Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Ravil Dzhafyarovich Pancheev (born in 1964) - Mufti DUM of St. Petersburg and the North-West Region of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of St. Petersburg and the North-Western Region of Russia, rector of St. Petersburg Cathedral Mosque, the eldest son of Mufti Zhafyar Hazrat Ponchaev.


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

He was appointed to serve in 2013 by order of the Supreme Mufti of Russia Talgat Tadzhuddin.


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Ravil Hazrat was born in the village of Srednyaya Yelyuzan, Gorodishchensky District, Penza Region.


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

After graduating from high school, he entered Leningrad State University (now St. Petersburg State University) at the Department of Arabic Philology of the Faculty of Oriental Studies.


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

In 1987-88, he trained in the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen).


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

After graduation, he worked as an interpreter at the Main Engineering Department of the Ministry for Foreign Economic Relations of the USSR at the Trade Mission of the USSR in Libya.


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

The editor-in-chief of the newspaper NUR is the press body of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of St. Petersburg and the North-West Region of Russia (in 1996—1997 and 2000—2013).


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

In 1998, he graduated from the Islamic Institute named after V.I.


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Mufti R. Fakhretdin at the Central Duma.


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Since 2000, he served in the Regional Association of Muslims of St. Petersburg, First Deputy Chairman of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of St. Petersburg and the North-West, and since July 16, 2009 he was an imam of the quarterly mosque for believers in Primorsky and Vyborgsky districts.


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

He performed the Hajj three times: in 1997, 1999 and 2006.


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Literature


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

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Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Notes


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

References


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Category:Mosques in Saint Petersburg


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Category:Buildings designed by Alexander von Gauguin


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Category:St. Petersburg Art Nouveau Architecture


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Category:Sunni mosques


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Category: Buildings and structures founded in 1909


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1920


Question: What is the height of the Cathedral Mosque in St. Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg Cathedral Mosque

Category:Buildings and structures in Petrogradsky District


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Operation Sunrise (American name English: Sunrise - “sunrise”, English name English: Crossword - “crossword”) - secret negotiations between representatives of the United States and Great Britain with representatives of Germany on the surrender of German troops in northern Italy during the final period of World War II.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

They took place in March and April 1945 in Switzerland.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The negotiations were held without the direct participation of representatives of the USSR, which caused sharp discontent of the Soviet leadership and a diplomatic conflict between the USSR and its allies.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The name “Sunrise” was used by the American side; the British called the operation “Crossword”.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Background


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The idea of a possible separate peace between the Axis countries and one of the members of the anti-Hitler coalition found its supporters in all warring countries throughout the war.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Despite the fact that in 1943, at conferences in Casablanca and Tehran, the Allies defined the goal of the war as the unconditional and complete surrender of Germany and its satellites, there are many influential supporters of the idea of reaching an agreement with Germany (with or without Hitler).


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

As the military successes of the USSR grew, many in business circles, in the Republican Party in the United States, and in the leadership of American trade unions were inclined to this idea.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

They were concerned about the post-war reconstruction of the world and, above all, the possible strengthening of the role of the USSR in it, and their pressure on President Roosevelt and his team was constantly increasing.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Thus, in 1944, General J.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Marshall sent the President a memorandum on military-strategic issues, in which he proposed to reduce military supplies to the Soviet Union in order to slow down the pace of advance of Soviet troops to the west.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

On the eve of the 1944 presidential election, Roosevelt even made some concessions to the opposition, in particular, appointing several obvious opponents to high positions in the State Department cooperation with the USSR.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Winston Churchill, starting in 1943, began to make increasingly unfriendly statements towards the USSR in his speeches [1].


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Germany, which found itself in a hopeless situation of a war on two fronts, saw a real way out for themselves in undermining the anti-Hitler coalition and a separate peace on one of its sides, preferably with the West.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Hitler himself seriously thought, having received a “miracle weapon” at his disposal, to use it as an argument in negotiations with the Anglo-Americans.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The first known attempt by representatives of Germany to probe the possibility of a separate peace with Western powers during the Second World War dates back to 1942. The initiative came from former German Chancellor von Papin, who was then Germany's ambassador to Turkey and had constant contact there with George Earle, a resident of American intelligence.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

To this end, an employee of the German Embassy in Sweden arrived in London, and in Istanbul, the Secretary General of the Turkish Foreign Ministry spoke with the British ambassador about peace with Germany.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The British simply interned the German envoy, and the Turks were unequivocally made it clear that they would be able to discuss the conditions of peace only if similar negotiations were held with the USSR.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

This ended the incident [2].


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In January 1943, the American-British Summit Conference was held in Casablanca.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The conference adopted a declaration on the complete and unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy and Japan.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Thus, the idea of any separate peace between Germany and Western allies was excluded.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In February 1943, Allen Dulles arrived in Bern [3].


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Here in Switzerland, he headed the European center of the US Office of Strategic Services.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

People who had family, business or official ties with influential people in business, political and military circles in Germany were involved as experts, sources and proxies.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

For example, one of Dulles's closest employees was Gero von Schulze-Gevernitz, a German by nationality who emigrated to the United States after the Nazis came to power.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

His father, a well-known German scholar and specialist in the field of international relations, was a member of parliament during the Weimar Republic and participated in the creation of the Weimar Constitution.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Gevernitz was married to the daughter of Ruhr coal tycoon Hugo Stinnes [4].


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Even before the US entered the war, Gevernitz, often visiting Berlin and Bern, tried to establish numerous ties that were promising from the point of view of intelligence [5].


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In addition, Gevernitz was an old friend of Dulles, who met back in 1916, when Dulles was in Europe in the foreign service.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Dulles highly appreciated Gevernitz, sent him to important meetings in which he did not consider it convenient to participate in person, and listened attentively to his opinions and assessments.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In Bern, Dulles met in February 1943 with Prince Hohenlohe, Field Marshal Brauchich, Colonel-General Zeitzler, who spoke on behalf of German industrialists and right-wing Social Democrats.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

They discussed possible ways to end the war and the post-war structure of Germany and Europe as a whole.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

It was about the fact that Germany could agree to peace if Western powers did not allow the Soviet occupation of Germany.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In the notes of the German participants in these meetings, it was noted that “... Americans... do not want to know about Bolshevism or Pan-Slavism in Central Europe and, unlike the British, do not want to see Russians in the Dardanelles and in the oil regions of Romania or Asia Minor” [7].


