Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Then the commander discussed the minimum altitude and altitude of approach for the last time, after which he said that it was necessary to stop [12].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:06:42, the co-pilot said that his head would soon hurt due to these vibrations of the panel, and at 11:07:27 said that the wind was affecting him.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

A few seconds later, the commander said, You know, this blunt sheet says that thirty-four hundred [1,036 meters] to Round Hill is our minimum height.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

And when asked by the flight engineer where he found this, the commander said, Well, Round Hill is eleven and a half [miles] from DME.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The co-pilot just noticed: It's clear, but... as the commander interrupted him with his reasoning: If we were given permission, it turns out that we can do it... an unidentified voice replied: Initial approach, and he was echoed by a second unidentified voice: Yeah.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Then the commander asked what was the height of the start of the approach, to which the flight engineer said: We passed... twenty-eight [continuing to descend] to eighteen.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Then an unknown voice replied: That's right, and another unknown one: Just go ahead [14].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:08:14, the flight engineer remarked: It's dark here, and the co-pilot added: And it's too uneven.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Then, at 11:08:25, a warning signal was heard about approaching the minimum altitude, to which the commander said that a minute ago he was observing the ground.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The co-pilot said that he also saw the ground, and then instructed to increase the power of the engines.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the same time, the commander drew attention to the high vertical speed of descent, with which the co-pilot agreed.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Then an unknown voice said: We are moving up the mountain, but the flight engineer corrected him: We are on the right course.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

When the co-pilot asked if they were going down in the right direction, two voices said: Yes.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Then the co-pilot assumed that the plane was in a downward airflow.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

But at 11:09:14 there was a radio altimeter signal about low altitude, after which the co-pilot exclaimed: Guys, and the commander immediately gave the command to increase the power of the engines.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Then the radio altimeter issued a second warning signal, after which it quickly fell silent, and almost immediately at 11:09:22, the voice recorder recorded the sound of a blow.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:09:54, the approach dispatcher asked: TWA514, what is your height.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

However, this question has not been answered, as well as all other challenges [14].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

As the dispatcher later explained, according to radar readings, the aircraft was at an altitude of two thousand feet at the time before the call [15].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

According to the parametric recorder, Flight 514, following a course of 112° at an altitude of 7,000 feet (2,134 meters) in solid clouds, a couple and a half minutes before the disaster, turned to a 120° course (later it fluctuated by no more than 2-4°) and began to decline at an instrument speed of 220-230 knots.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The liner reached an altitude of 1750 feet (533 meters), but then on the contrary began to rise, as there was a signal that the minimum altitude had been reached, to which the crew reacted by increasing engine power.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

After gaining 150 feet (46 meters) of altitude in 15 seconds, the aircraft continued to descend again, and in 20 seconds the altitude decreased by 200 feet (61 meters).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

When there was a signal about the dangerous proximity of the earth, the pilots saw through the fog right along the course of the mountains and tried to fly over them, but did not have time to gain altitude.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

25 miles from the airport and at an altitude of 1,670 feet (509 meters), a 118° Boeing crashed into the forested western slope of Mount Water (English: Weather).


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

After rushing through the trees, the airliner lost the left plane of the wing and all three engines, after which it crashed into the ground, collapsed and caught fire.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The debris dispersion area measured 900 by 200 feet [15] [16] [17].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

All 92 people on board were killed [1].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

This was the largest plane crash in Virginia [3], and at that time it also ranked sixth in the country [18].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Among the dead was Brigadier General Roscoe Conklin Cartwright (born May 27, 1919), the third African-American general in the US Army [19].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Analysis


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

A fully serviceable aircraft [20] with a qualified crew operated a regular passenger flight.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

All the necessary information was obtained in Indianapolis before departure and updated during the stopover in Columbus.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The flight then proceeded as usual, until the dispatcher warned that the National Airport was closed for reception, while offering landing at Dulles Airport.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

After negotiations with the dispatcher of the airline, the crew decided to go to Dulles, for which they received instructions to change the course.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Later, the crew was instructed to wait for the approach to lane 12 via the glide path system, confirmed receipt of this information and studied the diagram for entering the specified lane.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The crew was then instructed to follow the Front Royal directly to the Dulles.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 10:43am, the commander tuned the radio to ATIS Dulles Airport and listened to a total of three weather messages, after which he handed over control to the co-pilot.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Guided by the airport schemes and call diagrams, the crew discussed among themselves various options for approach.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 10:51, the dispatcher instructed to take a course of 090° to capture a 300° vector from the Armel beacon 25 miles northwest of the beacon, descend and maintain an altitude of 8,000 feet.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

After receiving this instruction, the pilots once again discussed the call patterns at Dulles Airport [21].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 10:55am, the reading of the control card began, which ended at 10:56am.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

A minute later, the crew once again discussed the approach diagrams, and it was noted that it was quite difficult to cross Round Hill, which is 6 miles from the heading beacon.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The glide path entrance height was defined as 1800 feet.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The pilots also discussed the lanes and their lighting.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:01, Flight 514 was given permission to descend and occupy an altitude of 7 thousand feet, as well as switch to communication with the approach dispatcher.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The dispatcher, in turn, instructed to wait for approach to lane 12, and also indicated a new altimeter setting - 29.70 millibars.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:04, the crew reported on the occupation of an altitude of 7,000 feet, for which five seconds later they received permission to approach ILS landing on lane 12.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The commander warned that the minimum allowable altitude is 1800 feet, after which the co-pilot immediately began to descend.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The approach diagram was also reviewed once again.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:06, the commander pointed out a discrepancy in the readings of the radio compasses of the pilots.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

As will be established during the investigation, the co-pilot's radio compass was tuned to the Front Royal beacon.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The commander's radio compass was completely destroyed, but it is most likely that it was tuned to the Armel beacon.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

