Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

No. 9340205, ship commander - commander of the 1st AE of the 81st VTAP, Lieutenant Colonel Skok N. S. The task of delivering humanitarian goods to the population.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Upon returning from Dhaka airfield, an emergency occurred.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

During an emergency landing with one engine running at Panarah airfield, the plane hit the building with its right wing, collapsed and burned down.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The crew and escort group perished.21.12.1976 09318 Seshch8/8Airplane head.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

No. 03340501, the first aircraft of the fifth series.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The ship's commander, Major V. A. Efremov, 566 VTAP.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Test flight according to the test program 100.703.123 PM OKB MAP.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Due to excessive deflection of the rudder, the aircraft entered deep sliding mode, followed by reaching supercritical pitch angles and stalling.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

When leaving the dive, an overload of up to 4 units was created, which led to the destruction of the upper bay of the center section and the upper right panel of the detachable part of the wing.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The plane collapsed, crashed and exploded, killing a crew of 7 people and an experimental engineer ANTK.08.06.1977 09349 Seshch0/0The plane head.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

№ 02340405, ship commander Major A. N. Stenyaev, 566 VTAP.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

During takeoff from the airfield, Seshcha rolled out of the runway and burned down.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The elevator was stopped, a false alarm was triggered due to the failure of the limit microswitch DP-702.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The design and production drawback of the first series aircraft.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The plane collapsed and partially burned down, the crew lives 06.06.1980 09311 Vnukovo3/N.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

D.Samolet head.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

No. 043481251, KK Major V. AND. Shigaev, 8 VTAP.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

When returning to base air.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Migalovo after performing special.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

tasks on the Baghdad-Chkalovskaya route in the Moscow air zone in a horizontal flight at H = 5700 meters, the crew found a fire in the right fairing of the landing gear near the front door.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

During an emergency landing at Vnukovo Airport, during the transition to emergency power supply, the aircraft was completely de-energized.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The CC decided to land the plane on the ground on its belly.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The landing was done correctly, but along the course of the plane's movement, the village turned away, the commander turned away, and the plane fell into a ravine, where it collapsed and caught fire.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The commander of the ship, the onboard engineer instructor of the ship and the interpreter were killed.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The cause of the disaster: thermal acceleration of the 20NKBN-25 battery No. 4 and the subsequent fire in the compartment.13.03.1987 09334 Addis Ababa/N.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

D.Samolet head.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

NO. 00340209.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

KK Major Smirnov V. A. When landing at Addis Ababa airport, at night in conditions of thunderstorm activity and rain, without searchlights, the aircraft suffered significant damage.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The aircraft was restored by the IAS forces of the unit for distillation to the base airfield.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

After assessing the technical condition, further operation was recognized as inappropriate, the aircraft was transferred for storage to the Museum of the Russian Air Force in Monino.13.01.1989 09307 ADEN0/n.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

D.Samolet head.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

№ 043481244, KK Major N. P. Volkov, transportation of the MiG-25 aircraft in the cargo cabin.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

During takeoff with a maximum take-off weight at a speed of 260 km/h, the nose strut of the landing gear was removed, followed by the removal of the released position of the front and middle pillars of the main legs of the landing gear from the locks.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Reason: uncoordinated actions of Art.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

b/t of Chekordin ship and QC.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The aircraft received significant damage to the power elements of the lower part of the fuselage from 4 to 32 shp.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

It was restored by the IAS and factory specialists in 8 months, on December 12, 1989 it was transferred for major repairs to Kiev on its own, where it was sold for 24 thousand rubles.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

(sellers — Colonel Yu. E. Skuridin, Lieutenant Colonel V. A. Sivkov, Major E. AND. Senchenko)... The aircraft has been restored and has been in operation at the Antonov Design Bureau since 1994.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

In the photo in the section “History of Creation” this board.11.11.1992 09303 Migalovo33/33An-22A aircraft head.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

№ 053483299, reg.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

USSR-09303 (the crashed An-22 head No. 00340207 had a similar number, see above).


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The commander of the ship, Major Misyutin I. P. Commercial flight Tver-Yerevan.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Crashed on takeoff.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Premature cleaning of the flaps during takeoff, overloading by 20 tons.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

33 people were killed. 19.01.1994 09331 Migalovo7/10Airplane head.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

NO. 02340408, KK A. ME.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Credit, 8 VTAP.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

After taking off and performing the first right turn, an uncontrolled roll arose with a transition to a critical angle of attack.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

When trying to land on the ground, it crashed near the village of Antonovo, killing everyone, except the commander, Art.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

b/t and one passenger.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

According to the conclusion of the commission, the catastrophe occurred due to the failure of the aileron management system, representatives of the Antonov Design Bureau do not agree with the conclusion of


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The aircraft had a kind of temper, it always had incomprehensible defects, in the regiment it was nicknamed “Flying Dutchman” .28.12.2010 09343 Krasny Oktyabr, Tula Region12/12An-22A aircraft head.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

№ 043482272, KK Major Belov A, A. Falling off the train.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The failure of the control system, which led to an exorbitant roll [9].


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

The pilots were posthumously awarded the Order of Courage [10].


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Technical specifications


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Literature


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Andreev I. Air giants//Technology for youth.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— 1977.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— No. 10.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— P. 50-51.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Belyaev V. V., Ilyin V. E.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Russian modern aviation.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— M.: AST, Astrel, 2001.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— P. 9-13.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Military aviation.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— Kn.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— Mn.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

: Potpourri, 1999.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— P. 99-101.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Zayarin V. M., Krasnoshchekov A. N. Ancient hero of the 20th century//Aviation and Time.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— 1997.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— No. 5.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— P. 4-20.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Ilyin V. E.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Military transport aviation of Russia.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— M.: AST, Astrel, 2001.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— P. 45-59.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Lagutin O. IN. The plane is on the table.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— 2nd ed.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

, corrected


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

and add.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— Kyiv: AeroHobby, 1997.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— PP. 121-122.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

An-22 “Antey” operational-strategic military transport aircraft//Aviation and Cosmonautics.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— 2003.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— No. 8.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— P. 34-35.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Yakubovich N. IN. Antey is not a legend. Wings of the Motherland.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— 1997.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— No. 1.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Yakubovich N. IN. All planes are O. K. Antonova.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— M.: AST, Astrel, 2001.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

— P. 130—150.


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

See also


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

References


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

at the MAKS-2009 air show


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

on site 81 vtap


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Notes


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Category:Cargo planes


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Category:military transport aircraft


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Category:Double-deck aircraft


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Category:Antonov planes


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Category:establishments in 1965


Question: When did the An-22 or Antey make its first flight?

