Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

//Uamodna, September 12, 2015


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

Literature


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

Shupik O. B.


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

Formation of Ukrainian Radyansky kinoznavstvo.


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

— K., 1977


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

A.E.


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

Zhukova.


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

Ukrainian kinopanorama.


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

— K., 1972


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

Mislavsky V. N. Kinoslovnik: Termini, viznachennya, jargonizmi.


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

— Kharkiv, 2007.


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

— 328 p. ISBN 966-8246-59-4


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

Gershevska B.


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

From the history of the culture of kino in Lviv 1918—1939 rr.


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

[Text] I Barbara Gershevska; translated from Polish.


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

— Lviv: Independent cultural journal “I”, 2GG4.


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

— 98 p.


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

See also


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

Ukrainian Cinema Day


Question: Who is the founder of Argentine cinema as a form of artistic creation in the Republic of Argentina?

Ukrainian cinema

Y


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Zaporozhets (Ukrainian: “Zaporozhets”; export designations for Western Europe - Jalta, Eliette and ZAZ) is a brand of Soviet and Ukrainian rear-engine cars of an especially small class, produced by the Kommunar plant in Zaporozhye (later Zaporizhzhya Automobile Plant, which in 1960-1994 was part of the AvtoZAZ Production Association).


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Under the Zaporozhets brand, actually two different generations of car models were produced, connected by technical continuity and for some time rolled off the assembly line in parallel:


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

In 1960-1969 — the first generation, ZAZ-965 and since 1962 — ZAZ-965A;


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

In 1966-1994, he was the second generation, ZAZ-966, ZAZ-966V, ZAZ-968, ZAZ-968A and ZAZ-968M.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

All Zaporozhets cars had a number of characteristic design features: rear-engine layout with a longitudinal arrangement of the cantilevered engine behind the rear axle and the gearbox within wheelbase; two-door sedan body; V-shaped four-cylinder carburetor engine with air cooling; independent suspension of all wheels; autonomous gasoline cabin heater.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

All versions of the Zaporozhets differed in the maximum degree of unification in units and assemblies with the army all-terrain vehicle TPK (sanitary wheel conveyor of the front edge, LuAZ-967).


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The same family also included “civilian” all-terrain vehicles of the LuAZ brand - various modifications of the LuAZ-969.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

ZAZ-965/ 965A


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

mini|ZAZ-965A (1962—1969)


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The ZAZ-965 model was produced from 1960 to 1969.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The main prototype of the ZAZ-965 in terms of the general design of the body, partially independent spring rear suspension, steering gear, transmission was the FIAT 600, however, already at the level of the first experimental of the Moskvich-444 model, the design of the car was significantly redesigned relative to the Fiat, and the power unit was developed completely from scratch.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The body is four-seater, with interchangeable windshield and rear windows, welded front wings.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The doors (there are two of them) open backwards, not forward.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The engine is a rare type in the world automotive industry, four-cylinder V-shaped, air-cooled, located at the rear.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Magnesium alloy engine and transmission crankcase.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The driving wheels are rear.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The tire size is 5.20-13.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

ZAZ-965 was manufactured in export and disabled versions.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The ZAZ-965A model is characterized by an engine of increased displacement (887 cm3) and power (27 hp), one muffler (instead of two), decorative molding on the sidewalls.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

ZAZ-966/ 968/ 968A/ 968M


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The development of the next generation of Zaporozhets began almost immediately after the first generation was mastered in production, in 1961.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Prototypes appeared by the fall of the same year.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

At the end of 1959, the Chevrolet Corvair, a compact (by American standards) car with a rear-engined, rear-wheel drive layout and an air-cooled engine, was introduced to the public in the United States.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Corvair's design had a significant impact on automotive fashion trends of the 1960s and became the prototype for a number of European and Asian cars, including the German NSU Prinz IV, the British Hillman Imp, some Japanese models and, in particular, the Soviet ZAZ-966.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The Chevrolet Corvair sample was at the disposal of NAMI, and later was transferred to the Zaporizhzhya Automobile Plant, and then to the Melitopol Engine Plant, in order to study the engine cooling system.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

However, the factory designers of the design and experimental department of Kommunar still tried to dilute the appearance of their car with the North American model as much as possible, borrowing only a general stylistic solution with an encircling window sill - unlike the same NSU Prinz IV, whose creators sought to simply adapt the composition of the Corvair body to the popular in European market size class.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Kommunar designers also had at their disposal such cars as Volkswagen Käfer Type 1, Volkswagen Type 3, Hillman, Simka, Chevrolet Corvair, Ford Taunus, Karmann Ghia (based on Käfer nodes).


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

In the process of developing a new Zaporozhets project 966, NAMI transferred these cars to ZAZ, and later they were delivered to the Melitopol Motor Plant.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The ZAZ-966 model was in mass production from 1966 (according to other sources, from 1967) to 1972, and for the first year only the “transitional” modification of the 966V with an outdated 30-horsepower engine was produced - the production of the 1.2-liter 40-horsepower MEMZ-968 engine was ready only next year.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Before ZAZ-966V, air was sucked off from the heads and cylinders by a fan, and then the hot air was “cooled” by the car generator - this layout is inherited from ZAZ-965, where hot air came out of fan through the bonnet hole under the license plate.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The 966 with the MEMZ-968 engine received a blower fan.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

ZAZ-968 has been produced since 1972 (according to other sources, since 1971).


