Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

In 905 NBA games, Johnson scored 17,707 points, 6,559 rebounds and 10,141 assists.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

This averages 19.5 points, 7.2 rebounds and 11.2 assists per game (the latest record in NBA history) [16] [91].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Johnson shares the first place in assists in a single playoff game (24) [92], holds the record for the most assists in the final series (21) [92], and leads in assists in playoffs (2,346) [93].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

In addition, he holds the record for assists in a single All-Star game (22) and leads in total assists in the All-Star Games (127) [92].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

It was Johnson who first began to use a high-speed style of play, which attracts the attention of the public and is nicknamed “showtime”.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

This style included passes without looking at quick breakthroughs, alley-ups on their part of the court, passes in a U-turn and shots through triple custody [1].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Johnson stood out playing as a point guard, being 2.06 m tall.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

With this height, athletes usually play on the front line [1].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

It combined the physical dimensions of a heavy forward, a one-on-one game inherent in swingmen, and ball control inherent in a defender.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

This combination of skills allowed Johnson to score a large number of points, rebounds, and assists.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

During his career, Magic made 138 triple-doubles, behind only Oscar Robertson, who made 181 triple-doubles [94].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

In 1996, Johnson was inducted into the list of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History for his services [95], and in 2002 he was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

ESPN SportsCentury ranked Magic 17th in its version of “The 50 Greatest Athletes of the 20th Century” [97].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

In 2006, ESPN.com named Johnson the best point guard in history.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

This statement said that “only one player can be better than Michael Jordan. And his name is Magic Johnson” [2].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Rivalry with Larry Bird


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Magic Johnson and Larry Bird first met as rivals in the 1979 NCAA Finals, when the Michigan State University team Johnson played for beat Larry, the Indiana team university.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Their rivalry continued in the NBA and reached its climax when Boston and Los Angeles met three times in the finals from 1984 to 1987.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Johnson claimed that for him, the regular season consists of 80 regular games and two Celtics-Lakers games.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Bird spoke in a similar vein, saying that the first thing he did in the morning was to look at Johnson's statistics [98].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Journalists assumed that the competition between Johnson and Bird was so provocative due to the fact that they were completely different and lived in completely different conditions.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Thus, their rivalry was seen as a struggle between the Celtics and the Lakers, between brilliant Hollywood life (showtime) and Boston and Indian blue-collar life, between black and white [99] [ 100].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

This confrontation was also so attractive, as it increased interest in the NBA on a national scale.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

It is largely because of this that cable TV began to broadcast NBA matches in full [101].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Along with this struggle between two future members of the NBA Basketball Hall of Fame, a large number of new fans have gained [102].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Journalist Larry Schwartz argued that Johnson and Bird simply saved the NBA from bankruptcy [10].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Despite their rivalry on the court, Magic and Larry became close friends.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

This happened in 1984 after filming a commercial for Converse sneakers [103].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

In 1992, Johnson attended Bird's farewell ceremony to the NBA.


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

And after being inducted into the Hall of Fame, Magic called Larry a “friend for life” [98].


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Statistics


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

NBA stats


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Notes


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

References


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

(in English)


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

(in English)


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

(in English)


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

(in English)


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

(in English)


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

American basketball players


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category:Michigan State Spartans basketball players


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category: Olympic gold medalists for the United States


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category: Olympic gold medalists in basketball


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category: 1992 Summer Olympics champions


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category: United States national basketball players


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category:Los Angeles Lakers players


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category:Harlem Globtrotters players


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category:Basketball Hall of Fame members


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category:National Basketball Association team owners


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category:NBA basketball players with unused numbers


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category:Point guard


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category:Hollywood Walk of Fame


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category:People with HIV/AIDS


Question: How many games did Irwin Effey “Magic” Johnson Young play in?

Magic johnson

Category:AIDS activists


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

The first season of the American drama television series Revenge premiered on ABC on September 11, 2011 and ended on May 23, 2012.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

The season consists of twenty-two episodes [1].


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Created by Mike Kelly, the series is stylized as soap operas of the eighties with elements of thriller and noir, starring Madeline Stowe and Emily Vancamp.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

In the United States, the first DVD season was released on August 21, 2012 [2].


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

The plot


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

The series is set in the Hamptons, a wealthy town in Suffolk, on Long Island, New York.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Billionaire Emily Thorne (Emily Vancamp), who is actually Amanda Clark, comes to the city.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Amanda is the daughter of David Clark, who is believed to be responsible for the death of passengers on Flight 197 on June 4, 1993.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

He was arrested by FBI agents on 31 August 1993 and convicted on 9 June 1995.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Friends and colleagues Victoria and Conrad Graysons (Madeline Stowe and Henry Cherny), secretary Lydia Davis (Amber Valletta) and many others testified against him.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

David had an affair with Victoria, who had to turn her back on him when Conrad threatened her that she could lose their common son, Daniel (Joshua Bowman), because of this.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

David was convicted of treason and died in prison a few years later.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

After David's arrest, Amanda was sent first to an orphanage and then to a juvenile correctional facility, where she met Emily Thorne (Margarita Levieva).


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Before leaving for the orphanage, Amanda gave her friend Jack Porter (Nick Wexler) the dog Sammy.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

When the girl was eighteen years old and left the juvenile colony, she was found by Nolan Ross, a multi-billionaire who achieved success thanks to David's help.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

He reports that her father was wrongly convicted and she owns 49 percent of the shares in his company.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Years later, Amanda decides to take revenge on those people who destroyed the life of her family, and returns to the Hamptons under the name Emily Thorne.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

She rents the house where she used to live with her father from his current owner, Lydia Davis.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Lydia becomes her first target on the list of persons responsible for convicting her father.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Meanwhile, she begins an affair with Victoria Grayson's son Daniel, which causes concern on the part of Victoria, and the woman begins to make inquiries about the past of the newly arrived neighbor.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

The first half of the season focused on Emily's entry into the Grayson family and Victoria's distrust of her.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

The first four episodes were more procedural in nature, but the next ones mostly had a clearly defined horizontal plot.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

The season finale ended with a cliffhanger, whose main intrigue was whether Victoria survived the crash of the plane on which she was supposed to travel to Washington to testify against Conrad [ 3].