An-22

Category:High planes


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Operation Downfall was a plan for the Allied (mainly US troops) to invade Japan at the end of World War II.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The operation was canceled after the surrender of the Empire of Japan due to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against it.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The operation was to consist of two parts: Operations Olympic and Coronet.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Operation Olympic, which was scheduled to begin in October 1945, using newly occupied Okinawa as a springboard, was to capture the southern third of one of the Japan's main islands, Kyushu.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Later, in the spring of 1946, a landing force supported by Kyushu aircraft was to land on Tokyo's Kanto Plain, Honshu Island, during Operation Coronet.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Japan's geography made the invasion plan obvious to the Japanese command, it prepared a defense plan.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Japanese planned a total defense of the island of Kyushu, allocating most of the reserves for its protection.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Projections of possible losses during the operation vary, but they are believed to be extremely high: depending on the degree of participation of Japanese civilians in hostilities, could amount to millions for the Allies and tens of millions for the Japanese [1].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Development


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Responsibility for planning Operation Downfall fell on American commanders: Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, Army General Douglas MacArthur, and members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff — Fleet Admirals Ernest King and William Leahy, Army Generals George Marshall and Henry Arnold (the latter headed the US Air Force) [2].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

At the time, the development of the atomic bomb was carried out in the strictest secret under the control of several senior officials; the officers planning the invasion of Japan did not know about the existence of the Manhattan project.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Throughout the Pacific War, unlike the Western European Front, the Allies could not agree on who would be the supreme commander-in-chief in this theater of operations.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The command was divided into regions: for example, in 1945, in the Pacific Ocean Areas, Allied troops were led by Commander-in-Chief Chester Nimitz, while while Douglas MacArthur was the Supreme Commander at the South West Pacific Theatre.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The invasion of Japan, however, required unified command.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The confrontation between different branches of the armed forces — the US Navy wanted Nimitz in office, while the US army preferred MacArthur — was so fierce that it could disrupt planning.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In the end, the Navy agreed to MacArthur's High Command if necessary [3].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Discussion


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Most of the planning was focused on time and sacrifice: it was necessary to force Japan to surrender as soon as possible, with the least possible loss to the Allied forces.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Prior to the Quebec Conference of 1943, a joint US-British commission developed a plan “Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of Japan”, not which provided for landing on the Japanese islands before 1947-1948 [4] [5].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The US Joint Chiefs of Staff, on the contrary, considered prolonging the war to such an extent dangerous for national morale.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

At the Quebec Conference, the UCNSH decided that Japan should be forced to surrender no later than a year after Germany did so.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The US Navy called for the use of the blockade and air strikes.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

They proposed operations to seize Korea and the territories of air bases near Shanghai for use by bombers [6].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

On the other hand, the US Army argued that such a strategy would prolong the war indefinitely and lead to unnecessary loss of life, so it considered it necessary to directly invade the main islands of the Japanese archipelago.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In the end, the army's point of view won [7].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Geographically, Japan was a difficult target, with few beaches suitable for landing invasion forces.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Only the southern of Japan's main islands, Kyushu, and the Kanto Plain (southwest and east of Tokyo) were suitable for landing.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Allies decided to launch the invasions in two stages: Operation Olympic should attack Kyushu Island; air bases will be created there, aircraft from which will support Operation Coronet to land in Tokyo Bay.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Assumptions


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

While Japan's geography was known and unchanged, US military planners could only assess the defenses that the attackers would face.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Based on intelligence available in early 1945, their assumptions included the following: [8]


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

“The operation in this area will be hampered not only by the imperial armed forces present there, but also by the fanatical population” [8].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

“Approximately three (3) divisions will be located in southern Kyushu, and three (3) more in northern Kyushu at the time of the start of Operation Olympic” [8].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

“The total number of defending troops that can be assembled for the operation against Kyushu will not exceed eight (8) to ten (10) divisions, and this number will be reached very quickly” [8].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

“Approximately twenty-one (21) defending divisions, including reserve divisions, will be in Honshu at the beginning of Operation [Coronet] and fourteen (14) of these divisions may be deployed in the area Kanto Plains” [8].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

“The enemy can withdraw its land-based aircraft from the Asian mainland to defend against our neutralizing attacks. Under such circumstances, it can assemble from 2,000 to 2,500 aircraft in the area, provided that the entire economy is strained, and these forces can act against the landing on Kyushu using airfields on own territory” [8].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Olimpik


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Operation Olimpik, the invasion of Kyushu, was to begin on “Day X”, which was scheduled for November 1, 1945.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The combined Allied fleet was to be the largest ever assembled, comprising forty-two aircraft carriers, twenty-four battleships, and four hundred destroyers and escorts.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Fourteen American divisions were to take part in the first landing.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Using Okinawa as a bridgehead, the goal of the operation was to capture the southern part of Kyushu.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The captured territory was supposed to be the future springboard for the attack on Honshu as part of Operation Coronet.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Olympic also included a disinformation plan known as Operation Pastel.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The pastel was intended to convince the Japanese that the Joint Staff had abandoned plans to directly invade the Japanese islands, and instead planned to surround and bomb Japan.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

This operation allegedly involved the seizure of bases on Formosa, along the Chinese coast and in the Yellow Sea [9].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The 20th Air Army continued to play its role as the main executor of Allied strategic bombing on the Japanese islands.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Tactical air support in preparation for the invasion was to be provided by the US Far Eastern Air Fleet (FEAF), a formation that included the 5th, 13th and 7th Air Forces fleets.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

FEAF was responsible for attacks on Japanese airfields and transport arteries in Kyushu and northern Honshu (the so-called Kammon Tunnel) and to achieve and maintain air superiority over the landing beaches.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Before the landing, an operation was to be carried out to capture the islands of Tanegashima, Yaku and Koshikijima, starting with the X-5 [10].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Okinawa operation demonstrated the importance of having safe anchorages near the landing site, which was supposed to reduce losses during landing and air raids.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Kyushu was to be captured by the US 6th Army at three points — Miyazaki, Ariake, and Kushikino.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

If you put the clock on the map of Kyushu, these points would correspond to 4, 5, and 7 o'clock, respectively.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The 35 beaches where it was planned to land were named by car brand: from Austin, Buick, Cadillac to Stutz, Wynton and Zephyr [11].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Given that it was planned to use a corps for each landing, the invasion planners assumed that the number of American troops would exceed the Japanese one at the rate of three to one.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

