Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The provinces began to be divided into 50 provinces led by voivods, and provinces into districts led by zemstvo commissars appointed by the Chamber Collegium.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Only military and judicial cases remained in charge of the governor.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Judicial reform


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Under Peter I, the judicial system underwent radical changes.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Senate and the Judicial Board received the functions of the Supreme Court.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Below them were: in the provinces - Gofgerichts, or court courts of appeal in large cities, and provincial collegial lower courts.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Provincial courts conducted civil and criminal cases of all categories of peasants, except monastic, as well as citizens not included in the settlements.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Since 1721, the court cases of citizens included in the settlement were conducted by a magistrate.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In other cases, the so-called sole court acted (cases were decided alone by a zemstvo or city judge).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

However, in 1722, the lower courts were replaced by provincial courts headed by the voivode [4] [5].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Judges were also separated from the administration.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Control over the activities of civil servants


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In order to monitor the implementation of decisions on the ground and reduce widespread corruption, a post of fiscal officers was established since 1711 to “secretly visit, report and denounce” all abuses, both senior and lower officials, prosecute embezzlement, bribery, and receive denunciations from individuals.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

At the head of the fiscal authorities was the chief fiscal, who was appointed by the emperor and obeyed him.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The chief fiscal was a member of the Senate and maintained contact with subordinate fiscal officials through the fiscal table of the Senate Chancellery.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The denunciations were considered and reported monthly to the Senate by the Reprisal Chamber, a special judicial presence of four judges and two senators (existed in 1712—1719) [6] [7].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1719-1723, the fiscal authorities were subordinate to the Justice Board, and with the establishment in January 1722, the posts of Prosecutor General were under his supervision.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Since 1723, the fiscal general appointed by the Tsar became the chief fiscal, and his assistant was the chief fiscal, appointed by the Senate.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In this regard, the fiscal service withdrew from the subordination of the Judicial Board and regained departmental independence.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The vertical of fiscal control was brought to the city level [6] [7].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Military reform


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The reform of the army: in particular, the introduction of regiments of a new system, reformed according to a foreign model, began long before Peter the Great, under Alexei Mikhailovich.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

However, the combat capability of this army was low [8].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The reform of the army and the creation of the fleet became necessary conditions for the victory in the Northern War of 1700-1721.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Preparing for war with Sweden, Peter ordered in 1699 to make a general recruitment and begin training military personnel (soldiers, dragoons, reitar, etc.) according to the model established by the Preobrazhentsy and Semyonovtsev.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

This first recruitment set gave 29 infantry regiments and two dragoons.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1705, one recruit was to be put up for lifelong service every 20 yards.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Subsequently, recruits were taken from a certain number of male souls among peasants.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Recruitment to the Navy, as well as to the army, was carried out from recruits.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In addition to the organizational structure, Peter changed the material supply system of the army and did a lot to provide the army with domestic weapons.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Already at the height of the Northern War of 1700-1721, Peter opened many weapons factories, the most famous of which were the Tula Arms Plant and the Olonets Artillery Plant.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In terms of material support, Pyotr Alekseevich introduced uniform uniforms in the Russian army for land (green caftans and black hats) and cavalry troops (blue caftans and black hats).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

According to the Military Regulations of 1716, the supply of food was also standardized, and grocery stores were opened throughout the country.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

If at first there were mainly foreign specialists among the officers, then after the start of the navigation, artillery, engineering school, the growth of the army was satisfied by Russian officers from nobility.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1715, the Maritime Academy was opened in St. Petersburg.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1716, the Military Regulations were issued, which strictly defined the service, rights and duties of military personnel.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

As a result of the reforms, a strong regular army and a powerful navy were created, which Russia simply did not have before.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

By the end of Peter's reign, the number of regular ground forces reached 210 thousand. (of which there were 2,600 in the guard, 41,560 in cavalry, 75,000 in the infantry, 14,000 in garrisons) and up to 110,000 irregular troops.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The fleet consisted of 48 battleships, 787 galleys and other vessels; there were almost 30,000 people on all ships [9]


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Church reform


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

One of the transformations of Peter the Great was the reform of church administration carried out by him, aimed at eliminating church jurisdiction autonomous from the state and subordinating the Russian church hierarchy To the emperor.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1700, after the death of Patriarch Adrian, Peter I, instead of convening a council to elect a new patriarch, temporarily appointed Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky of Ryazan at the head of the clergy, who received a new the title of Guardian of the Patriarchal Throne or “Exarch”.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

To manage the property of patriarchal and bishop's houses, as well as monasteries, including their peasants (approximately 795,000), the Monastery Order headed by I. A. Musin-Pushkin, who again began to be in charge of the trial of monastery peasants and control the income from church and monastic land holdings.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1701, a series of decrees were issued to reform the management of church and monastery possessions and the organization of monastic life; the most important were decrees 24 and St.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1721, Peter approved the Spiritual Regulations, the compilation of which was entrusted to the bishop of Pskov, close to Tsar Little Russia Feofan Prokopovich.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

As a result, there was a radical reform of the church, which eliminated the autonomy of the clergy and completely subordinated it to the state.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In Russia, the Patriarchate and the Synodality of the Russian Orthodox Church were abolished.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Spiritual Collegium was established at its first meeting, in 1721, renamed the Holy Synod, which was recognized by the Eastern Patriarchs as an equal patriarch.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

All members of the Synod were appointed by the Emperor and took an oath of allegiance to him when they took office.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

St.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Synod was the supreme body of public administration in its power equal to the Senate.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

On the spiritual part, he gave instructions to all lower institutions of the empire.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

St.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Synod and the Senate were demolished by the “Vedenya”.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Under Peter I, these bodies held joint conferences.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Wartime stimulated the withdrawal of valuables from monastery vaults.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter did not agree to the complete secularization of the church and monastery possessions, which was carried out much later, at the beginning of the reign of Catherine II.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Religious policy


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter's era was marked by a tendency towards greater religious tolerance.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter terminated the “12 articles” adopted by Sophia, according to which the Old Believers who refused to renounce the “schism” were to be burned at the stake.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

