Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The Yazgulam language is compactly represented in the valley of the Yazgulam River of Vanj district of GBAO


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The Vanj language, a dead language that existed until the end of the 18th century in the Vanja Valley.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Shugnan-Rushan languages


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The Shugnan language is represented in the Tajik and Afghan Badakhshan.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Within the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, it exists in the administrative center of the region — the city of Khorog, Shugnansky and Roshtkalinsky districts.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The Bajv dialect of the Shugnan language is spoken in the villages of Verkhny and Nizhny Badzhuv of the Rushansky district of GBAO, Shahdara and Barvaz in the Roshtkalinsky district of GBAO.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The Rushan language is the right-bank and left-bank villages of Pamir and Afghan Badakhshan along the Pyanj River.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The Huf language is a gorge of the right tributary of the Pyanj, the villages of Khuf and Pasthuf.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Some researchers consider Khuf as a dialect of the Rushan language.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Bartang and Roshor languages close to him are the Bartang Valley of the Rushansky district.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

For them, there is a dialectal division into Ravmed, Siponj and Sarez dialects.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The Sarykol language is spoken mainly in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China and in Pakistan's Chitral.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Murgab Sarykol residents in the Eastern Pamirs were assimilated with the Kyrgyz.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The genetic similarity of these languages of the Shugnan-Rushan group is so great that mutual understanding can be achieved when using the native language or dialect in almost all cases.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Difficulties can arise only when speakers of the Shugnan-Rushan group of dialect languages communicate with the Sarykol people.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Due to its wide territorial distribution and the large number of native speakers, the Shugnan language plays the role of the language of inter-Pamir oral communication along with the Tajik language (“inter-Pamir Farsi”).


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

South Pamir languages


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The Ishkashim language is compactly used in several villages of the Ishkashim district of GBAO, and the Sanglich language close to it is in Badakhshan, Afghanistan.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The Wakhan language is represented in the upper reaches of the Pyanj River in the Ishkashim district of GBAO, in Badakhshan, Afghanistan, in separate villages in northern Pakistan and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The Munjan language is spoken in Badakhshan, Afghanistan, in the upper reaches of the Kokcha River, and its close Yidga language is spoken in Pakistan.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Communication between speakers of the Munjan, Ishkashim, Wakhan, Yazgulam languages and dialect languages of the Shugnan-Rushan language group is carried out mainly in inter-Pamir Tajik and, in part, in Shugnansky.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The Pamir languages, along with Pashto, are part of the Eastern Iranian group of Iranian languages and are related to the extinct languages of the Saks (Scythians), Bactrians, Sogdians, Khorezmians and other Eastern Iranian ethnic groups.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Writing


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The written tradition of Pamir languages is underdeveloped.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

The writing system for the Shugnan language in the USSR (on a Latin basis) functioned in 1931—1938.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

In the 1980s, Pakistan developed a writing system for the Wakhan language (also in Latin).


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

In the 1990s, writing for a number of Pamir languages was developed in Tajikistan, this time in Cyrillic.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Another version of the writing system of most Pamir languages (Bartang, Wakhan, Roshor, Rushan, Sarykol, Shugnan, Khuf and Yazgulam) was created by a group of Russian and Tajik scientists at the turn of the 1990s and 2000s in two versions at once — in Cyrillic and Latin.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

This version of the alphabet was used to print several publications in Wakhan, Rushan, Shugnan and Yazgulam.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

At the same time, the Pamir alphabets de facto do not have a stable norm and vary from publication to publication.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

In Afghanistan, the Shugnan language uses an Arabic-based alphabet.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Pamir alphabet (Cyrillic and Latin) [1]


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Notes


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Literature


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Languages and ethnography of “Roofs of the World”.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

: “Petersburg Oriental Studies”, 2005.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

— 112 p.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Payne, John, “Pamir languages” in Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Schmitt (1989), 417—444.


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

References


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Category:Languages of Tajikistan


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Category:Languages of Afghanistan


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Category:Pakistani languages


Question: What language do Pamirs speak?