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Actors and characters


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

The main composition


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Madeline Stowe — Victoria Grayson (22 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Emily Vancamp — Emily Thorne/Amanda Clark (22 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Gabriel Mann — Nolan Ross (22 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Henry Cerny — Conrad Grayson (22 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Ashley Madekwe vs. Ashley Davenport (21 episode)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Nick Wexler — Jack Porter (22 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Joshua Bowman — Daniel Grayson (22 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Connor Paolo — Declan Porter (21 episode)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Christa B.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Allen vs Charlotte Grayson (21 episode)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Secondary roster


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

James Tupper — David Clark (13 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Ashton Holmes vs. Tyler Barroll (11 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Margarita Levieva — Amanda Clark/Emily Thorne (10 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Amber Valletta — Lydia Davis (10 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Emily Aline Lind — Amanda Clark as Child (9 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Max Martini — Frank Stevens (7 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

James McCaffrey vs. Ryan Huntley (4 episode)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Courtney B.


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Benjamin Brooks Vance (4 episode)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Cassius Willis — Detective Robert Gunther (4 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Merrin Dunghey — Barbara Snow (3 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Jamal Duff — Ed's Bodyguard (3 episode)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Derek Ray—Lee Moran (3 episode)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Nicholas Stager — Jack Porter as Kid (3 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Veronica Cartwright — Judge Elizabeth Hawthorne (2 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

CCH Pounder — Sharon Styles (2 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

James Morrison is a gray-haired male killer (3 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Guest stars


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Hiroyuki Sanada — Satoshi Takeda (4 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Roger Bart — Leo “Mason” Treadwell (3 episode)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

William Devane — Edward “Grandpa” Grayson (2 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

James Purefoy — Dominic Wright (2 episodes)


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Episodes


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Notes


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

References


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Category:Lists of American television episodes


Question: When did the first episode of Revenge come out?

Revenge (season 1)

Category:Revenge


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Buran is an orbital rocket-plane ship of the Soviet reusable transport space system (MTCC), created as part of the Energia-Buran program.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

One of four MTKK orbiter ships sold in the world.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Buran was intended for:


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

launching into orbit, servicing them and returning to Earth spacecraft, astronauts and cargo;


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

conducting military-applied research and experiments to ensure the creation of large space systems using weapons on known and new physical principles;


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

solving target tasks in the interests of the national economy, science and defense;


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

comprehensive counteraction to the measures of a potential enemy to expand the use of outer space for military purposes [1].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

One of the purposes of the Buran spacecraft was designated “accurate adjustment of the parameters of the orbit of artificial Earth satellites”.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

First of all, satellites of the orbital constellation, which ensures the transmission of GPS coordinates, had to undergo “accurate adjustment”.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The Buran made its first and only space flight on November 15, 1988 in automatic mode and without a crew on board.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Despite the fact that the Buran was designed for 100 flights into space [2] :2, it was no longer launched.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The ship was controlled by the Biser-4 BCVM.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

A number of technical solutions obtained during the creation of the Buran were used in Russian and foreign rocket and space technology [3].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

History


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In April 1973, the military-industrial complex, with the involvement of leading institutes (TsNIIMash, NIITP, TsAGI, VIAM, 50 Central Research Institute, 30 Central Research Institute), developed and sent for consideration and approval to IOM, MAP and the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and a number of other related ministries draft Decision of the MIC on problems related to the creation of a reusable space system.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Government Decree No. P137/VII of May 17, 1973, in addition to organizational issues, contained a clause obliging “Minister S. A. Afanasyeva and V. P. Glushko to prepare proposals for a plan for further work within four months.”


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The tactical and technical task for the development of a reusable space system was issued by the Main Directorate of Space Facilities of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and approved by D. F. Ustinov on November 8, 1976.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In the same year, the lead developer of the ship was a specially created NPO Molniya.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The new association was headed by Gleb Evgenievich Lozino-Lozinsky, who already in the 1960s worked on the project of the Spiral reusable aerospace system.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The production of orbiters has been carried out at the Tushino Machine-Building Plant since 1980; by 1984, the first full-scale copy was ready.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

From the plant, the ships were delivered by water (by barge under an awning) to the city of Zhukovsky, and from there (from the Ramenskoye airfield) by air (on a special transporter aircraft VM-T) to Yubileiny airfield of the Baikonur cosmodrome.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In 1984, at the LII them.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

M. M. Gromov, crews were formed to test the analogue of the Buran - BTS-02, which were carried out until 1988.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The same crews were planned for the first manned flight of the Buran.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The main crew:


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Volk, Igor Petrovich is a commander.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Rimantas Antanas Stankevičius — 2nd pilot.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Backup crew:


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Levchenko, Anatoly Semyonovich — commander.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Shchukin, Alexander Vladimirovich — 2nd pilot.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Aerodromes and flight tests


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

For the landings of the Buran spacecraft, the Yubileiny airfield at Baikonur was specially built with a reinforced runway measuring 4500×84 m (the main landing airfield is the Orbital Ship Landing Complex [4]).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In addition, two alternate airfields for Buran were prepared [5]:


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Western Alternate Aerodrome — Simferopol Airport in Crimea with a reconstructed runway measuring 3701×60 m () [6];


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The Eastern Reserve Airfield is a Khorol military airfield in Primorsky Krai with a runway measuring 3,700 × 70 m ().


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

At these three airfields (and in their areas), Vympel complexes of radio engineering systems for navigation, landing, trajectory control and air traffic control were deployed to ensure a regular landing Burana (in automatic and manual mode).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In order to ensure readiness for the emergency landing of the Buran (in manual mode), runways were built or strengthened at fourteen more airfields, including outside the territory of the USSR (Cuba, Libya) [7].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The full-size analogue of the Buran, designated BTS-002 (GLI), was manufactured for flight tests in the Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In its tail section there were four turbojet engines, which allowed it to take off from a regular airfield.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In 1985-1988, it was used at the LII MAP of the USSR (later named after Hero of the Soviet Union M. M. Gromov) to test the control system and automatic landing system, as well as to train test pilots before space flights.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

On November 10, 1985, a full-size analogue of the Buran (002 GLI aircraft - horizontal flight tests) made its first atmospheric flight at the LII MAP of the USSR.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The car was piloted by LII test pilots Igor Petrovich Volk and R. A. Stankevičius.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Earlier, by order of the MAP of the USSR dated June 23, 1981 No. 263, the Industry Detachment of Test Cosmonauts of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR was created consisting of: Wolf I. P., Levchenko A. S., Stankevičius R. A. and Shchukin A. IN. (first set).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Flying