At the beginning of 1945, Miyazaki was virtually defenseless, while Aritake and its nearby harbor were well fortified.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Although Kusikino was poorly fortified, the surrounding area would require perhaps a long time for the landing marines to succeed.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

It was assumed that the invasion would not cover the entire island, but only its southern third to the dotted line on the map, marking the “common boundary of the offensive to the north”.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

South Kyushu was to become a springboard and accessible air base for Operation Coronet.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Coronet


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Operation Coronet (English: Coronet) was an invasion of Honshu, the Kanto Plain, south of Tokyo, to begin on “Y Day”, which was scheduled for March 1, 1946.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Operation Coronet was to be the largest amphibious operation in history, with 25 divisions taking part, including a reserve stationed on ships, which was intended for initial stages of surgery.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

For comparison, 12 divisions took part in the largest amphibious assault force carried out, Operation Overlord, at the initial stage of the landing.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The US 1st Army was supposed to land at Kujukuri Beach, on the Byosho Peninsula, while the US 8th Army was to invade Hiratsuki in Sagami Bay.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Both armies were then to advance north, inland, and unite in Tokyo.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Allied Forces


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Operation Olympic was to use resources already present in the Pacific Ocean, including the British Pacific Fleet, the Commonwealth Fleet, which included at least eighteen aircraft carriers (accounting for 25% of Allied aircraft) and four battleships.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Australia's first tactical air fleet took part in the Philippine operation.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

It would probably increase the power of American close air cover over Japan.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

A major redeployment was planned for Operation Olympic Tiger Force, a heavy bomber unit consisting of 10 squadrons that were planned to be transferred from the Bomber Royal Air Force Europe Command at Okinawa Air Bases.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In the event that Operation Olympic needed reinforcements, they could be taken from the forces assembled for Operation Coronet, which in turn required the transfer of significant Allied forces from Europe, South Asia, Australasia, and elsewhere.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

They included the US 1st Army (15 divisions) and the 8th US Air Fleet, which were located in Europe.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

This redeployment was to take place simultaneously with the massive partial demobilization of soldiers of the US Army, which significantly reduced the combat effectiveness of the combat divisions, of which the most experienced officers and soldiers.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

American historian John Ray Skates wrote:


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

American planners [initially] did not pay attention to the possibility of [non-American] Allied ground forces participating in the invasion of the Kanto Plain.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The published plans show that all units involved in the invasion, the continuation of the offensive and in the reserve must be American.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

[However, as] the Coronet's plans were revised in the summer of 1945, all the major countries of the Anti-Hitler coalition offered their ground forces, and debate unfolded at the highest level regarding the numbers, tasks, weapons and supplies of these contingents.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Australian government proposed to include units of the Australian Army in the first wave of Operation Olympic, but US commanders rejected it [12].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In subsequent Allied negotiations, it was decided to create a Commonwealth Corps, initially composed of infantry divisions from the Australian, British and Canadian armies, to take participating in Operation Coronet.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Reinforcements were to be provided by the same countries, as well as other parts of the Commonwealth.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

MacArthur blocked proposals to include a division of the Indian Army, as there was a language barrier and differences in organization, composition, weapons, level of training and doctrine [13].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

He also recommended that the corps be organized similarly to the American corps, use only American weapons and supplies, and undergo six months of training in the United States before starting operations; these proposals were approved [14].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

British Lieutenant General Sir Charles Caitley has been proposed for the post of Commander of the Commonwealth Corps.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Australian government expressed fears that the general had no experience of fighting against Japan and proposed Lieutenant General Leslie Moreshead for this position [15] .


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The war ended before all decisions were made regarding the Commonwealth Corps.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Operation Ketsugo


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Meanwhile, the Japanese were developing their own defensive plans.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Initially, they expected an invasion during the summer of 1945.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

However, the battle for Okinawa lasted too long and they concluded that the Allies would not be able to launch a new operation before the typhoon season begins, during which the weather is too risky to amphibious operations.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Japanese intelligence has quite accurately identified the planned invasion sites: southern Kyushu in Miyazaki Prefecture, Ariake Bay and/or Satsuma Peninsula [16].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Despite the fact that there were no realistic options for winning the war, Japanese leaders believed that they could make the cost of conquering Japan by the Allies too high that they would be able to agree on a truce in one form or another and avoid total defeat.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Japanese plan to resist the invasion was called Operation Ketsugo (Ketsugo: Sakusen, operation codenamed Solution).


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Japanese had that could be used in the event of an Allied invasion to protect the Emperor and the General Staff.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Kamikaze


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Admiral Matome Ugaki was recalled to Japan in February 1945 and took command of the 5th Air Fleet in Kyushu.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The 5th Air Fleet was created to carry out kamikaze attacks against ships, countering the invasion of Okinawa, Operation Ten-Go, and began training pilots and assembling aircraft to protect Kyushu, which, was expected to be the next target of the Allies.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Japanese defense was largely based on kamikaze tactics.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In addition to fighters and bombers, almost all training aircraft for this mission were assembled, trying to compensate for the poor quality of equipment and pilot training in quantity.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The army and navy could provide more than 10,000 ready to depart in July (and by October this number could be slightly higher), and it was planned to use all of them that could reach the invasion fleets.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Ugaki also oversaw the construction of hundreds of small disposable boats that could also be used to attack Allied ships off the coast of Kyushu.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

A little less than 2,000 kamikazes carried out attacks during the Battle of Okinawa, averaging one hit in nine attacks.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Kyushu, where there were more favorable conditions (including terrain that made it difficult for American radars to work), hoped to achieve one hit in six attacks due to the overload of the American air defense by a large number of kamikaze attacks per unit of time.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Japanese expected that aircraft would be able to sink more than 400 ships; they began to train pilots to target transports instead of aircraft carriers and destroyers, in which case the Allied losses should have been disproportionately larger than Okinawa.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

One staff officer calculated that kamikazes could destroy from a third to half of the invasion forces before landing [17].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Naval forces


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

By August 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) was no longer an effective military force.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Combat-ready large warships consisted of six aircraft carriers, four cruisers and one battleship, for which there was not enough fuel.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

It could be enough “for a squadron of twenty destroyers and about forty submarines for several days of navigation” [18].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Japanese fleet also had about 100 miniature submarines of the Kyoryu type, 250 even smaller Kairyu type submarines, 400 Kaiten guided torpedoes, and 800 Shinyo kamikaze boats.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Ground forces


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Against amphibious operations, the defending side can apply two strategies: enhanced defense of potential landing sites or deep defense.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

At the beginning of the war (for example, in the Battle of Tarawa), the Japanese preferred to strengthen the defense of the beaches, with little or no reserves at all.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