“Schismatics” were allowed to profess their faith, provided that the existing state order was recognized and taxes were paid in double the amount [10].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Full freedom of faith was granted to foreigners who came to Russia, and restrictions on communication between Orthodox Christians and Christians of other faiths were lifted (in particular, interfaith marriages were allowed).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Nevertheless, after an armed clash with the monastery brethren in the Polotsk Basilian Monastery on the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which occurred during Vespers on July 11, 1705 and in which Four Uniates were mortally wounded, and Peter ordered one of the monks who denounced him to hang [11].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Financial reform


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Azov campaigns, the Northern War of 1700-1721 and the maintenance of a permanent recruiting army created by Peter I required huge funds, to collect which financial reforms were aimed.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

At the first stage, it was all about finding new sources of funds.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Traditional customs and tavern levies were supplemented by fees and benefits from the monopolization of the sale of certain goods (salt, alcohol, tar, bristles, etc.), indirect taxes (bath, fish, horse taxes , tax on oak coffins, etc.), mandatory use of stamp paper, minting coins of lower weight (damage).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1704, Peter carried out a monetary reform, as a result of which the main currency was not money, but a penny.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

From now on, it began to be equal not to ½ money, but to 2 money, and this word first appeared on coins.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

At the same time, the irreplaceable ruble, which had been a conventional currency since the 15th century, equated to 68 grams of pure silver and used as a standard in exchange transactions, was also abolished.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The most important measure in the course of the financial reform was the introduction of a poll tax instead of the previously existing household taxation.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1710, a “household” census was conducted, which showed a decrease in the number of yards.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

One of the reasons for this decrease was that in order to reduce taxes, several yards were covered with one wattle fence, and one gate was made (this was considered one yard in the census).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Due to these shortcomings, it was decided to switch to a poll tax.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1718-1724, a second population census was carried out in parallel with the revision of the population (revision of the census), which began in 1722.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

According to this audit, 5,967,313 people were filed.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Based on the data obtained, the government divided by the population the amount of money needed to maintain the army and navy.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

As a result, the amount of the poll tax was determined: serfs of landowners paid 74 kopecks to the state, state peasants — 1 ruble 14 kopecks (since they did not pay rent), the urban population — 1 ruble 20 kopecks.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Only men were taxed, regardless of age.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The nobility, clergy, as well as soldiers and Cossacks were exempt from the poll tax.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The soul was counting — between audits, the dead were not excluded from the filing lists, newborns were not included, and as a result, the tax burden was distributed unevenly.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

As a result of the tax reform, the size of the treasury was significantly increased.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

If in 1710 revenues extended to 3,134,000 rubles; in 1725 it was 10,186,707 rubles. (according to foreign information — up to 7,859,833 rubles).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Transformation in industry and commerce


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Realizing during the Grand Embassy the technical lag of Russia, Peter could not ignore the problem of reforming the Russian industry.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In addition, the creation of its own industry was dictated by military needs, as indicated by a number of historians [12].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Having started the Northern War with Sweden in order to gain access to the sea and proclaimed as a task the construction of a modern fleet in the Baltic (and even earlier in Azov), Peter was forced to build manufactories, designed to meet the dramatically increased needs of the army and navy.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

One of the main problems was the lack of qualified craftsmen.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Tsar solved this problem by attracting foreigners to the Russian service on favorable terms, sending Russian nobles to study in Western Europe.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Manufacturers received great privileges: they were exempt from military service with children and craftsmen, were subject only to the court of the Manufactory Board, got rid of taxes and internal duties, and could do duty-free bring the tools and materials they needed from abroad, and their homes were freed from military standstill.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The first silver smelter in Russia was built near Nerchinsk in Siberia in 1704.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The following year, he won his first silver medal.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Significant measures have been taken for geological exploration of minerals in Russia.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Previously, the Russian state was completely dependent on foreign countries in terms of raw materials, primarily Sweden (iron was transported from there), but after the discovery of deposits of iron ore and other useful there is no need for iron purchases in the Urals.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1723, the largest iron-making plant in Russia was founded in the Urals, from which the city of Yekaterinburg developed.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Under Peter, Nevyansk, Kamensk-Uralsky, Nizhny Tagil were founded.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Arms factories (cannon yards, arsenals) appear in the Olonets Territory, Sestroretsk and Tula, gunpowder factories in St. Petersburg and near Moscow, and the leather and textile industries are developing in Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kazan and Left-Bank Ukraine, which was due to the need to produce equipment and uniforms for the Russian troops, silk spinning, the production of paper, cement, sugar appear factory and trellis factory.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1719, the Berg-Privilege was published, according to which everyone was given the right to search, melt, cook and clean metals and minerals everywhere, subject to payment of a “mining tax” of 1/10 of the cost of production and 32 shares in favor of the owner of the land where ore deposits were found.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

For concealing ore and trying to prevent mining, the owner was threatened with confiscation of land, corporal punishment and even the death penalty “through the fault of watching”.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The main problem at Russian manufactories of that time was the lack of labor.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The problem was solved by violent measures: entire villages and villages were attributed to the manufactories, whose peasants worked out their taxes to the state at manufactories (such peasants will be called registered ), criminals and beggars were sent to factories.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1721, a decree followed, which allowed “merchant people” to buy villages whose peasants could be moved to manufactories (such peasants will be called possession peasants).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Trade has been further developed.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

With the construction of St. Petersburg, the role of the country's main port passed from Arkhangelsk to the future capital.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

River canals were being built.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In particular, Vyshnevolotsky (Vyshnevolotskaya water system) and Obvodny canals were built.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

At the same time, two attempts to build the Volga-Don Canal failed (although 24 locks were built), while tens of thousands of people worked on its construction, the working conditions were difficult, and the mortality rate is very high [13].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Some historians describe Peter's trade policy as a policy of protectionism, which consists in supporting domestic production and establishing increased duties on imported products (this is corresponded to the idea of mercantilism).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Thus, in 1724, a protective customs tariff was introduced — high duties on foreign goods that could be manufactured or have already been produced by domestic enterprises.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The number of factories and factories at the end of Peter's reign extended to 233 [14], including about 90 were large manufactories [15].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Autocracy reform


