Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

According to the current diagnostic criteria (as of early 2007), ADHD can be diagnosed from late preschool or school age, since in order to meet the requirements diagnosis requires an assessment of the child's behavior in at least two settings (for example, at home and at school).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The presence of learning and social disabilities is a necessary criterion for establishing a diagnosis of ADHD [14].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Impulsiveness


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

One of the main signs of ADHD, along with attention impairment, is impulsiveness — a lack of control over behavior in response to specific requirements.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Clinically, these children are often characterized as responding quickly to situations, without waiting for instructions and instructions to complete the task, as well as inadequately assessing the requirements of the task.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

As a result, they are very careless, inattentive, careless and frivolous.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Such children are often unable to consider potentially negative, harmful, or destructive (and even dangerous) consequences that may be associated with certain situations or their actions.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

They often put themselves at unreasonable, unnecessary risk to show their courage, whims and quirks, especially in front of their peers.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

As a result, accidents with poisoning and injuries are not uncommon.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Children with ADHD can lightly and carelessly damage or destroy someone's property significantly more often than children without signs of ADHD.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

One of the difficulties in diagnosing ADHD is that it often comes with other problems.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

A small group of people with ADHD suffer from a rare disorder called Tourette syndrome (combined vocal and multiple motor tics) [15].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Diagnostic criteria


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Diagnostic criteria for ADHD according to the DSM-5 classification


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

According to DSM-5 (2013), the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder can be established no earlier than 12 years (according to DSM-IV 1994 from the age of 6).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Symptoms should be seen in different situations and settings.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

To make a diagnosis, you need to have 6 symptoms (from the group of “inattention” and/or “hyperactivity and impulsiveness”), and 5 symptoms from the age of 17 [12].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Symptoms should be present for at least six months, and patients should lag behind the level of development of most adolescents their age.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Symptoms must be present before the age of 12 to be diagnosed, and cannot be explained by other mental disorders [12].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Inattention


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

He is often unable to keep attention to details: due to negligence, frivolity makes mistakes in school assignments, in work performed and other activities (for example, missing details, work inaccurate).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It is usually difficult to maintain attention when completing tasks or playing games (for example, it is difficult to stay focused during lectures, conversations, or long reading).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It often seems that the child does not listen to the speech addressed to him (for example, it seems that he is mentally somewhere else, even in the absence of any obvious distraction).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Often does not follow instructions or complete school assignments, duties, or routine activities in the workplace (for example, starts assignments, but quickly loses focus and is easily distracted).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Often experiences difficulties in organizing independent performance of tasks and other activities (for example, difficulty managing sequential tasks, difficulty storing materials and things are fine; messy, disorganized work, poor time management, missed deadlines).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Usually avoids being involved in tasks that require long-term mental stress (for example, school or homework, for older teenagers and adults - preparation reports, filling out forms, analyzing long documents).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Frequently loses items needed at school and at home (e.g. school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, documents, glasses, mobile phones, umbrellas, gloves, rings or bracelets, which I took off for a while).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli (for older teenagers and adults, it can include abstract thoughts).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

He often shows forgetfulness in everyday situations (for example, performing duties, performing errands, in older adolescents and adults - callbacks, paying bills, making appointments).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Hyperactivity and impulsiveness


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Restless movements in the hands and feet are often observed; sitting on a chair, wriggling in place.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Frequently gets up from her classroom seat during class or in other situations where you need to stay in place (for example, leaving your seat in the classroom, office or other workplace, or other situations that need to be kept in place).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Often shows aimless motor activity: runs, tries to climb somewhere, and in situations where this is unacceptable (Note: in adolescents or adults, it may be limited to feeling anxiety).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

He usually cannot play quietly, quietly or do anything at leisure.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It is often in constant motion and behaves as “as if a motor has been attached to it” (for example, it is inconvenient for him to stay in restaurants, meetings for a long time; it may be regarded others as restless, with whom it is difficult to be on a par).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It can be chatty.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

He often answers before the question is asked to the end (for example, completes people's sentences, cannot wait for a turn in a conversation).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It is usually difficult to wait for his turn in various situations (for example, waiting in line).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Often interrupts or invades others (for example, encounters conversations, games, or deeds; may start using other people's things without asking or obtaining permission; in adolescents and adults - can invade what others are doing).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Diagnosis of ADHD according to the DSM-5 classification


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

One of the methods for diagnosing ADHD symptoms according to the DSM-5 classification is the MOXO continuous performance test [16].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

MOXO is a computer-aided test for diagnosing ADHD symptoms in children, adolescents, and adults.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The test exists in two versions, which are designed for children (6-12 years) and adults (13-70 years old) [17] [18].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The test is a program that consists of eight levels.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

During the test, target and non-target stimuli appear on the screen, to which the subject must react accordingly by pressing the space bar or vice versa - by not taking any action [19].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The peculiarity of the test is that during its passage, stimuli appear on the screen with the help of visual animations and sound effects that are identical to those of real life.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The use of such stimuli makes it possible to achieve high accuracy in diagnosing ADHD symptoms (by 90%) [20].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The test results are numerical values of ADHD symptoms, as well as graphs of the subject's activity at each of the 8 stages of testing.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Activity graphs allow the specialist to decipher the effect of auditory, visual and combined stimuli on the overall attention profile of the subject and on each of the four ADHD criteria according to DSM-5 classifications: attentiveness, coherence of actions, impulsiveness and hyperactivity [16].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Diagnostic criteria for ADHD according to the ICD-10 classification


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In the International Classification of Diseases of the 10th revision (ICD-10), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is included in the diagnostic heading “impaired activity and attention” ().


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

For a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, general criteria for hyperkinetic disorder () should be identified, but not criteria for behavioral disorder ().


