Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Thus, the “unit” denotes the most reliable professional models, the figure “5" combines an intermediate full-frame class, and “7" refers to the cropped semi-professional line.


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Models with the designation in the form of two or more Arabic numerals refer to consumer ones, for example, “Canon EOS 50D” or “Nikon D500”.


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

The difference from professional ones lies in the use of cheaper materials and the simplification of some components, which primarily affect the reliability of the camera and its marginal resource to the first possible breakage.


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Canon EOS 5D Mark II professional camera


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Canon EOS 50D semi-professional camera


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Canon EOS 500D amateur camera


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Canon EOS 1100D entry-level DSLR


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

At the same time, they proceed from the average daily operating time in conditions of professional use, or as a household item.


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

In the latter case, a long service life and mechanical strength are often not required.


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

In some cases, simplifications relate to the sealing of the housing and reliability of operation in an aggressive environment: in the rain, in the cold and with high dust content.


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

At the same time, the technical parameters of consumer equipment are most often not inferior to professional analogues, and in some cases exceed them, since all new design solutions are “tested” primarily on younger models [12].


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Sometimes consumer-grade SLR cameras are used as a budget alternative to professional ones in areas where resource and strength do not play a decisive role.


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

At the same time, compared to professional cameras, consumer cameras are much lighter and more compact.


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

The term “semi-professional digital camera” (“prosumer” or “prosumer” — tracing paper with English: prosumer from English: professional and English: consumer) is also used in relation to inexpensive SLR and mirrorless cameras that are not designed for photojournalism and professional photography, but have full control and functionality.


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

The term “entry-level camera” is used to refer to the most simplified SLR cameras, and mainly pseudo-mirror or compact cameras.


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

In this case, the model name usually consists of 4 Arabic numerals, such as “Nikon D5000”.


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

See also


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Video camera


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Digital photography


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Photographic equipment manufacturers


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Notes


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Literature


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

References


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

on YouTube


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Category:Digital photography


Question: What is the main principle of a digital camera?

Digital camera

Category:Cameras by type


Question: When was the Yubileiny Sports Palace created?

Yubileyny (Orsk Sports Palace)

Yubileiny Sports Palace is a sports palace in Orsk (Orenburg Oblast, Russia).


Question: When was the Yubileiny Sports Palace created?

Yubileyny (Orsk Sports Palace)

The capacity is 4,588 spectators.


Question: When was the Yubileiny Sports Palace created?

Yubileyny (Orsk Sports Palace)

The South Ural hockey club holds its home matches here.


Question: When was the Yubileiny Sports Palace created?

Yubileyny (Orsk Sports Palace)

History


Question: When was the Yubileiny Sports Palace created?

Yubileyny (Orsk Sports Palace)

Construction of the sports palace began in the mid-80s of the XX century.


Question: When was the Yubileiny Sports Palace created?

Yubileyny (Orsk Sports Palace)

Its opening at the end of August 1985 was a gift for citizens for the 250th anniversary of Orsk from the authorities and enterprises of the city [1].


Question: When was the Yubileiny Sports Palace created?

Yubileyny (Orsk Sports Palace)

Notes


Question: When was the Yubileiny Sports Palace created?

Yubileyny (Orsk Sports Palace)

References


Question: When was the Yubileiny Sports Palace created?

Yubileyny (Orsk Sports Palace)

Category:Ice arenas in Russia


Question: When was the Yubileiny Sports Palace created?

Yubileyny (Orsk Sports Palace)

Category:Sports in Orsk


Question: When was the Yubileiny Sports Palace created?

Yubileyny (Orsk Sports Palace)

Orsk


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King

Movies


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King

Click on the list to be sorted by the selected column.


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King

Mini-series


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King

serials


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King

Episodes in TV shows


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King

Short films


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King

See also


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King

Stephen King filmography


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King

Stephen King bibliography


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King


Question: Has Stephen King's novel The Shining been filmed?

Films based on works by Stephen King

Category:Movie lists


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

was the legendary founder and first emperor of Japan, who ruled since February 11, 660 BC.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

[1] In Shinto, Jimmu is considered a direct descendant of the Sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami, who is the main goddess of the Shinto pantheon.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Jimmu himself is the second oldest deity [2].


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Names


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Jimmu is known by the following names [1]:


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Kan-yamato-ihare-hiko-no-mikoto or Kamu-yamato-iware-biko-no-mikoto (“A noble man from [the area] Ivare in the divine Yamato”) [3];


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Hatsukuni-shirasu-sumera-mikoto (“The First Ruler of China”);


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Waka-mikenu — “Young Master of Sacred Food”);


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Hiko-hodemi (“The Prince Ruler of Rice Descending from Heaven”) [1];


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Kamu-Yamato-iware-Biko-hohodemi no Sumera-mikoto ().


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

The child's name is Sano [1].


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

The sinized form of the name is Jimmu, which means “divine warrior”.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Historical data and stories


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Existing legends about the actions of Jimmu reflect the processes of migration of Japanese tribes and the formation of a tribal union, attributed by modern science to the beginning of AD.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Thus, Jimmu, led by the yatagarasu crow, made a campaign from Khimuk, on the island of Kyushu, where his ancestors descended from Heaven, to the East to Yamato Province on Honshu Island (667-660 BC).


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Jimmu is also credited with the founding of the Japanese state (660 BC).


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Although the story of Jimmu bears an echo of true historical events, in particular the campaigns of the tribes that inhabited Kyushu to areas of Central Japan on Honshu Island, the content of the myth of Jimmu is still is imbued with the spirit of divine miracles.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

An analysis of the content of the tales about Jimmu, conducted by scientists, in comparison with the results of archaeological research, showed that the state of Yamato arose at the turn of the 3rd-4th centuries AD.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

[4] In the 7th century BC


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

there was no statehood anywhere in Japan, and primitive relations prevailed everywhere (the period of the jomon culture) [5] The events of the conquest of Central Japan by immigrants from Kyushu, according to the majority researchers, is confirmed in archaeological material and belongs to the late period of yayoi.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

[6] The beginning of the Yamato period coincides with the emergence of the kofun archaeological culture.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

The state of Yamato appeared at the turn of the 3rd and 4th centuries.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

In fact, the founding of the Yamato dynasty probably took place in 301 AD [7] [8].