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In August of the same year, a British agent, a relative of Yalmar Schacht, Hans Ruser, met in France with senior German officers and started talking about ways for Germany to withdraw from the war, referring to a certain” a Swiss friend.”


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

[2] [8]


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

According to Heinz Felfe, a former employee of the VI Directorate of the RSHA (SD-abroad) (later an employee of the BND and an agent of Soviet intelligence), “the secret hostility of Western powers towards the Soviet Of course, the Union was not news.”


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Felfe claims that SD managed to introduce his agent under the pseudonym “Gabriel” into Dulles's inner circle in 1943.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

According to Gabriel, Dulles was sure that the next world war would take place between the United States and the USSR, and how the war with Germany ended would determine in what state he would get out of this war The Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Dulles saw negotiations with any serious opposition in Germany as a means to establish a regime beneficial to the United States in post-Hitler Germany.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In any case, the very fact of such negotiations, according to Dulles in Gabriel's presentation, could serve as an incentive for this opposition to take action.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Dulles considered the agreement between the allies not to enter into negotiations with the Germans rather a measure of psychological pressure on the German leadership.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In April 1944, a representative of the conspirators who subsequently assassinated Hitler met Dulles in Switzerland.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

This representative wondered whether, if Hitler was eliminated, it was possible to count on any other conditions of peace than unconditional surrender.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

After receiving a negative answer, the emissary returned to Germany.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In the fall of 1944, Dulles's apparatus began a practical search for senior Wehrmacht commanders who would agree to the local surrender of their subordinate forces in exchange for personal safety.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

To do this, captured German generals were interrogated in detail, and in order to establish contacts, it was proposed to stage the escape from captivity of several junior officers and transport them across the front line.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The management did not approve of Dulles's initiative.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In the final period of the war, German attempts to contact the West were further intensified, and now they were backed by the highest ranks of the SS, including the Reichsfuhrer Himmler.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In November 1944. Dulles, while in Switzerland, received from the head of the SD in Italy Gruppenfuhrer Harster an offer to begin separate negotiations on the conditions for the cessation of hostilities in Western Europe and even a possible joining forces to continue the war against the USSR.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The intermediaries were large Italian industrialists Marinetti and Olivetti.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The German Consul in Lugano von Neurath [9] met with Gevernitz and offered his services: von Neurath was personally acquainted with many German commanders, including the commander-in-chief of troops in the West von Rundstedt, and was ready to give them the terms of surrender.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In February 1945, emissaries from the leadership of the RSHA arrived at Dulles: the head of the VI Directorate Schellenberg and even the head of the RSHA Kaltenbrunner.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Prior to this, there was no activity by Kaltenbrunner in the search for a separate peace.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

From the messages received, Dulles concluded that a serious conflict is breaking out in the leadership of the Reich over the continuation of the war, and the parties to this conflict are, in particular, Himmler and Martin Borman.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Dulles, according to him, suspected a catch in Schellenberg's proposals and did not take them seriously.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

At the same time, a Benedictine priest made his way from Milan to the Vatican through the front line with a message to the Pope, which said that Germany expects mediation efforts from the Catholic Church to stop war in Italy.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Dulles in “Secret Surrender” notes that industrialists, diplomats, clergymen and SS men were looking for contact with him from the German side, but there was no noticeable initiative of army generals; all contacts with the Wehrmacht were achieved through the efforts of the Anglo-Americans.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In February 1945. Himmler met with Count Bernadotte, Vice-President of the Swedish Red Cross, and tried to mediate negotiations with the Anglo-Americans.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Thus, by the end of the winter of 1945. Dulles has accumulated a rather plump portfolio of contacts and offers from German representatives.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

But none of these contacts gave real hope for a practical solution to the problem of a bloodless end to the war in northern Italy.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Switzerland, for its part, was interested in an early end to the war near its borders, and preferably without destroying the infrastructure of Northern Italy, with which Switzerland was closely linked economically .


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In addition, the Swiss authorities feared that the unfinished SS, fleeing the Allied offensive in Italy, would seek asylum in Switzerland.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Due to its neutrality, Switzerland was unable to provide official assistance to the belligerents.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Nevertheless, unofficially, Dulles's mission worked closely with the Swiss special services.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Dulles was directly assisted by a high-ranking intelligence officer of the Swiss General Staff captain (major in the spring of 1945) [10].


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

He secretly resolved many issues within the country.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In particular, he had the right to instruct the Swiss border service to freely allow anyone who presented the password to cross the border.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Switzerland, as a neutral country, could officially communicate with the German authorities, including military and intelligence agencies.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Colonel of the Swiss General Staff Roger Masson maintained contact with Schellenberg, and Weibel had the opportunity to consult with Masson.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Dulles praised the role of Weibel and the Swiss special services in general in their operations in Switzerland.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Operation Sunrise (Crossword)


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Preparation and first contacts


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

On February 25, 1945, the Italian businessman and chamberlain of the Pope, Baron (Luigi Parrilli), through a Swiss professor and Weibel, contacted Gevernitz.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Parilli said that some SS officers in Italy are ready to cooperate with the Americans to prevent bloodshed and destruction.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

He stressed that it is the people of the SS, not the Wehrmacht, who show interest in this and are ready for the most serious steps.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The names of Guido Zimmer, the intelligence officer of the SS headquarters in Genoa, the guardsturmfuhrer (Guido Zimmer), the standartenfuhrer and, indirectly, the chief of all SS forces in Italy Obergruppenfuhrer Wolf were announced.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The verbose and pompous Parilli did not impress Givernitsa as a serious counterparty.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Dulles also initially regarded this signal as another test ball from the top of the SS, and no more.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

After consulting, Gevernitz and Dulles decided that they would be able to deal, if not with the commander of the German troops in Italy, Field Marshal Kesselring, then with Wolf and Dolman.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Karl Wolf at that time served as “the highest leader of the SS and police” (German: Höchster SS- und Polizeiführer) under Army Group C in Northern Italy, had very broad powers in this capacity and was personally subordinate to Himmler.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Wolf enjoyed the great trust of the Nazi elite, he was favored by Hitler.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Wolf even allowed himself to sometimes address the Fuhrer over Himmler's head.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

One such incident sparked a quarrel between Wolf and Himmler in 1943, when Hitler allowed Wolf to divorce, contrary to Himmler's ban.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