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Initially, it had no external differences from the 966, and its main feature was a slightly modernized MEMZ-968 engine (K-127 carburetor instead of K-125B) and a modified front panel (instead of stamped, a completely new instrument panel was assembled from separate elements; it “lasted” until the release of ZAZ-968A).


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The model was constantly modernized, and by the end of production in 1978 it was almost indistinguishable from the one produced in parallel and went into production in 1973 (according to other sources, production actually began only at the end of 1974) ZAZ-968A, which had an updated appearance, a 968A engine with a capacity of 45 hp and a number of design changes that improved safety, such as dual-circuit brakes, belts safety and a “soft” instrument panel, which was later installed on the ZAZ-968M.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The next modification was the ZAZ-968M, which was produced from 1979 to 1994 - this machine completed the era of the Zaporozhians.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

It was also equipped with various power units with a working volume of 890 cm³ with a capacity of 28 hp and 1.2 hp with a capacity of 41 (the bulk of the cars), 45 or 50 hp.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

First of all, it differed from the ZAZ-968 model in the exterior and interior design, there were fewer chrome parts, and, in turn, more plastic.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The “ears” on the sidewalls of the body disappeared, as the cooling system was radically changed, which almost completely saved the car from problems with overheating during normal operation, but added new ones - with the tightness of the air duct and the clogging of its box.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

This version of Zaporozhets is the most popular.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Cars for people with disabilities continued to be produced.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The 968M model was replaced by a completely new car - ZAZ-1102 Tavria, which structurally had nothing to do with Zaporozhets.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

ZAZ-1102 is a front-wheel drive three-door hatchback with a new liquid-cooled MEMZ engine.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Export options: Yalta/Jalta, Eliette


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Along with the basic modifications of ZAZ-965, ZAZ-965A, ZAZ-966, ZAZ-968 and ZAZ-968A cars, their export versions were also produced (including those with the steering wheel on the right, for countries with left-hand traffic) - ZAZ-965E, ZAZ-965AE, ZAZ-966E, ZAZ-968E and ZAZ-968AE.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Depending on the target market, they had the trade designation Yalta/Jalta (“Yalta”) or Eliette (“Eliette”), as the phonetics and transliteration of the word “Zaporozhets” are very difficult for European languages.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Compared to the basic models, they had improved consumer qualities.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

For example, the 965E and 965AE models differed from the 965 and 965A in improved noise insulation, the presence of an exterior rearview mirror on the left, an ashtray, a radio, pads on the sides of the car and lower luggage compartment hem.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

ZAZ-968E and ZAZ-968AE in quantities of up to 5,000 pieces per year were sold in Europe through the Finnish company Konela and the Belgian Scaldia-Volga.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Jokes about Zaporozhets


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

ZAZ-965 and ZAZ-965A were nicknamed “humpback” for their characteristic body shape, as well as “Jewish armored car” [1], ZAZ-966, ZAZ-968 and ZAZ-968A - “eared” or “cheburashka” [2] for the shape of the side air intakes cooling systems, and ZAZ-968M is a “soap box” for the similarity of the shape of the body that has lost the side air intakes (“ears”) with this object and the presence of cooling slots on the hood.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

In post-Soviet times, many jokes appeared about various accidents involving the driver of the Zaporozhets and the “new Russian” on the 600th Mercedes [3].


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

In culture


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Zaporozhets (A Zaporozhets is a car class) is a song by Bogdan Titomir ()


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

“Blue Zaporozhets” is a comic song by Timur Shaov.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Jubilee


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

From July 15 to July 16, 2016, the 8th international meeting of Zaporozhets car owners was held in Zaporozhye, which was timed to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the start of production of ZAZ-966.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

On July 16, 2016, “Zaporozhians” drove around the city in an organized column, after which they made a stop in the central square, where the figure of ZAZ-50 was built from cars.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

More than 50 cars of amateurs and fans of Zaporozhets from all over Ukraine, as well as representatives of Belarus, Germany and Poland took part in the rally.


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

The oldest model at the rally was the 1959 model [4].


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

See also


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Trabant


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Wartburg


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Sources and notes


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Literature


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

References


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Category:Soviet cars


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Category:Ukrainian cars


Question: When did the first Zaporozhets come out?

Zaporozhets (car)

Category:ZAZ cars


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (abbreviated. Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR; Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR; until 1918 - the Council of People's Commissars) - the government of Soviet Russia


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

It was established “as a temporary worker and peasant government” under the name of the Council of People's Commissars [1], which was used until the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Since 1918, the formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the prerogative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee [2], and since 1937 - the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was formed from People's Commissars - heads of People's Commissariats (People's Commissariats) of Soviet Russia - headed by the Chairman of the Council of


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Similar councils of people's commissars were created in other Soviet republics.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

By the Law of the USSR of March 15, 1946 [3] and the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23 of the same year [4], the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Name origin


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

In his memoirs, Lev Trotsky attributes the name “Council of People's Commissars” to himself [5].