This discrepancy, however, did not play any role from the point of view of navigation, since the airliner followed the prescribed trajectory [21].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:07, the commander expressed his first doubts about choosing the minimum height, since the diagram indicated the minimum height of the passage of Round Hill as 3,400 feet.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

But after discussion, it was decided to descend to the chosen height of 1800 feet.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

A few seconds later, a warning signal sounded that the aircraft was approaching the set minimum altitude of 1,800 feet.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The commander said about observing the earth a minute earlier, and the co-pilot reported the same.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

They probably saw the earth through fleeting gaps in the clouds and did not have time to visually determine the relative height above the surrounding terrain.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The co-pilot mentioned the power of the engines, to which the commander pointed to the high speed of descent, and also warned that in a minute they should see the ground.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:08:57, the warning signal about low altitude sounded again, but the pilots considered it as achieving the specified minimum altitude.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

TWA was allowed to descend below the altitude set for the entrance to the glide path.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Data on absolute altitude were shown by a barometric altimeter, and data on relative altitude were shown by a radio altimeter.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The idea of a downward flow of air was expressed aloud, when a radio compass signal was heard briefly about a dangerous altitude.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At 11:09:20, the commander gave the command to increase the power of the engines, but after a couple of seconds the airliner crashed into a mountain [21] [22].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The commission found that the first radio altimeter warning sounded seven seconds before the impact at an altitude of 500 feet above the ground, and the second just a second and at an altitude of 100 feet.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In the airline's standard approach procedure, the radio altimeter is configured to issue a warning at an altitude of 100 feet above the surface.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The crew had to understand that the plane was dangerously close to the ground, but did not have time to react in a timely manner [22].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

During most of the flight, the aircraft was at or close to the prescribed altitudes, which means that the altimeters were in good order.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the time of the impact, the altimeters showed a value of 1,675 feet at a setting of 29.70, the last handed over to the crew.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The Boeing fell below the established safe altitude of 1,800 feet, which could have happened for two reasons.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

First, when flying at low altitude, a screen effect could occur, which led to disruptions in the operation of the Pitot tubes, as a result of which altimeters began to overestimate the readings.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Secondly, strong side winds on rough terrain could lower the pressure, which also led to distortion of the altimeter readings.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

But the crew, however, watched the altitude, once when there was a signal about reaching a safe altitude, the commander said about increasing the power of the engines, and the co-pilot expressed the version of the descending air flow.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Thus, the commission came to the conclusion that the instruments did not overestimate the readings so significantly, and the pilots, based on their comments, knew about the descent of the aircraft to a safe altitude.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The co-pilot expressed a version about the descending air flow.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Flight recorders recorded that the aircraft was in turbulence, but it was moderate and not strong enough to prevent the co-pilot from maintaining the chosen altitude.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Thus, the commission came to the conclusion that the descent to safe altitude was due to a combination of piloting techniques of the co-pilot and turbulence [22].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Based on these data, it was concluded that the crew deliberately or accidentally fell to a safe altitude.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

But then two questions arise at once: why did the pilots intend to descend to an altitude of 1800 feet in an area where the terrain was almost reaching these values; and why permission to perform did not include limiting the minimum height on this trajectory?


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Meanwhile, the crew commander was convinced that in the conditions of approach to landing on radar beacons under radar control, the dispatcher, when giving permission to descend, would not indicate the minimum safe height in the event that there are no obstacles to continuing the descent [23].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

To understand where he got this opinion, it is worth delving a little deeper into the history of air traffic in the country.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The fact is that until the 1950s, radar control over flights over a large part of the United States was absent, and crews flew according to the rules of visual flight.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In such conditions, the pilots were actually left to themselves and single-handedly monitored the location of the aircraft.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

They also periodically informed the dispatcher about their location and further intentions.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

When making a call, the number of messages from the crew increased, as the location of the airliner, its altitude, as well as the further intentions of the pilots were constantly reported to the ground.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

But by the 1960s, the entire territory of the country was covered by radar, which made it possible to carry out radar control throughout the flight.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Now the dispatcher could observe the removal of the aircraft and the azimuth, based on which he determined its geographical location.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Thanks to this, the dispatcher could, among others, give commands to aircraft when there was a danger of a collision in the air.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

However, such a radar could not yet show the altitude of the aircraft, and therefore the pilots periodically had to report it to the ground.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

With the accumulation of experience in the use of radars, a special language was introduced for radio exchanges between crews and dispatchers, and new procedures for radar control over air in the airport area.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Dispatchers now play a huge role in maneuvering aircraft, instructing pilots about changes in course and altitude.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the same time, air traffic became denser and aircraft faster, which increased the responsibility of the dispatcher in ensuring the preservation of air traffic to the runways.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At that time, the airspace in the approach zone was divided into blocks with an indication of the minimum vector height.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

With the development of third-generation radars, the air traffic controller now received even more information about the aircraft on the radar: altitude, distance and azimuth to it, as well as ground speed.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The size of the terminals of control centers has now increased so much that the US Federal Aviation Administration has decided that flights are diverted away from the established call paths on instruments to relieve the air flow.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

It is also obvious that this has led to the fact that it has become common for pilots to fall below the safe altitudes indicated on maps of the area near airports and instrument approach diagrams.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In addition, pilots became more dependent on air traffic controllers and controlled the flight only in terms of absolute altitude, course and flight speed.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The “flip side of the coin” was that the crews were now becoming less aware of the area they were flying over, and often did not even understand their position above the surrounding area.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

There were also situations of misunderstanding between pilots and dispatchers caused by terminology violations, unresolved disagreements and unnoticed changes in terms and procedures [23].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

It is puzzling why the dispatcher gave permission to call when the plane was still at a great distance from the airport.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In their defense, dispatchers at court hearings said that they did not know that such premature permission could disorient the pilots.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the same time, just six weeks before the crash of Flight 514, there was already a case when an aircraft entering runway 12 fell to an altitude of 1,800 feet before passing Round Hill.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