It was after this that Wolf, previously chief of the personal staff of the Reichsfuhrer, was appointed to Italy.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Kaltenbrunner and Schellenberg, Dulles claims, envied Wolf and treated him unfriendly.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Wolf's position in the SS hierarchy was special: in rank he was only a step lower than the Reichsfuhrer SS, but at the same time he was somewhat away from the main governing vertical of this odious organization.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

This was taken into account by the Americans in Operation Sunrise.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Eugen Dolman (1900—1985) was also a well-known person.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

He received a brilliant humanities education — he graduated with honors from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, lived in Italy since 1927, studying Italian art and history, and started extensive acquaintances in aristocratic, intellectual, ecclesiastical and political circles.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In 1934, he joined the Nazi Party, and from 1935 he was the head of the press service of the NSDAP in Italy.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In 1937, he had to replace an interpreter at a meeting between Himmler and Italian police chief Bocchini in Ostia.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Since then, he has been invited as an interpreter to high-level Italian-German meetings.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Dolman joined the SS and quickly moved up the ranks.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Himmler made him his personal observer in Italy and consultant on Italian issues.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In December 1937, Dolmann accompanied Himmler on a trip to Libya, attended the Munich Conference in 1938, the signing of the Steel Pact in 1939, and participated in the trip of Hitler and Mussolini in 1942 to the Eastern Front, in July 1944 he was the official interpreter at a meeting between Hitler and Mussolini at the Wolfschanze residence.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In fact, Dolman served as a liaison officer under Mussolini.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

After his arrest in 1943, Mussolini tried to get close to Kesselring.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In his memoirs, Dolman claims that he was never a supporter of National Socialism or an admirer of Hitler, joined the party and the SS only for his career, and since mid-1943 he tried to undertake steps that would help ease Italy's fate in the war.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In particular, in the summer of 1944, he helped Wolf get a secret audience with Pope Pius XII.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Dolman even loaned Wolf his civilian suit for this visit.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

At this meeting, Wolf tried to convince the pontiff of his desire for peace.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Back in early February, Wolf, perhaps without Himmler's approval, attended Hitler's reception.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In the presence of Reich Foreign Minister Ribbentrop and SS Gruppenfuhrer Vegelein, Karl Wolf expressed the idea that it was time to look for an opportunity to consolidate with England and America against Bolsheviks.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Hitler's response was rather vague, but in general it could be understood as approval and permission to act.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Thus, Wolf, starting his game, partially protected himself from accusations of treason.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

As it turned out later, Ribbentrop by that time was trying to reach the Americans himself - through Sweden.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

[11] In Italy, Wolf could count on the support of at least two other influential Germans: the aviation general and the German ambassador.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Nobody discussed possible surrender and negotiations with the West with Mussolini and his staff.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Moreover, when Mussolini suspected in late February and early March that the Germans were preparing to surrender Northern Italy, Ambassador Ran and others managed to convince Duce that German troops would fight until the end.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

On February 28, at a meeting between Wolf and his entourage, it was decided to send Dolman to Switzerland for a preliminary meeting.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The meeting was attended by Gruppenfuhrer Harster, Chief of the Board of Directors in Italy.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

As it turned out later, he immediately reported what was happening to his direct supervisor Kaltenbrunner.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In early March, Parilli returned to Switzerland with Dolman and Zimmer.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

On March 3, Weibel arranged a meeting of Germans with Dulles's trusted employee Paul Blum in a restaurant in Lugano.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

From a conversation with Dolman Blum concluded that he really represents Wolf (although Dolman did not say this directly).


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The Americans demanded that Dolman and Wolf, in confirmation of their intentions and real power, release two arrested members of the Italian underground, Ferruccio Parri and Antonio Usmiani.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

A few days later, Zimmer took both to the Italian-Swiss border, and Weibel hid them in a private clinic in Lugano.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

In all cases, Weibel ensured the crossing of the border.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

First meeting with Wolf


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

On the morning of March 8, 1945, Wolf arrived in Switzerland, in Lugano, accompanied by Dolman, Zimmer and his adjutant Sturmbannfuhrer Eugen Wenner (Max is named in some sources).


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

[12] [13] From there, the emissaries went by train to Zurich with great precautions, as there were quite a few people in Switzerland who knew both Wolf and Dolman by sight.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

The Germans were accompanied by Guzman and Weibel.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Upon arrival, Wolf gave Dulles a kind of credentials — a certificate of himself and a long list of his actions over the past year, which were supposed to indicate his commitment to the idea end the war as soon as possible.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

At 10 pm on March 8, Dulles and Wolf met for the first time at USS's safe house in Zurich.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Wolf was introduced to Dulles by Guzman.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Wolf immediately said that he considers the military defeat of Germany inevitable, is ready to put at the disposal of the Americans all the SS forces subordinate to him, to influence Kesselring as commander Wehrmacht troops, and to ensure the arrival of Kesselring or his deputy in Switzerland.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Wolf emphasized that he acts completely independently of Himmler and Hitler and in secret from them.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Dulles, in turn, said that we can only talk about the complete surrender of the entire German group and that these negotiations in no way mean a violation of the obligations of the allies to the USSR as a member of the anti-Hitler coalition.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

According to Dulles, he was very afraid that Wolf's mission could be a provocation in order to quarrel Stalin with the Anglo-Americans.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

At the same time, Dulles considered the prospect of seizing Northern Italy without a fight extremely important not only militarily.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Such a quick victory would allow the Americans to get ahead of the Red Army in southeastern Europe and thus expand their zone of post-war influence here.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

After meeting with Dulles, Wolf left Givernitsa a brief plan of his actions to ensure the future surrender and returned to Italy on March 9.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Here he received a call from the head of the RSHA Kaltenbrunner — he clearly did not like the fact that Wolf went to Switzerland without his knowledge.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Wolf evaded the meeting, citing urgent matters.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

To have an excuse to Himmler and Kaltenbrunner for contacts with the enemy, Wolf retroactively came up with a legend: he was going to work with the Americans for release from captivity Obersturmbannfuhrer Wünsche, Hitler's favorite.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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This could explain the sudden release of Parry and Usmiani.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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Wolf was waiting for another news: Kesselring went to Berlin on March 8 at Hitler's headquarters on an urgent call.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Dulles and Gevernitz, after a sleepless night, returned to the Bern office of the USS on the morning of March 9 and compiled a report to the headquarters of the Allied Command in Caserta.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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Dulles offered to train several officers of a fairly high level for negotiations with Kesselring.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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On the same day, the name of the operation appeared - “Sunrise”, symbolizing the hope for major success.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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On March 12, Field Marshal Alexander informed the Soviet side about the arrival of representatives of the German commander of troops in Italy to discuss the terms of surrender.