This tactic was very vulnerable to preliminary artillery bombardment by warships.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In the later stages of the war, in the battles for Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa, the Japanese changed strategy and strengthened their defenses in more defensive terrain.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

To protect Kyushu, the Japanese planned to apply a mixed strategy, placing a significant part of their defensive resources several kilometers deep into the island, which is quite enough, on the one hand, for avoiding a complete defeat from naval artillery, and on the other hand, would make it much more difficult for the Americans to take a safe bridgehead for further offensive after landing.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The troops that were supposed to resist the offensive were pushed back, ready to be transferred to where the main direction of the landing would be.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In March 1945, Kyushu had only one combat-ready division.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Four months later, the Imperial Army deployed troops from Manchuria, Korea and northern Japan to the island, significantly increasing the contingent.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

By August, there were fourteen divisions and various smaller units on the island, including three tank brigades, totaling 900,000 people [19].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Despite the fact that the Japanese could increase the number of troops at the expense of recruits, it was already problematic to arm additional units.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In August, the Japanese army had the equivalent of 65 divisions on the Japanese islands, but weapons were enough for only 40 and ammunition for 30 [20].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Japanese did not formally decide to bet on the defense of Kyushu, but they concentrated their resources there to such an extent that there would be very little left in reserve.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

According to one estimate, troops in Kyushu had 40% of all ammunition in the Japanese Islands at their disposal [21].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In addition, the Japanese created the People's Volunteer Corps, which included all healthy men aged 15 to 60 and women aged 17 to 40, and which numbered 28 million ready to resist people and, ultimately, combat units.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Weapons, training sessions and uniforms were generally lacking: some men were armed with muzzle-loading muskets, long bows or bamboo spears, but it was assumed that they would be able to fight and with this one [22].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

One of the mobilized high school girls, Yukiko Kasai, was given an awl and said, “Even the murder of an American soldier will do the job... You must aim at the stomach” [23].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Olimpik's allied adjustment


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Air threat


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

US military intelligence initially estimated the number of Japanese aircraft at about 2,500 [24].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Okinawa experience was sad — almost two killed and a number wounded on a combat sortie — the consequences for Kyushu would have been even worse.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

To attack ships near Okinawa, Japanese aircraft had to fly a long distance over open water; to attack ships near Kyushu, they would have to fly over land and much a shorter distance to the landing fleets.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Over time, scouts received evidence that the Japanese planned to use all their aircraft for kamikaze tactics and took all measures to preserve them until the battle began.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

According to estimates by the US Army, as of May, the Japanese had 3,391 aircraft at their disposal; as of June 4,862; as of August, 5,911.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

According to estimates by the US Navy, which did not distinguish between combat and training aircraft, there were 8,750 aircraft in July and 10,290 in August [25].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Allies have developed a kamikaze counter tactic known as the Great Blue Quilt.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

According to this tactic, the number of fighter squadrons on aircraft carriers increased instead of torpedo bombers and dive bombers, and converted B-17s received aviation radars similar in purpose to modern AWACS systems.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Nimitz, according to a preliminary maneuver plan, sent the fleet to the invasion beaches a few weeks before the start of amphibious operations so that the Japanese could take off their kamikaze aircraft, which were supposed to be instead of valuable vulnerable transports, find warships armed with anti-aircraft guns from bow to stern.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

But the main defense against Japanese air raids was to be fighter armadas that gathered on the Ryukyu Islands.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

US 5th and 7th Air Fleets and Marine Corps aircraft were to be deployed to the islands immediately after the invasion, and the air force was to be built up in preparation for a full-scale invasion of Japan.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In preparation for the invasion, air operations against Japanese airfields and transport arteries were to begin before the surrender of Japan.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Ground threat


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

During April, May and June, Allied intelligence received data on the strengthening of the Japanese ground forces, including the appearance of five additional divisions in Kyushu, showing this special interest and anticipating that by November the total number of troops in Kyushu will reach about 350,000 troops.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

This changed in July, when four new divisions were discovered and information was received about the expected increase in their number.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In August, there were already up to 600,000 soldiers, and identified nine divisions in southern Kyushu, three times less than the actual number.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In fact, this was a serious underestimation of Japanese forces; see above.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The estimated number of troops at the beginning of July was already 350,000 [26], and by the beginning of August it had increased to 545,000 people [27].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Intelligence data on Japanese preparations in Kyushu, which appeared in mid-July, greatly shocked the Pacific Command and Washington.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

July 29 [MacArthur's Intelligence Chief, Major General Charles E.] Willogby... noted that initially in April it was assumed that the Japanese were able to deploy six divisions to Kyushu, when in fact they could deploy ten.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

“They already have these [six] divisions, as predicted,” he said, “and there is no end in sight yet.”


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

If not checked, their forces threaten to “grow to a one-to-one relationship with the attackers, which does not correspond to the recipe for victory” [28]


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The increase in the number of Japanese ground forces in Kyushu has forced US military planners, especially General George Marshall, to consider making major changes to Olympic or replace to another invasion plan.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Chemical and nuclear weapons


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Due to the predictability of wind directions and some other factors, Japan was particularly vulnerable to chemical attacks.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Such attacks could neutralize Japanese tactics of using caves and tunnels — underground structures could only increase the vulnerability of soldiers to gas.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Despite the fact that chemical weapons were banned by the Geneva Convention, neither the US nor Japan signed it at the time.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The US, however, did not use gas weapons, but Japan used gas against the Chinese in the war [29].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Fears of a Japanese response [using chemical weapons] diminished, as at the end of the war, the Japanese no longer had the ability to use aircraft or long-range artillery to deliver chemical weapons.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In 1944, Ultra revealed that the Japanese were concerned about their ability to use chemical weapons against the United States.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

“All precautions must be taken to prevent the use of gas,” the commanders warned.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Thus, Japanese leaders were very concerned about avoiding the tactical use of gas on the Japanese islands, as they feared an escalation of the conflict [30].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

By order of Marshall, Major General John Edwin Hull explored the possibility of tactical use of nuclear weapons to invade the Japanese islands (even after two strategic atomic bombs were dropped on Japan Marshall did not think the Japanese would immediately capitulate).