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

According to V. P. Milyutin, Trotsky proposed the name “People's Commissar”, and Kamenev proposed calling the government the “Council of People's Commissars” [6].


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

At the same time, from Lenin's notes written no later than October 25, 1917:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

“The immediate creation of... a commission of people's commissars (m [inist] ry and t [owari] shchi m [inist] ra”).


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

it follows that the name “commissioners” (etymologically, heads of commissions), as a replacement for the term “ministers”, appeared even earlier in the future head of the Council of People's Commissars in his sketches of the main scheme for organizing the new apparatus governing the country.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The same document envisaged the creation of other central government bodies in the rank of commissions (commissions of revolutionary order, commission of legislative assumptions and a number of commissions on various branches of the country's public life) [7].


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

History


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks instructed Kamenev and Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left Social Revolutionaries and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the future governments.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

During the II Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks offered the Left Social Revolutionaries to enter the government, but they refused.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The factions of the Right Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the II Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work, until the formation of the government.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government [8].


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The Council of People's Commissars was formed in accordance with the “Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars” adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Councils of Workers, Soldiers and Peasants Deputies 27 October 1917 of the year.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The decree began with the words:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

To form a temporary working and peasant government to govern the country, until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legislatively enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The All-Russian Central Executive Committee received the right to form the Council of People's Commissars; the Council of People's Commissars was the general management body of the RSFSR, which had the right to issue decrees, while the All-Russian Central Executive Committee had the right SNK.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were resolved by a simple majority


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The meetings were attended by members of the government, chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Chancellor and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the affairs department, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing commissions, and received delegations.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The staff of the Administrative Department in 1921 consisted of 135 people (according to the TsSAOR of the USSR [9]).


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The USSR Law of March 15, 1946 and the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946 No. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

On March 18, the last decree of the Government of the RSFSR was issued with the name “Council of People's Commissars” [


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

On February 25, 1947, appropriate amendments were made to the Constitution of the USSR, and on March 13, 1948, to the Constitution of the RSFSR.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

management of general affairs of the RSFSR;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

management of individual branches of management (Articles 35, 37);


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

the publication of legislative acts and the adoption of measures “necessary for the correct and rapid course of state life” (art. 38).


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

All decisions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars were reported by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which had the right to suspend and cancel the resolution or decision of the Council of People's Commissars


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Eighteen people's commissariats were created [4] [11].


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissariats of the RSFSR in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

foreign affairs;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

military affairs;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

maritime affairs;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

for internal affairs;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

justice;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

labor;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

social security;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

education;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

post offices and telegraphs;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

for nationalities;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

financial affairs;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

communication routes;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

agriculture;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

trade and industry;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

food;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

State Control;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The Supreme Council of the National Economy;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

health care.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Under each People's Commissar and under his chairmanship, a board was formed, the members of which were approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The People's Commissar had the right to make decisions alone on all issues under the jurisdiction of the commissariat headed by him, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of the all-Union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of state power


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Since then, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars has been changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Eleven republican people's commissariats were established:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

domestic trade;


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

labor


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

finance


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

RKI


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Internal Affairs


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

justice


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

education


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

healthcare


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

farming


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

social security


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

VSNH


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included authorized People's Commissars of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR with the right of decisive or advisory vote.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (according to SU, 1924, No. 70, Article 691.)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

With the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was accountable only to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, and in the period between its sessions to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Since October 5, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR consisted of 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR [14


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

food industry


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

light industry


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

forest industry


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

farming


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

state grain farms


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

livestock state farms


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

finance


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

domestic trade


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

justice


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

healthcare


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

education


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

local industry


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

public utilities


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

social security


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The Council of People's Commissars also included the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the Head of the Department for Arts under the Council of People's Com


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

First composition of the Council of People's Commissars


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin), Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar for Internal Affairs — A. AND. Rykov


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar of Agriculture — V. P. Milyutin


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar of Labor A. G. Shlyapnikov


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The People's Commissariat for Military and Maritime Affairs is a committee consisting of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov) (in the text of the Decree on the formation of the Council of People's Commissars — Avseenko), N. IN. Krylenko and P. E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Dybenko


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar for Trade and Industry Affairs — V. P. Nogin


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar of Public Education A. IN. Lunacharsky


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar of Finance I. AND. Skvortsov (Stepanov)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs — L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar of Justice G. AND. Oppokov (Lomov)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar for Food Affairs — I. A. Teodorovich


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs — N. P. Avilov (Glebov)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar for Nationalities Affairs — I. IN. Dzhugashvili (Stalin)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remained temporarily unreplaced.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The vacant post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was later taken by M. T. Elizarov said.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

On November 12, in addition to the Resolution on the creation of the Council of People's Commissar of State Charity M. Kollontay, the first woman minister in the world.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

On November 19, E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Essen.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The historic first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was formed in conditions of a tough struggle for power


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

In connection with the demarche of the executive committee of the railway trade union, Vikzhel, which did not recognize the October Revolution, demanded the formation of a “homogeneous socialist government” from representatives of all socialist parties, the post of People's Commissariat of Zheldor went unnoticed.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Later, in January 1918, the Bolsheviks managed to split the railway trade union, forming a Vikzhedor executive committee parallel to Vikzhedor, consisting mainly of the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

By March 1918, Vikzhel's resistance was finally broken, and the main powers of both Vikzhel and Vikzhedor were transferred to the People's Commissariat for Railways.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs was formed as a board consisting of Antonov-Ovseenko, Krylenko, Dybenko.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

As of April 1918, this committee effectively ceased to exist.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

According to the memoirs of the first People's Commissar of Education Lunach V., the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was largely accidental, and the discussion of the list was accompanied by Lenin's comments: “if they turn out to be unusable, we will be able to change it.”