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The Buran spaceflight took place on November 15, 1988.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The Energia launch vehicle, launched from site 110 of the Baikonur cosmodrome, launched the ship into Earth orbit.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The flight lasted 205 minutes, during which time the ship made two orbits around the Earth, after which it landed at the Yubileiny airfield of the Baikonur cosmodrome.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The flight took place automatically using an on-board computer and on-board software [8].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Over the Pacific Ocean, the Buran was accompanied by the Marshal Nedelin ship of the measuring complex of the USSR Navy and the Cosmonaut Georgy Dobrovolsky research vessel of the USSR Academy of Sciences.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

During takeoff and landing, the Buran was accompanied by a MiG-25 fighter, controlled by pilot Magomed Tolboev, with videographer Sergei Zhadovsky on board [7].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

At the landing stage, there was an emergency, which, however, as a result only emphasized the success of the creators of the program.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

At an altitude of about 11 km, the Buran, which received information from the ground station about weather conditions at the landing site, unexpectedly made a sharp maneuver for everyone.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The ship described a smooth loop with a 180º turn (initially entering the runway from the north-west direction, the ship landed, entering from its southern end).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

As it turned out later, due to the stormy wind on the ground, the ship's automation decided to additionally extinguish the speed and enter the most favorable landing trajectory in the new conditions.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

At the time of the turn, the ship disappeared from the field of view of ground surveillance equipment, communication was interrupted for some time.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Panic began in the MCC, the responsible persons immediately proposed to use the emergency system for detonating the ship (TNT charges were installed on it to prevent the crash a top-secret ship on the territory of another state in case of loss of course).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

However, Stepan Mikoyan, Deputy Chief Designer of NPO Molniya for Flight Tests, who was responsible for controlling the ship at the descent and landing site, decided to wait, and the situation was resolved safely.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Initially, the automatic landing system did not provide for a transition to manual control mode.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

However, test pilots and astronauts demanded that the designers include manual mode in the landing control system [10]:


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

... the control system of the Buran ship had to perform all actions automatically until the ship stopped after landing.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The pilot's participation in the control was not envisaged.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

(Later, at our insistence, we still provided for a backup manual control mode in the atmospheric section of the flight when returning the ship.)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

A significant part of the technical information about the course of the flight is not available to a modern researcher, as it was recorded on magnetic tapes for BESM-6 computers, of which no serviceable copies have been preserved .


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It is possible to partially recreate the course of the historical flight from the preserved paper rolls of printouts on the ADC-128 with samples from onboard and ground telemetry data [11].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Follow-up events


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In 1990, work under the Energia-Buran program was suspended, and on May 25, 1993 [12] the program was finally closed by the Decision of the Council of Chief Designers at NPO Energia.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

At the same time, there is an opinion that there was no official closure as such — allegedly, only the President of the Russian Federation can stop this program [13].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In 2002, the only Buran (item 1.01) flying into space was destroyed when the roof of the assembly and test building at Baikonur collapsed, where it was stored together with finished copies of the rocket - “Energy” carrier.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

After the crash of the Columbia spacecraft, and especially with the closure of the Space Shuttle program, the Western media have repeatedly expressed the opinion that the American space agency NASA is interested in the revival of the Energia-Buran complex and intends to place an appropriate order for Russia in the near future.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Meanwhile, according to the Interfax agency, the director of TsNIIMash G. G. Raikunov said that Russia could return after 2018 to this program and the creation of launch vehicles capable of launching a cargo of up to 24 tons into orbit; testing it will begin in 2015.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In the future, it is planned to create missiles that will deliver cargo weighing more than 100 tons into orbit.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

For the distant future, there are plans to develop a new manned spacecraft and reusable launch vehicles.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

[14] [15] [16]


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Also, at school 830 at the Tushino Machine-Building Plant, the Buran Museum has been opened, where excursions with veterans are conducted.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Technical specifications


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The technical characteristics of the Buran ship have the following meanings:


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

length — 36.4 m [2] :5;


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

wingspan — 24 m [2] :5;


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

the height of the ship standing on the landing gear is 16.5 m [2] :5,


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

starting weight — 105 t at maximum payload weight [2] :5;


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

the cargo compartment with a diameter of 4.7 meters, a length of 18.3 meters and a volume of 350 cubic meters can hold a payload weighing up to 30 tons during takeoff, up to 20 tons during landing [2] :5.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

A sealed all-welded cabin is inserted into the bow compartment of the Buran for the crew, for carrying out work in orbit (up to 10 people) and most of the equipment, to ensure flight as part of the rocket - space complex, autonomous flight in orbit, descent and landing.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The cabin volume is over 70 m3.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The Buran has a triangular wing with a double sweep, as well as aerodynamic controls that work after returning to the dense layers of the atmosphere and when landing - the rudder, elevons and aerodynamic shield.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Two groups of engines for maneuvering are located at the end of the tail compartment and the front part of the hull.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Manoeuvre of returning or entering a single-turn trajectory is performed.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

For the first time in the practice of engine construction, an integrated propulsion system was created, including oxidizer and fuel fuel tanks with means of refueling, thermostating, pressurization, fluid intake into weightlessness, control system equipment and so on.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The on-board control complex consists of about fifty software systems based on the IBM System/370 computer.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Some of the system commands from the IBM S/370 set were not implemented, but many original general-purpose commands were added that have no analogues in the IBM kit.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

On board the ship were two sets of the Biser-4 BCVM, four hardware-parallel computers and a hardware comparator, which allows automatic shutdown of two computers in a row in the event emergency results (4 main+4 reserve).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

By the way, Space Shuttle has only software redundancy.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

When developing software (SW) for ground-based systems of the spacecraft, the technology of structural design of programs using the DIPOLE language was used, and to solve problems the LAX language was used.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The BCVM software and the Operating System (OS) were written in PROL2 (based on the PROLOG language) and Assembler/370.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In software development, the concept of R-technology (R-machine and R-language) was widely used, using the CAD programming and debugging automation system.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The use of computer technologies developed in the USSR made it possible to develop software systems with a volume of about 100 MB in a short time.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In the event of failures of the rocket units of the first and second stages of the launch vehicle, the control system of the orbiter ensures its emergency return to earth in automatic mode.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Of paramount importance for the successful overcoming of gravitationally determined thermal and pneumatic loads that occur when the ship passes through the dense layers of the atmosphere is its protective cladding [17].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

A number of research organizations of the country received the task of developing refractory materials that meet these extreme technical conditions in their resistance characteristics.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The Institute of Silicate Chemistry (St. Petersburg), among other institutions that performed these works, was entrusted with the role of coordinating them, and the overall management was carried out by the outstanding physico-chemist M. M. Schultz [18] [19].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

