

County/districtName on


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

FrenchArea,


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

pers.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(2013) [1] Density,


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

pers.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

/km²Administrative center,


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

pers.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(2013) Number of Villes1Aloalo85215625.36Mala'e (192) 92Sigave30145748,57Leava (368) 63Uvea:


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Hahaque


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Hihifo


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Muauvea


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Hahake


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Hihifo


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

56.41Mata-Utu (1075)


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Mata-Utu (1075)


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Vaitupu (441)


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Mala'efo'ou (175)


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Total27412 19744,5136


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Most of the border between Alo and Sigawa on Futuna Island is along the Wainifao River.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The names of the districts of the territorial district of Ouvea are borrowed from the Tongans and translated into Russian mean: hahake - east or sunrise; hihifo - west or sunset; mua - the front of the island (since the only sea passage to the island is located in the south, then we will be the first to see the Mua area) [38].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

population


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Population Wallis and Futuna [39] Population structurePopulation 13,445 (2008) Population density94.7 (2008) [40] Average age28 (2008) Age structure0—19:41


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Over 60:11.3 (2008) BirthabilityNumber of newborns


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

per 1,000 people16.0 ‰ (2008) Population growth rate - 2.1% (2008) Deaths per 1,000 peopleInfant mortality


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

by 1000 [41]


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

newborns total: 5.02 ‰ (2009)


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

boys: 5.27 ‰ (2009)


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

girls: 4.75 ‰ (2009) Total mortality per 1000


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

human-general: 5.4 ‰ (2008)


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Numbers and occupancy


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

According to the 2008 census, [42] the population of Wallis and Futuna Territory is 13,445.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In 2003, this figure was 14,944 people [43].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

During the time between censuses, the population decreased by 1,499 people, or almost 10%.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The decrease in population was recorded for the first time since 1969, when the first census was conducted.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The population on Futuna is declining faster (especially in Sigaw County, where losses were 15.8%) than on Ouvea [39] [42] (the lowest losses were in the Hahake area - 5.1%).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The main reasons for this are the decline in the birth rate and the mass emigration of the population [42] [43] (in particular to New Caledonia).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The emigration of the population is caused by the limited labor market on the islands and the desire of young people to receive a better education [42].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

However, according to forecasts [44], the population of Wallis and Futuna will not decrease and will reach 15,100 by 2050.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Approximately a third of the population lives on Futuna Island and two-thirds on Ouvea (this distribution has been maintained since 1969).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

According to the latest census [42], there was one elderly person on the island of Alofi.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The largest settlement in the territory is its capital, Mata-Utu, where 1,126 people live [42].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In addition to it, there are 35 more villages on the islands.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In 2008, men accounted for 49.60% (6,669) of the population (in 2003 - 50.15%, or 7,494 people), women 50.40% (6,776; in 2003 - 49.85%, or 7,450 people).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The population of Wallis and Futuna consists of 3,100 families (3,089 families in 2003).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The average number of people in a family is 4.3 (in 2003 it was 4.8) [42] [43].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The proportion of children under 19 years of age in 2008 was 41%, adults from 19 to 59 years old - 47.7%, over 60 years old - 11.3%.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The average life expectancy of the inhabitants of the Territory was 74.3 years: men — 73.1 years, women — 75.5 [42].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Ethnic composition


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Almost 85% (12,725 people) represent the indigenous Polynesian population (Wallisian and Futunans).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The share of foreigners is only 1.7% (most of them are immigrants from Vanuatu).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The rest of the population is French (8.1% of them were born in New Caledonia) [42].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Languages


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The official language of Wallis and Futuna is French.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

It is spoken by 84% of the population [43].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

And only 6% of the population speaks French alone.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The languages of the Polynesian group, Wallisian and Futunan, are widely spoken.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

We Speak Wallis and Futunan... [45] RussianFutunanWallis Good MorningMalo le mauli


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(ma-lo-le-ma-o-li) Malo te mauli


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(ma-lo-te-ma-o-li) Good afternoonMalo le kataki


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(ma-lo-le-kataki) Malo te kataki


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(ma-lo-te-ka-ta-ki) What is your name?