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

As the first People's Commissar of Justice wrote, Bolshevik Lomov (Oppokov G. I.), his knowledge of justice included mainly detailed knowledge of tsarist prisons with the peculiarities of the regime, “we knew where they beat, how they beat, where and how they put them in a punishment cell, but we did not know how to manage by the state”.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Many People's Commissars of the first Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia were repressed in the 1930s.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (— January 21, 1924)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Rykov, Alexey Ivanovich (February 2, 1924 — May 18, 1929)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Syrtsov, Sergey Ivanovich (May 18, 1929 — November 3, 1930)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Sulimov, Daniil Yegorovich (November 3, 1930 — July 22, 1937)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin (July 22, 1937 — September 17, 1938)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Vakhrushev, Vasily Vasilyevich (July 29, 1939 — June 2, 1940)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Khokhlov, Ivan Sergeevich (June 2, 1940 — June 23, 1943)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Pamfilov, Konstantin Dmitrievich (acting from May 5, 1942 to May 2, 1943) [15]


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Kosygin, Alexey Nikolaevich (June 23, 1943 — March 15, 1946)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Deputy Chairmen:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Rykov A. AND. (end of May 1921 —?)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Tsyurupa A. D. (5.12.1921 —?)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Kamenev L. B.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

(January 1922 —?)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Foreign Affairs:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Trotsky L. D. (— 8.04.1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Chicherin G. V. (30.05.1918 — 6.07.1923)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Lavrentev A. AND. (1944 — 15.3.1946)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

For military and maritime affairs:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Antonov-Ovseenko V. A. (—?)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Krylenko N. C. (—?)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Dybenko P. E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

(— March 18, 1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Podvoisky N.I.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

(November 1917 — March 1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Trotsky L. D. (8.4.1918 — 26.1.1925)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Internal Affairs:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Rykov A. AND. (—)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Petrovsky G. AND. (— 25.3.1919)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Dzerzhinsky F. E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

(30.3.1919 — 6.7.1923)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Justice:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Lomov-Oppokov G. AND. (—)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Stuchka P. AND. (—)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Steinberg I. H. (— 18.3.1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Stuchka P. AND. (MARCH 18, 1918 — AUGUST 22, 1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Kursky D. AND. (22.8.1918 — 1928)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Labor:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Shlyapnikov A. G. (— 8.10.1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Shmidt V. V. (October 8, 1918 — November 4, 1919 and April 26, 1920 — November 29, 1920)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

State charity (from April 26, 1918 — Social Security; NUAC on November 4, 1919 merged with the Tax Code of Labor, April 26, 1920 divided):


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Kollontay A. M. (— March 1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Vinokurov A. N. (March 1918 — November 4, 1919; April 26, 1919 — April 16, 1921)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Milyutin N. A. (Acting People's Commissar, June — July 6, 1921)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Enlightenment


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Lunacharsky A. V. (— 12.9.1929)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Post and telegraphs:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Glebov (Avilov) N. N. (—)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Proshyan P. P. (— 18.03.1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Podbelsky V. N. (11.4.1918 — 25.2.1920)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Lyubovich A. M. (24.3 — 26.5.1921)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Dovgalevsky V. P. (26.5.1921 — 6.7.1923)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

For nationalities:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Stalin I. V. (— 6.7.1923)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Finance:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Skvortsov-Stepanov I. AND. (—)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Menzhinsky V. P. (— 21.03.1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Gukovsky I. E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

(April — August 16, 1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Krestinsky N. N. (August 16, 1918 — October 1922)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Sokolnikov G. ME.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

(23.11.1922 — 16.1.1923)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Ways of communication:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Elizarov M. T. (—)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Rogov A. G. (24.2.1918 — 9.5.1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Kobozev P. A. (May 9, 1918 — June 1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Nevsky V. I. (25.7.1918 — 15.3.1919)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Krasin L. B.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

(March 30, 1919 — March 20, 1920)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Trotsky L. D. (20.3. 1920 — 10.12.1920)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Yemshanov A. AND. (20.12.1920 — 14.4.1921)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Dzerzhinsky F. E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

(14.4.1921 — 6.7.1923)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Agriculture:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Milyutin V. N. (—)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Kolegaev A. L. (— 18.3.1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Sereda S. P. (3.4.1918 — 10.02.1921)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Osinsky N. (Deputy People's Commissar, 24.3.1921 — 18.1.1922)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Yakovenko V. G. (18.1.1922 — 7.7.1923)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Trade and industry:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Nogin V. N. (—)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Shlyapnikov A. G. (— Jan.1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Smirnov V. M. (— 18.3.1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Bronsky M. G. (MARCH 18, 1918 — NOVEMBER 12, 1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Krasin L. B.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