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Before Peter I, the procedure for succession to the throne in Russia was not regulated by law in any way, and was entirely determined by tradition.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter I introduced a decree in 1722 on succession to the throne, according to which the reigning monarch appoints a successor during his lifetime, and the emperor can make anyone his heir (it was assumed that the king will appoint “the most worthy” as his successor).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

This law was in force until the reign of Paul I.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter himself did not have time to use the law [16] [17].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Estate policy


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The main goal pursued by Peter I in social policy is the legal registration of class rights and obligations of each category of the population of Russia.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

As a result, a new structure of society has developed, in which the class character has been more clearly formed.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The rights and duties of the nobility were expanded, and, at the same time, the serfdom of peasants was strengthened.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Nobility


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Key milestones:


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The unity of inheritance decree of 1714: a landowner with sons could bequeath all his real estate to only one of them of his choice.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The rest were obliged to serve.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The decree marked the final merger of the noble estate and the boyar patrimony, thereby finally erasing the differences between them.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The division of military, civil and court service into 14 ranks.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

When reaching the eighth grade, any official or military man could receive the status of a personal nobleman.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Thus, a person's career depended primarily not on his origin, but on achievements in the public service.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The place of the former boyars was taken by the “generals”, consisting of the ranks of the first four classes of the “Table of Ranks”.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Personal length of service mixed representatives of the former ancestral nobility with people raised by the service.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter's legislative measures, without significantly expanding the class rights of the nobility, significantly changed his duties.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Military science, which in Moscow times was the duty of a narrow class of service people, is now becoming the duty of all segments of the population.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The nobleman of Peter the Great's times still has the exclusive right of land ownership, but due to decrees on unity of inheritance and audit, he is responsible to the state for the tax serviceability of their peasants.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The nobility is obliged to study in order to prepare for service.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter destroyed the former isolation of the service class, opening access to the gentry environment to people of other classes through the Report Card of Ranks.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

On the other hand, by the law on unity of inheritance, he opened the way out of the nobility to merchants and clergy to those who wanted it.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The nobility of Russia becomes a military-bureaucratic class, the rights of which are created and hereditarily determined by the civil service, and not by birth.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peasantry


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter's reforms changed the situation of peasants.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

From different categories of peasants who were not in serfdom dependence on landowners or the church (black pine peasants of the north, non-Russian peoples, etc.), a new single category was formed state peasants — personally free, but paid rent to the state.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The opinion that this measure “destroyed the remnants of the free peasantry” is wrong, since the population groups that made up state peasants were not considered free in the pre-Peter the Great period - they were attached to the ground (Cathedral Code of 1649) and could be granted by the king to individuals and churches as serfs.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

State peasants in the 18th century had the rights of personally free people (they could own property, act in court as one of the parties, elect representatives to class bodies, etc.), but there were limited in movement and could be (until the beginning of the XIX century, when this category was finally established as free people) transferred by the monarch to the category of serfs.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Legislative acts related to the serf peasantry proper were contradictory in nature.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Thus, the intervention of landowners in serf marriages was limited (decree of 1724), it was forbidden to expose serfs instead of themselves as defendants in court and keep them on the right for the owner's debts [18].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The norm on the transfer to guardianship of the estates of landowners who ruined their peasants was also confirmed [18], and slaves were given the opportunity to register as soldiers, which freed them from serfdom [19 ] (by decree of imp. Elizabeth of the Year serfs lost this opportunity).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

By decree of 1699 and the verdict of the Town Hall of 1700, peasants engaged in trade or craft were granted the right to move to posadas, exempt from serfdom (if the peasant is in such was) [20].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

At the same time, measures against fugitive peasants were significantly tightened, large masses of palace peasants were distributed to private individuals, landowners were allowed to recruit serfs.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

By decree, it was allowed to cede, for unpaid debts of “local” serfs, which was actually a form of trade in serfs [20].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The taxation of slaves (that is, personal servants without land) by a poll tax led to the merger of slaves with serfs.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Church peasants were subject to the monastery order and removed from the power of monasteries.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Under Peter, a new category of dependent farmers was created — peasants assigned to manufactories.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

These peasants in the XVIII century were called possession peasants.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

By decree of 1721, nobles and merchants and manufacturers were allowed to buy peasants to manufactories to work on them.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The peasants bought at the factory were not considered the property of its owners, but were attached to the production, so that the owner of the factory could neither sell nor mortgage the peasants separately from the manufactory.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Possession peasants received a fixed salary and performed a fixed amount of work [21].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Urban population


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The urban population during the era of Peter the Great was very small: about 3% of the country's population [22].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The only major city was Moscow, which was the capital before Peter's reign.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Although in terms of development of cities and industry, Russia was much inferior to Western Europe, but during the 17th century they gradually grew.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The social policy of Peter the Great, concerning the urban population, pursued the provision of payment of poll taxes.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

For this purpose, the population was divided into two categories: regular (industrialists, merchants, artisans of workshops) and irregular citizens (all others).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The difference between the city regular man in the street at the end of Peter's reign and the irregular was that a regular citizen participated in the city administration by electing members of the magistrate, was enrolled in the guild and workshop, or carried a monetary duty in a share that fell on him according to the public layout.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1722, craft shops according to the Western European model appeared.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The main purpose of their creation was to unite disparate craftsmen to produce products necessary for the army.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

However, the workshop structure in Russia did not take root.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

During the reign of Peter, the city management system changed.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The governors appointed by the tsar were replaced by elected City Magistrates subordinate to the Chief Magistrate.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Magistrates collected taxes and performed judicial functions.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

These measures meant the development of city self-government [23].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Cultural transformations


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter changed the beginning of the chronology from the Creation of the World to the birth of Christ.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Byzantine 7208 was 1700 AD, and the New Year began to be celebrated on January 1.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In addition, under Peter, a uniform application of the Julian calendar was introduced.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