For thermal protection of “Buran”


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

a new material based on quartz fibers was developed, from which about 40,000 white and black hollow tiles were made, which were installed on the surface of the Buran.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The most heated areas of the Buran surface were covered with another new material, Gravimol, based on carbon fibers, capable of withstanding temperatures up to 1600° C [20] :23—24.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The total weight of the thermal protection of “Buran” was about 9 tons [2] :6.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Musician Sergey Letov was one of the many specialists in heat-shielding coating [21].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Comparative analysis of “Buran” and “Space Shuttle” systems


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Despite its resemblance to the American Shuttle, the Buran orbiter had a fundamental difference - it could land completely automatically using an on-board computer and Vympel ground complex of radio engineering systems for navigation, landing, trajectory control and air traffic control [22].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The Space Shuttle complex consists of a fuel tank, two solid fuel accelerators and the space shuttle itself.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

6.6 seconds before the start (separation from the launch pad), three RS-25 oxygen-hydrogen marching accelerating engines are launched, placed on the orbital rocket plane itself (second stage), and already then (at the time of launch) — both accelerators (first stage), simultaneously with the detonation of the fastening pyrobolts.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The shuttle lands with the engines not working.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It does not have the ability to land several times, so there are several landing sites in the United States.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The Energia-Buran complex consisted of the first stage, which consisted of four side blocks with RD-170 oxygen-kerosene engines (in the future, it was planned to return them and reusable use), the second stage with four RD-0120 oxygen-hydrogen engines, which is the basis of the complex and the Buran return spacecraft docked to it.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

At the start, both stages were launched.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

After resetting the first stage (4 side blocks), the second continued to operate until reaching a speed slightly less than orbital speed.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The final conclusion was carried out by the engines of the Buran itself, which excluded contamination of orbits with fragments of the spent rocket stages.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

This scheme is universal, since it made it possible to launch into orbit not only the Buran MTCC, but also other payloads weighing up to 100 tons.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

“Buran” entered the atmosphere and began to extinguish the speed (the entry angle is about 30°, gradually the entry angle decreased).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Initially, for controlled flight in the atmosphere, the Buran was to be equipped with two turbojet engines installed in the aerodynamic shadow zone at the base of the keel.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

However, by the time of the first (and only) launch, this system was not ready for flight, so after entering the atmosphere, the ship was controlled only by the steering surfaces without using engine thrust.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Before landing, the Buran carried out a speed-damping corrective maneuver (flying along the descending eight), and then landed.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In this single flight, the Buran had only one attempt to approach.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

When landing, the speed was 300 km/h, during entry into the atmosphere it reached 25 speeds of sound (almost 30 thousand km/h).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Unlike the Shuttles, the Buran provided an emergency rescue system for the crew.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

At low altitudes, a catapult for the first two pilots operated; at sufficient altitude, in case of an emergency, the Buran could separate from the launch vehicle and make an emergency landing.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The chief designers of “Buran” never denied that the “Buran” was partially copied from the American “Space Shuttle”.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In particular, General Designer Lozino-Lozinsky spoke about copying as follows: [23]


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

General Designer Glushko considered that by that time there were few materials that would confirm and guarantee success, at a time when the Shuttle flights proved that such a Shuttle the configuration works well, and there is less risk when choosing a configuration.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Therefore, despite the larger usable volume of the Spiral configuration, it was decided to perform the Buran in a configuration similar to the configuration of the Shuttle.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

... Copying, as indicated in the previous answer, was, of course, completely conscious and justified in the process of those design developments that were carried out and during which it was made , as mentioned above, there are many changes in both configuration and design.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The main political requirement was to ensure the dimensions of the payload compartment, the same as the payload compartment of the Shuttle.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

... the absence of marching engines on the Buran significantly changed the alignment, the position of the wings, the configuration of the influx, and a number of other differences.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

By the missing marching engines, General Designer Lozino-Lozinsky understood acceleration engines.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

But the Buran was attended by marching pre-acceleration engines of the combined propulsion system (ODE), which ensured the launch of the ship into orbit after separation from the launch vehicle, orbital maneuvers and deceleration before leaving orbit.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

[24] For the Shuttle, such pre-acceleration engines were the engines of the orbital maneuvering system in addition to the marching engines, which, unlike Buran, were on the ship itself, and not a separate rocket [25].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Causes and consequences of system differences


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The original version of the OS-120, which appeared in 1975 in volume 1B “Technical Proposals” of the “Integrated Rocket and Space Program”, was an almost complete copy of the American space shuttle - in the tail part of the ship housed three marching oxygen-hydrogen engines (11D122 developed by KBEM with a thrust of 250 tons each and a specific impulse of 353 seconds on the ground and 455 seconds in vacuum) with two protruding nacelles for orbital maneuvering engines.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The key issue was engines that were supposed to be equal in all basic parameters to or exceed the characteristics of the onboard engines of the American orbiter SSME and lateral solid fuel accelerators.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The engines created at the Voronezh Design Bureau of Chemavtomatics turned out to be compared to the American counterpart:


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

heavier (3450 against 3117 kg),


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

slightly larger in size (diameter and height: 2420 and 4550 versus 1630 and 4240 mm),


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

with slightly less thrust (at sea level: 156 versus 181 tons), although in terms of specific impulse characterizing the efficiency of the engine, it was somewhat superior.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

At the same time, a very significant problem was to ensure the reusable use of these engines.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

For example, the Space Shuttle, originally created as reusable engines, eventually required such a large amount of very expensive inter-start routine maintenance that economically the Shuttle did not fully live up to expectations of reducing the cost of putting a kilogram of cargo into orbit.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It is known that in order to launch the same payload into orbit from the Baikonur cosmodrome, for geographical reasons, you need to have more thrust than from the Cape Canaveral cosmodrome.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

To launch the Space Shuttle system, two solid propellant accelerators with a thrust of 1280 tons each (the most powerful rocket engines in history) are used, with a total thrust at sea level of 2,560 tons, plus the total thrust of the three SSME engines is 570 tons, which together creates thrust when detached from the launch pad 3130 tons. This is enough to put into orbit a payload of up to 110 tons from the Canaveral cosmodrome, including the shuttle itself (78 tons), up to 8 astronauts (up to 2 tons) and up to 29.5 tons of cargo in the cargo hold.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Accordingly, in order to launch 110 tons of payload into orbit from the Baikonur cosmodrome, all other things being equal, it is necessary to create thrust when detached from the launch pad by about 15% more, that is, about 3600 t. p.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The Soviet orbiter OS-120 (OS means “orbital aircraft”) was supposed to weigh 120 tons (add to the weight of the American shuttle two turbojet engines for flights in the atmosphere and a system ejection of two pilots in an emergency).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