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Colonel Lyle Siman reported that at least seven bombs would be available by Day X that could be dropped on defending Japanese troops.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Siman advised the US Army not to land after dropping the bomb “for at least the next 48 hours”; the risk of radioactive contamination has not yet been well understood, and such a short time after the explosion could lead to radioactive contamination of American soldiers [31].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Alternative goals


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Joint Staff planners, noting the concentration of Japanese troops in Kyushu by weakening the defense of other parts of Japan, considered alternative routes of invasion, including Shikoku Island, northern Honshu in the Sendai or Ominato area — or even without prior invasion, immediately attack Tokyo directly [32].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The attack on northern Honshu had advantages in the form of a weaker defense, but at the cost of abandoning the use of land-based aircraft (except for the B-29) from Okinawa air bases.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Olimpik's prospects


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

General Douglas MacArthur saw no reason to change plans:


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

I am sure that the potential of Japanese aviation, which is being reported to you as accumulating to counter our Olympic operation, is greatly exaggerated.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

[...] As for the ground forces [...] I do not believe [...] in the power of the forces in southern Kyushu that is being reported to you.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

[...] In my opinion, we should not allow even the weak idea of replacing Operation Olympic [33].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

However, Admiral Ernest King, Commander of Naval Operations, was ready to formally challenge the invasion supported by Admiral Nimitz, which caused major disputes in U.S. government.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

At this point, key negotiations were going on between Marshall and Truman.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

There is solid evidence that Marshall remained committed to the invasion until August 15.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

[...] But after moderating Marshall's personal contribution to the invasion decision, we must understand that approval of the operation by civil authorities in general, and Truman in particular, was unlikely due to the high price an invasion that no longer encouraged consent from the military departments. [34]


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The Americans did not know that despite the Yalta agreements, an invasion of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands was being prepared in the USSR, followed by an invasion of weakly protected Hokkaido at the end August, which should have put pressure on the Allies to do something before November.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Nevertheless, the logistical capabilities of the USSR were extremely weak, and the naval forces in the Pacific Ocean were inferior even to the remaining Japanese ones, and, in addition, did not have experience in ocean amphibious operations - which limited the potential of the Soviet operation.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

On August 15, Japan signed a surrender, as a result of which the issue of invasion was removed. [


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Estimated losses


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Since US military experts believed that “operations in the area would be resisted not only by the existing organized military units of the Empire, but also by the fanatical population” [8], a high level of losses was considered inevitable, but no one knew exactly how high it would be.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The estimates made by different authors differed significantly from each other, as well as the initial assumptions for such estimates.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The purposes for which such assessments were made also differed, sometimes to protect the invasion plan, sometimes to criticize it.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Subsequently, these estimates were used to discuss the feasibility of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Estimates of the number of losses were based on the experience of previous campaigns, which were analyzed from various points of view:


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In a study carried out by CPNS in April, figures of 7.45 loss/1,000 person-days and 1.78 fatalities per 1,000 person-days were used.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Based on this, the 90-day Olympic led to 456,000 casualties, including 109,000 deaths.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

If the Coronet lasted another 90 days, the total loss would be 1,200,000 people, including 267,000 deaths [36].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

A study conducted by Admiral Nimitz's employees in May estimated losses of 49,000 people in the first 30 days, including 5,000 at sea [37].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

A study conducted by General MacArthur's staff in June estimated 23,000 losses in the first 30 days and 125,000 after 120 days [38].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

When these figures were questioned by General Marshall, MacArthur provided a new estimate of 105,000 casualties, partly by deducting the wounded who would be able to return to service [39].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

During a June 18 meeting with President Truman, Marshall, using the Philippines Campaign's Luzon Battles as Olympic's best available counterpart, estimated US casualties at 31,000 in the first 30 days (and ultimately 20% of Japanese losses, which implied a total loss of 70,000 people) [40] Admiral Lehi, taking the Battle of Okinawa as an analogue, believed that the American losses would be 35% ( implying a total loss of 268,000 people) [41].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Admiral King believed that losses in the first 30 days would be between Luzon and Okinawa, that is, between 31,000 and 41,000 people [41].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Of all these estimates, only Nimitz took into account losses at sea, although kamikaze actions led to 1.78 deaths per kamikaze during the Battle of Okinawa [42], and transports with troops when landing on Kyushu would be much more vulnerable.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

A study undertaken for US Secretary of War Henry Stimson estimated that American losses in the conquest of Japan would range from 1.7 to 4 million people, including 400,000 to 800,000 dead.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

At the same time, Japanese losses were estimated in the range from five to ten million people.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The key assumption was the active participation of civilians in protecting Japan [43].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Outside the government, informed observers also made their assessments.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Kyle Palmer, war correspondent for the Los Angeles Times, believed that half a million to a million Americans would die before the end of the war.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Herbert Hoover, the former President of the United States, also estimated the death toll in memorandums sent to Truman and Stimson in the range of 500,000 to 1,000,000, and considered his estimates conservative; however it is not known whether Hoover discussed these specific figures during meetings with Truman [44].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

During the Battle of Okinawa, which fought hard for the island, the US lost 72,000 people in 82 days, including 12,510 killed and missing (this is a conservative estimate, as it does not include several thousand soldiers who died from their injuries).


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

The island of Okinawa covers an area of 464 square miles; capturing it thus cost the US 407 dead and missing for every 10 square miles of the island.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

If the US lost only 5% per square mile in the invasion of Japan to Okinawan, the total death toll would be 297,000.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In anticipation of the invasion of Japan, the United States produced about 500,000 Purple Heart medals, which, according to the statute, are awarded to all American soldiers killed or injured as a result of the enemy's actions.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

So far, all American losses in the 60 years since the end of World War II — including the wars in Korea and Vietnam — have not exceeded this number.


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

In 2003, about 120,000 of these medals were still in stock [45].


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Notes


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Literature


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Operation Downfall

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Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

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Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

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References


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Category:Military plans created in the 20th century


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Category:WWII failed operations


Question: When was Operation Downfall scheduled to start?

Operation Downfall

Category:Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

The modern Syrian flag was re-introduced in 1980.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

This flag was previously used by the United Arab Republic in 1958-1961.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

The colors of the flag are traditional for the flags of Arab countries.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

The two stars originally symbolized Egypt and Syria, the two countries that joined the United Arab Republic.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

They are now preserved to demonstrate Syria's commitment to Arab unity.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Green is the color of the Fatimids, white is the Umayyads, black is the Abbasid, and red is the color of the Hashemite dynasty (added when Sheriff Hussein joined the Arab Uprising in 1916).