After returning from the Grand Embassy, Peter I fought against the external manifestations of the “outdated” lifestyle (the most famous ban on beards), but no less drew attention to the introduction of the nobility to education and secular Europeanized culture.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Secular educational institutions began to appear, the first Russian newspaper, called Vedomosti, was founded [24], and translations of many books into Russian are being published.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter made success in his service dependent on education for the nobles.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Under Peter in 1703, the first book in Russian with Arabic numerals appeared (Arithmetic by Leonty Magnitsky).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Before that date, they were denoted by letters with titles (wavy lines).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1708, Peter approved a new alphabet with a simplified lettering (the Church Slavonic font remained for printing church literature), the two letters “xi” and “psi” were excluded.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter created new printing houses, in which 1,312 titles of books were printed in 1700-1725 (twice as much as in the entire previous history of Russian printing).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Due to the rise in printing, paper consumption increased from 4-8 thousand sheets at the end of the 17th century to 50 thousand sheets in 1719 [25].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

There have been changes in the Russian language, which includes 4.5 thousand new words borrowed from European languages [26].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1724, Peter approved the charter of the Academy of Sciences being organized (opened in 1725 after his death).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Of particular importance was the construction of stone Petersburg, in which foreign architects took part and which was carried out according to the plan developed by the tsar.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

He created a new urban environment with previously unfamiliar forms of life and pastime (theater, masquerades).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The interior decoration of houses, the way of life, the composition of food, etc. have changed.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

A special decree of the tsar in 1718 introduced assemblies that represented a new form of communication between people for Russia.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

At the assemblies, the nobles danced and communicated freely, unlike previous feasts and feasts.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The reforms carried out by Peter I affected not only politics, the economy, but also art.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter invited foreign artists to Russia and at the same time sent talented young people to study “art” abroad, mainly to Holland and Italy.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In the second quarter of the 18th century “Peter the Great's pensioners” began to return to Russia, bringing with them new artistic experience and acquired skills.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

g. Peter issued a decree ordering to write names in petitions and other documents completely instead of derogatory half-names (Ivashka, Senka, etc.), do not fall on your knees in front of the tsar, in winter in the cold do not take off the hat in front of the house in which the king is located.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

He explained the need for these innovations as follows: “Less meanness, more diligence in service and loyalty to me and the state — this honor is characteristic of the king...” [27]


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter tried to change the position of women in Russian society.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

By special decrees (1700, 1702 and 1724), he prohibited forced marriage and marriage.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

It was prescribed that there should be at least six weeks between engagement and wedding, “so that the bride and groom could recognize each other.”


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

If during this time, the decree said, “the bride's groom does not want to take, or the bride does not want to marry the groom,” no matter how the parents insist, “to be freedom.”


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Since 1702, the bride herself (and not only her relatives) was granted the formal right to terminate the engagement and upset the consensual marriage, and neither party had the right “to pay a penalty with her brow to beat.”


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Legislative regulations of 1696—1704 on public celebrations introduced mandatory participation in celebrations and celebrations for all Russians, including “women” [28].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Gradually, a different system of values, worldview, aesthetic ideas developed among the nobility, which radically differed from the values and worldview of most representatives the rest of the classes.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Education reform


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter was clearly aware of the need for education and discussed this issue, including in 1698-1699 with Patriarch Adrian (this, among other things, was due to the fact that church schools were a serious part of education of that time) [29].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Tsar took a number of decisive measures to reform this direction.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

A school of mathematical and navigational sciences was opened in Moscow.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1701-1721, artillery, engineering and medical schools were opened in Moscow, an engineering school and a naval academy in St. Petersburg, mining schools at the Olonets and Ural plants.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1705, the first gymnasium in Russia was opened.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The goals of mass education were to be digital schools created by decree from year [30] in provincial cities, designed to “teach children of all ranks literacy, cifiri and geometry.”


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

It was planned to create two such schools in each province, where education was to be free.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1721, garrison schools were opened for soldiers' children, and a network of theological schools was created to train priests.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In the Senate, the emperor signed a ruling “on the Academy” and two days later he approved the draft regulations on the Academy of Sciences, the university and the gymnasium under it [29].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

According to Hanoverian Weber, during the reign of Peter, several thousand Russians were sent to study abroad.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter's decrees introduced compulsory training of nobles and clergy, but a similar measure for the urban population met with fierce resistance from the nobles and was canceled.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter's attempt to create an all-class primary school failed (the creation of a network of schools stopped after his death, most digital schools under his successors were converted into class schools for training of the clergy), but, nevertheless, during his reign, the foundations were laid for the spread of education in Russia [31].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

See also


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Notes


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Literature


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Lebedev V. AND. — Moscow; L., 1937—379 p.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Category:Reforms of Peter I


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Blurryface is the fourth studio album by Twenty One Pilots.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

It is the duo's second official album and the second Twenty One Pilots album released by Fueled by Ramen.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

The album was released on May 17, 2015.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

The first single to be released from the album was “Fairly Local”.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Two singles from the album, “Stressed Out” and “Ride”, also hit the top five singles on the Billboard Hot 100.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

In the United States, the album sold more than 1.5 million copies as of April 2017.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

[1] In 2017, the band won a Grammy for Best Pop Duo for their song “Stressed Out” [2].


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

The album was certified platinum in the United States, Canada, Poland, New Zealand and the UK.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

In 2018, Blurryface became the first album in history to receive a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America on each track.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

[3] [4]


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Background and recording


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

After the release of their third album, Vessel, the band toured extensively in support of it around the world.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

During the tour, the band had a portable recording studio that allowed them to implement ideas.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

“Heavydirtysoul”, “Ride”, “Fairly Local”, “Tear in My Heart”, “Lane Boy” and “Doubt” were recorded with producer Ricky Reed at Serenity West Recording in Hollywood, California.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

“Stressed Out”, “Polarize”, “Hometown” and “Not Today” were recorded with producer Mike Elizondo at Can Am in Tarzan, California.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

“Ride” was recorded with Reed at Sonic Lounge Studios in Grove City, Ohio.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

“The Judge” was recorded with producer Mike Crossey at Livingston Studios in London.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

“We Don't Believe What's on TV” and “Goner” were recorded with Reed at Paramount Recording Studios in Hollywood, California.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

“Message Man” was recorded with Tim Anderson at Werewolf Heart in Los Angeles, California.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

The album was mixed by Neil Aurora, with the assistance of Scott Screensky, at The Casita in Hollywood, California.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

The album was mastered by Chris Goeringer at Sterling Sound Studios in New York.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Name


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

The album is named after a character created by the band, nicknamed Blurryface (rus. Blurred face).