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Summarizing, some of the symptoms of the following groups should be identified (general criteria for “hyperkinetic disorders” —): inattention (inability to closely monitor details, maintain attention to assignments or games, inability to follow instructions or complete school assignments, frequent distractions to external stimuli, etc.), hyperactivity (restless movements by body members, fiddling in place, inability to sit still, running or climbing anywhere in inappropriate situations, inadequate noise in games, etc.) and impulsiveness (answers before questions are completed, inability to wait in queues, talkative without an adequate response to social restrictions, frequent interruption of others and meeting in conversations or games) [20].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The onset of the disorder must be up to 7 years, its duration should be at least 6 months, and the patient's intelligence quotient (IQ) is above 50 [20].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

ADHD in adults


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Many adults who did not have ADHD in childhood do not realize that this is the reason for their inability to maintain attention, difficulties in learning new material, and organizing space around you and in interpersonal relationships.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

An American study of 2006 (so-called Harvard study), which included a little more than 3,000 people, allowed its authors to calculate the expected prevalence of ADHD of 4.4% in the adult population (diagnosis according to the DSM-IV criteria).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

A higher prevalence of ADHD was found if the subject was male, ethnic European, unemployed, and married in the past [21] [22].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In a slightly earlier study (also in the US, 966 adults surveyed), the prevalence of ADHD among adults was established at 2.9% for ADHD in the narrow sense (Narrow ADHD, established by DSM-IV criteria) and 16.4% for ADHD in an expanded interpretation (the diagnosis was made taking into account a number of additional, subthreshold criteria) [23].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The prevalence of ADHD in adults decreases with age [24].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The prevalence of ADHD in adults is significantly dependent on the presence of concomitant psychological problems and diseases: according to a 2007 Mexican study, 5.37% were found to have ADHD examined from the general population (149 people were examined) and in 16.8% of outpatient psychiatrists with non-psychotic psychiatric diseases (161 people were examined).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It is especially noteworthy that among psychiatric patients, gender differences in the prevalence of ADHD were “upside down” in relation to ADHD in the general population and among children: ADHD was established in 21.6% of female patients and only 8.5% of male patients [25].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

American psychiatrist Allen Francis, who led the creation of the classifier of mental disorders DSM-IV, spoke extremely negatively about the diagnosis of ADHD in adults.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In his opinion, the boundaries of the diagnosis are so blurred that it can be unreasonably put to many ordinary people who are dissatisfied with their ability to focus on boring and uninteresting work.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The situation is aggravated by the fact that the diagnosis is based on a person's subjective opinion about his ability to concentrate and perform tasks.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In addition, Allen Francis expressed fears that sometimes people who complain of symptoms of ADHD may have bipolar affective disorder or depression.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In this case, the use of psychostimulants common in ADHD therapy can only worsen the condition [26].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

English psychiatrist Joanna Moncriff argues that the usual criteria for illness and disorder are not suitable for determining ADHD in adults, since the condition itself is indistinguishable from the mental norm.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Moncriff believes that the growth in the diagnosis of ADHD in adults is the financial interests of pharmaceutical companies promoting their drugs.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The effect of psychostimulants is usually felt pleasant by people, and therefore some tend to claim that they have ADHD in order to gain access to these drugs [27].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Treatment methods for ADHD


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Approaches to the treatment and correction of ADHD and the methods available may differ from country to country.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

However, despite these differences, most experts consider the most effective integrated approach, which combines several methods individually selected in each case.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Methods of behavior modification, psychotherapy, pedagogical and neuropsychological correction are used.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Drug therapy is prescribed according to individual indications in cases where behavioral and cognitive impairment cannot be overcome by non-drug methods [28].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In the United States, the WWK3 protocol is used to treat children [29], and the WWK10 protocol is used to treat adults [30].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In particular, ritalin (methylphenidate), a controversial drug with a high addictive (narcotic) potential, is allowed to treat children [31] [32].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Pharmacocorrection


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

When correcting ADHD, drugs are used as an auxiliary method.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The most common are psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate, amphetamine, dexamphetamine.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

One of the drawbacks of these drugs is the need to take them several times a day (the duration of action is about 4 hours).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Methylphenidate and dexamphetamine of prolonged action (up to 12 hours) have now appeared.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In the treatment of ADHD, the long-acting form of methylphenidate (trade name — “concert”) is widely used [33].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The efficacy of dexamphetamine, methamphetamine and methylphenidate with progressive release for the treatment of ADHD has not been fully proven [33].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Previously, the psychostimulant pemoline was used, but due to hepatotoxicity, its use has become limited.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Drugs of other groups are also used, for example atomoxetine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, a group of adreno- and sympathomimetics).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Antidepressants are also effective: desipramine in low doses, bupropion [34] [35].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Clonidine can be combined with psychostimulants, which mitigates side effects (eliminates insomnia and impulsiveness) and increases the effect on hyperkinesis and hyperactivity [33].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

As of April 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the following psychostimulants for the treatment of ADHD: amphetamine ( levamphetamine and dexamphetamine), methylphenidate, dexmethylphenidate, methamphetamine, lizdexamphetamine and atomoxetine (not formally related to psychostimulants) [36].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Double-blind randomized controlled trials have demonstrated modafinil's efficacy in ADHD [37] [38], but this drug is not approved by the FDA and is not used in the American medical practice for the treatment of ADHD due to dermatological toxicity (patients developed Stevens-Johnson syndrome in clinical trials) [39].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The European Medicines Agency also recommended that this drug be prescribed exclusively for narcolepsy for the treatment of drowsiness [40].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Particular care is needed when prescribing psychostimulants to children, as a number of studies have shown that their high doses (for example, methylphenidate more than 60 mg/day) or improper use cause addictive and may encourage adolescents to use higher doses to achieve a narcotic effect [41] [42] [43].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

According to a study conducted in the United States among cocaine addicts, people with ADHD who used stimulants in their teens are twice as likely to be addicted to cocaine as those who do was diagnosed with ADHD, but who did not use stimulants [44].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

A study published in 2003 noted that children diagnosed with ADHD have less brain volume than children who were not diagnosed with ADHD.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It is not clear whether the decrease in brain volume is caused by the disease itself or by drugs used to treat ADHD [45].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The benefits of psychostimulants in ADHD have been confirmed in more than 170 randomized controlled trials involving about 5,000 children [33].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

However, this applies only to short-term effects from treatment, for the duration of the substance's action.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In 2010, Australia published a study on the lack of long-term beneficial effects in ADHD therapy with psychostimulants.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The study covered 2,868 families that were followed for 20 years [46] [47] [48].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Usually, when taking psychostimulants, children improve significantly (more in behavior than in academic performance), and only a few do not improve [33].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Poor academic performance, distractibility and manifestations of aggression partially disappear when taking psychostimulants, and reappear when the drug is withdrawn or replaced with a placebo [33].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The number of children in the United States who are prescribed psychostimulants has increased significantly since the 1990s [33].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

From 1990 to 1993 alone, the number of outpatient visits to psychiatrists for ADHD increased from 1.6 to 4.2 million per year, with 90% of children receiving psychostimulants at some stage of treatment [33] [ 49], in 71% of cases methylphenidate [50].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

As of 1996, psychiatrists in the United States had issued more than 10 million prescriptions for methylphenidate [33].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It remains unclear whether the increase in the number of psychostimulant prescriptions is caused by excessive prescriptions or better diagnosis of ADHD.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Both factors appear to be present [33] [50].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The United Nations has issued recommendations that state the following:


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

“The Committee is concerned at information that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) are misdiagnosed and that, as a result, overly psychostimulants are prescribed despite increasing evidence of the harmful effects of these drugs.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The Committee recommends that further research be undertaken on the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD and ADD, including the possible negative effects of psychostimulants on physical and psychological well-being children, and make maximum use of other forms of handling and treatment when dealing with behavioral disorders.”