(12.11.1918 — 6.7.1923)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Food:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Teodorovich I. A. (—)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Shlichter A. G. (— 25.2.1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Tsyurupa A. D. (FEBRUARY 25, 1918 — 12.12.1921)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Bryukhanov N. P. (12.12.1921 — 6.7.1923)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

State Control of the RSFSR:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Essen, E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

(— May 1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Lander K. AND. (9.5.1918 — 25.3.1919)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Stalin I. V. (MARCH 30, 1919 — 7.2.1920)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Health care:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Semashko N. A. (11.7.1918 — 25.1.1930)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Stalin I. V. (24.2.1920 — 25.4.1922)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Tsyurupa A. D. (25.4.1922 — 6.7.1923)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

State assets:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Karelin V. A. (— 18.03.1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Malinovsky P. P. (18.3.1918 — 11.7.1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

For local government:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Trutovsky V. E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

(— March 18, 1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The Supreme Council of the National Economy (chairmen) shall:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

N. Osinsky (— March 22, 1918)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Rykov A. AND. (3.4.1918 — 28.5.1921)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Milyutin V. P. (vrid) (23.3 — May 28, 1921)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Bogdanov P. A. (MAY 28, 1921 — MAY 9, 1923)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Rykov A. AND. (9.5.1923 — 2.2.1924)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Dzerzhinsky F. E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

(2.2.1924 — 20.7.1926)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Lobov S. S. (1926—1930)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Subordinate authorities


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Financial Troika (May 2, 1922 — May 29, 1922) [16]


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Finance Committee (1922—1923) [17]


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Grades


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Social composition


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Researcher M. S. Voslensky in his fundamental work “Nomenklatura” notes that the “social origin” of the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was not suitable for the Bolshevik Party, which declared itself the “avant-garde of the worker class.”


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

In fact, the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was almost entirely intelligent, and there were only two out of 16 workers in it: Shlyapnikov A. G. and Nogin V. P. In addition, in the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars there were five nobles: Lenin (Ulyanov) V. I., Lunacharsky A. G., Antonov-Ovseenko V.A.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

, Teodorovich I.A.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

and Oppokov (Lomov) G. AND. Trotsky's father was, according to the Soviet classification, a “fist”, and Stalin a craftsman, that is, both belonged, in the Soviet classification, to “petty-bourgeois elements”.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

This state of affairs created the ground for the emergence at the end of the Civil War of the so-called “working opposition”, which expressed, among other things, irritation that workers are actually ruled on their behalf by intellectuals; oppositionists bring accusations of “the rebirth of the party leaders” and their “separation from the party masses” [18] (see also Makhaevshchyna).


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

At the 10th Congress of the RCP (b), the “working opposition” was accused of:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The Workers' Opposition is engaged in intellectual eating in the sense that it sees all evil in our governing bodies and in the fact that intellectuals are sitting everywhere and everywhere [19].


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

National composition


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The national composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia is still the subject of


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Vlasovets Andrei Dikiy in his work “Jews in Russia and the USSR” claims that the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was allegedly as follows:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Council of People's Commissars (Council of People's Commissars, SNK) 1918 :


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Lenin — chairman, Chicherin — foreign affairs, Russian; Lunacharsky — enlightenment, Jew; Dzhugashvili (Stalin) — nationalities, Georgians; Protian — agriculture, Armenian; Larin (Lurie) — economic council, Jew; Schlichter — supply, Jew; Trotsky (Bronstein) — army and navy, Jew; Lander — state control, Jew; Kaufman — state property, Jew; V. Schmidt — labor, Jew; Lilina (Knigissen) — public health, Jewish; Spitsberg — cults, Jew; Zinoviev (Apfelbaum) — internal affairs, Jew; Anvelt — hygiene, Jew; Isidor Gukovsky — finance, Jew; Volodarsky — seal, Jew; Uritsky — elections, Jew; I. Steinberg is justice, a Jew; Fengstein is a refugee, a Jew.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

In total, out of 20 people's commissars, one is Russian, one Georgian, one Armenian and 17 are Jews.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Yuri Emelyanov in his work “Trotsky. Myths and Personality” provides an analysis of this list.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The analysis shows that the “Jewish” character of the Council of People's Commissars was obtained through fraud: not the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars published in the decree of the II Congress of Soviets is mentioned, but from the many times changed composition of the Council of People's only those people's commissars, who were ever headed by Jews, have been pulled out.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Thus, as the People's Commissar for Military and Maritime Affairs, Trotsky L. D., appointed to this post on April 8, 1918, and Schlichter A. G., who really held this post, but only until February 25, 1918, was not a Jew, by the way (Schlichters are Polish landowners of German origin).


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

At the time when Trotsky really became the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs, the People's Commissariat of Education had already replaced Schlichter by the Great Russians Tsyurup A. D.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Another method of fraud is the invention of a number of people's commissars that never existed [20].


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Thus, Andriy Dikiy mentioned in the list of people's commissars that never existed people's commissars for cults, elections, refugees, hygiene.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Volodarsky is mentioned as the People's Commissar of the Press; in fact, he was indeed a commissar of press, propaganda and agitation, but not a people's commissar, a member of the Council of People's Commissars (that is, actually the government), but Union of Northern Communes [21] (regional association of Soviets [22] [23]), an active conductor of the Bolshevik Decree on the Press [24].