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

As the band's frontman Tyler Joseph says, Blurryface represents all his fears and complexes and is an intangible entity living inside Tyler that makes him feel insecure about in his work and in what he creates.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Joseph's hands and neck are covered in black paint during live performances and in videos for singles from this album.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

The musician explains this by the fact that in this way he emphasizes the connection with Blurryface.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Criticism


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

The album received mostly positive reviews from music critics and has an average score of 80 out of 100 on Metacritic.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

[7] Garrett Camps of Billboard called the album “a hot mess (in a good way)”, but gave it a mixed review, noting that Blurryface “falls short of Vessel”.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Sputnikmusic and Alternative Press positively rated the album.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Alternative Press critic Jason Pettigrew described the album as “wonderful” and welcomed the mixture of genres in the songs, highlighting the tracks “Ride”, “Polarize”, “Message Man”, “Tear in My Heart”, “We Don't Believe What's on TV”, “Goner” and “Lane Boy” in his review.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

The album peaked at number one on the list of alternative editions “10 Essential Records of 2015”.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Jason Pettigrew of Alternative Press wrote that the band combined “hip-hop elements, shades of reggae, pop music, fierce electronic perseverance and belligerent sadness into an incredibly cohesive recording”.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

The album was included at number two on Rock Sound's 50 best releases of the 2015 list.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Blurryface was nominated for Album of the Year at the Alternative Press Music Awards in 2016.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

The album also received the “Top Rock Album” category at the Billboard Music Awards.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Sales


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Blurryface debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 147,000 copies (134,000 net sales) in the US in its first week, making it Twenty One Pilots's most successful album in charts in America, with the highest sales of all the duo's work.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

[15] The band also reached number 40 for the first time in the UK, where the album debuted at number 14.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

By November 2015, the album had sold 500,000 copies worldwide.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

[16] The following month, it was announced that the album had sold more than 505,000 copies in the United States.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

[17] By January 2016, the album had sold 592,000 copies in the United States.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

18] Two months later, the album sold 753,000 copies in the US.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

[19] By the end of March, the album had sold 792,000 copies in the US.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

[20] By mid-June, the album had sold 924,000 copies, [21] and more than 1 million by the end of July.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

[22] By the end of the year, the album had sold more than 1.2 million copies in the United States.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

[23] According to the International Federation of Phonogram Manufacturers, this is the eighth bestseller of 2016, with a circulation of more than 1.5 million worldwide.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

[24] As of April 2017, it had sold more than 1.5 million copies in the US.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

The album was certified gold in Canada and three times platinum in the United States.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

As of October 2018, the album has earned 3.74 million album equivalent units, of which 1.7 million are album sales in the United States. [25]


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Blurryface went down in history as the first album to receive a gold certification for each song.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

As of October 2018, the album has sold 394,727 copies in the UK and 6.5 million copies worldwide.


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

List of songs


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

All songs are written by Tyler Joseph


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

No.titlelength1.” Heavydirtysoul” 3:542.” Stressed Out” 3:223.” Ride” 3:344.” Fairly Local” 3:275.” Tear in My Heart” 3:086.” Lane Boy” 4:137.” The Judge” 4:578.” Doubt” 3:119.” Polarize” 3:4610.” We Don't Believe What's on TV” 2:5711.” Message Man” 4:0012.” Hometown” 3:5413.” Not Today” 3:5814.” Goner” 3:56 Total length: 52:23


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Japanese Edition Bonus Tracks [28] No.TitlElength15.” Guns for Hands” 4:3016.” Lovely” 4:18


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Recording participants


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Tyler Joseph — vocals, piano, keyboards, ukulele (tracks: 7 and 10), bass (tracks: 1, 2, 8 and 11), guitar (tracks: 1, 3-6, 8 and 11), programming


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Josh Dun — drums, percussion, backing vocals (tracks 7 & 13)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Additional musicians


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Ricky Reed — programming (tracks: 1, 3-6, 8 and 14), additional vocals (tracks: 1, 3 and 8), bass (tracks: 3-6, 10 and 14)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Mike Elizondo — vertical bass (track 2), programming (tracks: 2, 12 and 13), keyboards (tracks: 2, 9, 12 and 13), bass (tracks: 9, 12 and 13), synthesizer bass (tracks: 9 and 12), guitar (tracks: 12 and 13), Hammond B3 (track 13), vocals (track 13)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Mike Crossey — programming, bass, synths and vocals (track 7)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Jonathan Gilmore — Vocals (Track 7)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Tim Anderson — Synthesizers and Programming (Track 11)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Danny T. Levin — trumpet, trombone and euphonium (track 13)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

David Moyer — tenor saxophone, alto saxophone, baritone saxophone and flute (track 13)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

LunchMoney Lewis — Extra Vocals (Track 8)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Production


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Tyler Joseph — Enforcement Proceedings Co-Proceedings


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Chris Woltman — Enforcement Proceedings


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Ricky Reid — Enforcement Proceedings, Production (tracks 1, 3-6, 8, 10 and 14)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Mike Elizondo — Production (tracks 2, 9, 12 and 13)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Mike Crossey — Production (Track 7)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Tim Anderson — Production (Track 11)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Neil Avron — mixing


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Chris Goeringer — mastering


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Drew Kapner — Engineer (tracks 1, 3-6, 8, 10 and 14)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Adam Hawkins — Engineer (tracks 2, 9, 12 and 13)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Joe Weers — Engineer (Track 3)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Jonathan Gilmore — Engineer (Track 7)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Chris Spielvogel — Engineer (Track 11)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Scott Screenski — help


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Michael Peterson — help (tracks 1, 4, 6 and 8)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Brent Arrowood — help (tracks 2, 9, 12 and 13)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Alex Grushetsky — help (tracks: 3-5)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Victor Luenos — help (tracks 10 and 14)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Seth Perez — help (track 11)


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Additional staff


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Pete Gunbarg — A&R


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Brandon Ryke — art direction, design


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Reel Bear Media — art direction, design


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Virgilio Tsai — art direction, design


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Jabari Jacobs — photography


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Rob Gold — art management


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Josh Scooebel — Packaging Production


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Chart positions


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Weekly charts


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Yearly charts


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Certifications


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Notes


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Category:Albums of 2015


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Category:Hip hop albums


Question: How many awards did the Middle Duo win?