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The approach common in the CIS is nootropic drugs, substances, according to some experts, that improve brain function, metabolism, energy, and increase the tone of the cortex.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Drugs consisting of amino acids are also prescribed, which, according to manufacturers, improve brain metabolism, but there is no evidence of the effectiveness of such treatment.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

According to one Russian study, the results of which were assessed by questioning parents using the Conners structured questionnaire, an overall improvement in the behavior of children with ADHD was achieved when treated with the following nootropic drugs: cerebrolysin (60% of children), piracetam (48%), phenibut (50%), instenone (59%) [28].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Against the background of therapy with the antipsychotic thioridazine (sonapax) at a dosage of 1 mg/kg (20-30 mg), a positive trend was noted in 22% of children, and in the control group with multivitamin drugs - only in 10% children [28].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The drugs used for treatment are:


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Psychostimulants


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Amphetamine ()


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Dexamphetamine (dexedrin and dexedrin spanula)


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Lizdexamphetamine (vivance, venvance, elvance, tivence)


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Methamphetamine (deoxine)


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Methylphenidate (ritalin, methylin, methadate, concerta, deuteran)


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Pemolin (betanamine, cylert, ceractive)


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Central sympathomimetics


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Atomoxetine


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Central sympatholytics (α2-agonists)


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Clonidine


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Guangfaqing


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Antidepressants


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Bupropion


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Imipramine


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Desipramine


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Nortriptyline


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

GUMK


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Non-pharmacological approaches


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Currently, there are several non-pharmacological approaches to ADHD treatments that can be combined with pharmacocorrection or used independently of it.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Neuropsychological (through various exercises).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Syndromic.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Correction of the consequences of birth injuries of the cervical spine and restoration of blood circulation in the brain.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Behavioral or behavioral psychotherapy focuses on certain behavioral patterns, either forming or extinguishing them through encouragement, punishment, coercion and inspiration.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It can be used only after neuropsychological correction and maturation of brain structures, otherwise behavioral therapy is ineffective.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

To support children, the education system uses applied developments based on behavioral methods, such as a system of interventions and maintenance of the desired behavior, which set a working framework for functional assessment of students' difficult behavior and reorganization of learning conditions to solve these problems [51].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Work on personality.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Family psychotherapy, which forms a person and which determines where to direct these qualities (disinhibition, aggressiveness, increased activity).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Nutritional.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Replenish the deficiency of certain micronutrients that are involved in the synthesis and secretion of serotonin and catecholamine neurotransmitters.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

It is known that ADHD is characterized by impaired levels of these neurotransmitters [52] [53].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

BFB therapy (using biofeedback), in particular using EEG-BOS electroencephalographic feedback, also called neurofeedback (NeuroBOS).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

According to Rossiter T., neurofeedback (NeuroBOS) can serve as a good alternative to drug methods for correcting attention disorders in children [54].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In some cases, when it is difficult to refuse drug therapy due to the severity of the disorders, the NeuroBos method can act as a powerful addition to therapy and contribute to long-term consolidation of positive dynamics.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The authors noted that after the drug was discontinued, stable improvements were noted only in the group of patients who underwent sessions together with taking the drug [55].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Some studies have shown that after undergoing NeuroBOS procedures, children with ADHD showed an improvement in the results of the general IQ test by an average of 12 points [56].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In the same studies, the authors pointed out that biofeedback using EEG interfaces is a well-established non-drug treatment for ADHD with proven efficacy and minimal side effects.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The above complex of methods of psychocorrection and drug treatment, with timely diagnosis, can reduce the severity of ADHD symptoms in children, as well as compensate for those that have already arisen violations and help in the future to fully realize themselves in life.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Reasons for ADHD


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The exact cause of ADHD is unknown [57], but there are several theories.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The causes of organic disorders can be:


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The general deterioration of the environmental situation.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Immunological incompatibility (Rh factor).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Miscarriage threats.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Chronic diseases of the mother.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Premature, fleeting or prolonged labor, stimulation of labor, poisoning with anesthesia, cesarean section.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Birth complications (improper presentation of the fetus, its entanglement with the umbilical cord) lead to injuries to the fetal spine, asphyxia, internal cerebral hemorrhages.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Any diseases of infants with fever and taking potent drugs.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Asthma, pneumonia, heart failure, diabetes, kidney disease can act as factors that disrupt the normal functioning of the brain [58].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Genetic factors


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Specialists of the Medical Genetic Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University found that “most researchers agree that a single cause of the disease cannot be identified it succeeds and, it seems, will never succeed” [59].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Scientists in the United States, Holland, Colombia and Germany have suggested that 80% of the occurrence of ADHD depends on genetic factors.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Of the more than thirty candidate genes, three were chosen — the dopamine carrier gene, as well as two dopamine receptor genes.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

However, the genetic prerequisites for the development of ADHD are manifested in interaction with an environment that can strengthen or weaken these prerequisites [59].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Criticism


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

ADHD is one of the most questionable and controversial mental disorders [9] [60].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

ADHD and its treatment have been questioned since at least the 1970s [8] [10] [61].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Many doctors, teachers, high-ranking politicians, parents and the media doubt the existence of this syndrome.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The range of opinions about ADHD is quite wide, from those who do not believe that the disorder exists to those who believe that there are genetic or physiological prerequisites for this condition [8].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Researchers from McMaster University in Canada have identified five main points on which discussions are developing:


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Clinical diagnosis for which there are no laboratory or radiological tests confirming the disease and characteristic physiological characteristics of the body.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Frequent changes in diagnostic criteria.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

There is no effective treatment.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Existing treatments are very long.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In treatment, drugs are used, some of which contain psychotropic substances (methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The frequency of ADHD diagnosis varies significantly from country to country [62].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

The lack of clarity about what could be attributed to ADHD and changes in diagnosis criteria led to confusion [63].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Ethical and legal issues of treatment were the main areas of controversy — especially the use of psychostimulants in therapy, as well as the advertising of ADHD stimulants by groups and individuals, who receive money from pharmaceutical companies [60].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Medical professionals and news agencies argued that the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder deserved a more thorough investigation [64].