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People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR Molotov called for the participation of the USSR in these negotiations, but the diplomatic departments of the United States and Great Britain refused.


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[2] Dulles explains that the participation of a Soviet representative would be difficult to ensure purely technically: it would be very difficult to pass him off as an American or an Englishman, and to come up with any plausible a legend for the arrival of a Soviet general or senior officer in Switzerland is almost impossible at all.


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Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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The second meeting with Wolf


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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Meanwhile, representatives of the Allied Command arrived in Switzerland incognito - Deputy Chief of Staff of the Allied Forces in Caserta, American General Lyman Lemnitzer (Lyman Lemnitzer) and General Terence Airey, Chief of Intelligence at Alexander's headquarters.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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They entered the country on the basis of documents from two American sergeants serving with the USS, as there were no plausible pretexts for the arrival of such high-ranking military personnel in a neutral country.


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It was decided to continue negotiations in Ascona, in the secluded estate of Givernitsa's son-in-law on the shore of Lake Maggiore, a few kilometers from the Italian border.


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A fairly large group of USS employees was brought there, they arrived from Bern separately by two or three people.


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The Washington leadership feared that the Germans could organize an attack on the place from water or from the air, as they kidnapped Mussolini in 1943 and tried to kidnap Eisenhower in 1945 .


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Dulles had to explain that the enemy would not complicate his already difficult situation in order to kidnap one or two generals by a direct violation of Switzerland's neutrality.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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In any case, the USS provided reliable protection of the estate, and the Swiss constantly patrolled the water area of the lake.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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Since Wolf's first visit, an important event has taken place: Kesselring received a new appointment and left Italy for the Western Front, to replace von Rundstedt as commander.


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That's why Kesselring was summoned to Berlin.


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Kesselring was replaced by Colonel-General Vietinghof, whom Wolf could not vouch for as much as Kesselring, although he was on good terms with him.


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Vietinghof was an apolitical old Prussian general, unconditionally devoted to duty and oath.


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Wolf never told him about his intentions and did not talk to him about surrender at all.


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On the morning of March 19, Wolf arrived, accompanied by Wenner and Zimmer.


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Guzman, Gevernitz and Weibel met them and took them to Ascona with even greater precautions than before.


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Kaltenbrunner was supposed to be closely monitoring Wolf's movements.


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Dolman this time remained at Wolf's headquarters to control the situation.


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The meeting took place in three stages.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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On the morning of March 19, Dulles and Governitz talked to Wolf.


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In the afternoon, they were joined by Lemnitzer and Airy.


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Dulles introduced the generals to Wolf as his military advisers, without naming names or ranks.


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Before leaving, Dulles had another brief conversation with Wolf.


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The second meeting explored options for dealing with the situation: Wolf either goes directly to Vietinghof and tries to convince him to surrender or acts through Kesselring, or relies only on its own strength.


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The latter option was clearly the weakest.


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Wolf in Italy was directly subordinate to about 50 thousand people, of which only about 10 thousand combat personnel with almost no heavy weapons.


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These troops occupied some important positions, but were dispersed, moreover, consisted mostly of national SS units.


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We decided on the second option.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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Wolf asked to postpone the planned offensive of the Allies in Italy for a few days in order to have time to go to Kesselring and talk to him.


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The matter was complicated by the fact that Kesselring from Berlin left immediately for his new destination, without even coming to Italy to say goodbye to Mussolini and his headquarters.


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Wolf also told Dulles that Kaltenbrunner is also looking for contacts with allies and “will not tolerate rivalry.”


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Within five to seven days, Wolf promised to ensure that Kesselring influenced Vietinghof.


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Wolf pledged, within the limits of his powers, to limit anti-guerrilla and punitive measures in Northern Italy, to try to prevent the implementation of scorched earth tactics and save lives political prisoners.


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Diplomatic conflict


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On March 22, the British ambassador to the USSR was given a sharp note about separate negotiations with Germany.


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Lively correspondence followed at the level of diplomatic departments and directly between Stalin and Roosevelt [15].


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Stalin directly accused the allies of collusion with the enemy behind the back of the USSR.


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Roosevelt replied in the sense that nothing special happened, it was only a purely military issue - the surrender of the German group in Italy, and Stalin was misinformed by his diplomats and intelligence.


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Stalin's response was cold and thorough.


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Stalin listed all the cases in which, in his opinion, the United States and England delayed the resolution of important issues for the defense of the USSR, despite the fact that the Soviet Union always did everything possible to assist the military the efforts of the allies, sometimes even to the detriment of their plans.


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As a result, on April 11, Roosevelt wrote a short message to Stalin:


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Thank you for your sincere explanation of the Soviet point of view regarding the Berne incident, which now seems to have faded and is a thing of the past without bringing any benefit.


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In any case, there should be no mutual distrust, and minor misunderstandings of this nature should not arise in the future.


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I am sure that when our armies establish contact in Germany and unite in a fully coordinated offensive, the Nazi armies will fall apart.


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US Ambassador to Moscow Harriman, after receiving this telegram, immediately suggested that the president remove the word “minor” from the text; Roosevelt refused and stressed that he considered the “misunderstanding” insignificant.


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[16] Stalin received the message on April 13, after Roosevelt's sudden death.


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[2] [8]


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Dulles learned about this scandal only on April 13, in Paris, from the head of the USS, General Donovan.


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Wolf in Berlin


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On April 2, Parilli reported that Wolf had met with Kesselring, who promised to instruct Vietinghof, but when asked about the possible surrender of the Western Front, which he now commanded, he replied negative.


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After that, Himmler summoned Wolf to Berlin and arranged for him a pillowcase for an unauthorized meeting with Dulles.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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A few days later, in the presence of Kaltenbrunner, Himmler ordered Wolf not to interrupt contact with Dulles, but categorically forbade traveling to Switzerland.


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Himmler also refused to report Wolf's mission to Hitler - the Fuhrer was irritated by Ribbentrop's clumsy actions in Sweden.


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Wolf Himmler made it clear that he had actually taken his family hostage, and ordered him to stop by the SD intelligence center in Bavaria on the way back.