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Conversely, the list does not include, for example, the real People's Commissariat for Railways and the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

As a result, Andrei Diky does not even agree on the number of people's commissars: he mentions the number 20, although there were 14 people in the first composition, in 1918 the number was increased to 18.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Some posts are misspelled.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Thus, the chairman of the Petrosoviev G. E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

mentioned as the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, although he never held this position.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Proshyan (here - “Protian”) is credited with the leadership of “agriculture”.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Jewry is arbitrarily attributed to a number of persons, for example, to the Russian nobleman Lunacharsky A. V., Estonian Anvelt J.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

ME.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

, Russified Germans Schmidt V. V., Lander K. I., Schlichter A. G. et al.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Some persons are generally fictitious: Spitsberg (perhaps referring to the investigator of the VIII liquidation department of the People's Commissariat of Justice Spitsberg I. A., famous for his aggressive atheistic position [25] [26]), Lilina-Knigissen (perhaps referring to actress Lilina M. P., who has never been a member of the government, or Lilina (Bernstein) Z. I., who was also not a member of the Council of People's Commissars, but worked as the head of the public education department under the executive committee of the Petrosoviet), Kaufman (perhaps referring to cadet Kaufman A. A., according to some sources, was involved by the Bolsheviks as an expert in the development of land reform, but was never a member of the Council of People's Commissars).


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

The list also mentions two Left Social Revolutionaries, whose non-Bolshevism is not indicated in any way: People's Commissar of Justice Steinberg I. H. (referred to as “I. Steinberg”) and People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Proshyan P. P., referred to as “Protian Agriculture”.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Both politicians treated the post-October Bolshevik policy extremely negatively.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Gukovsky I. E.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

before the revolution, he belonged to the Mensheviks, the “liquidators” and accepted the post of People's Commissar of Finance only under pressure from Lenin.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Literary critic Vadim Kozhinov wrote about the membership in the Council of People's Commissars of Lev Trotsky, one of the few Jews there, objecting to philosopher Vadim Rogovin:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

In the same way, perhaps not without “imitating” A. R. Gotsu, a visionary Trotsky, insisted that “there should not be a single Jew in the first revolutionary government, because otherwise reactionary propaganda will portray Oktyabrskaya revolution by the “Jewish revolution”...” Commenting on this “position” of Trotsky, his current ardent admirer V. H. Rogovin seeks, in particular, to convince readers that Lev Davidovich was deprived of love of power, had a firm intention “to remain out of the government after the coup and... agreed to occupy government posts only at the insistent request of the Central Committee.”


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

But these arguments are designed for completely simple-minded people, because Trotsky never refused membership in the Central Committee and the Politburo, and a member of the Politburo was incommensurably higher in the hierarchy of power than any People's Commissar


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

And Trotsky, by the way, did not hide his extreme indignation when he was “relieved of his duties as a member of the Politburo” in 1926...


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Igor Shafarevich shared a similar point of view [27].


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

In 2013, speaking about the Schneerson collection at the Moscow Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center, President of the Russian Federation V. IN. Putin noted that “the decision to nationalize the library was made by the first Soviet government, and its members were about 80-85% Jews” [28].


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

According to historian Vladimir Ryzhkov, Putin's ignorant statement about the predominance of Jews in the Council of People's Commissars is due to the fact that he “read the tabloid press during the years of perestroika” [29].


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Some media also criticized the statements of the President of the Russian Federation.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Thus, the editorial staff of the Vedomosti newspaper, condemning the head of state for his marginality, posted the following statistics [30] [31]:


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

“If we discard the speculations of false scientists who know how to find Jewish origin in every revolutionary, it turns out that in the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) there were 8% Jews: out of 16 of its members Lev Trotsky was the only Jew. In the government of the RSFSR of 1917-1922, Jews were 12% (six people out of 50). If we do not talk only about the government, then in the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) on the eve of October 1917, there were 20% Jews (6 out of 30), and in the first composition of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) - 40% (3 out of 7).”


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

See also


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

People's Commissars Council


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

USSR People's Commissars Council


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Council of Ministers of the RSFSR


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Heads of Government of Russia and the USSR


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Notes


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Literature


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Figures of the USSR and the revolutionary movement of Russia.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

— M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

— P. 826—827.


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Unknown parameter |lingua= ignored (|language= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |sito= ignored (|website= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |accesso= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |data= ignored (|date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |cid= ignored (help)


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

References


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Category: Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Category:October Revolution


Question: Which party were the commissioners in Russia members in 1917?