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

The date 301 is very simple: the accession to the throne of Jimmu according to the 60-year-old calendar in ancient Japanese sources dates back to the year of kanoto-tori.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Since researchers believe that Yamato was founded at the turn of the III-IV centuries AD.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

, then the Kanoto-Tori year falls to 301 years during this period.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

The eight rulers following Jimma but preceding Sujin are considered plug-in rulers.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

It was found that six of the eight rulers who preceded Emperor Mimaki were married to women of the same generation (from the Shiki no Agata Nushi clan) and therefore lived at the same time.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Apparently, they were local rulers of certain territories in Central Japan.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Subsequently, in order to ancient the Yamato dynasty, they were recorded as rulers who succeeded each other on the throne.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Kigensetsu


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Happy Emperor Jimmu's accession to the throne of the 1st moon of the year Shinyu, later calculated as February 11, 660 BC.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

, is associated with one of the most famous holidays in Japan, Kigensetsu, established in 1872. It falls on February 11.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

In the year of the 2600th anniversary of Jimmu's accession to the throne (1940), the Japanese government signed a triple pact with Germany and Italy on September 27.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Official propaganda, in the wake of the round date dedicated to the ascent of Jimmu, began to actively use his saying about the divine purpose of the Land of the Rising Sun: “to gather eight corners of the world under one roof” (“hak-ko ichi-u”).


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

This motto was used as an ideological justification for aggression against neighboring Asian peoples.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

The holiday was canceled by order of the American occupation authorities after Japan's defeat in World War II, but was restored again in 1966. Now it is called Kenkoku kinen no hee — National Foundation Day.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

The position of Jimmu in modern Shinto


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Temples in Miyazaki (Kyushu) and Kashiwara (near Nara) are dedicated to Emperor Jimmu.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Genealogy


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Notes


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Literature


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Vorobyov M. IN. Japan in the 3rd-7th centuries.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Moscow: Nauka, 1980.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Arutyunov S. A. Jinmu-tenno: mythical fiction and historical reconstruction//Siberia, Central and East Asia in the Middle Ages.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Novosibirsk, 1975.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Suroven D.A.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

On the question of the time of the foundation of the Yamato dynasty and the reign of Tsar Jimmu. Genesis: Historical Research.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

2015, No. 3.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

P. 136-220.


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

References


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

A. N. Panov


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor


Question: Who was Japan's first emperor?

Jimmu Emperor

Category:Mythical centenarians


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bullfighting (Spanish: Corrida) is the most common form of bullfighting, a traditional Spanish spectacle, and is also practiced in some other countries, such as South America.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The word corrida itself is derived from the verb correr, the main meaning of which is “run”.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

This verb has other meanings, in particular, correr una suerte — to endure k.-l.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

fate.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Therefore, very roughly the meaning of the phrase corrida de toros can be translated as “bull run”.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The Spaniards commonly call bullfighting simply toros, that is, “bulls”.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Origins and historical development


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The history of bullfighting, most likely, dates back to the Bronze Age, to the Iberians who inhabited the Iberian Peninsula and revered the bull as a sacred animal.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Probably, the original killing of the bull was ritual.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Similar ceremonies existed among other Mediterranean peoples of Old Europe, in particular, among the ancient Greeks.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Thus, in the Athenian rituals, there was an archaic holiday, in honor of Zeus the Gradoderzhtsa, the murder of the sacred bull (bufonium), which consisted in the murder of a bull and the trial of the perpetrators of this [1] [2] [3].


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The installed parts of the bull were then sacrificed to Zeus, the rest served as food for people [4].


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

In this ritual of bullmurder, the ritual origins of the pre-theater are seen [5].


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

It is known that in the Middle Ages Charlemagne, Alfonso X of Castile, were addicted to battles with the bull.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

By the end of the XV century, that is, the time of the completion of the Reconquista and the unification of Spain, bullfighting became the entertainment of the noble class.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The bull is fought by a caballero, a knight on horseback.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Those who had recently fought the Moors and were preparing to face death on the battlefield could again test themselves in the arena.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

In the 16th century, many major holidays could not do without bullfighting.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

In Madrid, battles took place in the central square, Plaza Mayor, where the most important events for the country took place, and during the coronation celebrations, kings went out to greet the people.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bullfighting during this period becomes a cultural factor.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

However, already in the Middle Ages, they tried to ban bullfighting.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

In the middle of the 16th century, Pope Pius V issued an edict prohibiting bullfighting on pain of excommunication — but the Spanish monarch himself seeks the lifting of strict church sanctions [6].


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bullfighting appears at the beginning of the XVIII century.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The reason for the change in customs is, apparently, the hostility of French King Philip V to this Spanish tradition, as a result of which bullfighting becomes a holiday for people of the lower classes who did not have their horses (or were afraid to risk them).


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The birthplace of modern bullfighting is Andalusia.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

In the next hundred years, the first famous toreros who developed the rituals and techniques of modern bullfighting appeared — Joaquin Rodriguez, Jose Delgado Guerra, Pedro Romero Martinez.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bullfighting developed rapidly throughout the 19th century, and its “Golden Age” is considered to be the 1910s and 1920s, when Juan Belmonte (considered the best torero of all time and the father of modern style) performed bullfights, JosM-CM- Gomez (aka Joselito), Rafael Gonzalez.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

After the Civil War of 1936—39, when new outstanding matadors appeared, bullfighting quickly increased in popularity.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

At the same time, in the twentieth century, a large-scale movement appeared in Spain to abolish bullfighting.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

In recent decades, bullfighting has been declining in popularity, and now it has many opponents, especially among animal advocates.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

On September 25, 2011, more than 20,000 spectators gathered for the last bullfight at the Monumental Stadium in Barcelona.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Battle bull


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bulls of a special breed, close to the tour in phenotype, participate in bullfighting.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

There are many characteristics of combat bulls, and their compliance with one of the 7 ideal samples (“caste”) is especially appreciated.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bulls are raised on special farms (ganaderías), and before fighting, a small colored pennant is stuck into the back of the bull's neck, which can be used to determine the origin of the bull.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

You can also find out about this by the stigma and from the poster, which is often shown before the bull leaves.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bulls at least 4 years old (and, as a rule, no more than 6) participate in bullfighting.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Sometimes the weight of the bull is regulated (at least 450 kg).