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Alternative theories have been proposed to explain the symptoms of ADHD [65], which include hunter-farmer theory, neurodiversity, and the theory of the social construct of ADHD (Social) construct theory of ADHD).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Some individuals and groups completely deny the existence of ADHD.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

These include Thomas Sas, Michel Foucault and groups such as the Citizens Commission on Human Rights. [66]


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

However, most US medical institutions and courts consider ADHD diagnoses to be legitimate (see para. Ritalin class action lawsuits).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Literature


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In Russian


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Altherr P., Berg L., Welfl A., Passolt M. Hyperactive children.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Correction of psychomotor development.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

—: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2004


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Bryazgunov I. P., Kasatikova E.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

IN. A restless child or all about hyperactive children.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

—: Publishing house of the Institute of Psychotherapy, 2002


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Bryazgunov I. P., Kasatikova E.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

IN. Attention deficit with hyperactivity in children.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

—: Medpraktika-M, 2002


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Zavadenko N. N. Hyperactivity and attention deficit in childhood.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

—: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2005.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Zavadenko N. N. How to understand a child: children with hyperactivity and attention deficit.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

— School Press, 2001


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Zavadenko N. N., Suvorinova N. YU.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

, Rumyantseva M. IN. Attention deficit hyperactivity: risk factors, age dynamics, diagnostic features.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

— Defectology, 2003, No. 6


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Monina G. B.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

, Lyutova-Roberts E.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

K., Chutko L. S. Hyperactive children.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Psychological and pedagogical correction.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

—: Speech, 2007


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Russell A. Barkley, Christina M. Benton.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Your naughty child.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

—: Peter, 2004


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Ratner A. YU.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Neonatal neurology: acute period and late complications.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

4-e izd.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

, M, BINOMIAL.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Knowledge Laboratory, 2008—368 p. ISBN 978-5-94774-897-0


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Chutko L. S., Palchik A. B.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

, Kropotov Yu.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

D. Attention disorder hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

—: Publishing House of SPbMAPO, 2004


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Chutko L. S. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbidities.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

—: Hoka, 2007


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In other languages


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Hartmann, Thom “Attention Deficit Disorder, A Different Perception” submitted “A Hunter in a Farmers World”.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Barkley, Russell A. Take Charge of ADHD: The Complete Authoritative Guide for Parents (2005) New York: Guilford Publications.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Bellak L, Kay SR, Opler LA.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

(1987) “Attention deficiency disorder psychology as a diagnostic category”.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Psychiatric Developments, 5 (3), 239-63.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Conrad, Peter Identifying Hyperactive Children (Ashgate, 2006).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Crawford, Teresa I'm Not Stupid!


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

I'm ADHD!


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Green, Christopher, Kit Chee, Understanding ADD; Doubleday 1994; ISBN 0-86824-587-9


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Hanna, Mohab.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Making the Connection: A Parent's Guide to Medicine in AD/HD, Washington D.C.: Ladner-Drysdale.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Joseph, J. (2000).


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

“Not in Their Genes: A Critical View of the Genetics of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder”, Development Review 20, 539—567.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Kelly, Kate, Peggy Ramundo.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

You Mean I'm Not Lazy, Stupid or Crazy?!


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Af Self-Help Book for Adults with Attention deficiency Disorder.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

ISBN 0-684-81531-1


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Matlen, Terry.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

(2005) “Survival Tips for Women with AD/HD”.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

ISBN 1-886941-59-9


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Ninivaggi, F.J. “Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Rethinking Diagnosis and Treatment Implications for Complicated Cases”, Connecticut Medicine.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

September 1999; Vol.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

63, No.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

9, 515—521.


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Notes


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

References


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

In Russian


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

In English


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

at the Center for Disease Control


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

at NIH


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Critical


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Category:Warning


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Category:Psychopathological syndromes


Question: What are the disorders of attention deficit disorder?

Category:Emotional and behavioral disorders that usually begin in childhood and adolescence


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Colonialism is the system of domination of a group of developed countries (metropolises) over the rest of the world in the XVI-XX centuries.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Colonial policy is a policy of conquering and often exploiting by military, political and economic methods of peoples, countries and territories mainly with a foreign population, as as a rule, economically less developed.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Objectives of the acquisition of colonies


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Economy, trade


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Exploitation of natural and human resources, in some cases — direct access to unique, rare resources (including transit), the desire to monopolize world trade in them;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Optimization of trade routes, sales markets, elimination of inconvenient foreign cultural intermediary countries;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Achieving greater trade security, more rapid force support for it;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Better legal protection of trade through the unification of the legal framework, the formation of imperial legal standards, a single and understandable trade culture;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Social sphere, optimization of social balance


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Finding adequate goals for the application of efforts by criminal-oriented social strata, reducing their “burden” on society in the metropolis, sometimes selling prisoners, disadvantaged people who cannot find the use of outcasts who are dissatisfied with the traditions and customs that have developed in society, the social role prescribed to them by society, supplanted by competition;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The management of colonies, the colonial administration is a good school for managers, and the use of force in resolving significant local conflicts is a way to maintain the proper tone of the imperial armed forces.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Formation of a school of adequate professionally savvy and experienced civil and military bureaucracy for the needs of the empire, the practical testing of a new generation of bureaucracy, economic and cultural elites;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The acquisition of labor that is disenfranchised compared to the inhabitants of the metropolis, cheaper or even free (see slavery), including “for export” to places of greatest need for it and/or its import into the metropolis for “dirty”, inconspicuous, but socially significant work;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Testing new civil and military technologies, techniques, tactics, know-how, export of hazardous waste from their industries, the possibility of conducting risky military, scientific, industrial, natural experiments, activities, the results of which could jeopardize the well - being, health and lives of the inhabitants of the metropolis.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In some cases, it is a convenient way to keep this secret from the public opinion of the empire and the world;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Foreign policy, civilizational expansion


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Geostrategic interests, the formation of a system of strongholds in key points of the world to achieve greater mobility of their armed forces;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Control over the movements of troops, fleets, trade routes, migrations of the population of other colonial empires, preventing the penetration of the latter into the relevant region, reducing their role, status;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Considerations of imperial prestige, gaining greater geopolitical weight when concluding international treaties, further decisions on the fate of the world;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Civilizational, cultural, linguistic expansion — and through it strengthening the authority and legitimacy of the current government in the metropolis, colonies and the rest of the world.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The transformation of imperial civilizational standards into global ones.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Signs of colonies