Pamir languages

Category:Chinese languages


Question: Where is the Embassy of Ukraine in Germany located?

List of diplomatic missions of Ukraine

List of diplomatic missions of Ukraine.


Question: Where is the Embassy of Ukraine in Germany located?

List of diplomatic missions of Ukraine

As of September 2012, Ukraine has 84 embassies, 30 consulates general and 6 consulates abroad.


Question: Where is the Embassy of Ukraine in Germany located?

List of diplomatic missions of Ukraine

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Question: Where is the Embassy of Ukraine in Germany located?

List of diplomatic missions of Ukraine

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Question: Where is the Embassy of Ukraine in Germany located?

List of diplomatic missions of Ukraine

See also


Question: Where is the Embassy of Ukraine in Germany located?

List of diplomatic missions of Ukraine

List of ambassadors and permanent representatives of Ukraine


Question: Where is the Embassy of Ukraine in Germany located?

List of diplomatic missions of Ukraine

References


Question: Where is the Embassy of Ukraine in Germany located?

List of diplomatic missions of Ukraine

Category:Ukraine's foreign policy


Question: Where is the Embassy of Ukraine in Germany located?

List of diplomatic missions of Ukraine

Ukraine


Question: Where is the Embassy of Ukraine in Germany located?

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Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

ED9 (E electric train D Yemikhovsky, type 9) is a series of AC electric trains produced from year to year at the Demikhovsky Machine-Building Plant (DMZ) for the railways of Russia and the former USSR.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The factory designation of trains of the series (except ED9E) is 62-305; factory designations of the cars of these trains [1]:


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Intermediate motor car (Mp) — model 62-306;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

trailed head car (PG) — model 62-307;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

intermediate trailer car (PP) — model 62-308.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The factory designation of the train ED9E is 6750; factory designations of train cars [2]:


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Intermediate motor car (Mp) — model 6751;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

trailed head car (PG) — model 6752;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

intermediate trailer car (PG) — model 6753.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Creating a series


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Prerequisites for the emergence


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Back in the early 1980s, it was decided at the Demikhovsky Machine-Building Plant to start producing electric trains similar to the trains of the Riga Carriage Works (RVZ).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Previously, the plant specialized in narrow-gauge cars, but later it was decided to convert this plant to the production of additional trailer cars for RVZ electric trains.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

DC electric trains were created at DMZ (ED2T) and Torzhok Carriage Works (ET2).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

It was necessary to create an AC electric train that was as unified as possible with a DC train.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Design and construction


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The series of electric trains of the ED9 series began with the ED9T, which looks similar to the ED2T, but designed for operation on alternating current of 25 kV, 50 Hz.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

It is known that in the 1980s, the Riga Carriage Works (RVZ) developed a project for a DC electric train ER24.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Trains under this project were built at DMZ with the aforementioned designation ED2T [3].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

There is a version according to which at the RVZ, in parallel with the ER24 DC electric train, a project for a similar alternating current electric train ER27 was developed.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

According to another part of this version, the ER27 project was also implemented (by analogy with the ER24-ED2T pair) at the DMZ - with the designation ED9T.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

However, reliable sources capable of confirming at least one part of this version have not yet been found.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Shortly after the introduction of the ED9T, the model was upgraded.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The head part of the updated train, designated ED9M, began to be performed similarly to the ED4M train; a number of other innovations were also introduced.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

General information


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The production of electric trains of the ED9 series began in 1995.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

With the exception of prefabricated electric trains (made up of separately produced cars), two-car ED9M-0032 (separated from the factory ED9M-0032) and the like, as of January 1, 2017 329 electric trains of the series were built: ED9T — 27 trains (numbers 0001-0027), ED9M/ED9MK — 240 trains (numbers 0028-0267), ED9E — 62 trains (numbers 0001-0062).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The last electric train of the series (ED9E-0062) was produced in July 2016 [4] [5] [6] [7].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Further release is not possible, as new requirements of the Customs Union countries have been put into effect.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

According to them, in particular, all passenger motor-car trains produced after August 2016 must be equipped with a crash passenger safety system.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Therefore, since August 2016, tests of a new series, EP3D, began [8] [9].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Technical specifications