Blurryface

Category:Albums Fueled by Ramen


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Astrum Online Entertainment is a Russian IT holding that worked in the interactive online entertainment market of Eastern Europe.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Activities


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The holding was created [1], combining companies that developed, published and operated online games: Astrum Nival (formerly Nival Online), IT Territory, Time Zero.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

In the summer of 2008, DJ Games, an online game developer, was included in the holding.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The merger of several gaming companies illustrates the trend of the modern global market [2].


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

At the end of 2008, the holding was the largest player in its market in Russia [3].


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The merger was carried out in order to synchronize the overall development strategy of the holding's companies, as well as using common technical and infrastructure resources [1].


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The holding attached great importance to entering new geographical markets.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

In autumn 2008, the holding already began business activities in Germany and China [4], launching the German and Chinese versions of the MMORPG Legend: Legacy of Dragons.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Astrum Online games were launched in Turkey in January 2009.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

In this country, the official website of the online game Legend: Legacy of the Dragons in Turkish was opened [5].


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

It is planned to develop the markets of Italy, France and Spain by the end of 2009.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

In the third quarter of 2008, Astrum Online controlled more than 60% of the local online gaming market [3].


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

According to experts, the holding's revenue in 2008 amounted to about $50 million [6].


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The holding's list of gaming projects includes more than thirty online multiplayer games.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Among them, the most popular are such MMOGs as Legend: Legacy of Dragons, Territory, Three Kingdoms, Perfect World.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

At the beginning of 2009, another online game entered the Russian gaming market: a continuation of the popular series with a 10-year history — the multiplayer role-playing game Allods Online [7].


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Holding managers


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Igor Matsanyuk, President


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Vladimir Nikolsky, CEO


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Alisa Chumachenko, Vice President of Marketing and Advertising


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Vsevolod Leonov, Vice President for Business Development


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Holding companies


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

IT Territory


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

IT Territory Nord


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

TimeZero LLC


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Nival


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

DJ Games


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

History


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

December


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

December 1, 2009, Moscow.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Mail.Ru announced the acquisition of Astrum Online Entertainment (AOE) in order to create Russia's largest online communications and entertainment company [8].


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

June


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The official launch of MMORPG Last Chaos took place in Russia.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

A contract was signed with JoyMax for the localization and operation of MMORPG Silkroad Online in the territory of the former USSR countries.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

May


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Signed a contract with Gala-Net, Inc.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

for the publication and operation of the Allods Online project in the United States.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Open testing of Ethereum, a new browser-based online game, has begun.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The number of registered users in the holding's projects exceeded 20 million people.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Allods Online was recognized as the best game of the year and was awarded the People's Choice Award at KRI 2009.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

A new browser game “Football Territory” has been launched into open testing.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

April


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

An open beta test of the flash MMORPG FAOR from the St. Petersburg studio IT Territory Nord (former ITT Casual) has started.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The online game Legend: Legacy of the Dragons has been commercially launched in Turkey.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

A contract has been signed with Gala Networks Europe for the publication and operation of the Allods Online project in Europe.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The online game COSMICS: Galactic Wars has been launched on Rambler @Игры.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Mart


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

A contract was signed with T-Entertainmrnt Co.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

, Ltd.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

for localization and operation of Last Chaos, a multiplayer 3D online role-playing game.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Astrum Online has licensed BigWorld Technology to develop a new online client game.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Astrum Online and Mail.Ru announced the start of cooperation.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

February


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The closed beta test of the new online game Allods Online has started.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

16 million players are registered in Astrum Online's online gaming projects.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The new online game Pa Couple: Dance City has been officially launched.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Astrum Online has launched the German gaming portal Astrumo.de.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

January


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The Turkish version of the online game Legend: Legacy of Dragons has been opened.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The new online game Slapshot has entered the open beta stage.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

December


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Legend: Legend: Legend of the Dragons online game has begun open beta testing in China.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The official website of the new online game Faor has been opened.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

A contract has been signed with Snail Game to operate the game “Pa Couple: Dance City” (original name 5th Street).


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

November


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

A localized version of the TimeZero online game has been launched in Germany.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The online game Legend: Legacy of Dragons has once again won the Runet Prize 2008 in the People's 10 nomination.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

October


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The number of players registered in Astrum Online Entertainment's gaming projects exceeded 10 million people.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

IT Territory has announced the launch of a new MMO game “Troopers: Marion Raiders”.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Astrum Online Entertainment and Rambler have launched a joint project based on the game Legend: Legacy of Dragons.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Astrum Online Entertainment has launched its game project in China in partnership with Snail Games — the online game Legend: Legend of the Dragons.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Astrum Online Entertainment has announced the start of closed beta testing of the German version of the online game Legend: Legacy of Dragons.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

September


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

IT Territory has announced the official launch of a new free MMO game “Monato. Dream World”.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The official launch of the Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar MMORPG took place.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Augustus


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

IT Territory has launched beta testing of the browser-based MMORPG “Keepers of Power”.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Nikita.Online announces the start of an open beta testing of the Russian version of the online game Rappelz.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

TimeZero has announced the official launch of the Destiny online game.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The share of the online entertainment market of Astrum Online Entertainment exceeded 60%.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

July


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

IT Territory announced the start of open beta testing of the Russian MMORPG server Monato. Dream World”.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

June


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

IT Territory has announced the launch of a new online game Heroes: Revival.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

TimeZero announced the opening of access to the beta version of the MMORPG “Destiny”.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Astrum Online Holding has a Ukrainian partner, DJ Games (Dark Joker Games).