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There, Schellenberg officers asked Wolf all day about the details of communication with the Americans.


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On April 9, the Allied offensive began in Italy.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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On the same day, Parilli reported that Vietinghof was ready to surrender on honorable terms, including the preservation of a small active contingent of German troops to protect law and order.


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Wolf is ready to come to Switzerland with a trusted representative of Vietinghof, who will sign the surrender on his behalf.


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For operational communication with Vietinghof, the Americans sent an agent with a radio station to Italy.


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This agent was Václav Hradecki, a 26-year-old Czech, an active member of the Resistance since the beginning of the war.


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Zimmer arranged it in Milan on the top floor of one of the SS buildings, in a room with a sign on the door “Entrance only with the permission of the Obergruppenfuhrer”.


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On April 15, it turned out that Vietinghof had changed his position: he found that his negotiations with the Americans were not a secret, and was frightened.


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Dulles conveys the story of a mysterious Wehrmacht officer who came to Vietinghof, began to warn him against any agreements with the Americans, urged him to deal only with the British, and after he disappeared to no one knows where.


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Whether it was an agent of Kaltenbrunner, or Soviet intelligence, or even British (if any) remains a mystery.


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As for the conditions of surrender, Caserta received a peremptory answer: the Germans will have to sign such an act that the allies put on the table in front of them.


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The preservation of German military honor clearly did not bother anyone at Alexander's headquarters.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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At the same time, Himmler again summoned Wolf to Berlin, and Wolf did not expect anything good from this challenge.


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He even gave Dulles something like a will through Parilli.


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On April 17, Wolf had a long unpleasant conversation with Himmler and Kaltenbrunner, who accused Wolf of treason.


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Wolf had two trump cards: first, he secured Hitler's approval, albeit vague; secondly, Wolf offered to report to Hitler about the March 8 meeting two weeks ago, and Kaltenbrunner and Himmler refused to do so.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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In addition, prudent Ran handed Wolf a letter to Hitler, in which it was reported that the steps taken in Italy should serve the benefit of the Reich.


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Wolf showed this letter to Himmler in the hope that the Reichsfuhrer, at least, would not destroy Wolf immediately upon arrival (Hitler would hardly like that the mail addressed to him was intercepted by Himmler).


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From the conversation, Wolf realized that Kaltenbrunner and Himmler knew nothing or almost nothing about the March 19 meeting.


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In the end, it was decided that Wolf and Kaltenbrunner would go to Hitler, and Wolf would report everything himself.


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Himmler refused to go to the bunker, as he was not in favor of Hitler at that time after military failures on the Eastern Front.


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On April 18, early in the morning, Hitler received Wolf and Kaltenbrunner.


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Wolf was confident and was able to present his adventures in a favorable light for himself: he acted only in the interests of the Reich, essentially with the approval of Hitler, and that he did not dedicate his superiors to the use negotiations, it is only so that the Fuhrer can save face in the event of their failure.


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Hitler reprimanded Wolf for “disregarding the opinion of the leadership”, but did not show anger and accepted his explanations.


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Kaltenbrunner kept silent.


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In the evening, Hitler again received Wolf in the presence of Kaltenbrunner and Fegelein, and outlined his plans for the next six to eight weeks.


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The defense, said the Fuhrer, will be concentrated in several impregnable fortresses - in Berlin, in the north in Schleswig-Holstein and in the south - in the “Alpine bastion”.


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When Russians and Anglo-Americans meet in the open spaces between these citadels, a military conflict will inevitably break out between them.


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And then he, Hitler, will decide which side to join in this decisive battle.


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Wolf's goal is to stay in Italy at all costs these few weeks.


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Contacts with the Americans should continue, but do not rush to agree to their terms.


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With these parting words, Wolf returned to Italy.


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It was quite clear to him that Hitler was no longer able to adequately assess the situation and make constructive decisions.


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While Wolf was in Berlin, Dulles was also preparing for the complete failure of the entire operation.


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Lemnitzer and Airy, seeing no reason to wait for no one knows what, returned to Caserta.


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Surrender


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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On April 16, Soviet troops launched the Berlin offensive.


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On April 20, Dulles, to his surprise and displeasure, received an order from the Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) in Caserta: in the light of the conflict with the Russians, to curtail the operation and stop all contacts with the German emissaries in Switzerland.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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Dulles found himself in an uncertain situation.


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Wolf had not yet returned from Berlin at that time, and it was not known whether he would return at all.


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Roosevelt died of a sudden stroke on April 12, and the new US President Truman has not yet indicated his attitude to Operation Sunrise.


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Roughly breaking all ties meant burying all hopes of somehow bringing victory in Italy closer in a bloodless way.


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To top it off, Weibel called on April 22 and gave a message from Parilli: Wolf, Wenner and Wehrmacht Lieutenant Colonel Viktor von Schweinitz (German: Viktor von Schweinitz) were on their way to Switzerland, and Schweinitz a power of attorney from Vietinghof to sign the surrender.


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Dulles asked Alexander and Donovan for additional instructions.


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Alexander asked Dulles to buy time; he wanted Dulles to be allowed to at least check the credentials of the German delegation.


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Washington replied that Dulles should never do anything that could be interpreted as a continuation of Operation Sunrise; but if the Swiss themselves, on their own initiative, and not as intermediaries, will enter into negotiations with the Germans and want to give Dulles some information, which can be sent to the headquarters in Caserta.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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If Dulles could talk to Parilli (he was not a German representative and formally the order to stop contacts did not apply to him), then the Swiss had to explain to Wolf and Schweinitz citizens Weibel and Gusman.


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They met in Lucerne.


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Dulles also came there to be closer to the scene.


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Through Weibel, he told Wolf that due to recent events, their meetings were stopping, and asked to wait for the issue to be resolved by the Allied Command.


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Dulles was given Schweinitz's power of attorney, and he sent the text over the radio to Caserta and Washington.


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It took several days to wait for an answer.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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At this time, the Anglo-American offensive was already developing, and partisan detachments became more active in Northern Italy itself.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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German headquarters moved from Milan even further north, to Bolzano.


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Wolf feared that sitting in Switzerland, he could lose control of his forces from day to day.


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On April 24, he left for Italy, leaving Wenner in Lucerne.


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After crossing the border, Wolf was trapped.


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The villa, where he stayed on the first night, was blocked by guerrillas.


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Gevernitz had to urgently make his way to Italy and organize a special operation to take Wolf through the battle formations of the guerrillas back to Switzerland, and from there to Austria and again to Italy.