RSFSR Council of People's Commissars

Category:History of Russia (1917—1991)


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The cavalry of the Greek Kingdom took a significant part in the Asia Minor campaign of the Greek army.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

For all its small numbers, the Greek cavalry effectively restrained the multiple forces of the Turkish cavalry.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

According to Turkish sources, during the Great Turkish Offensive of 1922, Turkish cavalry exceeded the Greek cavalry four times [1] (5,282 sabers against 1,300) [2].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

According to historians of the Greek General Staff, at some stages of the campaign, the Greek cavalry numbered only 550 sabers, which in these cases made the numerical superiority of the Turkish cavalry against Greek tenfold [3].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Greek cavalry evacuated from Asia Minor in August 1922, maintaining battle formation and with their horses, which, after a brief reorganization, allowed it to join the so-called. The army of Evros, ready in 1923 for the resumption of hostilities and the reoccupation of Eastern Thrace [3].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Background


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

With the end of World War I, Greece was in the victorious camp and was waiting for the decisions of the Paris Peace Conference regarding the future of the Greek-inhabited territories of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

According to documents presented at the conference by Greek Prime Minister Venizelos, in Asia Minor, Thrace and Constantinople, a total of Greeks lived in the regions of Trebizond and Adana, which accounted for 20% of the region's population.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

However, one should not attribute Venizelos to the ideologeme about the revival of the Byzantine Empire, which belonged to the politician of the XIX century I. Colletis [4].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Venizelos was a great revolutionary and politician, he was an irredentist, and under him the territory of the country doubled.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

But above all, he was a pragmatist, aware of the real capabilities of a small Greek state, and always took into account the interests of his allies.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

According to a modern English historian, Venizelos' territorial claims at the Paris Conference were not unfounded.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Of all the Entente countries that claimed the Ottoman territories to be divided, only Greece, in addition to its historical rights, could argue them with the Greek population and its neighborhood with these territories [5] :334.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In addition, his claims were limited to Eastern Thrace, without Constantinople and the straits.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

He understood that he would meet opposition in this matter, and he was satisfied with their international control, believing that in this way their Greek population and the Patriarchate of Constantinople would be in security [5] :335.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Regarding Asia Minor, he showed interest only in the coastal region around Izmir, believing that after the exchange, it would be possible to gather the Greek population of Asia Minor.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Dakin writes that Venizelos was an opportunist and simply could not give up the opportunities presented [5] :336.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Saying that after the persecution, the Greek population of Asia Minor could not return to pre-war status, he realized that his success in Asia Minor would depend entirely on financial and military support allies [6].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Because of this, he did not set himself tasks that exceeded the capabilities of the country and did not have international support.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

He ignored the appeal of the Greeks of Pontus to create a second Greek state there and supported the inclusion of Pontus in Armenia lobbied by US President Wilson [7].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The beginning of the Asia Minor campaign


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Regardless of Greece's interest in Asia Minor, the landing of the Greek army in Smyrna was not an initiative of Greece, but was carried out under the mandate of the Entente and was the result of antagonisms of the allies.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The landing was made with the notification of the only Turkish (Sultan) government at that time and was initially temporary.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Under the mandate of the Entente, the bridgehead was also expanded in order to suppress the nascent movement of Mustafa Kemal.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In 1920, also under the mandate of the Entente, the Greek army occupied Eastern Thrace, after the rebellion of the Sultan's army stationed there.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Greek army stopped 50 km from Constantinople occupied by the allies [8].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Due to these facts, the term Greco-Turkish war is practically not used by either Greek or Turkish historiography and is far from historical reality.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In Turkish historiography, this is part of the War of Independence and is called the “Western Front in the War of Independence” (Turkish: Kurtuluş Savaşı Batı Cephesi).


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

In Greek historiography, the event is called the “Asia Minor campaign”.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

K. Sakkelaropoulos writes that the decision of the Paris Conference to send Greek troops to Asia Minor “was made to satisfy goals not related to Greece” [9] :A-177.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

X.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Dzidzilonis writes that the events of 1919-1922 were not a war between Greece and Turkey.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Regardless of the fact that it involved mainly the Greek army, the primary role in it was played by the large imperialist forces of the Entente, which, in unbridled antagonism, fought for the division of the region and for his oil.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

He writes that the Greek army that landed in Smyrna had no freedom of action.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Decisions about her actions were made by the authorities of the Middle East, where the criterion was to meet the needs of the policies of imperialist forces, especially the British.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Each action of the Greek army required “the confirmation of Admiral Somerset Gough-Calthorpe, or, in his absence, the commander of the Allied Fleet in Smyrna [10].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Smyrna disembarkation


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

According to Article 7 of the Mudros Armistice between the Entente and the defeated Ottoman Empire, the Allies had the right to occupy any city of strategic importance.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Smyrna was claimed by Italy, whose troops were located south of Izmir.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

To limit Italy's ambitions, the Allies decided to grant the occupation of Izmir to Greece [11] :132.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On May 13, the Council of Four (Great Britain, France, Italy, USA) recognized Greece's right to occupy Smyrna, which was notified to the Sultan's government.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Much later, after the Asia Minor catastrophe, Clemenceau wrote to Venizelos: “The decision to de facto occupy Smyrna and its region was made only because of the existence of certain conditions, and could not create right to the future. This was only a temporary measure that left the Conference with absolute freedom to resolve the problems arising from the Eastern Question, in accordance with the general situation and wishes and interests interested parties.”