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Political dependence, a special legal status, as a rule, different from the status of full-fledged provinces of the metropolis;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Geographical isolation and, in most cases, remoteness from the metropolis;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Economic exploitation of natural resources, labor of aborigines in favor of the metropolis, which often leads to a slowdown in economic development, degradation of the colony;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In many cases, ethnic, religious, cultural or other similar difference between the majority of aborigines and residents of the metropolis, often giving the first reason to consider themselves separate, independent commonality;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Historical factor:


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Seizure of territory by the metropolis, occupation;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Depriving the colony of its independent legal status by the metropolis:


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

by imposing unequal, enslaved agreements on local authorities on protectorate, vassality, “lease”, concession, guardianship, redemption, other forms of deprivation or restriction of the fullness of their sovereignty on territory of the colony in favor of the metropolis,


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

by imposing by military force or inspiring the coming to power in the colony of a dependent, puppet regime,


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

through the annexation of territory, the formation by the metropolis of its colonial administration,


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

by direct administration of the colony from the metropolis;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Immigration to the colony of a significant number of residents from the metropolis, their formation of local authorities, political, economic, cultural elite;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The existence of interstate agreements between the metropolis and third countries, bargaining on the fate of the colony.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Often (especially until the last quarter of the 20th century), there is an infringement of the civil rights of aborigines in comparison with the inhabitants of the metropolis, the imposition of culture, religion, language, customs alien to the aborigines, discrimination local culture, including racial, class or other segregation, apartheid, eviction from land, deprivation of livelihood, genocide;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In many cases, it is the desire of the majority of residents of the colony to change and improve their situation


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The presence of a pronounced and constant separatism (national liberation movement) — the desire of the aborigines for secession, gaining sovereignty to independently decide their fate ( independence or reunification with a more geographically, ethnically, religiously and/or culturally adequate country);


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Measures on the part of the metropolis to suppress it by force;


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Sometimes there are long-term territorial claims to this colony from a more geographically, ethnically, religiously and/or culturally adequate country.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

History


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Early modern times


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The prerequisites for colonialism originated in the Age of Discovery, namely in the 15th century, when the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama opened the way to India, and Columbus reached the shores of America.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

When confronted with peoples of other cultures, Europeans demonstrated their technological superiority (oceanic sailing ships and firearms).


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The first colonies were founded in the New World by the Spaniards.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The robbery of American Indian States contributed to the development of the European banking system, increased financial injections into science and stimulated the development of industry, required new raw materials.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The colonial policy of the period of initial accumulation of capital is characterized by the desire to establish a monopoly in trade with the conquered territories, the seizure and looting of entire countries, the use or the imposition of predatory feudal and slave forms of exploitation of the local population.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

This policy played a huge role in the initial accumulation process.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

It led to the concentration of large capital in Europe through the robbery of colonies and the slave trade, which especially unfolded since the second half of the 17th century and served as one of the levers of transformation England to the most developed country at that time.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In enslaved countries, colonial policy caused the destruction of productive forces, delayed the economic and political development of these countries, led to the looting of vast areas and the extermination whole nations.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Military confiscation methods played a major role in the exploitation of colonies at that time.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

A vivid example of the use of such methods is the policy of the British East India Company in Bengal, which it conquered in 1757.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The consequence of this policy was the famine of 1769-1773, which killed 10 million Bengalis.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In Ireland, during the 16th and 17th centuries, the British government confiscated and transferred to English colonists almost all land owned by native Irish people.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

A new time


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

With the transition from a manufactory to a large factory industry, significant changes are taking place in colonial policy.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Colonies are economically more closely connected with metropolises, turning into their agrarian and raw materials appendages with a monocultural direction of agricultural development, into markets for industrial products and sources of raw materials for the growing capitalist industry of metropolises.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

For example, exports of English cotton fabrics to India increased 65 times from 1814 to 1835.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The spread of new methods of exploitation, the need to create special colonial government bodies that could consolidate domination over local peoples, as well as the rivalry between various layers of the bourgeoisie in the metropolises led to the liquidation of monopoly colonial trading companies and the transition of captured countries and territories under the state administration of metropolises.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Changes in the forms and methods of operation of the colonies were not accompanied by a decrease in its intensity.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Huge wealth was taken out of the colonies.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Their use has led to an acceleration of socio-economic development in Europe and North America.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Although the colonizers were interested in increasing the marketability of the peasant economy in the colonies, they often maintained and consolidated feudal and pre-feudal relations, considering feudal and tribal nobility in colonized countries as their social support.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

With the advent of the industrial age, Great Britain became the largest colonial power.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

After defeating France in a long struggle in the 18th and 19th centuries, it increased its possessions at its expense, as well as at the expense of the Netherlands, Spain, and Portugal.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The UK has subdued India.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In 1840-1842 and together with France in 1856-1860, she waged the so-called Opium Wars against China, as a result of which it imposed beneficial treaties on China.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

It took possession of Hong Kong (Hong Kong), tried to subdue Afghanistan, captured strongholds in the Persian Gulf, Aden.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The colonial monopoly, together with an industrial monopoly, ensured Britain's position as the most powerful power throughout most of the 19th century.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Colonial expansion was also carried out by other powers.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

France subordinated Algeria (1830-1848), Vietnam (50s and 80s of the XIX century), established its protectorate over Cambodia (1863), Laos (1893).


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In 1885, the Congo became the possession of King Leopold II of Belgium, and a system of forced labor was established in the country.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Qing Empire announced a “new policy” for colonizing Tibet and Mongolia.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Colonial domination was administratively expressed either in the form of a “dominion” (direct administration of the colony through a viceroy, captain general or governor-general), or in the form of a “protectorate”.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The ideological justification of colonialism went through the need to spread culture (culture, modernization, Westernization) — the “burden of the white man”.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The Spanish version of colonization meant the expansion of Catholicism, Spanish through the encomienda system.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The Dutch version of the colonization of South Africa meant apartheid, the expulsion of the local population and confinement of them on reservations or bantustans.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The colonists formed communities completely independent of the local population, which were staffed by people of various classes, including criminals and adventurers.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Religious communities (New England Puritans and Wild West Mormons) were also widespread.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The power of the colonial administration was exercised on the principle of “divide and rule”, in connection with which it supported local rulers who willingly accepted the external signs of power and methods of leadership .