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

History


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

The flag of the Arab Uprising was the first flag used in present-day Syria after independence from the Ottoman Empire on September 30, 1918.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

On the basis of this flag, in 1920, the flag of the Syrian Kingdom was developed and adopted.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

The star depicted on the red triangle symbolized the fact that Syria was the first country to use pan-Arab colors.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

The French authorities, as a mandate holder, replaced the flag with a blue cloth with a white crescent in the center and the French flag in the canton.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

A month later, this flag was abolished.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Syria was divided into four states under French administration, each of which received its own flag.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

In 1922, a horizontal green-white-green flag of the Union of Syrian States was adopted with the flag of France in the canton.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

This flag was used from 1925 until 1936, when these states became part of a united Syria.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

In 1932, a horizontal green-white-black flag was adopted with three red five-pointed stars in the center of the white stripe.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

This followed the signing of the Franco-Syrian agreement, according to which Syria became a republic and gained partial independence.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

The green color of the flag symbolized the first righteous Caliphate, white - the Umayyad dynasty, black - the Abbasid.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Initially, three red stars meant the provinces of Aleppo, Damascus and Deir ez-Zor.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

In 1936, Jabal al-Druz and Latakia ceded to Syria, and the significance of the stars changed: Aleppo, Damascus and Deir ez-Zor — the first star, Jabal al-Druz — the second, Latakia — the third.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

The same flag remained after gaining full independence in 1946.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

In 1958, Syria and Egypt formed a single state - the United Arab Republic (SAR) and adopted a horizontal red-white-black flag (pan-Arab) with two green stars (respectively Syria and Egypt), which is the current flag of Syria.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

In 1961, Syria withdrew from the SAR and returned to the previous green-white-black flag with three red stars.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

In 1963, the BAATH party came to power in Syria and Iraq at intervals of a month.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

In both countries, the flag changed to red, white and black with three green stars (in accordance with the party's slogan - “Unity, Freedom, Socialism”).


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Since January 1, 1972, the flag of the Federation of Arab Republics (Syria, Egypt and Libya) has become the flag of Syria, which was a red, white and black tricolor with a golden hawk in the center holding a scroll with the name of the Federation in Arabic.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

In 1980, the current flag was adopted, similar to the flag of 1958.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Flag of the Ottoman Empire


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

upto


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

September1918.30 (30-09-1918)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Flag of the Arab Uprising as the Flag of the Arab State (Syria)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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September1918.30 (30-09-1918)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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March1920.08 (08-03-1920)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Flag of the Kingdom of Syria


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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March1920.08 (08-03-1920)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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July1920,24 (24-07-1920)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Flag of the French Mandate in Syria and Lebanon


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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July1920,24 (24-07-1920)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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September1920,01 (01-09-1920)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Flag of the Union of Syrian States (since 1925 — the State of Syria)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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June1922.28 (28-06-1922)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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January1932.01 (01-01-1932)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Flag of the Syrian Republic


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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January1932.01 (01-01-1932)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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February1958.22 (22-02-1958)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Flag of the United Arab Republic


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

February1958.22 (22-02-1958)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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September1961.28 (28-09-1961)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Flag of the Syrian Arab Republic


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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September1961.28 (28-09-1961)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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March1963.08 (08-03-1963)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Flag of the Syrian Arab Republic


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

March1963.08 (08-03-1963)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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December1971.31 (31-12-1971)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Flag of the Syrian Arab Republic


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

January1972.01 (01-01-1972)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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March1980.29 (29-03-1980)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Flag of the Syrian Arab Republic


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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with


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

March1980.29 (29-03-1980)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Flag used by the opposition


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Syrian Turkoman flag


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Syrian Kurdish flag


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King of Syria Standard 1920


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Syrian President's Standard 1972-1980


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Syrian President's Standard 1980 -


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Flags of French Syrian states


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Each of the states of French Syria (the mandate territory of France) had its own flag.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

The Alexandretta Sandzak, which was part of Aleppo from 1920 to 1923 and then part of the Alawite State from 1923 to 1938, did not have its own flag until it was transformed into a separate state Hatay.


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Flag of Aleppo


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

September1920,01 (01-09-1920)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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January1925,25 (25-01-1925)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Flag of the autonomous territory of Alawite (since 1925 — the Alawite State, since 1930 — the Latakia sanjak)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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September1920,01 (01-09-1920)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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March1937.01 (01-03-1937)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Flag of the State of Damascus


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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September1920,01 (01-09-1920)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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January1925,25 (25-01-1925)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Flag of Jabal al Druz


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

(until 1922 — Jebel Druze Autonomous Region; until 1927 — Souaida State)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Jebel Druze State Flag


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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March1937.01 (01-03-1937)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Jebel Druze State Flag


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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December1936.02 (02-12-1936)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Flag of “Greater Lebanon” (Republic of Lebanon since 1926)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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September1920,01 (01-09-1920)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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December1943.07 (07-12-1943)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Hatay State Flag


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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September1938.05 (05-09-1938)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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July1939.23 (23-07-1939)


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

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References


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Syria


Question: What does black mean on the Syrian flag?

Syrian flag

Category:National symbols of Syria


Question: How many films does Nigeria produce per month?

Nigerian film

Nigerian Cinema (English: Cinema of Nigeria) is the cinema of the African state of Nigeria.


Question: How many films does Nigeria produce per month?

Nigerian film

Most of the films were released in English.


Question: How many films does Nigeria produce per month?

Nigerian film

Review


Question: How many films does Nigeria produce per month?

Nigerian film

Nigerian cinema began to develop rapidly in the 1990s and 2000s, eventually becoming the second largest film industry in the world in terms of the number of annual film premieres, surpassing the United States of America and losing only Indian film industry [1].


Question: How many films does Nigeria produce per month?

Nigerian film

According to a CNN report, Nigeria receives $250 million in revenue from film production, releasing about 200 videos per month [2] [3].


Question: How many films does Nigeria produce per month?

Nigerian film

Nigerian cinema is the largest film industry in Africa in terms of revenues and the number of films produced per year.


Question: How many films does Nigeria produce per month?

Nigerian film

Although films were shot in Nigeria before 1960, the growth of affordable digital shooting and editing technology stimulated the industry's growth.


Question: How many films does Nigeria produce per month?

Nigerian film

Videos from the Nigerian film industry are often known as Nollywood, by analogy with Hollywood and Bollywood [4].


Question: How many films does Nigeria produce per month?

Nigerian film

Notes


Question: How many films does Nigeria produce per month?