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

May


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Nival Online announced the start of an open beta testing of the Russian version of the online game Granado Espada: Challenge of Destiny.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Nival Online announced the start of open testing of the Russian version of the free online game Perfect World.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

April


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

IT Territory has announced the game project Heroes: Revival.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

IT Territory announced the start of the distribution of downloadable casual games on a free-to-play model.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Launch of the open beta testing of the MMO game “Sphere 2. Arena”.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

February


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Nival Online has announced the official launch of the online multiplayer game Piracy.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

IT Territory and Simutronics announced an agreement to license Simutrinics HeroEngine, a software package for the development of MMO games.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

IT Territory and Mamba announced the launch of a joint project — the MMO game Love City.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

January


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

IT Territory has announced a 5 million user in its projects.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Turbine, Inc.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

and IT Territory announced the conclusion of an agreement for the publication in Russia of the MMORPG “The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar”.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

December


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

It was decided to merge the leading companies in the online entertainment market — IT Territory, Nival Online, TimeZero — within a single holding Astrum Online Entertainment


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Honors


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

2008 — Legend: Legend: Legacy of Dragons, a multiplayer online game developed and launched by IT Territory, entered the People's 10 of the Runet Award for the second year in a row.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

2008 — at the 6th International Conference of Computer Game Developers, Nival Online's own development — the multiplayer game Allods Online, scheduled for release in 2009, won the award for Best Online Game of KRI 2008.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

2008 — Nival Online was recognized as the “Best Development Company of KRI 2008”.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

2008 — the victory of the Three Kingdoms project, developed and released by IT Territory, in the nomination “Best Browser Game” from the GameLand Award, the only people's award in Russia in the field computer and video games.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

2008 — The online game Granado Espada, localized by Nival Online, was recognized as the “Best Foreign Game of KRI 2008”.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

2007 — IT Territory receives the status of a Diploma Winner of the Runet Prize 2007 in the Health and Leisure nomination.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

2007 — online multiplayer game Legend: Legacy of Dragons, developed by IT Territory, was awarded the status of Diploma Winner of the People's Ten of the Runet Prize 2007.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

2007 — the online multiplayer game BloodyWorld, developed by DJ Games, was awarded the status of Diploma Winner of the People's Ten of the Runet Prize 2007.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

2007 — Igor Matsanyuk, President of Astrum Online Entertainment Holding, was recognized by Rambler as the person of the decade in the Games nomination.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

2004 — the online multiplayer game Territory, developed and published by IT Territory, was recognized as the best in the Games nomination at the Open All-Russian Internet Competition.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

2003 — the portal of the online multiplayer game Territory, developed and published by IT Territory, was recognized as the best in the Gaming Site nomination at the Open All-Russian Internet Competition.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Game projects (as of June 2009)


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The holding's companies operate 38 online multiplayer games and 60+ casual games.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The total audience of all projects of the holding's companies exceeds 30 million people [9].


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The holding has a representative office in Germany (Astrum GmbH, Hamburg) and operates game projects in the UK, Germany, Turkey and China.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The plans include opening a representative office in the United States.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The priority business model of the holding's gaming projects is free-to-play (no financial costs are required on the part of the player to access the gameplay) [1].


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Allods Online


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Legend: Dragon Legacy


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Perfect World


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

The Lord of the Rings Online


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Last Chaos


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Silkroad Online


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

TimeZero


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Three Kingdoms


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Heroes Revival


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Territory


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Cosmics: Galactic Wars


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Monato.


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Dream World


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

BloodyWorld


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Love City


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Troopers: Marion Raiders


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Pa Couple: Dance City


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Piracy


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Granado Espada


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Slapshot


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Destiny Online


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Keepers of Power


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Faor


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Funny War


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Evil Tale


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Berserk Online


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Ethereum


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Football Territory


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Deos: War of the Gods


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Notes


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

References


Question: Where was Granado Espada: Destiny's Challenge developed?

Astrum Online Entertainment

Category:IT companies in Russia


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel (German: Johann Gottlieb Kargel [lower-alpha 1]; 1849,, Russian Empire -,, Ukrainian SSR) - Christian writer, exeget, one of the most prominent theologians of the Russian Evangelical-Baptist movement, presbyter of the St. Petersburg Church of Evangelical Christians, minister of the prison mission.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

He is the author of the Brief Summary of the Doctrine of Evangelical Christians, compiled in 1913, which in 1966 became the official doctrine of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Baptist Christians.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Biography


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Origins


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Johann Kargel was born in 1849 into a family of German colonists who lived in Georgia.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel's parents often changed their place of residence before and after his birth (at times they lived outside the Russian Empire — in Germany, England) [2].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

His mother, who is Armenian by nationality, gave her son a good upbringing [3].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

My father was German (not Mennonite).


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Princess Sophia Lieven testified that her father had Scottish roots [1] [4].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

According to one assumption, Kargel's parents moved to the Russian Empire from Bulgaria, which was then under Turkish rule, and therefore had Turkish citizenship [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The first years in faith


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Johann experienced an appeal to God in 1869 [lower-alpha 2].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

He was baptized by the German colonist, Baptist Martin Calveit on October 6, 1869 at 11 am in the Kura River near the cemetery in Tiflis [1] [7].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The Tiflis community was the first Russian Baptist community in the Russian Empire.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Its founder and first presbyter Nikita Voronin was baptized by Martin Calveit two years earlier than Kargel [8].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Around 1871, the Russian community of former Molokans, led by Voronin, and the small German community led by Calveit merged [8].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel was a member of this church [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In addition to Calveit and Voronin, Vasily Pavlov, one of the future leaders of Russian Baptist, was among the members of the community.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Vasily Ivanov also maintained close contacts with this community [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The Russian-speaking Evangelical-Baptist movement began to develop almost simultaneously in the Caucasus (where the Tiflis community became the center) and in Ukraine in the form of Stundism, and a few years later another “hotbed” arose ” development in St. Petersburg in the form of the Pashkov movement.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The influence on the development of Stundism in the Ukrainian “hearth” was exerted by fraternal Mennonites from among the German colonists, close in their religion to the Baptists.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