[26] A simple calculation shows that putting a payload of 120 tons into orbit requires a thrust on the launch pad of more than 4,000 tons.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

At the same time, it turned out that the thrust of the marching engines of the orbiter, if we use a similar configuration of the shuttle with 3 engines, is inferior to the American one (465 tons against 570 tons), which is completely insufficient for the second stage and the additional launch of the shuttle into orbit.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Instead of three engines, it was necessary to install 4 RD-0120 engines, but there was no reserve of space and weight in the airframe design of the orbiter.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Designers had to drastically reduce the weight of the shuttle.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

This is how the project of the OK-92 orbiter was born, the weight of which was reduced to 92 tons due to the refusal to place marching engines together with the cryogenic pipeline system, locking them during separation external tank, etc.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

As a result of the project, four (instead of three) RD-0120 engines were moved from the tail of the fuselage of the orbiter to the lower part of the fuel tank.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

However, unlike the Shuttle, which was unable to perform such active orbital maneuvers, Buran was equipped with maneuvering engines with a thrust of 16 tons, which allowed it, if necessary, to change its orbit in wide limits.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

On January 9, 1976, Valentin Glushko, General Designer of NPO Energia, approved the Technical Certificate containing a comparative analysis of the new version of the OK-92 spacecraft.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

After the issuance of Resolution No. 132-51, the development of the orbiter glider, means of air transportation of ISS elements and an automatic landing system was entrusted to a specially organized NPO Molniya, which was headed by Gleb Evgenievich Lozino-Lozinsky.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The changes also affected the side accelerators.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In the USSR, there was no design experience, the necessary technology and equipment for the production of such large and powerful solid fuel accelerators that are used in the space shuttle system and provide 83% thrust at the start.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

A harsher climate required more complex chemicals to operate over a wider temperature range, solid fuel accelerators created dangerous vibrations, prevented traction control and destroyed the ozone layer of the atmosphere with their exhaust.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In addition, solid fuel engines are inferior in specific efficiency to liquid ones - and the USSR was required due to the geographical location of the Baikonur cosmodrome to bring a useful Shuttle equal in terms of TOR loads are more efficient.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The designers of NPO Energia decided to use the most powerful LRE available - an engine created under the leadership of Glushko, a four-chamber RD-170, which could develop traction (after refinement and modernization) 740 t. p. However, instead of two side accelerators of 1280 tons each, it was necessary to use four 740 tons each.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The total thrust of the side accelerators together with the engines of the second stage of the RD-0120 when separated from the launch pad reached 3425 tons, which is approximately equal to the starting thrust of the Saturn-5 system with the Apollo ships (3500 tons from.).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The possibility of reusing side accelerators was an ultimatum requirement of the customer — the CPSU Central Committee and the Ministry of Defense represented by D. F. Ustinova.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Officially, it was believed that the side accelerators were reusable, but in the two flights of Energy that took place, the task of preserving the side accelerators was not even set.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

American accelerators parachute into the ocean, which provides a rather “soft” landing, sparing engines and accelerator hulls.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Unfortunately, in the conditions of launch from the Kazakh steppe, there is no chance to “splash down” the accelerators, and the parachute landing in the steppe is not soft enough to preserve the engines and hulls of the missiles.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Although a gliding or parachute landing with powder engines was designed, it was not implemented in the first two test flights, and further developments in this direction, including the rescue of blocks of both the first and second stages with the help of wings were not carried out due to the closure of the program.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The changes that became the difference between the Energia-Buran system and the Space Shuttle system had the following results:


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

in the Energia-Buran system, only the orbiter itself was a reusable element in the first flight, and the first stage units and the central unit were lost during the launch process.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

on the other hand, a universal transport space system was created, which, unlike the Americans, made it possible to launch not only the Buran into space, but also arbitrary heavy loads weighing up to 100 tons , while in the United States, the shuttle is an integral part of the transport system and the cargo is limited to 29.5 tons, and due to the peculiarities of the centering of the orbiter, not a single flight with full load and has not been committed.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In the United States, there were plans to create a one-time cargo system based only on the Shuttle, but they were not implemented.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Military-political system


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

According to foreign experts, Buran was a response to a similar American project, the Space Shuttle, and was conceived as a military system [28], which, however, was a response to what was then believed, the planned use of American shuttles for military purposes [29].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The program has its own background [30]:


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In 1972 Nixon announced that the Space Shuttle program is beginning to be developed in the United States.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It was declared national, designed for 60 shuttle launches per year, it was planned to create 4 such ships; the program was planned to cost 5 billion 150 million dollars at 1971 prices .


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The shuttle launched 29.5 tons into Earth orbit and could launch cargo up to 14.5 tons from orbit. The weight put into orbit using disposable carriers in America did not even reach 150 t/year, and here it was planned to be 12 times more; nothing descended from orbit, but here it was supposed to return 820 t/year ... It was not just a program to create a space system under the motto of reducing transportation costs (our studies, our institute, showed that there is virtually no reduction in will be observed), it had a clear military purpose.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Reusable space systems had both strong supporters and authoritative opponents in the USSR.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Wanting to finally decide on the ISS, GUKOS decided to choose an authoritative arbitrator in the dispute between the military and industry, instructing the leading institute of the Ministry of Defense for Military Space (TsNII 50) research work (R&D) to justify the need for the ISS to solve problems on the country's defense capability.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

But this did not make it clear either, since General Melnikov, who led this institution, decided to play it safe and issued two “reports”: one in favor of the creation of the ISS, the other against it.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In the end, both of these reports, overgrown with numerous authoritative “Agreed” and “I Assert”, met in the most inappropriate place — on D. F. Ustinova.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Annoyed by the results of the “arbitration”, Ustinov called Glushko and asked to bring him up to speed, providing detailed information on the ISS options, but Glushko unexpectedly sent him to a meeting with the Secretary of the Central Committee The CPSU, a candidate for membership in the Politburo, instead of himself — the General Designer — its employee, acting head of the 162 department Valery Burdakov.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Arriving at Ustinov's office on Staraya Square, Burdakov began to answer questions from the Secretary of the Central Committee.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Ustinov was interested in all the details: why do we need the ISS, what it can be, what we need for this, why is the United States creating its own shuttle, and what this threatens us.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