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Symbolically, the bull, often black, can be interpreted as the personification of death, which gives the fight a ritual character.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

At the same time, bullfighting ethics require the torero to treat the bull not as a victim and show due respect for its strength and courage.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The bull in the arena has very little chance of surviving a fight.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

If this does happen, the bull will be used for breeding, but will never be released into the arena again.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bullring


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Initially, bullfighting was held in city squares, usually rectangular in shape (a typical example is the Plaza Mayor in Madrid).


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

With the formation of bullfighting rules in the XVIII century, so that the bull did not get hammered into a corner, round squares began to be built, the first in St. Rhonda in 1784.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Over the next hundred years, round arenas were built in all important cities in Spain.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The structure of the arena resembles a Roman circus, with amphitheater seats for spectators, a round sand-covered arena, which is separated from the amphitheater by a barrier about 140 cm high, and office premises.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Since the sun mainly shines on one side of the arena, this side is called “Sol” — the sun.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The side that is mostly in the shadow is called “Sombra” — the shadow.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

During bullfights, there are places from which the sun will go away, as well as places where it can appear.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The largest bullring in the world is Plaza Monumental in Mexico City with 55,000 seats.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

In Spain, arenas are divided into 3 categories.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The first category is in Madrid (Las Ventas), Seville, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, Zaragoza, San Sebastian and Cordoba.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The second category is arenas in provincial capitals and received this category due to the tradition of Aranjuez.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The third one is everyone else.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

At a time when bullfights are not held, the arenas can be used for concerts and other shows.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bullfighting order


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bullfighting is divided into three parts (thirds, tercios), two of which include “trials” (suertes, literally — luck, fate, variant; sometimes each phase of bullfighting is also called suerte).


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The beginning of each section is notified by a trumpet sound.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Before the bull comes out


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Mini|right|bullfighting procession


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bullfighting posters contain a standard wording: the presentation will take place on such a date, “if the weather does not prevent it, with the permission of the authorities and under their chairmanship.”


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The chairman (or president, presidente) is the mayor of the city or other representative of the civil authorities (bullfighting in Spain is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs).


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

He gives signals for the beginning of each phase of bullfighting and orders the award of the matador.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

On bullfight day, usually at noon, representatives of matadors or novilleros visit the arena pen to decide who will compete with which bulls.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Sometimes bulls are grouped so that the lightest bull is paired with the heaviest bull, and the bull with the longest horns is paired with the bull with the shortest ones.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bull numbers are written on pieces of paper and placed in a hat.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Then the representatives pull out each piece of paper, determining which bulls their employers will perform with.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

After the “sorteo” (draw), the bulls (“apartado”) are divided into individual paddocks, where they remain until the fight.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Female bullfighters (unlike men) have the right to choose a bull on their own.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bullfighting begins (usually at 5 pm) with a procession of participants (el paseíllo), the meaning of which is to introduce yourself to the bullfighting chairman and the public.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The procession has its own order, which places participants in the following sequence:


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

In the first row there are matadors (), standing on the left is the eldest (by experience), on the right is the next, and in the center is the youngest (neophyte).


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Alguasili (officials) ride on horseback on either side of the matadors.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

In the second row there are three subordinates (assistants) of the oldest of the matadors.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

In the third, there are three middle-class subordinates.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The fourth one is the youngest.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The fifth row is followed by two picadors of the oldest matador.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The sixth is middle.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

In seventh, junior.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The procession is closed by working arenas.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The first third


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Otherwise, it is called “tercio de varas” (tercio de varas).


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

It starts with a bull running out of the pen, and he is first greeted by torero assistants with cloaks.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Cloak test (hood)


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The hood is a large cloak, pink on one side, which is shown to the bull, and yellow on the other.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The hood is used by both the matador and subordinates to meet the bull when it enters the arena.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

It is used by the hood both in artistic techniques and directly in the duel.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Because of its weight, it must be held with both hands.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

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Bonnet fighting, especially appreciated in Latin America, is used by the matador in the first two thirds and its quadrilla throughout the bullfighting to “run to the bull, stop, fix”.


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Picador exit


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Two white circles are drawn in the arena.


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The Picador must stay outside the outer circle to accept the bull's attack during the first third.


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At the same time, the torero must keep the bull within the inner circle before it attacks the picador.


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When the picador meets a bull, the torero and assistants stand to the left of the horse.


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The bull strikes fiercely with horns in the side of the horse.


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Since the 19th century, horses have been protected with special armor that softens blows.


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In general, injuries to horses in bullfights are frequent.


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Sometimes a bull manages to turn a horse over.


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It happens that the rider is crushed by a horse at the same time: most of the injuries inflicted on picadors in bullfighting come from this.


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All arenas have a veterinary station for horses.


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The second third


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Known as the “third banderilia”, an episode with short, decorated spears.


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The purpose of the competition is to enrage the bull while preserving its strength.


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Participants seek to “revive” or “cheer up” the bull, which is why banderillas are also called “entertainers”.


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This part of the bullfighting is entrusted to the assistants of the matador banderillero, although sometimes the matador himself performs this episode.


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Each quadrilla has six banderilleros and three banderilleros that approach the bull in pairs for a single throw, each banderillero has a second approach with another partner so that the bull can not choose a target to attack unambiguously.


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Third third


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The last third, the “third of death”, includes preparing the bull for death with a mulet and killing it with a sword.


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Although the torero dedicates all the episodes of the fight to a person, it is in this “issue” that customs are more rooted.


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The death of the first bull of each matador should also be dedicated to the bullfighting chairman (remnants of etiquette ceremonies that “permeate” bullfighting).


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At the moment of receiving the murder weapons, the torero, holding a mulet and sword in his left hand and a hat in his right hand, goes to the person to whom he is going to devote his “work”.


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Approaching him bareheaded and outstretched, he gives a dedication speech, after which he throws his hat into the arena over his shoulder.