Nigerian film


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Genrikh Ippolitovich Semiradsky (born Henrik Hector Semiradsky, Polish: Henryk Hektor Siemiradzki;, Novo-Belgorod, Kharkov Province, — August 23, 1902, Strshalkovo, Petrokovsky Province) — Polish and Russian [1] [2] [3] artist, one of the largest representatives of late academicism.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

He studied in Kharkov and St. Petersburg, but spent most of his active creative life in Rome.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

He is best known for his monumental canvases on subjects from the history of ancient Greece and Rome; he also successfully worked in the genre of chamber idyll, landscape and portrait.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

He was engaged in the design of theaters and private interiors.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Academician and professor at the Imperial Academy of Arts, the Academies of Painting in Berlin, Stockholm, Rome, Turin, corresponding member of the French Academy of Fine Arts.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The works are mainly scattered in museums in Poland, Ukraine and Russia, as well as private collections in European countries.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Solo exhibitions of the artist were held in Poland in 1903, 1939, 1968 and 1980; in 2017-2018, the State Russian Museum hosted the encyclopedic exhibition “Heinrich Semiradsky and the Colony Russian artists in Rome”.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Many of the artist's works have been lost, for example, paintings of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Provenance.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Formation (1843—1864)


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The Semiradsky family has been mentioned in archival documents since the XVII century, but the information is very sketchy and stingy.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The family was from Sandomierz Voivodeship, the surname comes from the name of the village of Semerad near Radom [4].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

One of the Siemiradski was a clerk of the municipality in Sandomierz in the middle of the 17th century, and the other at the beginning of the 18th century was a canon in Krakow.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

One of the branches of the family settled in Lithuania, in Novogrudok — these were the ancestors of G. Semiradsky [5].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

According to family legend, Adam Mickiewicz, depicting the world of gentry antiquity in the poem “Pan Tadeusz”, used the notes of Jozef Semiradsky, “subkomoriya from Novogrudok” [6].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The godfather of Brother G. Semiradsky — Stanislav — was A. Mitskevich is Alexander (professor at Kharkov University), and the godmother of another brother, Mikhail, is Teresa Mickiewicz [5].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Genrikh Semiradsky was born on October 24, 1843 in the Novo-Belgorod settlement (now the village of Pechenegi) near Kharkov in the family of doctor Ippolit Semiradsky, an officer of the dragoon regiment of the tsarist army [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In 1850, I. Semiradsky was awarded hereditary nobility [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Mother, Michalina Pruszynska, is the sister of Anna Cundzewicka (1803-1850), a famous book on home economics [8].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The family preserved the Catholic faith and Polish national traditions and language in everyday life.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In 1871, I. Semiradsky retired with the rank of general and moved permanently to Warsaw [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Semiradsky received his first drawing lessons while studying at the Second Kharkov Gymnasium with Dmitry Ivanovich Bezperchy (1825-1913), a student of Karl Bryullov.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Under the influence of Bezperchy, tastes were formed and Semiradsky's preferences in art were determined — academic classicism [9].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Semiradsky's father approved of his son's artistic studies, but believed that art could not be a way to earn money for a self-respecting person, and expected Henry to have a scientific career [10].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In 1860, yielding to the will of his father, Heinrich Semiradsky entered the natural department of Kharkov University (Faculty of Physics and Mathematics).


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In 1864, he graduated with a candidate's degree, defending his final work on the topic “On the instincts of insects”.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

During his student years, Semiradsky collected a rich collection of butterflies and remained interested in these insects until the end of his life [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

While successfully studying at the university, Semiradsky continued to communicate with D. AND. Be permissive and take lessons from him.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Of his student works, only a few graphic sheets have been preserved, which for a number of reasons Semiradsky kept in his Roman workshop.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In 1979, the artist's heirs donated them to the collection of the National Museum in Krakow [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

These are mainly genre sketches, the earliest surviving sample dates back to 1860 [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Paintings of the Kharkov period have been lost [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In September 1864, G. Semiradsky, against the will of his parents, went to St. Petersburg to enter the Academy of Arts.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Stopping on the way in Moscow, Semiradsky was fascinated by the theater, mainly by M. Petipa and A. Saint Leon.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

At the Moscow Public Museum, he studied a painting by A. Ivanov “The Appearance of Christ to the People”, but it is characteristic that she pushed him away.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In letters to his family, he stated that her color was “hazy”, and also pointed to mistakes in perspective and “lack of courage of the brush.”


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

He saw this as a “German influence”, expressed in the detailed detail and rationality of the idea.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

He approved only nudes; in the future, the image of nudes in a dressed crowd will be found in the work of Semiradsky himself [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Academy of Fine Arts (1864—71)


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Heinrich Semiradsky entered the Academy of Arts as a volunteer, because according to the charter, persons whose age exceeded 20 years could not study there on a general basis.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

He was enrolled in the Academy on October 13, 1864 [10].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The status of a volunteer not only implied paid tuition (25 rubles per year), but also did not allow participating in the competition for a gold medal, which gives the right to a 6-year pensioner trip to Europe [7] [4].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In addition to painting, music took a lot of Semiradsky's time — he was a regular visitor to concerts and musical theater.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In letters to his family (he never had friends in St. Petersburg [11]), Semiradsky described his impressions of the operas, as well as the scenery for them.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In 1865, he was awarded a small silver medal for his sketch “The Angel of Death Beats All the Firstborn of Egypt”.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In January this year, he visited Warsaw for the first time.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In 1866, he applied for transfer from volunteers to students, and the Academy Council granted it on September 13 [4].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Semiradsky was enrolled in a full-scale class, where his teachers were B.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Villewalde and K. Wenig.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

At the autumn exam of 1866, he was awarded two silver medals at once for drawing from life and full-scale sketch.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In 1868-1869, three of his sketches were awarded cash prizes (twice 100 rubles each) and thanks from the Academy Council [7], were stored as exemplary and even reproduced in the Khudozhestvenny magazine autograph” [10].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Despite his success, Semiradsky lived in great poverty, in addition, he was embarrassed to ask for help from his parents.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

To earn money, Semiradsky painted miniature portraits on ivory from photographs, and also took on a wide variety of orders [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

During his studies at the Academy, Semiradsky's social circle was narrow, both due to the isolation of his character (he found it difficult to converge with people) and because of his great erudition, which was difficult to match.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Semiradsky's comrade eventually became his countryman Ilya Repin [10].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In 1868, Semiradsky participated in a competition for a small gold medal, for which he chose the theme “Diogenes breaking the cup”.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

He was so passionate about his work that he stayed in St. Petersburg for the summer holidays.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Semiradsky painted the figure of Diogenes Sinopsky from the old model Taras, who posed for Bryullov.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

During a preliminary examination of Diogenes by the Rector of the Academy F. A. Bruni Professor P. IN. Basin criticized the landscape, considering it “too naturalistic”, to which Semiradsky objected that he wanted to revive “school” classicism by instilling realism [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