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

It was common to organize and support conflicts among hostile tribes (in colonial Africa) or local religious communities (Hindus and Muslims in British India), as well as through apartheid.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Often, the colonial administration supported oppressed groups to fight their enemies (the oppressed Hutus in Rwanda) and created armed groups of natives (sepoys in India, Gurkhas in Nepal, Zuavas in Algiers).


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

All this provoked a response in the form of uprisings, and years in which the African continent was calm were very rare.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Thus, in 1902/03, the Ovimbundu tribe in Angola rebelled against the Portuguese.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In 1905, armed opposition began against the German administration in Tanganyika, and an uprising against the French in Madagascar lasted for six years, which ended in 1904.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Islamists rebelled in Tunisia.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Decolonization.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Neocolonialism


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The decisive breakdown of the colonial system (decolonization) occurred after the Second World War as a result of the beginning of the process of humanization and democratization of society.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Decolonization was welcomed by both the then superpowers, the USSR (represented by Stalin and Khrushchev) and the United States (Eisenhower).


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

India gained national independence with great difficulty, largely due to the passive opposition campaign launched by Gandhi (Ind. Satyagraha) and India gained independence in 1947, and a number of African possessions in 1960.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

After the defeat at Dien Bien Phu, the French left French Indochina.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The once powerful empire of the Netherlands has been transformed relatively calmly.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The countries freed from colonial dependence were called third world countries.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In the beginning of the post-colonial period, developed Western countries were economically and politically far superior to the countries of the third world.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Some of the third world countries still act as sources of raw materials, which allows them to provide a level of well-being comparable, and in some cases above, the level of well-being of the population European countries (Arab Emirates).


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The low level of wages makes them reservoirs of cheap labor, which allows international corporations to minimize their costs by moving their production to them, first of all — consumer goods.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Not all the consequences of the dismantling of the colonial system were positive.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Since the mixed administration represented by its own bureaucracy and the bureaucracy of the metropolis with their management policy worked out for many years, was replaced by weak corrupt third world regimes that are unable to achieve fair prices in domestic markets, control foreign exchange returns and increase tax collection for development own educational and scientific fields.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The debt of many developing countries is chronically increasing.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The influence of colonialism


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The impact of colonial policies on States and their populations can be described as extremely significant and comprehensive [2].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The various effects, both instantaneous and remote in time, are numerous; these can include the spread of diseases, the establishment of unequal social relations, exploitation and enslavement of the population, and at the same time — the development of medicine, the formation of new social institutions, abolitionism, improvement of infrastructure and overall technological progress [3] [4] [5].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Colonialism also contributed to the spread of languages and literature, as well as cultural exchange in general.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Colonial economy


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

By the XVII-XVIII centuries, Europeans in the colonies were no longer only interested in gold, spices and slaves, as in the previous period.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Now it is important for them to extract minerals as raw materials for industry, the possibility of using the indigenous population as hired labor, as well as the natural conditions for development plantation and farming of European settlers in the colony.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The indigenous population of the colonies, who produced products only for their own consumption and insignificant exchange with neighbors, needed to be forced to work for hire by economic methods for not too much pay on white settler lands and farms.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Local residents were forced to seek employment on plantations, railway construction, mining enterprises as a result of the seizure by colonizers of the cultivated land and pastures they use, as well as through the imposition by the colonizers of all kinds of monetary taxes.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In a number of colonies, where the humid and hot climate was unfavorable for the permanent residence of Europeans, a different way of management was used, without land expropriations: to pay mandatory taxes local farmers were obliged to grow plantation crops and sell them to European purchasing organizations.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Thus, a new, previously non-existent commodity sector emerged in the colonies, whose products were completely exported, usually through a single port (usually the capital colony located on the coast).


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Nomads remained the least involved in the economic life of the colonies.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The only “concern” of the colonial authorities towards them was the division of pasture land between warring tribes and the fight against the spread of epizootics [6].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The epidemiological aspect of colonization


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Contacts between the indigenous population and the discoverers of new lands often led to the emergence of new diseases, which in some cases caused local epidemics of an exceptionally high degree virulence [7].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

For example, pre-Columbian America did not have diseases such as smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, etc. [8].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Thus, the disease destroyed the entire indigenous population of the Canary Islands in the 16th century; in 1518, smallpox killed half of the Indian population of Haiti.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Smallpox was also rampant in Mexico in the 1520s, where 150,000 people died in Tenochtitlan alone, including the emperor, and in Peru in the 1530s, thereby causing the disease some help to the European conquerors.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In the 17th century, the indigenous population of Mexico suffered from measles, which claimed the lives of two million people; in addition, in 1618-1619, smallpox epidemic occurred among American Indians who inhabited the shores Massachusetts Bay, and as a result, mortality there reached 90% [9].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Outbreaks of this disease also occurred in the second half of the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries among the Great Plains Indians, which also led to a significant decrease in the population [10].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Some researchers believe that a total of up to 95% of the American population died from diseases brought from the Old World [11].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Over the centuries of contact with the pathogens of these diseases, Europeans have developed relative resistance to them, while the American indigenous population did not have against these diseases, no immunity [12].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In the early years of British colonization, smallpox also penetrated Australia, where it killed almost 50% of Aboriginals [13].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

14] Indigenous New Zealanders also suffered from it. [


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

From 1848 to 1849, measles, whooping cough and influenza spread to Hawaii, killing about 40,000 out of 150 people living there.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, almost destroyed the population of Easter Island [15].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In 1875, the measles outbreak in the Fiji Islands caused the death of more than 40,000 people, about one third of the total population [16].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In addition, in the 19th century, the number of Ainu decreased significantly, largely due to infectious diseases brought by Japanese settlers who infiltrated Hokkaido [17].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Scientists believe that, in turn, some diseases, such as syphilis, have also been transferred from the New World to Europe.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Studies in this direction have shown that the corresponding tropical bacterium brought home by Europeans returning home could mutate into a more life-threatening and health form [18].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

During the Renaissance, the disease was characterized by a higher mortality rate than today [19].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

The first cholera pandemic began in Bengal, which later spread throughout India by 1820, killing 10,000 British soldiers and many Indians [20].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Subsequently, Vladimir Khavkin, who worked in India at the end of the XIX century, developed vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Fight against diseases


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

In 1803, the Spanish crown organized a mission to deliver smallpox vaccine to the colonies and ensure mass vaccination of the population [21].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

By 1832, the US federal government had also launched a smallpox vaccination program for the Native American population [22].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

A similar program worked in India, under the leadership of Mountstuart Elphinston [23].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Since the beginning of the 20th century, all colonial powers have focused on the destruction or control of diseases in tropical countries [24].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

For example, the sleeping sickness outbreak in Africa was stopped thanks to the work of mobile teams that systematically examined millions of people at risk of the disease [25].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

As a result, the twentieth century saw the most significant increase in the world's population in history, mainly due to a decrease in mortality rates in many countries due to advances in medicine [26].