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Tradition has it that a good omen is when a hat falls down and a bad hat falls bottom up; therefore, sometimes the torero is turned over if it falls upside down.


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Although initiations in verse are no longer proclaimed, it used to be a very common custom.


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Particularly colorful were those in which toreros gave themselves to their own resourcefulness, whose works often turned out to be careless and unfinished.


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Mulet test


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The maestro uses a mulet (a small red cloak stretched over a wooden stick about 50 cm long) to play with the bull, trying to get it as close as possible, using a variety of dexterous techniques.


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The main techniques for working with a mulet (there are quite a few of them):


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El Natural - the mulet is taken without a sword in his left hand, then the torero looks for distance with the bull, throws the mulet forward, and when the bull breaks off, throws his leg in order to break rectilinear motion of the bull.


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A free move is given to the hand so that the bull moves as far as possible, ending down.


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Usually this figure is followed by a pase de pecho (these two techniques are the matador's “gentleman's set”, a mandatory mulet program).


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El Derechazo — uses the same technique as in the previous technique, but with a mulet along with a sword in his right hand.


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Pase De Pecho - after the previous two moves, the bull completely passes under a low lowered mulet or remains close, and the torero must stand still.


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The reception is done in the opposite direction than the first two, depending on which hand it is held.


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This figure is considered the most important of all, and it assesses the skill of the matador.


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Trinchera - is carried out from right to left, reducing the bull's attack by holding the mulet down, in order to subdue and concentrate the bull.


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The decisive blow


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mini|right|matador points his sword to pierce it into the bull's heart


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After performing artistic work with the bull, when it is tired and exhausted, the decisive moment comes — the death of the bull, and this is the culmination of bullfighting.


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In the early stages of bullfighting, the bull was killed by the entire quadrilla.


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Now this is done exclusively by the matador.


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The bull must be killed within 10 minutes of the beginning of the third third.


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If this does not happen, the torero is given the first warning.


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After 3 minutes, a second warning is issued.


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If after another 2 minutes the bull is alive, it is taken away to leave it for the next bullfight or stab it.


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This development is shameful for any torero.


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Killing is always carried out facing the animal and the goal is to insert the sword between the front ribs in order to get into the heart and cause death as quickly as possible.


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There are various ways to implement it:


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Recibiendo is the oldest and most dangerous form of bull killing.


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When the bull has the strength to throw, the matador stands at a favorable distance in a straight line with the bull's right horn, a slightly bent mulet and his right hand in which the sword is attached to chest, elbow at shoulder height.


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The bull himself comes to the torero.


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Volapié is a way to kill an exhausted and standing bull.


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Torero runs towards the animal, holding the mulet down in his left hand, forcing the bull to bow his head, at which moment he pierces his sword with his right hand.


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It's one of the most common methods of killing.


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Al Encuentro - both the bull and the torero break off, meeting in the middle of the way.


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This point can be realized in two ways, depending on where the torero is after the sword strike — Suerte Natural, when the matador remains between the arena barrier and the bull, or Suerte Contraria when the bull stays between the barrier and the matador.


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Normally, a matador needs 3 or 4 swords before the bull falls.


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During the heyday of bullfighting, not killing a bull with a sword from several attempts made was considered a shame, although it was not uncommon (the anti-record was 34 attempts).


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In these times, such failures occur quite often, in which case the torero uses another sword, with a crosspiece at the end of the blade (descabello), to damage the dorsal ridge of the bull.


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As soon as the bull falls, the banderillero sticks a small knife (puntilla) into the same place so as not to cause unnecessary torment to the animal (if this is not done, the death of the bull occurs as a result of internal bleeding, which can last up to 6 minutes).


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A dead or still agonizing animal is cut off trophies — ears and tail.


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Then a few mules pull the carcass of the dead bull out of the arena, after which it is handed over to the butchers who are waiting outside.


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The bull meat is then sold to restaurants.


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In Andalusia, the meat of such a bull is not eaten, as it has its own breed of meat bulls, retinto, so the meat is used for animal feed.


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A place of bullfighting in culture


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Bullfighting is considered one of the embodiments of the Spanish national spirit.


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Another name for bullfighting is “national festival” (la fiesta nacional).


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In general, the bull (especially its characteristic silhouette image) is perceived as one of the symbols of the country and is even informally placed on the flag of Spain instead of the coat of arms.


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In the drama of the 16th and 17th centuries, including Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Calderón, often features a wounded torero or torero who has just defeated a bull.


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Tauromachy and the closely related theme of death occupy an important place in the work of Spanish artists (many works by Goya - they even distinguish the subgenre of “Goya bullfighting”, Picasso), writers, poets ( Garcia Lorca), filmmakers (Almodovar and others).


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The bullfighting plot is also found in the works of French cultural figures Laura Junot (Duchess of Abrantes), P. Merimee, T. Gautier, A. Dumas father, J. Bizet, E.


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Manet, Van Gogh, J. Cocteau.


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American writer Ernest Hemingway was a connoisseur and fan of bullfighting [7] and wrote a research story about it “Death in the Afternoon”.


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Currently, bullfighting is actively used in images created within the framework of pop culture.


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Bullfighting (or other spectacle with the participation of bulls) is an obligatory element of the program of any urban and even many rural holidays.


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Each city has several bullfighting clubs (“peña taurina” in Spanish), which have their own uniforms and an amateur orchestra (which performs bullfighting playing the traditional paso doble — a genre formed by bullfighting).


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At the same time, in general, the spectacle is gradually losing its popularity and respect among citizens.


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In the birthplace of bullfighting, Spain, according to a sociological survey in 2004, 84.2% of respondents said that they were not interested in bullfighting, 32% opposed it, considering it a cruel spectacle [8].


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According to the author of Newsru.com, the popularity of bullfighting is currently declining due to the activity of animal rights movements [9].


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In 1998, the European Community condemned bullfighting and banned it from being given the status of a cultural event. [


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Spanish legislation does not completely prohibit bullfighting, however, making money on it is mainly due to tourism.


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In some literary works, there was an unequivocal criticism of bullfighting:


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However, it should be noted that Jack London has never been to Spain.


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Bullfighting in literature and art


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Vlas Mikhailovich Doroshevich.