However, unfortunately, after that incident, no timely conclusions were made to prevent this.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In fact, the crews misunderstood the permission to approach, and given that the safe altitude was not named, this could give the impression that on the trajectory of descent to altitude There are no obstacles to entering the glide path.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Based on the records of the voice recorder, the crew of flight 514 came to this opinion [24].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The crew commander did not know exactly where they were relative to the terrain, but it is highly likely that after obtaining permission, he tuned his radio compass to the frequency of the Armel beacon, to which at that time, there were 44 nautical miles (81.5 km) in an azimuth of 300°.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In addition, although the commander studied the schemes and diagrams for the approach, he should have understood that the height of 1800 feet to enter the glide path is not the minimum safe in a mountainous area with altitudes up to 2,000 feet, as the minimum height of 1,000 feet above obstacles is not maintained in this case.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

He saw in the diagram that the minimum height on the Front Royal-Round Hill section was 3,400 feet, but nevertheless decided to descend to 1,800 feet before passing Round Hill [24].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The maps and approach schemes available to the crew should have warned the crew that continuous descent is not safe.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

However, there was a significant drawback on the information they provided - on the transverse approach scheme there was no intermediate point Round Hill and the associated minimum height.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the same time, this point was indicated on the approach scheme plan, where related data were also present, but most likely the crew focused on the approach trajectory profile scheme, and therefore continued to decline, for which permission had previously been obtained [25].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The second question about the causes of the disaster was the lack of height restrictions when issuing a permit for descent.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

To this, witnesses from the Federation of Civil Aviation Administration, including the dispatcher, said that flight 514 was not observed on the monitor of the approach radar, and therefore the dispatcher was not obliged to perform everything clauses of the regulations on flight management.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Witnesses also stated that flight 514 was not observed on the approach radar due to the fact that it did not occupy the approach vector.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the same time, witnesses did not believe that the 300° bearing from the Washington Center, passing through Round Hill, was captured by Flight 514 as an approach vector.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the same time, Flight 514 was under radar control and was observed on at least one serviceable radar, and while flying straight to Round Hill, it adhered to the established approach, and therefore, the dispatcher had to fulfill all the points of the position.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In addition, the crew would be warned that the vector from Round Hill to a “radius of 300°” is used when entering lane 12.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the same time, the aircraft was directed to a “radius of 300°”, when the airport was still 80 miles away [25].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

This, however, did not answer the question why the air traffic control system was unable to prevent, and therefore detect and correct, the deviation of the aircraft from a course that was different from planned by the dispatcher.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The system requires dispatchers to give pilots clear, specific information about their location on the approach path and the altitude below which they cannot fall until the next permit is issued.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Pilots should have no choice of action after obtaining permission.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The dispatcher had to tell the pilots the minimum flight altitude before entering the call sector, or not give permission to call until the aircraft entered this sector.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The lack of mutual understanding between pilots and dispatchers led to non-compliance with the required altitude above the surrounding area, which was facilitated by a violation of the phraseology of radio communication on both sides [26].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Data from flight recorders indicate that the weather also contributed to the disaster, but this was not a decisive factor.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The icing in the clouds, which the airliner underwent during the descent, was eliminated by the inclusion of the anti-icing system.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Turbulence made piloting more difficult, but it was not so strong, and its impact on these altitudes has already been mentioned above.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

It is not known whether the crew received data from the SIGMETS system about the weather over Washington, but even the absence of this data did not greatly affect the work of the crew.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Voice recorder records indicate that during the descent, the liner faced significant turbulence, but the pilots could read the instrument readings well enough to understand that they went down to 1,800 feet.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Based on this, the Commission concluded that the impact of turbulence was not a critical factor, although it could not answer why the decline did not stop at an altitude of 1,800 feet.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In general, the crash occurred due to a number of factors, including a misunderstanding between the pilot and the dispatcher on the conditions implied by air traffic controllers for flights following instrument weather conditions [27].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

After receiving permission to approach, the commander decided that they were allowed to descend down to the height of the glide path entrance only because no safe altitude was given, although this information was not available only because the dispatcher simply did not see the plane on the approach radar.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the same time, half an hour before the incident, the pilot of another aircraft, when obtaining permission to call, also did not hear data about the safe altitude, but when he asked about it, the dispatcher gave him this information.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

This is an example of the correct reaction of the pilot to the uncertainty of the altitude at which his aircraft should follow [28].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The reasons


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The flight took place without deviations until the arrival airport was changed from National to Dulles.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Before entering lane 12, the crew studied the scheme for its implementation several times.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

A dispatcher at the Washington Air Traffic Control Center gave Flight 514 a vector to intercept a 300° bearing from the Armel beacon at a point 80 nautical miles from the beacon.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

This part of the bearing was not part of the existing approach scheme.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The crew intercepted this bearing and adhered to it when approaching, when control of the flight was transferred to the Dulles Approach.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The approach dispatcher gave permission to perform an ILS approach to lane 12 at a time when the airliner was 44 nautical miles from the airport, and no height restrictions were indicated.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The commander decided that they were allowed to descend immediately to an altitude of 1800 feet, after which the co-pilot immediately began to descend.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

During the descent, the aircraft faced icing and turbulence, but these factors probably could not prevent the crew from stopping descending after an altitude of 1,800 feet.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The co-pilot made a descent to the planned altitude of 1800 feet, after which he did not adjust the position of the aircraft to occupy and maintain this altitude.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The co-pilot's altimeter had the correct settings.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

There is a possibility that strong winds over rough terrain could lead to a disruption in the operation of altimeters and they overestimated the real height.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

However, the crew, based on his latest comments, knew of the decline below 1,800 feet.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Safe altitude alarms and radio altimeter warnings sounded when the airliner was 1,800 feet above the airfield level, as well as 500 and 100 feet above the ground.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The last two beeps sounded 7 and 1 second, respectively, before the impact.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