As Valery Pavlovich later recalled, Ustinov was primarily interested in the military capabilities of the ISS, and he introduced D. F. Ustinov his vision of the use of orbital shuttles as possible carriers of thermonuclear weapons, which can be based on permanent military orbital stations in immediate readiness for inflicting a crushing blow anywhere in the world [31].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The prospects of the ISS presented by Burdakov so deeply excited and interested D. F. Ustinov, that he prepared a decision as soon as possible, which was discussed in the Politburo, approved and signed by L. AND. Brezhnev [32] [33], and the topic of a reusable space system received the maximum priority among all space programs in the party and state leadership and the military-industrial complex.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Drawings and photographs of the shuttle were first obtained in the USSR through the GRU in early 1975 [34] [35].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Immediately, two examinations were carried out on the military component: at military research institutes and at the Institute of Applied Mathematics under the leadership of Mstislav Keldysh.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Conclusions: “the future reusable ship will be able to carry nuclear weapons and attack the territory of the USSR with them from almost anywhere in near-Earth space” and “American shuttle with a carrying capacity of 30 tons, if loaded with nuclear warheads, is capable of flying outside the radio visibility zone of the domestic missile attack warning system. Having made an aerodynamic maneuver, for example, over the Gulf of Guinea, he can release them through the territory of the USSR,” the USSR leadership pushed to create an answer — Burana [36].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

And they say that we will fly there once a week, you know... But there are no targets or cargo, and there is immediately a fear that they are creating a ship for some future tasks that we do not know about.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Is it possible to use military?


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Certainly.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

And so they demonstrated this by the fact that they walked over the Kremlin on the Shuttle, this was a surge in our military and politicians, and so a decision was made at the same time: to work out the interception methodology space targets, high, with the help of airplanes.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

By December 1, 1988, there was at least one classified launch of the Shuttle with military missions (NASA codification flight number STS-27) [37].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In 2008, it became known that during the flight, on behalf of the NRO and the CIA, an all-weather reconnaissance satellite was launched into orbit, which took images in the radio range by radar [38] [39].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In the United States, it was stated that the Space Shuttle system was created as part of the program of a civil organization - NASA.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The Space Task Force, led by Vice President S. Agnew in 1969-1970 developed several options for promising programs for the peaceful exploration of outer space after the end of the lunar program [40].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In 1972, Congress, based on economic analysis, [41] supported a project to create reusable shuttles to replace disposable rockets.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Product list


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

By the time the program was closed (early 1990s), five flight copies of the Buran spacecraft had been built or were under construction [42]:


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Product 1.01 “Buran” — the ship made a space flight in automatic mode.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It was in the collapsed assembly and test building at the 112th site of the cosmodrome, completely destroyed together with the model of the Energia launch vehicle during the collapse of Assembly and Test Building No. 112 on May 12, 2002.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Product 1.02 “Storm” was supposed to make the second flight in automatic mode with docking with the Mir manned station.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It is located at the Baikonur Cosmodrome.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In April 2007, a mass-dimensional model of the product, previously lying abandoned in the open air, was installed in the exposition of the museum of the Baikonur cosmodrome (site 2).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The 1.02 product itself, together with the OK-MT layout, is located in the mounting and filling case, and there is no free access to it.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

However, in May-June 2015, blogger Ralph Mirebs managed to take a number of photos of the collapsing shuttle and layout [43].


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Item 2.01 “Baikal” — the ship's readiness at the time of termination of work was 30—50%.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Until 2004, it was in the workshops of the Tushino Machine-Building Plant, and in October 2004 it was transported to the pier of the Khimki Reservoir for temporary storage.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

[44] [45] [46] On June 22—23, 2011, it was transported by river transport to the Zhukovsky airfield, for restoration and subsequent display at the MAKS air show.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

[47] [48]


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Item 2.02 was 10—20% ready.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It was dismantled (partially) on the stocks of the Tushino Machine-Building Plant.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Product 2.03 — the reserve was destroyed in the workshops of the Tushino Machine-Building Plant.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

List of layouts


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

During the work on the Buran project, several prototype samples were manufactured for dynamic, electrical, airfield and other tests.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

After the closure of the program, these products remained on the balance of various research institutes and production associations.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It is known, for example, that the Energia Rocket and Space Corporation and NPO Molniya have mock-up samples.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

BTS-002 OK-GLI (product 0.02).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

After the closure of the Buran program in 1993, NPO Molniya demonstrated an analogue aircraft of the Buran BTS-002 at the air show of the International Aviation and Space Salon.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The BTS-002 had 4 turbojet engines, which allowed it to take off from a regular airfield.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It was used for horizontal flight tests in the atmosphere.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In 1999, it was leased to an Australian firm to show at the Sydney Olympics, and then to a Singaporean firm that took it to Bahrain.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It is now owned by the Technology Museum in Speyer (Germany).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

On April 2, 2008, Buran arrived at the port of Rotterdam.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

[49] [50] It cost Herman Lyre, owner of the museum, 10 million euros.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

[51] [52] It is currently installed in the Speyer Technical Museum as an exhibit.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

BTS-001 OK-ML-1 (item 0.01) was used to test the air transportation of the orbital complex.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In 1993, the full-size model was leased to the Cosmos-Earth Society (President — Cosmonaut German Titov).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Until June 2014, it was installed on the Pushkinskaya Embankment of the Moscow River in the Central Park of Culture and Recreation named after M.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Gorky.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

As of December 2008, a scientific and educational attraction was organized in it.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

On the night of July 5-6, 2014, the model was moved to the territory of VDNH [53] [54] [55] for the celebration of the 75th anniversary of VDNH.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

OK-KS (item 0.03) is a full-size complex stand.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It was used for testing air transportation, comprehensive testing of software, electrical and radio engineering tests of systems and equipment.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Until 2012, it was located in the building of the control and testing station of RSC Energia, the city of Korolev.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It was moved to the territory adjacent to the building of the center, where it was undergoing conservation.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

[56] She is currently at the Sirius Educational Center in Almaty. Sochi.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

OK-ML1 (item 0.04) was used for dimensional and weight fitting tests.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It is in the museum of the Baikonur Cosmodrome


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

OK-TVA (item 0.05) was used for heat-vibration-strength tests.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It is located in TsAGI.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