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

See also


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Colonial war


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

National Liberation Movement


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Neocolonialism


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Internal colonization


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Cold War


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Non-Aligned Movement


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Alphabetical list of modern world dependent territories


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Notes


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

References


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

— Vlast magazine № 31 (735) dated 13.08.2007


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Gusterin P. IN.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Gusterin P.


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism


Question: What is the main idea behind Colonialism?

Colonialism

Category:International Relations


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Vyacheslav Matveyevich Tkachev (1885—1965) - aviation general, military pilot, Cavalier of St. George.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Origins


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Vyacheslav was born on September 24 (October 6), 1885 in the village of Kelermesskaya of the Maykop Department of the Kuban Region (present-day Adygea) in the family of a military foreman.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

His father, Matvey Vasilyevich, received the Order of St.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

George of the 4th degree and rose to the rank of military foreman.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

His great-grandfather, Andrey Tkachev, was part of one of the Don Cossack regiments operating in the Kuban, participated in the capture of the Turkish fortress Anapa by Russian troops on June 22, 1791, was awarded for outstanding military services with the diploma of Catherine II with the assignment of hereditary nobility.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Biography


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On August 30, 1904, he joined the service after graduating from the Nizhny Novgorod Cadet Corps and was enrolled as a cadet of the private rank as a volunteer 1st category in the Konstantinovsky Artillery school.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On June 30, 1906, after graduation, he was released into the 2nd Kuban Cossack Artillery Battery, and in the summer of 1908 he was transferred to the 5th Kuban Cossack Battery.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On May 6, 1909, by the highest order for long service, he was promoted to centurion.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On September 6, 1910, centurion Tkachev was appointed an educator officer in the Odessa Cadet Corps.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Seeing airplane flights in the Odessa sky, he is fond of aviation and, with the permission of his superiors, enters a private aviation school, where he studies in his free time.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In 1911 he graduated from the aviation school of the Odessa Aeroclub.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Having received a civilian pilot diploma, Tkachev seeks a referral to study at the Sevastopol Officer School of the Aviation Department of the Air Fleet (OSH OVF) in October.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Military pilot


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On December 11, 1912, he passed the exam for the title of pilot at the OSH OVF and on January 5, 1913 he was appointed to the 7th aeronautical company.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

After the dissolution of the 7th Aeronautical Company in June 1913, he took part in the formation of the first major aviation unit of the Russian army - the 3rd Aviation Company in Kiev, where he then served in the 11th Corps Air Squadron together with Peter Nesterov.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On October 5, 1913, by the highest order, he was promoted to the podsauli with seniority from April 22, 1913.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On October 12 (25), 1913, he made a record flight to “” on the route Kiev-Odessa-Kerch-Taman-Yekaterinodar with a total length of 1500 versts.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Despite the unfavorable autumn weather and other difficult conditions, Tkachev brilliantly fulfilled this task, for which the Kiev Aeronautics Society awarded him the gold badge “For the most outstanding Flight to Russia in 1913.”


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On March 10, 1914, he was seconded to the 4th Aviation Company to form it, and on the same day Tkachev was appointed commander of the XX Aviation Detachment attached to the headquarters of the 4 Army.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

During the initial period of the war, Tkachev made several reconnaissance flights that were very important for the Russian command, for which he was awarded by Order No. 290 of the Army of the South-Western Front of November 24, 1914 Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George IV degree (the first among pilots).


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Returning from a reconnaissance flight with valuable information, Tkachev came under rifle fire.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

One of the bullets pierced the oil tank.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Realizing that he would not be able to fly to his own, the pilot slipped to the floor, closed the hole with his foot and in this position reached the Russian positions.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Having landed the airplane on the field and taking the horse, he galloped to the nearest village, where there was a phone, and handed over intelligence.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Then, saving the airplane from the advancing Austrians, Tkachev loaded it on a peasant cart and took it out from under the nose of the advancing enemy.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In December 1914, on the section of the South-Western Front, the commander of the aviation detachment, V. M. Tkachev, carrying only the Nagant pistol with him, was the first among Russian pilots to attack the German Albatross airplane and forced the enemy to withdraw by his actions.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In the period from June 4 to June 7, 1915 - despite the obvious danger to life from the destructive fire of anti-aircraft batteries, he repeatedly made his way to the rear of the enemy, collecting important information.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Having met a German airplane armed with a machine gun, he duel with him and turned him to flight.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On July 4, 1915, while conducting aerial reconnaissance in the area of the rivers Lina and Styri, he revealed the concentration of a strong German strike group.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On August 1, 1916, V. M. Tkachev [1] shot down an Austrian Aviatik airplane, and the device and both pilots fell into the hands of Russian soldiers.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In August 1916, Tkachev headed the 1st Fighter Air Group.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The pilots of the air group received their first baptism of fire during the breakthrough of the air blockade of German aviation in September 1916 near Lutsk.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Then brave Russian pilots managed to achieve a significant turning point in the struggle for air supremacy, and Tkachev became the first ace of Russia (at that time, an ace is a pilot who shot down at least five enemy aircraft).


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In 1916, he was a military foreman and head of the 11th Air Division (from April 21, 1916), and then - aviation inspector of the South-Western Front (from September 3, 1916).


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

He was awarded the Golden Weapon “For Bravery” (September 10, 1916).


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On January 11, 1917, by the highest order of December 20, 1916, he was renamed from a military foreman to lieutenant colonels with enrollment in the engineering troops.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

After the February Revolution, Tkachev held the post of head of the Aviakants (Aviation All Materials).