After these signals, the crew did not have time to prevent the disaster.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The dispatcher gave permission to call without specifying the safe altitude because flight 514 was not observed on the approach radar, and also because the dispatcher planned to lead the aircraft to approach in a way that this was indicated in the approach charts.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Guidelines for Air Traffic Control Personnel did not clearly define what “Approach Radar” is and what is not.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the same time, flight 514 was qualified as not observed on the approach radar.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The radar means available to the dispatcher made it possible to monitor the approach and adjust the altitude when the aircraft landed on a non-standard route.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The ATC system had a drawback in terms of clearly defining the actions of the dispatcher when directing flights in such conditions.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The crew thought that the dispatcher would not give permission to enter until they were away from all obstacles.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The profile approach scheme did not indicate the Round Hill passage point and the minimum absolute heights.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

However, this information was provided on the approach scheme plan.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The commander noticed a minimum altitude of 3,400 feet from Front Royal to Round Hill, but decided to continue descending to 1,800 feet, as the aircraft was away from the area.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The commander of flight 514, after obtaining permission to call, did not ask the dispatcher what actions they needed to take.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Another crew, after obtaining such permission, still asked what they received additional instructions and instructions, which led them to the approach radar.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Both military and civilian aviation officials have for several years pointed to a problem regarding existing guidelines for dispatchers and terminology for their communication with pilots, as a result of which the latter may misunderstand the information received.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Misunderstanding of pilots and dispatchers threatened that the crew could begin a premature decline.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The FAA did not solve the long-standing problem of the ATC system in the interaction of the pilot/dispatcher regarding the issuance of permission to perform an inaccurate approach.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In addition, the FAA did not provide ATC personnel with sufficient information about the equipment used in specific cases.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The air traffic control service did not use all the capabilities of the new radars (ARTS III) to maintain a safe altitude above the terrain for landing aircraft that are not equipped with a system for accurate landing in instrumental weather conditions.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The flight crew was not familiar with the terrain west and northwest of Dulles Airport.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

However, the approach plan indicated the elevation of the terrain west of the Round Hill intersection.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that the crash was due to the crew's decision to descend to an altitude of 1,800 feet before the aircraft reached the approach zone, which has been set as the minimum safe height.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The crew's decision to reduce was caused by errors and inaccuracies in the existing air traffic control manuals, as a result of which the pilots and the dispatcher did not understand each other's responsibilities for actions in the airport area under instrumental (difficult) weather conditions.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

At the same time, the study of approach schemes showed that the plan indicated that the minimum height of 1800 feet is not safe [29] [30].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The factors that contributed to the disaster were [30]:


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The FAA did not take timely measures to prevent confusion and misinterpretations of the terms established for air traffic controllers, although this problem has existed for years.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Flight 514 received permission to call when it was 44 miles from the airport, without specifying a minimum altitude.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The profile approach scheme for lane 12 did not specify all height restrictions.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The consequences


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In May 1975, the Federal Aviation Administration, together with NASA and the Aviation Safety Council, introduced programs that regulated the interaction of pilots and air traffic controllers during flights on non-standard routes, and the very concept of “permission to approach” was finally clearly stipulated.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

In addition, systems to prevent dangerous approach to the ground have been improved, which now signaled danger with a larger headroom [31].


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

A small granite memorial [31] [32] was subsequently erected at the crash site.


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Cultural aspects


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The crash of Flight 514 is featured in a book by Francis Lee Bailey and John Grigna


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

The catastrophe is also mentioned in the second chapter of the autobiographical book of the American singer [31]


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

See also


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Mount Weather


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Notes


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

comments


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Sources


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Literature


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

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Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

References


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

— reconstruction of the disaster


Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

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Boeing 727 crash near Washington

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Question: What caused the crash of the Boeing 727 near Washington on Sunday, December 1, 1974?

Boeing 727 crash near Washington

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Boeing 727 crash near Washington

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Boeing 727 crash near Washington

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Boeing 727 crash near Washington

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Boeing 727 crash near Washington

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Boeing 727 crash near Washington

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Boeing 727 crash near Washington

Category:Aviation accidents and incidents caused by a collision with the ground in controlled flight


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Ganja rebellion [1] (Azerbaijan: Gəncə qiyamı) or the Ganja anti-Soviet uprising (Azerbaijan: Gəncə antisovet üsyanı) [2] is a major armed anti-Soviet protest of units of the 1st Infantry Division of the old Azerbaijani army, which took place on May 26-31, 1920 in the city of Ganja of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic; organized by officers of the old army.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The five-day fighting that unfolded around the city and on its streets was fierce, but both rebellious Azerbaijani servicemen and Red Army soldiers distinguished themselves in them.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

After the suppression of the rebellion, the old Azerbaijani army was disbanded, and instead of it, the active formation of the Azerbaijan Red Army began.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Previous events


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Change of power in Azerbaijan


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the night of April 26-27, 1920, the Bolsheviks raised an uprising in Baku, presenting two ultimatums to the Azerbaijani government to surrender power.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Almost simultaneously with the uprising, four armored trains of Soviet Russia crossed the border, followed by the main units of the XI Red Army.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

If in the capital some military units defected to the Bolsheviks, and the fleet under the command of the deputy head of the military port Ch. Ildrym threatened to open fire on the buildings of the parliament and government, then the armored trains of Soviet Russia in several places were shown little resistance.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The parliament convened for an emergency meeting voted by a majority vote for the transfer of power — the AKP (b), with one of the conditions that the new government will not allow units of the XI Red Army to enter the battle in Baku, after which the parliament dissolved itself.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Minister of War S. In his last order, Mehmandarov thanked the servicemen for their service and expressed confidence that the soldiers and officers of the Azerbaijani army “will serve equally honestly and valiantly under the new government Azerbaijan is dear to all of us... God willing” [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Azerbaijani Bolsheviks formed (Azrevkom) and (government), announcing their readiness to enter into a close alliance with Soviet Russia.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Thus, the parliamentary Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (the first republic) was replaced by a state with a new form of government — Soviet in form Socialist Azerbaijan (second republic).