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Gladiators


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Vlas Mikhailovich Doroshevich.


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“Playing with life”


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Jack London.


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John Harned's Madness


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Jiri Ganzelka, Miroslav Zikmund.


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“Přes Kordillery”; chapter “Bullfighting in La Paz”.


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Hugh Lofting.


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Dr. Doolittle's travels.


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Ernest Hemingway.


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It's a dangerous summer.


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Ernest Hemingway.


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Undefeated.


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Ernest Hemingway.


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Fiesta (And the sun rises).


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Vicente Blasco Ibáñez.


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Blood and sand.


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Victims


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In Spain, France and Portugal, about 6,000 bullfights and novillades are held annually, in which about 30,000 bulls die [10].


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At the same time, during the 19th and 20th centuries, 63 matadors died during battles in Spain (including the most famous Pepe-Ilho, Jose Gomez Ortega, nicknamed Joselito (1895—1920) and Manolete (Manuel Rodriguez, 1917-1947, in total received 30 wounds during his career)), as well as 350 banderilleros, picadors, assistants and masters of ceremonies.


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Monuments to the dead matadors, as well as the discoverer of penicillin Alexander Fleming from grateful toreros, were erected near the Las Ventas arena in Madrid (after the introduction of antibiotics, mortality fell sharply).


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Injuries, including serious ones, are very frequent.


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Most often, injuries are inflicted on the thigh, groin, scrotum, abdominal cavity, and less often in the chest and neck [11].


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There is also a high incidence of injuries among Picador horses [12], which at the beginning of the 20th century were considered doomed to death in advance [12].


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On July 9, 2016, in the Spanish city of Teruel, a bull fatally wounded bullfighter Victor Barrio during a bullfight.


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Prior to that, the last case of death of a bullfighter was recorded on August 30, 1985, when Jose Cubero died [13].


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In France, the last death of a matador was recorded in June 2017 (before that, no deaths or deaths of a matador were recorded in French arenas for 96 years) [14].


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Bull and Torero Rewards


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Sometimes, if a bull shows special courage and the audience asks the president of the arena to do so, after the bull is killed, its carcass is taken around the arena in a circle (vuelta), and the audience applauds him.


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If the bull has shown exceptional courage and the audience asks the president of the arena to save the bull's life, then he can give the bull “forgiveness”.


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In this case, killing a bull is simulated with a banderilla or just a hand.


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Usually the bull then becomes semental.


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The matador, who has shown outstanding art, is awarded trophies.


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They go in the following order: with the consent of the audience, the matador can make a lap of honor around the arena.


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If a large part of the public asks the chairman, usually waving white headscarves, he awards one ear (una oreja).


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If the audience asks, and the president himself considers the performance excellent, he can award two ears (dos orejas).


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If he considers the performance outstanding, he can award two ears and a tail (dos orejas y rabo), also called “highest awards” (los máximos trofeos).


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Trophies are cut from a dead or dying bull and given to a matador or novillero, who then performs one or more rounds of honor in the arena.


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If he gets at least two ears throughout the bullfight, he deserves the right to be taken out of the arena on the shoulders of the public (salida en hombros).


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On the other hand, the audience can also express disapproval in the form of silence, whistling and throwing pillows into the arena, on which spectators sit on the stone or concrete tiers of the arena.


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However, throwing pillows into the arena can only mean bad manners of some spectators.


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The fight to ban bullfighting


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Activists opposed to bullfighting hold various actions in front of major ferias in Spain, and also oppose (sometimes successfully [15]) the organization of bullfighting outside its traditional distribution area (for example, in Russia in 2001-2002).


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In Spain, bullfighting is no longer held in the Canary Islands (although cockfighting, which is part of local traditions, continues there).


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In 2004, [16] Barcelona was declared a “bullfighting free city” (Catalan nationalists welcomed this step, while advocating the preservation of Catalan national races with participation bulls), but this statement did not acquire the force of law (due to the fact that bullfighting falls within the competence of the central government) and bullfighting in Barcelona continued to be held regularly.


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On July 28, 2010, parliamentarians in Catalonia voted to ban bullfighting from 2012.


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In 2007, Spain launched a campaign to ban the broadcasting of bullfighting.


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The central television channel TVE refused to broadcast.


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Representatives of the channel said that “its policy is contradicted by showing scenes of violence and excessive cruelty while a young audience watches TV” [17].


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On December 18, 2009, the regional parliament of Catalonia decided to ban bullfighting.


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127 thousand signatures of opponents of bullfighting collected by the Spanish Association for the Protection of Animal Rights and the World Society for the Protection of Animals and 180 thousand signatures collected by the public Prou.


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This made it possible to start parliamentary debates on the possibility of such a ban [17].


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Five years before the ban, 30% of Catalans spoke out against bullfighting, 80% declared their indifference to the spectacle [17].


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As a result, on September 25, 2011, the last bullfights took place at Toros Monumental Barcelona in Catalonia.


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According to journalist Vyacheslav Kozlov, the victories of animal rights defenders include the replacement of real bulls with wooden dummies during the folk fun “Fire Bulls” [18].


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However, this is more dictated by the safety requirements of spectators and participants of the action.


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Arguments of opponents of bullfighting


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There are a lot of entertainment, as well as popular professions that make it possible to risk your own life and health without using cruelty and violence against the weaker, and doing this not but not to the detriment of anyone, but often even with practical benefits for others (parachuting, paragliding, stunting, testing new models, kayaking, racing, etc.).


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There are also bloodless bull competitions, which are also popular in Spain.


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Arguments of bullfighting supporters


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Bullfighting is an integral part of Spanish cultural heritage and national identity [19].


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Torero demonstrates beautiful art in battle, similar to ballet (the dictionary of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Spain defines tauromachia as art).


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The suffering of a bull does not exceed what many farm animals suffer, but the bull, unlike them, dies with dignity and, in case of exceptional courage, can be” forgiven” and left alive.


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The forgiveness of the bull (indulto) is a great honor for the matador.


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Other forms of bullfighting and similar spectacles


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In addition to walking and horse bullfighting with adult and young bulls, there are other popular bull shows in Spain: bull driving (in all kinds of ways, including around the city (Encierro)), “fiery bulls” (fireworks and firecrackers are attached to the bull, now usually a dummy, and he pursues the celebrants), “record” (demonstration of techniques, sometimes acrobatic, by laymen without weapons, are held national competitions).