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The first Greek division was involved in the operation.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Although it was a temporary occupation of the region, its soldiers considered the event as the beginning of the liberation of the ancient Greek lands of Ionia and its indigenous Greek population.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Reflecting this historical fact, the English historian calls the subsequent campaign of Asia Minor the “Fourth Liberation War of Greece” [5] :333.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The landing began on May 2/15 and was supposed to be peaceful.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

There were 4,000 soldiers and gendarmes in Turkish barracks.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Italians did not rest with the loss of Izmir.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

9] They armed boatmen and released criminals from prison [9].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

When the landing began and the Greek population greeted their liberators, shooting from boats began, and criminals in the crowd stabbed the meeting.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Armed Turkish soldiers and gendarmes joined the case.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The 4th Greek Regiment restored order an hour later, capturing 540 Turkish soldiers and gendarmes.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

2,000 armed Turks managed to escape, marking the beginning of both Turkish resistance and atrocities against the unarmed Greek population.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Historian T. Gerozisis notes that the landing was carried out “with some mistakes”, which gave the Turks the opportunity to offer “some kind of resistance”, “to create impressions and ensure political goals” [12] :364.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Expanding the bridgehead


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On 6 May 1919, the Inter - Allied Council, composed of U.S. President Wilson, British Prime Ministers David Lloyd George, France Georges Clemenceau and Italian Foreign Minister Sydney Sonnino, Held an emergency meeting.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Venizelos asked for permission to expand the Smyrna bridgehead in order to be able to repel Turkish even and ensure the return of 300,000 refugees who took refuge on the Greek islands after the massacre of the Greek population during the First World War.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Permission was also given to the Greek army, according to historian J.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Capsis was ready to “liberate sacred lands after 5 centuries of foreign occupation” [13] :44-45.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

By the end of May, with the consent of the Allies, Greek troops occupied the entire vilayet of Smyrna, and with the increase in Turkish even raids on the occupation zone, they began to expand it without the consent of the allies [11] :154 [14] :76-83.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The landing of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The expansion of the bridgehead and the removal of the line of control from the coast required the sending to Asia of new units, in particular cavalry units.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The first cavalry unit sent to Asia was the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, which consisted of four silts and a machine-gun division.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The regiment under the command of Colonel Giorgi Skandalis arrived in Smyrna on May 31, being transported by sea from Eastern Macedonia.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The regiment is temporarily located in the suburbs of Mersinli and provided its units to repel Turkish even raids in the following sectors:


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The valleys of the Caicos rivers (Pergamon sector), Ermis (Magnisia sector), Kestros and Meander (Aydin sector).


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The period up to May 1920 was a period of forced waiting.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

However, the activities of the Greek cavalry were significant, confirmed by the fact that General Nider, who at that time was the commander of the expeditionary force, was requested by the General Staff to return the 3rd cavalry regiment to Western Thrace, but reported to the command that the regiment's stay in Asia Minor is extremely necessary.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The 3rd Cavalry Regiment consisted of four silts and one division of machine guns in June.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The regiment was under the command of Colonel Georgy Skandalis.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Cavalry assisted in the occupation of the regions of Pergamon by the Greek army on June 20 and Aydin on July 3


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

One squadron was sent to Sardis, where it defeated and dispersed the Turkish forces gathered there [3].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The latest actions of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment were related to the massacre of the population staged by the Turks in Aydin [3].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The events in Aydin forced the Greek government to urgently strengthen the expeditionary army and appoint it commander Leonid Paraskevopoulos.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The war on the part of the Turks took the form of ethnic cleansing.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

ME.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Kapsis, a historian and former foreign minister, writes that the Aydin massacre was supposed to remove doubts from both allies and the Greek leadership about what would happen to the population of Ionia when the Greek the army will withdraw from the region.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

At the same time, according to H.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Dzindzilonis, the Greek army lost its national character and turned into an expeditionary force of the Ministry of Colonies of England.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Venizelos's telegram from London to Commander Paraskevopoulos is characteristic: “The British Minister of War authorized General Milne, if he deems it necessary, to allow our troops, in the event of a Turkish attack, pursue them and more than three kilometers, provided that after the completion of the operation, our troops return to the occupation line.”


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Operations of 1920


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

On January 29, due to the escalation of hostilities and the lengthening of the front line, it was decided to strengthen the Army of Asia Minor.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Among the units sent was the recreated 1st Cavalry Regiment, under the command of Colonel Vasilis Panusopoulos.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The regiment arrived by sea in Smyrna in early February and is located in the suburban Greek village of Paradeisos [3].


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The Kemalist forces in Asia Minor were constantly growing and the transition to their side of the Sultan's army of Thrace forced the allies to give Greece a mandate to occupy Eastern Thrace, so that the Greek army reached The Dardanelles and ensured the safety of the Straits.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

To carry out the operation, the plan of the Greek army provided for the occupation of the port of Panormos on the Asia Minor coast of the Sea of Marmara and the Vithinian Prusa.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

Before the start of the operation, the Greek headquarters considered it necessary to occupy Philadelphia.


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The offensive began on June 9 and provided for the defeat of the Kemalists in the regions of Salihli-Philadelphia (Hermos River Valley) and Aksarios-Sarhanli (Illos River Valley).


Question: Was the massacre in the Iznik-Izmit region directed against Muslims?

Greek cavalry in Asia Minor

The 3rd Cavalry Regiment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Emmanuel Matyudakis and the 1st Cavalry Regiment under the command of V. Panusopoulos were consolidated into the Cavalry Brigade under the command of Panusopoulos.