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Having learned about the events in Baku, the Ganja District Committee of the AKP (b) on the same day organized the Provincial Revolutionary Committee headed by F. Aliyev, presenting an ultimatum to the governor to surrender power.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the evening of April 29, Governor Khudadat-bey Rafibekov signed an act on the surrender of power to Revkom in the entire Ganja province [5].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Armored trains from Baku moved in the direction of Ganja.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As they approached the city, they engaged in a major battle with a detachment of Musavatists, which tried to block their way [6] [7].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 1, Soviet armored trains and amphibious companies of the 28th Infantry Division occupied the station and the railway district of the city [7] [8].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The next day, the regiments of the 2 Cavalry Corps and the Taman Cavalry Division approached here, which occupied the entire city and adjacent areas [7].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

However, at the time of the beginning of the uprising in Ganja, “many villages... did not even know about the Sovietization of the country” [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Old Army Policy


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On April 28, Azrevk, by his decree, established the People's Commissariat for Naval Affairs [10] and the first People's Commissar for Naval Affairs was Ch. Ildrim [11].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The next day, Azrevkom issued an appeal to the soldiers of the Azerbaijani army with an appeal to help the Red Army in the struggle for Soviet power [12] and on the same day decided to subordinate the Azerbaijani army operationally, to the command of the XI Red Army in order to “reorganize it on the basis of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army into units corresponding to the number of personnel, retaining the name “Azerbaijani” ” [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The new Azerbaijani army in terms of personnel at first (May), in fact, was an army inherited from the old Azerbaijani army, which only changed its name to Red army [13].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Soldiers and officers of the old army continued to serve, but this time under the new government.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

So, on the 30th by his friend (deputy) Ch. Ildrim temporarily appointed the former Assistant to the Minister of War of the ADR, General A. Shikhlinsky [13].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As later noted by the head of the 20th Infantry Division M. D. Velikanov: “the old military units did not undergo a radical reorganization, but continued to exist without any changes in the leadership and command. The revolutionary capabilities of this army were overestimated” [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Members of the AKP (b) were sent to units of the old army, which were faced with the task of concentrating the political leadership in their hands.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Akhmed Rzayev was appointed commissar of the troops stationed in Ganja, on the recommendation of the Azrevkom and in accordance with the order of the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs of the Azerbaijan SSR dated May 4 [13].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 7, Azrevkom decided “in operational, administrative, organizational, as well as in relation to the supply of all types of allowances” to subordinate the army and navy renamed by that time to the command XI Red Army and Volga-Caspian Military Flotilla [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The subordination of the old Azerbaijani units of the XI Red Army was not only a political action; replenishment of the units in the garrisons was necessary, since the XI Red Army, which entered Transcaucasia was small in number [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Pursuant to this decision, on May 11, an order was issued by the commander of the XI Red Army M. K. Lewandowski, member of the Revolutionary Military Council K. A. Mekhonoshin and Chief of Staff A. K. Remezov, according to which the Azerbaijani troops stationed in Ganja district, operationally and combat became subordinate to the chief of the 32nd division, to the inspectors of the XI Army the task was to develop a plan for the reorganization of Azerbaijani troops, and it was also ordered to form the I Consolidated Azerbaijani Workers and Peasants Red Soviet Rifle Division [14].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the same day, Ch. Ildrim wrote:


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

During the reorganization, units of the old Azerbaijani army were reorganized.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 16, the People's Commissariat of Voenmore issued an order according to which the 3rd Ganja Infantry Regiment was renamed the 3rd Azerbaijan Workers and Peasants Red Rifle Regiment, and the 1st Infantry Division (its units will raise an uprising - approx.) merged with the 2nd to the 1st Workers and Peasants' Red Rifle Brigade (three regiments), which became part of the 1st Azerbaijan Workers and Peasants Red Division (headquarters of the 1st the infantry division was called the headquarters of the Azerbaijan Workers and Peasants Combined Division) [13].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Around the same time, by order of the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs, the Azerbaijan Military School was renamed the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Command Courses.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The reorganization of training sessions was led by a former officer of the old army, and at that time deputy People's Commissariat of Military Affairs, General A. Shikhlinsky: “... The reorganization of training units should be carried out on the instructions of my deputy Ali Aga Shikhlinsky” [15].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The residual funding of military institutions was also a fatal omission for the Soviets, as it prompted officers and soldiers to find a better life in civilian institutions and “in the service of the bourgeoisie” ( in other words, to desert) [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Position of the parties


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Ganja (Tsarist Elizavetpol) is located in the very west of Azerbaijan and is a large city.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

His garrison consisted of units of both the 20th Infantry Division and some units of the 1st Azerbaijani Infantry Division.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The fact that Azerbaijani units were concentrated in Ganja was a deliberate action by the Soviet command to reorganize them.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to the new command of the division (Chief S. S. Shevelev, military commissar I. AND. Lezhenin and Chief of Staff Sokolov), in connection with this measure it will be not only “more convenient to observe the units”, but also to provide them with food fodder [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

XI Red Army


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Two rifle regiments (178th and 180th) of the 20th division were stationed in the southeastern (Armenian) district, and the communications battalion and the commandant team of the headquarters of the 3rd brigade of the Taman Cavalry Division were located in the north-western (Muslim) districts of the city.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Units of the 3rd brigade, commanded by Schirmacher, had about 2,000 soldiers with 30 machine guns and one light artillery battalion [3] [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At a distance of 20 km south-west of Ganja, the 20th Cavalry Brigade (450 sabers) with one mounted battery and 8 machine guns was stationed in the village, and 5-6 km south of the city, in the German colony of Helenendorf there was a division's artillery headquarters and a two-gun battery [3].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Old Azerbaijani army


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

By the time of the uprising, units of the 1st Azerbaijani Infantry Division of the Army of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic had not yet been reorganized according to the Soviet model.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

They consisted of the 3rd Ganja Rifle Regiment, the training team of the 3rd Sheki Cavalry Regiment, one artillery battery and the commandant team of the division headquarters, the total number of which reached 1800 soldiers .