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Encierro is often the “preface” to bullfighting, for example in Pamplona, and those who wish can run in front of the bulls.


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Encierro is regularly accompanied by injuries to people.


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There is also a comic bullfight (for example, “Torero Fireman”) featuring clowns and dwarfs, usually without killing a bull.


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Bullfighting outside Spain


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France


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In the south of France, in Provence and Languedoc, bullfighting according to Spanish rules is widespread (the main arenas are Nimes and Arles).


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In addition, there are traditional folk forms of tauromachia, similar to the Spanish ones: in the Camargue, after the Encierro bull race, raseteurs competitions (similar to the Spanish “record”) are held, in which raseteurs, without causing injury to the animal itself, try to tear off cockades and ribbons from its horns with a special tool.


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The longer they stay on the bull's horns, the greater their value.


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Another type of French tauromachia is course landaise with cows, where some participants hold a cow and others jump over it (the rules vary depending on the terrain).


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Latin America


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According to Spanish canons, bullfighting is common in Mexico (the arena in Mexico City is not only the largest in the world, but also one of the most prestigious, on the same level as the Spanish arenas of the first category), Colombia, Peru , Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama and Bolivia.


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In Cuba, separate bullfights of foreign masters are held, but tauromachia does not belong to the actual Cuban traditions.


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Brazil hosts a Portuguese-style torada.


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In Latin American countries, there are several “ganaderias” (farms where fighting bulls are raised), important ferias take place there (the main ones are in Mexico City (Mexico), Quito (Ecuador), Manizales, Cali (Colombia), Merida, San Cristobal (Venezuela), Lima (Peru)).


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These countries, especially Mexico, are home to many prominent Toreros.


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In some cases, bullfighting customs in Latin America differ slightly from Spanish ones.


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For example, in Mexico, a matador makes a “lap of honor” around the arena in the opposite direction to what it is done in Spain.


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In general, the tauromachia is less rooted in the New World than in the Iberian Peninsula, and is sometimes perceived as the legacy of European conquerors.


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Portugal


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The Portuguese variation of bullfighting, called “torada” (tourada), is significantly different from the Spanish one.


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Since the XVII century, it has not killed a bull (however, Spanish-type bullfighting with the murder of an animal can be carried out in border areas).


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Although foot matadors often participate in the torada (who perform the same actions with the bull as in Spain, with the exception of killing it), the classic Portuguese bullfighting includes an equestrian part ( the main participant is the cavaleiro rider) and a part in which eight unarmed fourcados (the word has two translations - “pitchfork” and “gallows”) pacify and take the bull away.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Other countries


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bullfights according to the Portuguese model and without causing injury to the animal are regularly held in California.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

In countries such as the Philippines, China and some others (for example, Armenia), bullfights with the participation of foreign toreros are held from time to time.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Although there are bullfighting clubs in many countries, the majority of viewers are unable to properly appreciate the performance of the matador and his quadrilla, and therefore bullfighting in countries that do not traditions of tauromachia, is not always justified.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bullfighting in Russia in 2001-2002


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The event was planned to be held at the Olympic Sports Complex in Moscow on September 8 and 9, 2001.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The first Russian female bullfighter, Lidia Artamonova, who lived in France at that time [20] [21], invited the production center “Russian Academy of Entertainment” [22] to hold a circus show with the participation of bullfighters from France and Portugal.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

For him, 13 fighting bulls and 20 cows were brought to Moscow [23].


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Evgeny Matuzov, the owner of an equestrian base from Mozhaisk near Moscow, was the project manager.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

According to him [22]:


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

According to the Kommersant newspaper, the pro-Kremlin youth movement Walking Together was the first to oppose bullfighting [24].


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The planned event was criticized by the Russian Orthodox Church.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Patriarch Alexy II of All Russia [25] made a statement condemning the possible holding of bullfighting in Russia.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Oppositions against the planned bullfighting ended with the fact that Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov banned the bullfighting on August 27, 2001, at a stage when part of the tickets for the proposed event has been sold.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

The Russian Academy of Entertainment intended to send the animals imported for bullfighting to slaughter, however, Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov signed an order to preserve these bulls and cows in reproductive purposes as a rare breed [26].


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Then they were bought by the deputy of the Yaroslavl Duma A. A. Simon, who planned to try to organize a bullfight in Yaroslavl in 2002.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

However, this organization also failed.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Subsequently, Simon made statements that he was ready to hand over the bulls into the hands of animal protectors.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

According to animal advocates, they collected and allocated funds on request for the costs of keeping bulls, but later the animals were handed over to them only in the amount of two, one of which was fatally wounded; and all others were stabbed to death beforehand [27].


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

According to one of the versions quoted by the publication “Delovaya Pressa”, the cancellation of the bullfighting was beneficial to its organizers, who were interested in receiving an insurance payment of 700 thousand dollars for the failure events [23].


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

However, according to the Kommersant newspaper, the losses of the Russian Academy of Entertainment and the Olimpiyskiy sports complex amounted to more than $1.5 million, which could not cover the payment from the insurance ROSNO company at $670,000 [24].


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

It should be noted that after the cancellation of the bullfighting, bullfighter Lidia Artamonova decided to move to Russia, where she managed to organize her own equestrian theater [20], which performed, in particular, at the All-Russian Exhibition Center in 2004 [28].


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Evgeny Matuzov, as of 2010, was engaged in organizing costume hunting for tourists in the Moscow region, during which neither shooting nor killing animals is provided [29].


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

See also


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Bullfighting


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Tauromachia


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Battle bull


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Torada


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Rodeo


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Animal protection


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Notes


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Literature


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Author: Jose Paez Carrascosa, Ronda is a Dream City.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Radyuk, A. YU.


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

“The deep and symbolic meaning of bullfighting as an integral part of Spanish culture” (2015).