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On June 9, 1917, Tkachev was appointed head of the Field Administration of Aviation and Aeronautics at the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, abbreviated as air adarm (aviation of the army, since June 26, 1917), in essence — the head of Russian aviation.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In 1917, Tkachev completed work on the first manual of its kind in the history of the development of Russian aviation - “Materials on Air Combat Tactics”, compiled on the basis of combat practice in the Lutsk district in the autumn of 1916.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In this document, as the further course of events showed, he laid the foundation for the development of fighter aircraft tactics in Russia.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On August 25, 1917, he was promoted to colonel for military services.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In 1917, being already a colonel, Tkachev was appointed commander of the air division, then - aviation inspector of the South-Western Front.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On November 19, 1917, having learned about the upcoming occupation of the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief by arrived Petrograd soldiers led by the new Supreme Commander-in-Chief Warrant Officer Krylenko, Tkachev submitted a resignation report, and the next day, without waiting for an answer, he left for the front without permission.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In the note left, he addressed the Chairman of the Aviation Council with a final appeal, which became essentially a requiem for the Russian Air Fleet:


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Chairman of the Aviation Council.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The seizure of the Stavka by the Bolsheviks put me in a hopeless situation


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

I had a problem: to stay in my post, obey Krylenko and thus take part in the state destruction that the invaders of power bring with them, or to give at the mercy of the winners, expressing their disobedience to them.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

However, the resolution of this issue in the first way could not have taken place at all, because according to my information, I should have been arrested even regardless of whether I obey the impostor Krylenko or not.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Thus, with the appearance of the Bolsheviks at the Headquarters, I died for aviation.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Considering it his moral duty to the Motherland in its difficult days of trials to work, fighting by all means and means against the terrible poison rushing by the criminals of the people and the state — the Bolsheviks, and not sit under arrest, I submitted a report on 19 November to the Chief of Staff with a request to dismiss me from my post and to appoint one of the following candidates as my deputy: Colonel Konovalov, Stepanov or Kravtsevich and, having temporarily handed over my post to Colonel Nizhevsky, on November 20, I left the Headquarters, submitting a report on my departure to the front.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In the person of the Aviation Council, I confess to all my native aviation of my suffering now.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

I can be reproached for leaving my responsible post in a difficult moment, but by doing so I accelerated my departure only by a few hours.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

I ask the Aviation Council to come to the aid of my deputy with all its authority and possible means to save aviation from complete collapse.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

I pray to preserve for the future renewed Russia at least a cell that will serve as the beginning for a future powerful air fleet.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Signed by Colonel Tkachev.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Participation in the White Movement


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In December 1917, V. M. Tkachev, fearing reprisals by revolutionary soldiers and sailors, fled to the Kuban, with two arrests and escapes along the way.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

At the beginning of 1918, he participated as a private in the battles of the white partisan detachment of Colonel Kuznetsov against the troops of the North Caucasus Soviet Republic.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The detachment was supposed to cover the crossing of the Kuban of the main forces under the command of V. L. Pokrovsky, but due to the circumstances he was surrounded, and Vyacheslav Matveyevich was captured by the Reds.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

From March to August 1918, Colonel Tkachev was in Maykop prison, and on September 7, the Bolsheviks were driven out of Maykop, after which Tkachev was placed at the disposal of the Regional Government.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Since the Whites had practically no aviation, Vyacheslav Matveyevich as a military foreman of the Kuban Emergency Mission is sent to Ukraine, to Hetman Pavel Skoropadsky.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

History does not say how successful this mission was, but, in any case, he managed to extract something from aviation equipment, because after returning to Yekaterinodar, he began to form a 1 - Kuban Air Squadron.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

At first, the squad had only a few old worn-out airplanes found in repair shops, but gradually the number of white aircraft grew due to trophies and supplies of aircraft from England.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

By May 1919, there were already about a dozen combat-ready vehicles in 1st Kubansky.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In May 1919, Tkachev's air detachment supported the Caucasian Volunteer Army of Wrangel in battles with the 10th Army of the Red Army.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The commander of the Caucasian Army highly appreciated Tkachev's abilities and on May 8, 1919, he was appointed head of the air detachment of the Caucasian Army, moreover, he was actually subordinated to the 4th Volunteer Air Squadron, the Don Aircraft Division and even the 47th Air Division, consisting of British volunteers, and on May 19 they were promoted to colonel, as reported on the pages of the Volnaya Kuban newspaper [2].


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

At the beginning of 1920, he became a major general.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

This month, the detachment was baptized by fire in the battle near the village of Velikoknyazheskaya.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Pilots led by Tkachev attacked the red cavalry of Budyonny and Dumenko with bombs and machine-gun fire, sowing panic and chaos in the ranks of the enemy.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

This allowed the white cavalrymen of General Ulagai to easily break through the front and launch a rapid offensive on Tsaritsyn.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Tkachev, as it happened before, personally took part in the battles.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

During the attack, he was wounded by a bullet fired from the ground, but managed to return to his airfield and safely land the car.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

After a short treatment, Vyacheslav Matveyevich returned to action.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In June 1919, the 1st Kuban Air Squadron was transferred to Tsaritsyn to provide air support to the white army during the assault on the city.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

On June 30, the heavily fortified city, nicknamed the “red Verdun”, was taken.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The Reds moved north, to Kamyshin.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Airplanes bombed and fired at the retreating enemy, causing him heavy losses.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In the future, the 1st Kuban detachment was replenished with people and aircraft, which made it possible to transform it into an air division.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The new air unit was still commanded by Vyacheslav Tkachev.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Since December 12, he has been appointed commander of the newly created Kuban Aviation Detachment.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

The detachment by that time already had 8 aircraft with the corresponding number of pilots, and about 150 serving privates.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

He fought with the Red Army, was wounded near Tsaritsin, recovered, and returned to service again.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In 1920, Tkachev commanded an air detachment of the Kuban Army, while being (since 1919) a member of the Kuban Regional Government for Internal Affairs.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

In April 1920, V. M. Tkachev was appointed Chief of Aviation of the Armed Forces of Southern Russia, and after the resignation of the commander of the Volunteer Army Denikin on April 28, 1920 - Chief of Aviation of the Russian Army, Lieutenant General Wrangel.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

There is a version confirmed by the Whites by the flight report, and on the part of the Reds by the oral stories of the participants in the events that during one of the battles of this company, V. M. Tkachev met in the air with the commander of the 213th Kazan detachment of the 13th Army Peter Mezheraup.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

This happened near Melitopol.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Tkachev, who led a group of 6 DH-9 (de Havilland), was attacked by a pair of “”, one of which was piloted by Megeraup.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

After an air battle that lasted for 45 minutes (Tkachev's plane was damaged in 5 places), both sides withdrew from the battle and headed for their bases [3].


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

Tkachev devoted a lot of time to combat training of pilots, training them in the ability to fly in formation and act smoothly in a group, exactly following the orders of the commander.


Question: How many years does it take to study to become a pilot in Russia?

Vyacheslav Tkachyov

For better visibility in the air, the commander's vehicles received special color markings (bright color of the hoods and wide stripes around the fuselages).