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The commanding staff was also preserved.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

For example, Major General Mammad Mirza Qajar not only served as the head of supply of the division, but until May 20 was even the commandant of the city [3] [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Mutiny


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Preparing for a mutiny


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

They carefully prepared for the uprising.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Central Committee of the AKP (b), Azrevkom and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caucasian Front, will subsequently receive a report from Turkish communist Mustafa Subhi.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

This document, entitled “Report on the results of the trip to Ganja”, reported that two weeks before the uprising, a meeting was held at the Shakhmalinsky estate, in Samukh, which was attended by former Prime Minister Nasib bey Usubbekov, Governor-General of Kazakh Uyezd, Interior Minister, Turkish General Nuri Pasha and Kazimbekov.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The reason for collecting them was the preparation for an uprising [16].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 23, a new chief of one of the divisions (according to Kadishev, the Azerbaijani division, and according to Darabadi, the 20th division) arrived in the city from the headquarters of the XI Army with a group of command staff [3] [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

It was radically planned to reorganize the management and renew the personnel of the division, which provoked Azerbaijani units to perform [3] [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The rebels organized secret weapons caches in the city in advance.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Armed groups of local residents gathered in the surrounding villages.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Under the leadership of the head of the military garrison, Major General Javad-bey Shikhlinsky and the commander of the Ganja Infantry Regiment, Colonel Jahangir-bey Kazimbekov, a group of military personnel formed an operational plan for an uprising.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The former commandant of Ganja, Major General Mammad Mirza Qajar had to build defensive fortifications around the city and its environs.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As D. Kazimbekov, the leaders of the uprising, with the help of the surprise factor, planned to quickly disarm the Red Army soldiers in the city, then unite with the Azerbaijani units that were in Karabakh and fought against Armenians and Georgian troops to jointly liberate the country.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Officers of the headquarters of the 1st Azerbaijani Division were sent to Georgia and Karabakh, intending to coordinate the upcoming actions.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The 3rd Sheki Cavalry Regiment (commander, Colonel Tokayev) was located in Agdam and Tartar, on which the rebels also pinned hopes [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In teahouses and local barracks, a rumor was spread through agents that Christians would get the uniforms of Red Army soldiers, while Muslims would allegedly not have a new uniform provide [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

It should be mentioned that the uprising was also preceded by rumors that “the Russians want to regain control over Muslims” [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the eve of the uprising, an armed group led by Gachag Gambar and Sarah Alakper concentrated 20 km west of Ganja, in the Nyzger district, with significant forces, two field guns and machine guns.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 22, a secret meeting was held, at which Colonel D. Kazimbekov agreed with these commanders on the organization of the upcoming actions.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

They consisted in the fact that the commanders of these detachments had to break into the Armenian part of the city and assist the Azerbaijani units in seizing the most important State facilities, such as post offices, telegraph, military depots, etc. [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The situation report of the headquarters of the XI Red Army dated June 1 said that


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

A little later, on June 10, the plenipotentiary representative of the RSFSR in Georgia S. M. Kirov told Lenin: “There is evidence to assume that the performance of the Musavatists of Azerbaijan in Ganja was carefully prepared in Tiflis itself” [18].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia, some members of the Musavat party made an armed speech [19].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Start of the uprising


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

2-3 hours before the start of the uprising, the commandant of the city learned about the upcoming performance, and therefore it was decided to remove the Azerbaijani soldiers from the guard and cordon off their barracks, but the warning was transmitted only to units 20th Infantry Division [3].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At 3 o'clock, on the night of May 25-26, Azerbaijani gunners opened fire, but before that, the city's electricity was cut off.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

During the night, the rebels were able to gain a foothold in the Muslim part of Ganja.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

They captured the artillery battery of the 20th Division, arrested and sent to prison many staff workers and Red Army soldiers, including the commander of the 3rd brigade A. G. Schirmacher [4] [3].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Commissioner of the Extraordinary Commissioner of Ganja Province was also imprisoned [20].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At the same time, prisoners were released and weapons were distributed to the population [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to the Encyclopedia of Civil War and Military Intervention in the USSR, the rebels amounted to 10-12 thousand people with three batteries [1].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

That same night, Muslim clergy called on Muslims to a “holy war” against the power of the Bolsheviks [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

After entering the Armenian part of the city at night, Muslims killed one of the commanders of the Red Army soldiers Kolesnikov and Muslim communists [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Ganja Armenians took the side of the Bolsheviks on the very first day of the uprising.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

They believed, as V. AND. Lenin Behbud Shakhtakhtinsky, that they will be destroyed together with the Red Army soldiers if the rebels succeed [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

German peasants from Helenendorf also provided assistance to the Red Army soldiers [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

While the rebels achieved certain results in the Muslim part of the city, they failed in the Armenian part.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The soldiers of the 3rd Ganja Regiment were driven out of here and left for the Muslim part, and the Ganjacay River, thus, began to separate both sides [3].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The rebels captured the Elisavetpol station, located 3 km north of Ganja, by the end of the day, and its 75-man detachment had to retreat with two machine guns.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Almost the entire city soon fell into the hands of the rebels.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Now they had to unite with the rebels and Georgian troops in order to move further into the interior of the country.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

However, an armored train soon arrived from Kazakh, and with it the head of the 20th division M. D. Giants and with the help of an armored train, he managed to recapture the station, which played a fatal meaning for the rebels [3] [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Mammad Safar Agayev, Commissioner of the Military Department of the Ganja Provincial Committee, distinguished himself in the battles of that day.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

He shot two rebels and wounded several, but he died himself [6].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Surrounded, Staff Commander B.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Morozov organized the defense of the quarter where the headquarters was located and held it until May 31, until the Red Army launched a general offensive [21].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The following days