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

References


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Category:Killing Activities


Question: What age do bulls participate in bullfighting?

bullfight

Category:Bullfighting


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington was a major plane crash that occurred on Sunday, December 1, 1974 in the Washington area.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Trans World Airlines (TWA) Boeing 727-231 operated a passenger flight from Columbus, Ohio to, but due to difficult weather conditions was redirected to neighboring Dulles Airport.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Then, 25 miles (46 km) from the airport, the airliner crashed into a mountain, killing 92 people [1].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The Commission investigating the incident concluded that the crash was caused by a problem that had existed for several years by insufficient clear and clear guidelines for air traffic controllers, including the terminology for radio conversations.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

So, in this case, five minutes before the crash, when the airport was still 44 miles (82 km) away, the dispatcher gave permission to make an approach.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

However, the crew misunderstood what the dispatcher wanted from him, and decided that it was already a landing command, and therefore began to descend prematurely to the airport.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Then, during the approach, the crew fell below the safe height established for the area, which was indicated on one of the documents, which led to a collision with the ground [2].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

So far, this is the largest plane crash in Virginia [3].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Airplane


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The flight was operated by a Boeing 727-231 aircraft with registration number N54328 (factory 20306, serial 791), which entered Trans World Airlines (TWA) on March 3, 1970.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The construction date of the liner, according to the NTSB report, is March 3, 1970, the same as the day of transfer of the airline; according to other sources, it is February 13 of the same year [1970].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The N54328 had all the necessary certificates and was serviced in accordance with established federal rules and instructions of the company.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The last Form C maintenance was carried out on August 12, 1974 with flight hours, and there were no comments on the airliner that could play a role in catastrophe.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the time of the incident, the total flight time of the aircraft was 10 hours, and when departing from Indianapolis, its flight log did not contain any records of unresolved refusals and violations that could threaten flight safety.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The airliner was equipped with three Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9A turbofan engines with a thrust force of 64.5 kN each [4] [5].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The estimated weight of fuel on board when departing on a fateful flight was pounds, which was within normal limits, and at the time of the crash, its reserve was about pounds [6].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Engine data [4].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

No. Serial


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

NumberInstalled


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

by airplaneOperating timeEPKR1P665329B3 hour 36 minutes—2P666010B18768 hours 40 minutes—3P665336B21 hours 45 minutes5353 hours 38 minutes


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Crew


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The aircraft commander (captain) is Richard E. Brock (English: Richard I. Brock).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

44 years old, with TWA since December 5, 1955.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Initially, he worked as a flight engineer until March 1, 1967, he qualified as a co-pilot for the Convair 880.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

He was qualified on the B-727 on June 19, 1969, first as co-pilot, and from June 23, 1971 as commander.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

He was also qualified as a co-pilot of the B-707.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Richard Brock flew 3,765 flight hours as a pilot (commander or co-pilot) and about 3,100 flight hours as a jet flight engineer.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

On the B-727 itself, he flew 1,557 hours as commander and 1,342 hours as co-pilot.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

It has flown 372 hours since May 1974, all in command of the B-727.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The last qualification test was carried out on 17 July 1974 and included, among others, two inaccurate approaches (without using the glide path system).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Richard Brock did not receive any comments or unsatisfactory grades during the qualification tests.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Qualification tests in the presence of inspectors from the Federal Aviation Administration took place on 9 March and 5 April 1973, with the first inspection including an approach by VOR/DME beacons.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

According to the inspectors' comments, the interaction and qualifications of the crew were at a satisfactory level.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In 1974, it flew four times in the last 7 months: in July, August and twice in September.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

He did not fly to another Washington Dulles airport, but watched films based on it in October 1973 and August 1974 [7].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Co-pilot — Lenard W. Kreshek (English: Lenard W. Kresheck).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

40 years old, with TWA since March 7, 1966.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

On March 20, 1966, he received the qualification of a flight engineer, and on March 5, 1968, he was qualified as a civil aviation pilot.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

He was qualified to fly single-engine aircraft and the B-707/720 multi-engine family, and was qualified for the B-727 on March 30, 1973.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

He flew a total of 6,205 flight hours, including 1,160 hours on the B-727.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Since May 1974, he has flown 416 hours, including 104 hours as co-pilot on the B-707 and 311 hours on the B-727 (he flew the 727 only in October, November and December).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The last qualification test was carried out on March 22, 1974 and included two inaccurate approaches (without using the glide path system).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Lenard Kreschek did not receive any comments or unsatisfactory grades during the qualification checks.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Inspections in the presence of inspectors from the Federal Aviation Administration have been carried out 4 times since 1971, and in none of them Kreszek received negative ratings.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Over the past 7 months, he has flown to the following airports in Washington: National Airport three times (all in June), Dulles Airport once (in September), Baltimore Airport twice (all in May) [8].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Flight Engineer — Thomas C. Safranek (English: Thomas C. Safranek).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

31 years old, with TWA since October 20, 1967.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

He received his certificate as a jet flight engineer on February 22, 1968, was qualified as a Convair 880 flight engineer on March 19, 1968, a B-707 on August 6, 1968, and a B-727 on June 6, 1974.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

By the time of the crash, he retained the qualification of a flight engineer only on B-707 and B-727.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

He also received a civil aviation pilot certificate on February 15, 1972 and was qualified to fly single-engine aircraft.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

A total of 2,798 flight hours, including 128 hours on the B-727.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The flight time since May 1974 has been 242 hours, including 113 hours on the B-707 and 128 hours on the B-727.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

During various qualification tests, I did not receive any unsatisfactory ratings or comments [8] [9].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In the last 24 hours before flying on the ill-fated Flight 514, the entire flight crew had 4 hours 44 minutes of flight time and 12 hours of rest [9].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Four flight attendants worked in the cabin [9]:


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Denise E.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Stander (English: Denise A. Stander).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

22 years old, with TWA since October 9, 1974.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Jen E.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Van Fozzen (English: Jen A. Van Fossen).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Elizabeth H.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Stout Martin (English: Elizabeth H. (Stout) Martin).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

23 years old, with TWA since April 11, 1973.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Joan E.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Hedy (English: Joan E. Heady).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

22 years old, with TWA since June 20, 1973.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

All flight attendants were qualified for DC-9, B-707, B-727, B-747 and L-1011, while Hedy and Martin were also qualified for CV-880 [9].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Timeline of events