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Once on Swiss territory for a short time, Wolf handed over a power of attorney through Weibel to Wenner to sign the surrender by the SS.


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On April 27, the answer finally came: the German delegation was summoned to the joint headquarters for final negotiations.


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Wenner and Schweinitz flew to Caserta.


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Dulles stayed in Switzerland, went with the Germans to Governitz; he officially served as an interpreter, and in fact played an important role in the negotiations.


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According to Dulles, it was he who managed to convince Schweinitz to retreat from the conditions put forward by Vietinghof.


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Soviet representatives, Major General A. P. Kislenko with an interpreter officer.


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The negotiations were emphatically military, not political in nature.


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The ceasefire was set on May 2, 2 pm local time.


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On April 28, Hitler subordinated all German armed forces in southern Europe to Kesselring.


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Thus, Kesselring became the immediate supervisor of Vietinghof.


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On the same day, the guerrillas shot Mussolini.


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On April 29, the act of surrender of Army Group C was signed by von Schweinitz of the Wehrmacht and Wenner from the SS.


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There was no radio communication with Hradetsky at that time, and the documents were sent to Vietinghof and Wolf with a courier by car.


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As a result, the act was broadcast on the radio — Hradecki aired from Bolzano — and was also confirmed.


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On the eve of the surrender, Kesselring removed Vietinghof and his chief of staff, General Röttiger, from office.


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But the commanders of the armies that were part of Group C, the commander of the Luftwaffe forces in Italy von Paul and Wolf ordered their troops to stop hostilities and surrender.


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Kesselrring ordered the arrest of the generals, but the order was never executed.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

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Wolf's SS units were already preparing to engage in battle against the Wehrmacht tank units sent by Kesselring to arrest the rebels, and Wolf, through Gradetsky, even asked the Americans urgently To land a parachute in Bolzano.


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A day later, after meeting with Dolman and Vietinghof, Kesselring was ready to talk about surrender in Austria.


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In general, Kesselring was characterized by fluctuations and a change of position in all the events described: on the one hand, he understood that the war was hopelessly lost, on the other hand, he repeatedly stated that there would be to fight as long as the Fuhrer is alive.


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Vietinghof also hesitated.


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Having already sent Schweinitz to Switzerland, he was ready to abandon his decision.


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It got to the point that on April 27, General Röttiger was forced to return his commander to reality in the harshest terms — in the presence of Dolman and Ran.


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On April 30, Hitler committed suicide in Berlin, and this allowed supporters of surrender to increase pressure on Kesselring.


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On the night of May 1, he revoked his arrest order for the generals, and even reinstated Vietinghof and Röttiger in office so that the surrender signed on behalf of Vietinghof would not lose its legal force.


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These days, Kaltenbrunner actively opposed the actions of Wolf and Vietinghof.


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In Switzerland, Kaltenbrunner's envoy appeared with a proposal to surrender not only Italy, but also Austria to the allies.


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Nobody believed in the realism of such a proposal.


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Kaltenbrunner's ally and informant was the Gauleiter of Tyrol (he was partly dedicated to the operation).


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The Germans laid down their arms in Italy on May 2, on the same day as the Berlin garrison.


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Vaclav Hradecki stayed in Bolzano until at least May 9 and provided communication after the cessation of hostilities.


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The main source of Soviet intelligence in Switzerland, informing about the negotiations, was Rudolf Rössler (Luci).


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Shortly after the end of the war in Europe, the main events of Operation Sunrise, the Crossword Puzzle, were widely publicized.


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Even before that, rumors about the Swiss talks had leaked to Japan, and Japanese representatives in Switzerland began to wonder if the same channels could be used for Japanese-American negotiations.


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Reflection in culture and art


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The described events formed the basis of the feature film “The Secret Mission”, one of the episodes of the film “Liberation. Battle for Berlin”, as well as Yulian Semenov's novel “Seventeen Moments of Spring” and the TV film of the same name based on his own script.


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The second episode, Operation Crossword, of the Soviet documentary Winter and Spring of the Forty-Fifth (directed by Gemma Firsova, Ekran Creative Association, 1972) is dedicated to the events of March 1945.


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Notes


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Literature


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Bezymensky L. A. German generals — with and without Hitler.


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—: Thought, 1964


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Dulles A. Secret surrender.


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—: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2004.


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— 350 p. ISBN 5-9524-1410-9


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Dollman E.


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Hitler's interpreter.


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Ten years among the leaders of Nazism.


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—: Tsentrpoligraf, 2008, ISBN 978-5-9524-3591-9


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Malkov V. L. Great Roosevelt.


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“A fox in lion's skin.”


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— M. :Eksmo, 2011, ISBN 978-5-699-51551-6


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Sergeev F. M. Covert Nazi Intelligence Operations of 1933—1945. —: Politizdat, 1991.


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— 414 p. ISBN 5-250-00797-X


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Churchill W. World War II.


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Kn.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

T. V—VI.


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

— M.: Voenizdat, 1991, ISBN 5-203-00707-1


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

References


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Category:World War II


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Category:Intelligence


Question: Who was the UK representative to Operation Sunrise?

Operation Sunrise

Category:US intelligence agencies


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

White zoloto is a jewelry material, an alloy of gold with other components (such as silver, palladium or nickel) that color it white.


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

If 1 g of ordinary 585 gold contains 585 mg of pure gold and an alloy (ligature) of silver and copper, then nickel or palladium is added to the white gold alloy instead of copper, which color the metal in white color.


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

With a higher percentage of silver, the alloy also turns white, but more matte.


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

In Russia, the percentage ratios of components of jewelry alloys, including white ones, are regulated by GOST 30649-99 [1].


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

About one in eight people is allergic to nickel in the form of contact dermatitis.


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

Since January 20, 2000, a law has been in force in the countries of the European Union that restricts the nickel content in jewelry, and its use in white gold is prohibited.


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

In this regard, palladium-based alloys are more widely used [2].


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

White gold is mainly used in jewelry with diamonds (more often 750 tests) and black pearls.


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

To give the metal a pure white shine by galvanization, it is coated with rhodium.


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

Sometimes white gold is called electrum, a natural alloy of gold (from 16 to 69%) with silver [3].


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

Figuratively, cotton is called “white gold” [4] (see Fig.


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

also “White Gold (Cotton)” is an animated film of 1947).