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

After regrouping units, the cavalry brigade of the 20th Infantry Division on May 27 captured the south-western outskirts of the city, intending to block the rebels from the way to the mountains.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

One regiment of the brigade with a platoon of horse artillery was tasked with bypassing Ganja from the east and north, occupying the north-western outskirts and isolating the enemy.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Meanwhile, the rebels, concentrating significant forces in the northern part of the city, tried to recapture the station, but all their attacks were repelled.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

They dug in vineyards and vegetable gardens along the highway.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Approaching that time, the cavalry regiment of the 20th Infantry Division with a platoon of mounted artillery was tasked with attacking the rebels and they were assisted in this by an armored train that arrived from Baku.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As a result, the rebels were again driven away from the station.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Throughout the day, the rebels managed to repel 7 attacks of the Red Army soldiers who tried to storm the city [3] [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In accordance with the resolution of the Central Committee of the AKP (b) and the Azrevkom, the Council of Workers and Peasants Defense of Azerbaijan was formed, which included N. Narimanov, M. D. Huseynov et al.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

This body has received the broadest powers [6].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Azerbaijani national units of the Red Army, formed by that time, joined the suppression of the uprising [6].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 28, the 18th Cavalry Division of P. IN. Kuryshko, who was operatively subordinated to the head of the 20th division M. D. Velikanov, four armored trains, as well as a howitzer division of the 20th Infantry Division from the Georgian border [3].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In the morning of that day, at 11 o'clock, a fierce battle unfolded on the outskirts of Ganja from the Shamkhor direction.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Led by Colonels Kazimbekov and Gauzen, as well as Captain Mirizade, Azerbaijani units allowed the advanced units of the 18th Cavalry Division (two squadrons) to approach a distance of 600 meters.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

And opening heavy fire from six guns and 22 machine guns, the rebels, supported by rebels and infantry, who struck from the flank, defeated the enemy.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to D. Kazimzade, killed and wounded Red Army soldiers covered the entire battlefield [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On the night of May 28-29, it was reported that Soviet Russia had concluded a peace agreement with Georgia, which the parties signed on May 7, which was a stab in the back for the rebels because they could not now count on external support [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 29, units of the Red Army went on the offensive.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The 178th and 179th regiments, having attacked the northern and north-western parts of the city, at 7 o'clock in the morning broke into its outskirts.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Fighting broke out on the city streets.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The rebels launched a decisive counterattack.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Due to the inability to contain the enemy, the railway battalion operating on the left flank of the 178th regiment had to retreat to its original positions.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Both regiments, due to the threat of a strike from the flank, began to withdraw.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Those troops that were attacking from the east, from the Armenian unit, had to stay due to the flooding of the Ganjachay River.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The cavalry of the 18th Cavalry Division, which attacked from the southern and south-western parts of the city, could not complete the task, and after suffering losses, it also had to withdraw.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The 180th Rifle Regiment, with the assistance of Armenian detachments, tried to enter the Azerbaijani part of the city from the east, but this attempt was stopped.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In the battles of that day, the commander of one of the rebellious battalions, Captain Mirizade, was killed [3] [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The situation report of the headquarters of the XI Red Army dated June 1 said:


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The failures that befell the 29th forced the command of the XI Red Army to urgently pull up additional forces.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In particular, the 2nd Brigade of the 20th Infantry Division under the command of Voytsekhovsky as part of the 175th and 176th regiments, one light artillery battalion, and an Armenian mountain battery and armored car division from Baku.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As a result, before the offensive, the Red Army had five rifle and six cavalry regiments, 57 guns, two armored divisions and 6 armored vehicles [3].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Suppression of rebellion


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On May 30, the Red Army occupied the Armenian part of the city.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At 9 o'clock in the morning on May 31, from the side of the railway station, the Red Army soldiers launched a decisive offensive, which unfolded along the highway.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Now the main blow was carried out by five rifle regiments and detachments against the northern outskirts of the city.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The attack was carried out in two echelons: in the first - 3 regiments, in the second - 2 regiments.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The last two regiments had to build on their success.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The five regiments were supported by all artillery, commanded by the chief of artillery of the 20th Infantry Division L. ME.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Plume, as well as an armored division.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The cavalry was supposed to block the city and block the enemy's retreat routes in the western direction, to the mountains.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The territory on which the fighting unfolded was almost entirely covered with vineyards, which made it difficult to attack.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The clay soil, washed away by rains, greatly hampered the movement of troops and equipment.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Red Army managed to dislodge the rebels from the vineyards and, with the support of all artillery, break into the northern outskirts of Ganja.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Fighting broke out throughout the city.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The Red Army units, having broken into detachments, began to clean the city.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The rebels settled in houses and attics.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At the same time, the rebels offered fierce resistance.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The situation report of the headquarters of the XI Red Army reported: “The rebels stubbornly did not give up their positions” [3] [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

On both sides, people showed desperate resistance.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

So, despite his seventeenth wound, but already in these battles, the commander of the 18th Cavalry Division P. IN. Kuryshko, changed his horse to a cart, continuing to lead the actions of the cavalrymen [21].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As Turkish communist Mustafa Subhi recalled, even women participated in street fighting [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At the time when street fighting was going on in the city, arrested Red Army soldiers, commanders, staff employees, including the commander of the 3rd Brigade of the 20th Infantry Division A. G. Schirmacher.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The AKP (b) Extraordinary Commissioner for Ganja Province G. Sultanov, accompanied by a group of Bolsheviks and with his help, arrested Red Army soldiers led by A. G. Schirmacher disarmed the guards and, having captured two serviceable machine guns and one gun with ammunition from a nearby weapons workshop, opened fire from the rear [4], significantly accelerating the defeat of the rebels [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