As of 2011, all compartments of the models were destroyed, with the exception of the left wing with a landing gear rack and with standard thermal protection, which were included in the model of the orbiter.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

OK-TVI (item 0.06) was a model for heat and vacuum tests.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It is located in NIIKhimmash, St. Peresvet of the Moscow Region.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

OK-MT (item 0.15) was used to practice pre-launch operations (refueling the ship, fitting and docking, etc.).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Currently, it is located at the Baikonur site 112A, () in structure 80, together with product 1.02 “Storm”.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It is the property of Kazakhstan.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

8M (item 0.08) — the model is only a cabin model with hardware filling.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

It was used to test the reliability of ejection seats.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

After completion of the work, he was on the territory of the 29th Clinical Hospital in Moscow, and then was transported to the Cosmonaut Training Center near Moscow.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Currently, it is located on the territory of the 83rd Clinical Hospital of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency (since 2011 — the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

BOR-4 is a model tested within the framework of the Buran program, which was a miniature version of the device developed according to the Spiral program closed by that time.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

He flew into space six times from Kapustin Yar.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

The thermal protection necessary for the Buran, maneuvers after descent from orbit were worked out [20] :23.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

BOR-5 is a model tested within the framework of the Buran program, which was an eight-fold smaller copy of the future Buran spacecraft.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

In philately


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Postal block of the USSR of 1988


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Buran on a postage stamp of Kazakhstan in the postal block “50 Years to the Baikonur Cosmodrome”


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Postage stamp of the USSR in 1991


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Postage stamp of Ukraine in 1996


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

See also


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Hypersonic speed


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Zircon is a promising Russian hypersonic missile


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

X-51 is an American experimental hypersonic missile


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

M-40 (Buran)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Storm (rocket)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Baikal-Angara


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Space Shuttle


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

BOR-5 — dimensional and weight model of the Buran orbiter


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Notes


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Literature


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

B.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

E.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Chertok.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Moscow, Mechanical Engineering Publ., 1999.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Ch.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Danilov Ye.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

P.//Obninsk.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

— No. 160—161 (3062-3063), December 2008


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Check date values in: |date= (help) CS1 maint: Date and year (link)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

References


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Website of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR (history, photographs, memoirs and documents)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

(history, documents, specifications, interviews, rare photos, books)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

(in English)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Baltic State Technical University “Voenmekh” named after D. F. Ustinova, report on the first work of UNIRS


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Technik Museum Speyr, Germany


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Site of veterans of the 12th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR - pilots of “Buran”


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

documentary about the team of Buran pilots (Channel One, see)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

(video)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

— TV report of the Roscosmos studio (video)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

(since spring 2007 it is located 2 km south-east of this place, in the Museum of the History of Baikonur)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

(video)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

(video)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

(video).


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Russian Space program, interview with O. D. Baklanov, December 2012.


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Video


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

on YouTube (transportation of Buran from Tushino to Zhukovsky)


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Category:Products of RSC Energia


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Category:USSR cosmonautics


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Category:Military projects not implemented in the USSR


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Category:Fly in fully automatic mode


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Category:“ Buran” program


Question: Did Gagarin take weapons into space with him?

Buran (spacecraft)

Category:Soviet spaceships


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Korn (stylized as KoYan) is an American multi-platinum nu metal band from Bakersfield, California.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The band was founded in 1993.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

In Joel McIver's book, the band is described as a pioneer in nu metal.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Korn laid the foundations for music that combines grunge, hardcore punk and groove metal, to which funk and hip-hop are often added.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

After selling more than 3 million copies of their debut album of the same name, released in 1994, worldwide, Korn became one of the best-selling heavy bands in the last decade, 2013 sold more than 10 million copies of their debut album worldwide Nielsen SoundScan.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The band's discography includes 12 studio albums, an acoustic album MTV Unplugged and many compilations with unreleased, live recordings or covers.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The band has 12 albums, their debut album of the same name (1994), Life Is Peachy (1996), Follow the Leader (1998), Issues (1999), Untouchables (2002), Take a Look in the Mirror (2003), See You on the Other Side (2005), Untitled (2007), Korn III: Remember Who You Are (2010), The Path of Totality (2011), The Paradigm Shift (2013), The Serenity of Suffering (2016);


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

alternately hit the top ten Billboard 200 [1], including the Greatest Hits vol collection.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

1 and acoustic/live album, MTV Unplugged: Korn.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

According to Nielsen SoundScan, the band's total albums have sold more than 50 million copies worldwide, including the RIAA, which has about 20 million copies in the United States.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The band was nominated eight times and won two Grammy Awards.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The album See You on the Other Side, released on December 6, 2005, debuted on the Billboard 200 at number three, selling 221,000 copies in the US in its first week of sales.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The band uses synthesizers and keyboards in their music to form a more atmospheric industrial sound [2] than their previous hip-hop and funk style.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

As of January 2007, it has sold more than 3 million copies worldwide.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The band released their untitled eighth Untitled album on July 31, 2007 using EMI/Virgin.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 123,000 copies in its first week, and sold about 2 million copies in the United States in 2013.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

In July 2010, the band released their ninth studio album, Korn III: Remember Who You Are, marking a return to the origins, raw sound and lyrics of the first two albums.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

In 2011 Korn was nominated for the seventh Grammy Award for Best Metal Composition with the song Let the Guilt Go.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

According to Nielsen SoundScan 2014, the album sold more than 1 million copies in the United States.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

On December 6, 2011, the band released their tenth studio album, The Path of Totality, which was produced by various dubstep figures such as Skrillex, Excision, Noisia and others style performers.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Jonathan Davis said about the album: “We wanted to do something new and innovative”!