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

Notes


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

Sources


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

See also


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

Abyssinian gold


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

Sterling (silver alloy)


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

Northern gold


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

French gold


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

Electrum


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

Category:Gold alloys


Question: What is the highest gold sample?

White gold

Category:Jewelry materials


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

John Horton Conway (born December 26, 1937) is an English mathematician, known primarily as the creator of the cellular automaton Life, but his contribution to mathematics is very diverse and is significant.


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

He is engaged in finite group theory, node theory, number theory.


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

He is one of the two inventors of the game “Seedling” (together with).


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

Developed Doomsday Algorithm.


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

He is currently Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University, USA.


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

Recognition


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

in 1971 [1]


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1981 [2].


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

(1987) [3],


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

1998 Nemmers Prize in Mathematics


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

Steele Awards (2000).


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

Selected bibliography


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

Conway J.


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

, Sloan N. Balloon packs, grilles and groups.


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

In 2 vol. Moscow, Mir Publ., 1990.


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

Conway J.


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

, Smith D. About quaternions and octaves, their geometry, arithmetic and symmetries.


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

MOSCOW, MTSNMO PUBL., 2009.


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

Notes


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

Category: British mathematicians


Question: What did John Horton Conway finish?

John Horton Conway

Category:Members of the Royal Society of London


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

The Algerian dinar is the national currency of Algeria, equal to 100 centimes.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

History


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Before independence in 1962, the Algerian franc was the country's currency.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

After independence, Algeria introduced its own currency, the Algerian dinar, in 1964 [1].


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

During the devaluation of the dinar in April-September 1994 and the introduction of a floating rate, the Algerian dinar depreciated by more than 60 per cent.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

In the calculation of the 1998 budget, its exchange rate was estimated at 58 dinars = 1 dollar.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

For 1999, it was planned to depreciate to 59.5 dinars = $1.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

In March 1999, the official exchange rate of the dollar was 64.55 dinars [2].


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Coins


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

In the main circulation are coins in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 dinars.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Coins with denominations of 1, 2 and 100 dinars, as well as coins of special, commemorative and anniversary issues are rare [3].


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

¼ and ½ dinar coins are practically not found in circulation.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

10 Dinars, 1979.81, aluminum bronze


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Obverse - in the linear circle “'car”; ornamental rim in a circle.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Reverse - in a linear circle the year of minting and the nominal value “10/day”; in a circle ornamental bezel.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Edge — sectoral corrugations.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

ø- 29.00 mm, m- 11.37 g, t- 2.29 mm


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Banknotes


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Banknotes in denominations of 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 dinars of various years of issue are in circulation.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Banknotes of all denominations issued before 1977 inclusive have been canceled.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

100 dinar banknotes are replaced by a coin.


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Exchange rate regime


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Notes


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Sources


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

References


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Category:Dinar


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Category:Algerian money


Question: What is the currency in Algeria in March 2019?

Algerian dinar

Category:African currencies


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

Dagestan Commandment is a state nature reserve in the Republic of Dagestan.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

Dagestan State Nature Reserve was established on January 9, 1987 and is located in two heterogeneous areas within Tarumovsky and Buinaksky districts.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

The area is 19,061 ha.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

Sections of the reserve are located within the lowland Dagestan.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

A wintering place for migratory birds.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

Protected zones with a total area of 21065 hectares have been created on the lands and water area adjacent to the protected areas, including 19890 hectares in the Kizlyar Bay and 1,175 hectares in Sarycum.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

In 2009, three federal reserves (Agrakhansky, with an area of 39,000 hectares, Samursky — 11,200 hectares and Tlyaratinsky — 83,500 hectares) were transferred to the reserve in the same status.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

The climate is continental.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

Kumtorkalinsky Sands is a massif with an area of about 3,000 hectares, which is a series of ridge sands and dunes.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

Sarycum is the largest dune not only in Russia, but also on the entire continent of Eurasia, reaching an absolute height of 262 m [1]


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

Flora and fauna


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

In the Kizlyar Bay there are perch, pike, carp, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, beluga.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

rudd, bream, tench, roach, catfish.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

Reptiles include an ordinary, steppe viper and a Mediterranean turtle.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

Pelican nests, flamingos, little bustard, sultan's chicken, bustard.


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

Notes


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

References


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

A channel with films about the nature of the reserve:


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

Category:Nature reserves in Russia


Question: How tall is Sarah Kum's barkhan?

Dagestan Nature Reserve

Category:Protected natural areas of Dagestan


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Aztec mythology is a collection of myths of the Aztec civilization in central Mexico.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

The Aztecs belong to Nahuatl-speaking groups living in central Mexico, and much of their mythology is similar to that of other Mesoamerican cultures.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

There are several different versions about the origin of the Aztecs.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

According to one legend, various groups of people who were to become Aztecs came from the north to the Anahuac Valley near Lake Texcoco.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

The purpose of this valley and lake is understandable — it is the heart of modern Mexico City.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

In another myth, the ancestors of the Meshik-Aztec came from a place in the north called Aztlana, the last of the seven nahuatlacas (Nahuatl-speaking tribes, from tlaca, “man”) to travel south. hence their name Aztec.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Others claim their origin from Chicomostock (“the site of the seven caves”), or from Tamoanchan (the legendary source of all civilizations).


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

The birth of mythology


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

According to legend, when the Meshiks arrived in the Anahuac Valley around Lake Texcoco, they were the least civilized of all groups, but the Aztec Meshiki decided to study, and they took everything they could from other people, especially from the ancient Toltecs (whom they seem to have partially confused with the older Teotihuacan civilization).


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

For the Aztecs, the Toltecs were the creators of all cultures; the word “Toltecayotl” was synonymous with culture.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Aztec legends identify the Toltecs and the Quetzalcoatl cult with the legendary city of Tollan, which they also identified with the older Teotihuacan.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Because the Aztecs combine several traditions with their own earlier traditions, they had several myths about creation.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

One describes the four great ages that preceded the present world, each of which ended in catastrophe, and “were named after a force or divine element that brutally ended each of them” [1].