After suffering heavy losses, the rebels began to dissipate quickly and by evening the rebellion was completely suppressed [3].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As can be seen from the situation report of the XI Red Army of June 1, the rebels had to be knocked out of almost every house with artillery fire [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Later, one of the issues of the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper from 1938 published Seyid Yakubov's memoirs about the role of Sergo Ordzhonikidze in suppressing the rebellion: “In May, an uprising broke out in Ganja Musavatists... The Musavatists dug in the gardens. At this time, Ordzhonikidze is coming to Ganja. He decides to immediately knock the enemy out of the gardens, fill them with grenades. Ordzhonikidze's order was carried out, and, inspired by his presence, the soldiers cleared Ganja of the enemy with a lightning attack...” [22].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The consequences


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

As a result of street fighting, the city was almost completely destroyed, with the exception of the Armenian part [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

To a certain extent, the command of the Red Army is also involved in this.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

M. K. Lewandowski, adhering to the idea that “the most brutal massacres in Ganja, up to the complete destruction of the city, will be able to defuse the entire atmosphere”, ordered Velikanov: “Now I order... begin to destroy block by block and destroy the whole city” (in this place he wrote “to the ground” with his hand); “the suppression of the uprising must be in the nature of the most brutal and ruthless reprisal. For each blood shed of the Red Army soldiers, all participants in the uprising should be shot without any trial” '[9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Disarmament was accompanied, on the one hand, by punitive measures, and on the other hand, by the distribution of landowners to the poor [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Some of the rebels and many residents, with the help of the remnants of the 3rd Ganja Infantry Regiment, were able to break through the encirclement ring and escape from the city, moving to the mountains [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Major General D. Shikhlinsky, who was seriously wounded, was transferred to Tiflis and then to Turkey [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In connection with the events in Ganja, N. On May 31, when the uprising had already ended, Narimanov published his article “Provocation of Musavat and Dashnaks” [23], which justifies the defeat of the uprising [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Lenin and Stalin received Ordzhonikidze's telegram about the mutiny in Ganja on the same day.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Ordzhonikidze informed in it that the six-day stubborn fighting ended with the suppression of the uprising in the most brutal way [24].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to J.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Baberovsky for Muslims saw Soviet power as the domination of evil gentiles who came to their homeland with fire and sword [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

toll


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

At the very beginning of the uprising, on May 27, a representative of the 20th Infantry Division, Grakhovsky, reported to Kuznetsov, the head of the operational department of the headquarters of the XI Red Army, that “killed and wounded on our part, rumors, about a hundred people, I cannot vouch for this information” [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to the Soviet side, during the fighting, it lost 20 people killed and up to 900 wounded, while the losses of the rebels amounted to more than 1,000 people killed [3].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

P. Darabadi considered the losses of the Red Army soldiers clearly underestimated [4].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Moreover, according to other sources, 1,500 Red Army soldiers and 4,000 Muslims fell in battles [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to the figures given by Rasulzade, 8,000 soldiers were killed, and the number of Muslim victims was 15,000 [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Anti-Bolshevik-minded historian and publicist S. P. Melgunov mentioned 40,000 Muslims killed by the Bolsheviks during the Ganja Uprising (he once emphasized that it was not possible to verify the accuracy of all the materials he collected) [25].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

It should be noted that there were few Bolsheviks in the ranks of the XI Red Army (for example, the entire Army in July 1920 consisted of only 25.1% Communists; by December 1, the 20th Rifle Division had 9,605 cash, but there were 22.5 communists per 100 people [26]).


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Russian historian A. A. Kirillina drew attention to the fact that the total number of rebels reached 12 thousand people, and if they were all shot during the suppression of the rebellion, it could not amount to 40 thousand, and during the battles losses were suffered by both sides and it is currently impossible to give the number of deaths [27].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The situation with the civilian population


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

During the suppression of the uprising, M. K. Lewandowski on May 29 held talks with the head of the 20th division M. D. Velikanov, pointing out to him: “Do not touch only women and children” [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

However, the suppression has led to civilian casualties.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Melnikov, infantry inspector of the XI Red Army, reported to Ordzhonikidze the following on the social basis of the uprising: “the contingent of rebels made up almost the entire Muslim population: there were cases when even women fired rifles, then, during searches, some found revolvers in the folds of their dresses. Even one, as one Red Army soldier told me, was found near a machine gun on the roof” [28].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

German historian J.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Baberovsky finds only this reason that the Red Army did not spare women and children [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

According to [29], the Bolsheviks slaughtered 15,000 Muslims, including children and women, during the capture of the city.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Nobody looked at the age and gender of the victims.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Many Muslims tried to find shelter in basements and gardens, where the corpses of women and children were found for many days [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Soldiers looted, robbing the shops of Muslim merchants and depriving residents of furniture and household utensils, and Armenians eager for revenge showed the Red Army soldiers the way to the houses of the “bourgeoisie” [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Attempts by Armenian militias to rob the enemy and “especially... to stage a massacre” were thwarted [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

The June 7 report of Inspector of the XI Red Army Melnikov, which was sent to Ordzhonikidze, said that the Armenians were afraid of the Red Army soldiers and therefore the massacre failed, they “only arrested Muslims and escorted them to us” [30].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

In order not to “create a provocation”, when disarming the rebels, it was necessary to separate the Armenian communists from the Azerbaijani communists [9].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

M. Subhi in his report addressed to the Central Committee of the AKP (b), Azrevky and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caucasian Front G. Ordzhonikidze, described in detail the picture of what happened:


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Subhi tried to reason and persuade the Red Army to convey to the Red Army that these actions were harmful, but they told him that every soldier had the right to collect military “trophies” [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Further developments


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

More than 12,000 Muslims were arrested, of which 8,000 were released and 4,000 were shot [17].


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Among those shot were 6 generals, 6 colonels, 3 majors and 7 captains.


Question: In what year did the Ganja rebellion take place?

Ganja rebellion (1920)

Most of them were shot as part of a group of 79 people on Nargin Island.