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Koai lou ʻigoa?


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(ko-ah-i-lo-oh-i-ngo-ah) Koai tou higoa?


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(ko-ah-i-chu-oo-hee-ngu-ah) How are you?


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

E kë malïe faʻi?


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(e-ke-mia-li-e-fa-'i) E ke lelei pe?


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(e-ke-le-le-y-pe) Daeio


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(e-y-o) Ei


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(e-th) noʻai


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(e'a-th) Kailoa — Oho


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(kya-i-lo-i//oh-hyo) Thank you very muchMALO le alofa


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(ma-lo-le-a-lo-fa) Malo te ʻofa


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

(ma-lo-te'o-fa)


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Welsh is spoken by 64% (9,617 people) [46] of the population.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

It is also spoken in Fiji, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The position of the language within the Polynesian group has long been debatable (due to the partial influence of the Tongan language).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

It is now customary to refer it to the nuclear Polynesian subgroup [47].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The language has 12 consonants and 5 vowels, which can be long and short [47].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

After contacts with Europeans, the vocabulary was enriched with borrowings from English, French and Latin.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The author of the first Wallis-French dictionary was the first missionary of the Marie Battalion Society (published only in 1932 [47]).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

In everyday life, Wallisians speak only Wallian, and when communicating with Europeans, they switch to French.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Futunan is spoken by 24% of the population (3,600 people) [48].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

This language is often referred to as East Futunan to distinguish it from West Futunan, which is spoken on Futuna Island, which belongs to Vanuatu.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

It is also spoken in New Caledonia.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The language belongs to the Polynesian group of languages, to the subgroup of nuclear Polynesian languages [49].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The phonology of the language is simple: 11 consonants and 5 vowels, which can be long or short.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The syntax is rather complicated [49].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The author of the first Futunan-French dictionary was missionary Isidore Grezel (published in 1878 [49]).


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

All village councils are held only in Futunan language.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

English, which is studied in schools, is becoming more and more widespread.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Now it is owned by about 14% of the population.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Professed religions


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

According to the 2003 census, 99% of the population is Catholic, and only 1% adhere to traditional beliefs.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Every village has a Catholic church.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

However, even residents who consider themselves Catholics perform some local pagan rituals.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

So before the arrival of Europeans, locals believed in supernatural power.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The most revered were Tagaloa, the god of heaven; Mafuike, the one who brought fire to the islands; the demigods Sina and Maui; the souls of ancestors and animals, such as Feke (octopus), Fonu (turtle), Tafoloaa (whale) [50].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Both Europeans and locals are priests on the islands.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

To be ordained, Wallisians and Futunans study at the Pacific Theological College in Fiji [50].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Since June 25, 2005, the Diocese of Wallis and Futuna has been headed by French Bishop Guillen de Razilli [51] [52].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Political system


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Under article 1 of Act No. 61-814 of 29 July 1961 and the constitutional reform of 28 May 2003, the islands of Wallis, Futuna, Alofi and the surrounding islands, known as the Wallis and Futuna Islands Territory, has the status of an overseas community of France (Collectivité d'Outre-mer), provided with the rights of a legal entity and administrative and financial independence [53].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

According to article 2 of the same instrument, [53] all Wallis and Futuna Islanders are French citizens and have the rights and obligations of French citizens.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

As a French territory, the islands are subject to the French Constitution of September 28, 1958 and the French legislative system.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

There is universal suffrage for persons who have reached the age of 18.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Executive power


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The Head of State is the President of France (elected for a five-year term), Emmanuel Macron.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

On the territory of the overseas community, he is represented by a Supreme Administrator appointed by him on the council of the Ministry of the Interior.


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

Since September 8, 2008, it has been Philip Paolantoni [54] [55].


Question: When was Wallis Island discovered?

Wallis e Futuna

The head of government is the President of the territorial assembly