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Coatlicue was a mother to the sons of Cenzonuiznaua (Four Hundred Southerners) and daughter of Coyolshauka.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

She found a ball filled with feathers and put it in her belt when she became pregnant by Huitzilopochtli.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Her other children became suspicious of her father and vowed to kill their mother.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Persecuted by her children, she gave birth on Mount Huitzilopochtli, but the newborn Huitzilopochtli defeated most of his brothers who had turned to the stars.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

He also killed his half-sister Coyolshauki by tearing her heart with a (blue snake) and threw her body down the mountain.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

By imitating him, the Aztecs tore the hearts of their victims and threw their bodies down from the temple.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Our century (Nahui-ollin), the fifth century or fifth creature, began in the ancient city of Teotihuacán.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

According to the myth, all the gods came together to sacrifice themselves and create a new age.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Although the world and the sun have already been created, the only way to set time and sun in motion, to start a new story can only be done by sacrificing oneself.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

The most beautiful and powerful of the gods, Texistecatl, had to sacrifice himself, but when it came time to do so, he could not jump into the fire.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Instead, the smallest and most humble of the gods, Nanahuatl, sacrificed himself first by jumping into the flames.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

By doing so, he set time and the sun in motion, and began history.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Humiliated by Nanahuatl's victim, Texistecatl also jumped into the fire and became the moon [2].


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

A pantheon of the Aztec gods for the part of the world they rule


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Earth


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Shipe-Totek is the god of power, the lord of seasons and revival, the ruler of the East,


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tonacatekutli, the god of food, is associated with Ometekutli


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tonacacihuatl, the goddess of food, is associated with Omesihuatl,


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tlaltekutli is the old god of the earth


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Shilonen is the goddess of agriculture


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Centeotl is the god of corn.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Sky


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tezcatlipoka is the god of providence, darkness and the invisible, the lord of the night, the ruler of the North.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Shipe-Totek is the god of power, the lord of seasons and revival, the ruler of the East.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Quetzalcoatl is the god of life, light and wisdom, the lord of the winds, the ruler of the West.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Huitzilopochtli is the god of war, sun and fire, the ruler of the South.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Sholotl is the god of death, the evening star, and Quetzalcoatl's double.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Eekatl is the god of the wind


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tlaloc is the god of rain


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Coyolshauki is the goddess of the moon


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Mezzley is the god of the moon


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tonatiu is the sun god


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Cenzonmimishkoa — 400 gods of the northern stars


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Cenzonuitznaua — 400 gods of southern stars


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

- the god of the morning star (Venus)


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tlaltekutli is the god of the earth


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

day


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Shiutekutli is the god of fire and time


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tlaltekutli is the god of the earth


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Chalchiutlicue is the goddess of water, lakes, rivers, seas, streams, horizontal waters, storms and baptisms


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tonatiu is the god of the Sun


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tlasolteotl is the goddess of lust, lust, sexual misconduct


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Miktlantekutli is the god of the underworld


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Centeotl is the god of corn


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tlaloc is the god of rain


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Quetzalcoatl is the god of life, light and wisdom, the lord of the winds and the next day, the ruler of the West.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tetskatlipoka is the god of providence, darkness and invisible, the lord of the night, the ruler of the North.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tlahuitskalpantekutli is the god of dawn


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Sitlalikue is the goddess of female stars (Milky Way)


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Night


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Shiutekutli is the god of fire and time.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tetskatlipoka is the god of providence, darkness and the invisible, the lord of the night, the ruler of the North.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Pilcintekutli is the god of visions related to Mercury (a planet that is visible just before sunrise or sunset) and healing.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Centeotl is the god of corn.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Mictlantekutli is the god of the underworld.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Chalchiutlicue is the goddess of water, lakes, rivers, seas, streams, streams, storms and baptism.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tlasolteotl is the goddess of lust, sexual promiscuity.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tepeyollotl is the god of animals, caves, echoes and earthquakes.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

A variant of Tetzcatlipoca associated with mountains.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Tlaloc is the god of rain, lightning and thunder, and fertility.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Fire


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Chantico is the goddess of firebox and volcanoes.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Sholotl is the god of death, the evening star, Quetzalcoatl's double.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Water


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Chalchiutlicue is the goddess of water, lakes, rivers, seas, streams, horizontal waters, storms and baptism.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Huixtosihuatl, the goddess of salt


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Opochtli is the god of fishing and bird catching, who invented the harpoon and net.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Patrons


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Coatlicue is the goddess of fertility, life, death and rebirth.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Chimalma is the goddess of fertility, life, death and rebirth.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Shdistinguicue is the goddess of fertility, life, death and rebirth.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Itzpapalotl— obsidian butterfly, lady


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Toshi is the goddess of health


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Death


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Miktlantekutli, god of the dead, ruler of the underworld


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Mictlancihuatl, goddess of the dead, ruler of the underworld


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Sholotl is the god of death, the evening star, and Quetzalcoatl's double


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Alphabetical Pantheon of the Aztec Gods


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

BUT


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Nahuatl languages: Ayauhtéotl is the goddess of hoarfrost and fog, seen only at night or early in the morning.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

It is associated with vanity and celebrity.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Acolmistli (Nahuatl languages: Acolmiztli) is the Aztec god of Mictlan, the underworld.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Another name is Acolnahuacatl.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Acolnahuacatl (Nahuatl languages: Acolnahuacatl) is the god of the underworld, synonymous with Acolmistley


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Nahuatl languages: Acuecucyoticihuati is the goddess of the ocean, running water and rivers.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

The hypostasis of the goddess Chalchiutlicue.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Aimitl (Nahuatl languages: Amimitl) is the god of lakes and fishermen.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Atlacamani (Nahuatl languages: Atlacamani) is the goddess of storms that originate in the ocean.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Atlacoya (Nahuatl languages: Atlacoya) is the goddess of drought.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Atlatonin (Nahuatl languages: Atlatonin) is one of the names of the Aztec mother goddess.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Atlaua (Nahuatl languages: Atlaua) - “Lord of the Waters”, a powerful god of water.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

It is associated with an arrow (atlatl).


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

He is also the patron god of fishermen.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Atl (Nahuatl languages: Atl) is the Aztec god of water.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Aztlan (Astlan; Nahuatl languages: Aztlan) - “Land of Herons”, the mythical ancestral home of the Aztecs.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

The legends describe it as an island in the middle of a large lake.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Initially, the Aztecs, like other Nahua peoples, considered Chicomostock, a country located somewhere northwest of the Mexico Valley, as their ancestral home.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

The myth of Astlan arose after the formation of their own state among the Aztecs.


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

TO


Question: What was the name of the main Aztec god?

Aztec mythology

Vitzliputzli (Huitzilopochtli) is the god of war.