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Preceding circumstances


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The aircraft operated a regular passenger flight TW514 on the Indianapolis — Columbus — Washington D.C.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The mission for the flight was sent from the TWA General Control Center in New York and handed over to Commander Richard Brock through the Indianapolis office.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

This package of documents contained information about the route, which was calculated by the computer, and the weather forecast at the destination airport; at the same time, the flight had to take place according to the flight rules by instrument.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 08:53 [* 1], Flight 514 took off from Indianapolis, Indiana, and landed safely in Columbus, Ohio at 9:32 AM.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

After the crew received the weather forecast and completed the loading of the aircraft, at 10:24am, 11 minutes later than schedule, the N54328, with 85 passengers and 7 crew members on board, took off from Port Columbus [10].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 10:36am, the crew contacted the Cleveland Air Traffic Control Center and received information from the dispatcher that the National Airport was closed due to strong side winds, so arriving flights are either delayed or heading to Dulles Airport.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Then a couple of minutes later, the commander contacted the airline's dispatcher in New York and reported the situation, to which he agreed with the commander that flight 514 should go to Dulles.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 10:42am, a dispatcher in Cleveland gave permission to Flight 514 to fly to Dulles Airport on level 290 (29 thousand feet or 8.8 km) via a beacon.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 10:43, the crew was given permission to descend to level 230 and keep it until passing the checkpoint 40 miles from the Front Royal.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The crew also discussed among themselves the scheme of instrument approach to lane 12 and studied the navigation maps of Dulles Airport, after which commander Richard Brock handed over control to co-pilot Lenard Kreshek.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 10:48am, Flight 514 came under the control of the Washington ATC Center and established contact with it.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The dispatcher confirmed that he was aware of the rerouting of Flight 514 to Dulles.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Further, the voice recorder recorded a conversation in the cockpit, during which schemes for entering lane 12 after passing the Front Royal either through the Martinsburg beacon or from a straight line were discussed [10] [11].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 10:51, a dispatcher from the Washington Center asked the crew what their course was.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

They replied that 100°, which they were instructed to turn on a course of 090°, so that, as explained by the dispatcher, the 300° vector from the beacon would be captured 25 miles north-west of the beacon, and then save 8,000 feet (2.4 km) altitude.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The dispatcher explained that the 300° vector is used when approaching strip 12 of Dulles Airport, as well as the installation of altimeters at the airfield level - 29.74.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

According to the voice recorder, the pilots tuned the navigation receiver to the Armel radio beacon and once again discussed entering lane 12.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 10:55am, flight engineer Thomas Safranek read out the control card before landing, while the pilots answered its points.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The reference speed was defined as 127 knots, which was set by the setters on the speed indicators, and the altimeters were adjusted to the airport level (29.74).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 10:57, the crew once again discussed the details on the approach scheme, including the passage of Round Hill, the final approach, the visual determination of the entry into the glide path, the glide path system, and airport map [11].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 10:59, the commander reported to the dispatcher about the decrease from 11,000 to 8,000 feet (from 3.35 to 2.44 km), and then asked if there were dangerous weather events at the airport and along the flight route.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The answer was no, to which the commander replied that the crew also did not observe anything dangerous on the weather radar.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Then the commander turned on the de-icing system.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:01, the dispatcher of the Washington ATC Center gave permission to Flight 514 to descend and occupy an altitude of 7,000 feet (2.13 km), as well as switch to communication with the approach dispatcher of Dulles Airport.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Less than half a minute later, the commander contacted the approach dispatcher and reported a decrease from 10,000 to 7,000 feet, and at the same time listened to information from ATIS about the weather.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The approach dispatcher allowed the passage of Armel and waiting for approach to lane 12, and also warned about the update of ATIS information.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

There was only one change in the updated information — the altimeter setting was reduced to 29.70.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

However, no evidence was found on the voice recorder that the pilots changed the settings of their altimeters [12].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Weather in the region


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Virginia at this time had a difficult weather situation with several fronts, characterized by low clouds, rain, rare wet snow and a strong gusty east wind.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The cyclone covered western Kentucky, southeastern Virginia, and east Carolina.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Over the National Airport was partly cloudy 700 feet high and 1200 feet overcast, visibility 5 miles or more, light rain, wind 070° (east-northeast) 25—28 knots, in gusts up to 49 knots (25 m/s, at 10:54).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Over Dulles Airport, in turn, was overcast 900 feet high, visibility from 3 to 7 miles, light rain, wind 080° 20 knots, in gusts up to 36 knots (18.5 m/s, at 10:55).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

According to the weather station in Patuxent, Maryland, near Dulles Airport, a tenth of the sky was occupied by thunderstorms moving south (170°) at a speed of 45 knots and characterized by moderate heavy rains.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Half of the sky was occupied by an area of moderate precipitation.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The upper limit of the cloud cover reached feet (7.3 km).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

There were also at least three warnings of moderate to severe icing in the clouds.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The aircraft crews did not report on the weather situation.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the same time, witnesses on the ground indicated that to the north-west of the airport in the area of the incident there was low clouds, it was raining heavily, the wind in gusts reached a speed of 40 knots, and visibility was only 50—100 feet (15—30 meters).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

As it was later calculated, wind gusts around 43 knots could lead to a decrease in pressure by 4 millibars, while the aircraft's altimeters overestimated the readings by 13 feet (4 meters) [6] [13].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

catastrophe


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:04, the plane reported that it had reached an altitude of 7,000 feet, to which a few seconds later the dispatcher gave permission to call on beacons to lane 12.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The crew commander confirmed receipt of the information, after which he released the landing gear and commented: Eighteen hundred [549 meters] is the minimum.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Then the co-pilot said that he was starting to decline, and the flight engineer said that it would be necessary to turn on the heating, as, in his opinion, it was quite cold.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:05:06, the commander considered the relief scheme, the minimum height of descent and approach, and also noted that the time of passage of points on the approach trajectory was not indicated.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:06:15, the co-pilot said he hated when altitude jumps, and also noticed the vibration of the dashboard.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the same time, the commander noticed some discrepancy in the readings of the radio compasses, which he considered insignificant, and to the discontent of the co-pilot said: You are flying, not me.