After spending several years in Tiflis, Kargel moved to Odessa, where from July 1872 until Easter 1873 he lived in the family of Johann Wheeler, one of the leaders of the fraternal Mennonites (later the first chairman Union of Russian Baptists), probably renting a house from them [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1872 and 1873, Kargel made two trips to the Molochansky Mennonite District, taking part in the Mennonite conference in the colony of Klippenfeld on his second trip.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Here he met Karl Ondra, a German Baptist, whom he had previously met at Wheeler's house [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Ondra was the pastor of the German Baptist community in the Neudorf colony of Volyn Province, which was the “mother” for German communities in the region.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Ondra invited Kargel to head the community of the Sorochin colony, located near Neudorf.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

It was probably during this period that Kargel decided to devote himself entirely to the work of a missionary and pastor [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

When Kargel began pastoral and preaching work in Sorochin, he had not yet been ordained.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1873, the Sorochin community had 244 members, and the following year its number increased to 296 members.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel pastored the church for less than two years, during which time he spent six months in Hamburg studying at the local [lower-alpha 3].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

While Kargel was studying, Ondra took care of the church [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Upon graduation, Johann was ordained to pastoral service [3].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Some biographies of Kargel indicate that he also received a degree in mechanical engineering in Germany [lower-alpha 4], but later studies have shown that this is most likely not consistent reality [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Acquaintance with Pashkovtsy


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

At the beginning of 1875, Kargel left Sorochin for St. Petersburg.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

His trip had a dual purpose.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

On the one hand, at the request of the German Baptist Union, he had to petition the Russian government for official recognition of German Baptists who had previously been persecuted in Of Russia.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

On the other hand, Ondra took care of a German Baptist group in St. Petersburg [lower-alpha 5] and wanted Kargel to visit it [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

After visiting this community, torn apart by internal contradictions, Kargel decided to stay in St. Petersburg.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Probably, his decision was influenced by the prospects of missionary work in the capital.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Two years later, he wrote that between 45,000 and 50,000 Germans lived in St. Petersburg, which gave room for the mission [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel headed the community.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

By the spring of 1876, he had overcome the contradictions in this church, introduced discipline, established fixed membership, and performed eleven baptisms.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The community grew to 35 people [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In accordance with the Baptist tradition, baptisms were carried out by full immersion in water.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

One of the baptisms described by Kargel took place on Lake Shuvalovo with a large crowd of people [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In five years (1875—1880), the community grew from 34 to 100 people [9].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1877, Kargel went through a long process of obtaining Russian citizenship so as not to be expelled for his missionary activities [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1879, Kargel, taking advantage of a brief easing of legislation against Baptists [lower-alpha 6], managed to register a German-Baptist community with the city authorities.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

To do this, he had to take an oath of allegiance to the Russian tsar.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

According to the prescribed ceremony, he was supposed to kiss the cross and the Bible.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel said Baptists don't wear crosses or kiss the Bible.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Then he was told to simply sign the document and continue to report if heresies appeared among the Baptists [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In St. Petersburg, he met Vasily Pashkov.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

At his invitation, Kargel preached at meetings of Pashkov residents, without leaving his community.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

According to Sophia Lieven, although Kargel arrived in St. Petersburg as a believer, he “always considered Vasily Alexandrovich Pashkov his spiritual teacher and father in Christ” [11] [lower-alpha 7].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Pashkov's social circle included a wide variety of people, including representatives of the highest St. Petersburg aristocracy, who sincerely accepted the gospel teaching.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Subsequently, Pashkov himself and his associates provided Kargel not only spiritual, but also material support [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Bulgarian period


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1880, Kargel went to Bulgaria for missionary work.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In the same year, he married Evangelical Christian Anna Semenova, whom he met at Pashkov meetings (more on this in the Family section).


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel biographer Gregory Nichols named three reasons for Kargel's move to Bulgaria.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

First, as a result of the brutal suppression by the Turks of the uprising of the Bulgarian patriots and the subsequent war of 1877—1878, the attention of Russian society was focused on the events in Bulgaria.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The Pashkov group prayed a lot for the fate of the Bulgarian people.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Secondly, due to health problems, Kargel had to change the St. Petersburg climate to a more favorable one.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Thirdly, there was a need for the baptism of a group of Bulgarian believers in the city of Kazanlak.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Protestant missionaries — Congregationalists, Methodists, and Baptists — were working in the country by this time.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

In 1874, a group of Bulgarian believers from a congretionalist charitable enterprise in Kazanlak came to the Baptist belief that adult baptism was necessary, putting under questioning the congregational practice of child baptism.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The search for someone to teach them baptism lasted several years.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The leader of their group appealed to the German Baptist Union.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel learned about this group at a union congress in 1879 [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Arriving in Bulgaria, Johann Kargel immediately went to Kazanlak, where, after an interview about religion, on September 7, 1880, he baptized five believers, founding the first Bulgarian Baptist Church [1] .


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

He then settled in the city of Ruschuk, where the German Baptist community and warehouses were located [1].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Kargel became the elder of this community and carried this ministry until 1884 [9].


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Thanks to his wife, Johann learned Russian better and better.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

He preached to the local population in a mixture of Russian and Bulgarian.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

By 1883, he had baptized ten Bulgarians, two Jews and two Germans.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

The former German community has become international.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Although Bulgarians were friendly to Russians, the preaching of a non-Orthodox Christian caused resistance among many.


Question: When did Ivan Veniaminovich Kargel first turn to God?

Ivan Kargel

Several members of the community were beaten and spent 12 days in prison, stones were thrown through the windows of Kargeli, and one of the baptisms was interrupted by hooligans [1].