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The album immediately made it to the top ten of the Billboard 200, and number one on the US Dance/Electronic Albums Billboard.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Revolver magazine named it the best album of the year in their 100th issue.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

On October 8, 2013, the band released their eleventh studio album, The Paradigm Shift, under the direction of Don Gilmore, who previously worked with Linkin Park.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

James “Monkey” Shaffer stated that the album would include elements such as the innovation of The Path of Totality, the gloominess of Issues, and the heaviness of Untouchables.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The album debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200, and number one on the Top Hard Rock Albums Billboard and Top Independent Albums Billboard.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The single Never Never was also the band's first single to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart and stay at the top for two weeks in a row.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

History


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Band formation, demo by Neidermeyer's Mind, Korn (1993—1995)


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Korn was formed after the breakup of L.A.P.D., a possible cause of which was the drug addiction of the band's vocalist, Richard Morill.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Reginald Arvizu, Brian Welch, James Shaffer and David Silveria wanted to continue their music studies and began looking for a new vocalist.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

One night in 1993, Head and Monkey were at a nightclub and planned to stay there for only a few minutes.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

But that all changed when Sexart came on stage.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Head and Monkey became interested in the vocalist, Jonathan Davis — at first they did not like his voice, but then they decided that he was very good.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Head and Monkey met him after the performance.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

At first, Davis didn't want to be their vocalist, but after consulting with a psychic who told him he would do something stupid if he didn't try, Davis agreed.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

This is how the band Creep was formed, and later renamed Korn, whose name was invented by Jonathan Davis.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Later in 1993, they began working with their friend and producer Ross Robinson and soon released their first demo, Neidermeyer's Mind, which included 4 tracks: Predictable, Blind, Daddy and Alive.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Blind was originally written by Davis and Sexart, but has been rewritten with new lyrics.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Korn had trouble getting attention in its first year of existence due to the fact that the rock scene in the 1990s unconditionally belonged to grunge.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

After numerous attempts to arrange a recording, the band was heard at a nightclub by Paul Pontius of Immortal/Epic Records.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

He was so impressed with the band that he signed a contract with them right on the spot.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

We started working with producer and label Korn on the album of the same name.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

From a musical point of view, the tracks on the album were a mixture of hardcore punk and groove metal.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The album also featured bagpipes in the song Shoots and Ladders and scat singing (improvising a melody with a meaningless set of syllables) in the song Ball Tongue.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Both of these elements later became permanent features of Korn's signature sound.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

“Blind” was the first single from the album and gained extreme popularity among fans of the band, becoming the band's most famous song at the time.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The album opens with the song Blind, shouting “Are you ready?!” (Are you ready?!) and heavy guitar sound.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The sound was also special, because Monkey, paired with Head, tune their 7-string guitars lower than usual (one tone) and play with complete disregard for traditional harmonic lines.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

When Korn's album was released on October 11, 1994, the band began touring continuously without any support from radio or video channels, as the album was boycotted by most major radio stations and US music channels.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The only consolation was the intense live performances, which became a real cult item among fans.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Thanks to significant support from fans of the band, Korn reached number 72 on the Billboard 200 in 1996, and the song “Shoots and Ladders” received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Metal performance” [4].


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

During their first big tour, Korn opened for Danzig with Marilyn Manson.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Korn also opened for bands such as Megadeth, 311, Fear Factory, Flotsam and Jetsam, and KMFDM in 1995.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Their first tour was also remembered for the fact that they opened with Deftones for Ozzy Osbourne.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

After performing with lesser-known bands such as Dimestore Hoods, Sugar Ray and Life of Agony, Korn returned to the studio to record their second album.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Life Is Peachy (1996—1997)


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Korn again used Robinson's help to record their second album, Life Is Peachy, released on October 15, 1996.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The album turned out to be bolder than the band's previous work, with a more ragged sound.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The album consists of a wide variety of songs: Porno Creep used a guitar imitation of soundtracks for pornographic films from the 1970s; a cover of Lowrider by War with Davis's bagpipes and a vocal part performed by Head; Twist, a track only 49 seconds long, with Davis's skat-singing; and the track K@ #ø%!


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

, whose vocabulary has caused the indignation of moral advocates of all stripes.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

For the successful promotion of the album, Korn played as the opening act for Metallica, along the way starting to use the latest promotion tool — the Internet.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The strategy worked, selling more than 106,000 copies of Life is Peachy in its first week and the album peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 [1].


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The first single, No Place to Hide, was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance [4].


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

A.D.I.D.A.S. became the band's second single, after which it was speculated that the song was a commercial stunt for a famous clothing brand.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

However, in reality, as you can understand from the lyrics, the title of the song is an abbreviation for the phrase I Dream of Sex All Day ([] error: {{lang-xx}}: no text (help) — All Day I Dream About Sex).


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Another decisive factor that raised the band's popularity was their joint performance with Tool as main bands at the Lollapalooza Music Festival in 1997.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Unfortunately, Korn was forced to interrupt performances due to exacerbation of Munkey's meningitis.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Also this year, Korn continued to cross musical styles, recording the song Kick the P.A. together with The Dust Brothers.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

This track also appeared on the soundtrack for the movie “Spawn”.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Later in 1997, Korn launched their own label, Elementree Records.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The first band to sign with the label was Orgy (which included former Sexart musician Ryan Schuck), which brought Elementree their first platinum album Candyass.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Over the next few years, contracts were signed with Videodrone, Deadsy, and rapper Marz.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Follow The Leader (1998—1999)


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

In anticipation of the release of their third album, Korn launches a weekly online TV show called Korn TV [5] [6].


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The show allowed you to follow the recording process of the album, featuring guest celebrities such as porn star Ron Jeremy, Limp Bizkit, and 311 [6].


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The show also provided an opportunity for Korn fans to call and ask the band questions — an opportunity that was new, bands were just starting to use the Internet in this way [7].


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

On August 18, 1998, Korn released their third album, Follow the Leader [8], which featured many guest celebrities, such as Ice Cube, Tre Hardson of The Pharcyde, Fred Durst of Limp Bizkit and film actor Cheech Marin on the hidden track Earache My Eye (written by Marina himself, the main guitar riff of the song was in the movie “Smoked”, starring Marin) [7].


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Quite unexpectedly for everyone, the band turned out to be socially active, open to their fans and even merciful.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

One day, they received an invitation from one of their fans to visit him for a few minutes.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The 14-year-old boy, as it turned out from his letter, had cancer in the last stage.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The musicians were taken aback at first, but agreed.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

A few minutes grew into a few hours, and then into a whole day that inspired Korn to create the song “Justin” (Justin, that was the boy's name).


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

To draw attention to the release of the new album, Korn organized a tour stylized as an election political campaign.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The tour took the band on a rented plane across North America with the news of Follow the Leader.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

At each stop during the tour, the band organized special “fan conferences”, during which the musicians interacted with Korn fans, answered their questions and signed autographs.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The album successfully launched, peaking at number one on Billboard with 268,000 copies sold [9], followed by the singles Got the Life and Freak on a Leash.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

Both singles presented Korn to a wider audience through video clips broadcast on MTV.


Question: Who is the lead singer of the nu metal band Korn?

Korn

The cover for Follow the Leader was painted by Greg Capullo, the artist of the Spawn franchise.