K. was not too warm to the picture either. Wenig, who noted that despite certain inclinations, Semiradsky's picture is rather weak.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Genrikh Ippolitovich's competitor in the same program was I. Repin, but he could not express the moment of breaking the bowl and eventually burned an unsuccessful study.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In Repin's works of that time, you can see the undoubted influence of Semiradsky's manner [10].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

On September 12, the Council awarded Semiradsky a small gold medal, which made it possible to participate in the competition for a pensioner trip [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The small gold medal of the Academy also meant awarding the title of artist of the 2nd class, which in the “Table of Ranks” corresponded to the provincial secretary.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Nevertheless, Semiradsky was not happy with the order prevailing in the Academy, frankly calling it a “factory” in letters to his relatives, and the Council - a “ring of old idiots” [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In addition to mandatory academic assignments on biblical and ancient subjects, Semiradsky tried to write on his own topics in St. Petersburg.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The painting “Louis XIV after the Signing of the Death Sentences” has been lost, some idea of its style can be made from another work by Semiradsky — “A French artist from the time of Louis XV writes Portrait of the Marquise” (belonged to Grand Duke Nikolai Konstantinovich).


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Semiradsky worked carefully: he selected material in the Public Library, paying special attention to everyday life, costumes and furniture of the Gallant Age.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

However, courtly culture seemed to him “too lightweight”, devoid of a positive ethical ideal, which was significant for Semiradsky, prone to moralizing [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

He also tried his hand at genre painting, but the artistic merits of these works are small; in academic programs on a given topic, he demonstrated a completely different level of professionalism.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Nevertheless, genre scenes based on Ukrainian subjects were sold and even exhibited at the Society for the Encouragement of Artists [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

A typical example of the work of the Semiradsky St. Petersburg period was Nymph (1869), which was actually a variation on the theme “Bathers” by T. Neff.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The composition and technique demonstrate completeness, while the naked body is depicted in an ideal, “porcelain”.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The artist's artistry was expressed in negligence to secondary details.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Neff's characteristic eroticism — but within the bounds of decency — was also fully assimilated by Semiradsky [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In the second half of the 1860s, Semiradsky fell into depression, he was haunted by doubts about his own talent.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In April 1867, he wrote to his parents:


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

... I am one of the first at the Academy, but when I compare my works with the works of great masters <... > they seem worthless to me... A voice whispers poisonously to me: “You can't do this” [5].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In 1870, a circle of writers, artists and actors appeared in St. Petersburg, founded by M. P. Klodt.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

There were also N. N. Ge, M. K. Klodt, one of the musicians N. G. Rubinstein A. N. Serov said.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Semiradsky was mainly attracted to this society by musicians.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Thanks to the mug, Semiradsky made acquaintances among the St. Petersburg intelligentsia, and back in 1869 he met V. P. Vereshchagin, who has just returned from a pensioner trip to Italy.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Visiting M. M. Antokolsky, he met I. E.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Repin [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Repin's memoirs describe the dispute between students of the Academy and the already venerable critic V. IN. Stasov, which took place on September 13, 1869.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Semiradsky, apparently, was a “soloist” in this dispute, in which he was helped by his excellent education and social status [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Stasov then admired Antokolsky's sculpture “A Jew Threading a Needle”, to which Semiradsky ironically said:


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

This is the first time I hear... that the creatures of a human genius who creates from the realm of the higher world — his soul, prefer the everyday phenomena of everyday life.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

This means: do you prefer copies from nature to creativity — everyday vulgarity of everyday life?


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

For Stasov, ancient — and classicist art that imitated him — is false, “castrated”, devoid of truth.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Semiradsky opposed the fact that academic art is “above the truth”.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

During the dispute, Repin was on the side of Semiradsky, but soon became his irreconcilable opponent, saying that Semiradsky was deeply alien to him personally and to Russian realistic art [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Stasov maintained an unfriendly attitude towards Semiradsky until the end of his life.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In Repin's memoirs, the following words have been preserved: “... [Semiradsky] gifted man. It's a pity — this is a hopeless classic — a future professor. The Italian jammed it” [10].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In 1870, Semiradsky presented the program “Trust of Alexander the Great to Doctor Philip”.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

According to Ye.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Zorina, he demonstrated knowledge of anatomy, painting and compositional skills.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Here, for the first time, the qualities of the artist's entire future work were manifested — soft, “flowing” silhouettes, expressiveness of details and work with light; impeccable technical performance [10].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

On November 4, the jury of the Academy unanimously awarded him a large gold medal and the right to travel abroad at public expense [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

It is noteworthy that V. IN. Stasov noticed the painting at the academic exhibition and gave it a detailed analysis, in which, in particular, he stated that “Mr. Semiradsky does not belong to the crowd” [4].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In August 1871, the artist left St. Petersburg and went to Munich via Krakow [4].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Academy pensioner (1871-1878)


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Semiradsky first went to Munich, then one of the largest art centers in Europe, but never reasoned his decision [4].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

He was attracted by the workshop of Karl von Piloti, whose student Semiradsky is often called without any reason [4].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The artist carried with him sketches of a large canvas “The Roman Orgy of the Brilliant Times of Caesarism”, the plot of which was based on Gaius Petronius's ancient novel Satyricon.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

It was the first multi-figure painting by Semiradsky [7] and the first to be dedicated to the life of Ancient Rome [10].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In 1872, the canvas was shown at an exhibition of the Munich Art Society, and then it was sent to an academic exhibition in St. Petersburg.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

At the exhibition, the painting was purchased by the Academy for 2000 rubles and resold to Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich (the future emperor) [11].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

This circumstance played a role in the life and creative fate of Semiradsky: in the person of the heir to the throne, he found a customer and patron, who in the future acquired almost all large-scale artist's paintings.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Subsequently, the Grand Duke's collection will become the core of the Russian Museum


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The sale of The Roman Orgy also solved all the artist's financial problems and allowed him to go to Italy [7].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

In February 1872, Semiradsky went to Dresden: the Academy of Arts commissioned him a copy of Raphael's Sistine Madonna.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

He wrote to his parents that he fell into melancholy, because the world-famous painting “did not make any shock in him.”


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

The copy could not be removed either, as the Dresden Gallery was closing for renovation at that time [4].


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Unlike most of his classmates at the Academy, Semiradsky sought to work in Italy, and not in France.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

It is in Italy that the artist's range of subjects is finally formed: antiquity and early Christianity.


Question: Who was Semiradsky's drawing teacher?

Genrikh Semiradsky

Semiradsky spent most of his active life in Italy, briefly coming to St. Petersburg and Warsaw on business, and spending the summer on a Polish estate.