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Main parameters of ED9M electric train [10]:


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

design speed — 130 km/h;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

composition:


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

the main one is nine-car (in the composition 2Pg+4Mp+3Pp);


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

possible train composition options — 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

dimensions:


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

the length of the main electric train is 198.6 m;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

train length — n×22.06 m (n is the number of wagons);


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

the length of the car along the axes of automatic couplers is 22,056 mm;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

wagon width — 3522 mm;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

wagon base — 15,000 mm;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

the width of the doorway is 1250 mm;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

capacity:


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

the number of seats on the train is 2251;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

nominal capacity (seating plus 5 pax. /m2):


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

on a train — 2149;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

in a Pg car — 205;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

in the Mp car — 248;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

in a Pp car — 249;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

the total hourly power of the traction engines is 3520 kW;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

specific power of traction engines — 8.58 kW/t;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

average acceleration up to 60 km/h — 0.7 m/s2.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Compositions with an even number of cars consist of an equal number of motor and trailer cars, that is, they are compiled according to the formula (Pg+Mp) +0... 3× (Pp+Mp) + (Mp+Pg).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Compositions with an odd number of cars are obtained by adding the Pp car to the same scheme (starting with a seven-car car).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Main parameters of the ED9E electric train [11]:


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

design speed — 120 km/h [12];


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

dimensions:


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

the length of the main electric train is 176.8 m;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

train length — n×22.1 m (n is the number of wagons);


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

the length of the car along the axes of automatic couplers is 22,100 mm;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

wagon width — 3480 mm;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

wagon base — 15,000 mm;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

capacity (seats):


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

in a Pg-64 car;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

in the Mp car — 116;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

in a Pp car — 116;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

in a PP wagon with a toilet — 110;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

traction motor power — 3520 kW


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

average acceleration to a speed of 60 km/h, not less than 0.6... 0.8 m/s2.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Note — There is a disagreement on some characteristics of ED9E within the plant's website, as well as between the plant's website and the manufacturer's website: [11] [13]


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

1) possible variants of composition according to the plant's website — 4, 6, 8, 10 cars; according to the manufacturer's website — 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 cars;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

2) an eight-car one is indicated as the main component on the plant's website, but it also indicates the ratio of the number of motorized axles to the total as 16/36, which corresponds to the nine-car composition 2Pg+4Mp+ 3Pp; on the manufacturer's website, the composition 2Pg+4Mp+3Pp is indicated as the main one;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

3) the plant's website indicates a design speed of 120 km/h (which is confirmed by the inscriptions on the nameplates [12]); on the manufacturer's website, the link is not to the structural, but to the maximum service speed, the value of which is 130 km/h (that is, higher than the design speed, which is absurd).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Numbering and marking


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The numbering and marking system adopted for trains of the ED9 series is similar to that used at DMZ (for example, for ED2T, ED4M).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Compositions receive four-digit spelling numbers starting from 0001 for ED9T; for the following modifications (except ED9E), the numbering continues and is end-to-end.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The numbering of the ED9E compounds again starts at 0001.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Marking on the frontal part of the head cars is carried out in the format, respectively, ED9T XXXX (or ED9T-XXXX), ED9M XXXX, ED9MK XXXX and ED9E XXXX, where XXXX is the train number (without specifying the car number).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The type of train is marked on the left, and the number is to the right of the coupler (the factory marking on the ED9T was applied in ED9T-XXXX format with a single inscription above the coupler).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Each car of the train receives its own number, in which the first digits indicate the number of the train, the last two - the number of the car in the set.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Marking with car numbers is carried out under the windows in the middle of the car and differed in the addition of two digits at the end (ED9T-XXXXYY, ED9M-XXXXYY, ED9MK-XXXXYY and ED9E-XXXXYY formats, where YY is the car number).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Mp cars receive even numbers (02, 04, 06, 08 and 10), Pg cars — 01 and 09, Pp cars — the rest are odd (03, 05, 07, 09, 11).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

For example, the marking of the first Pg car of the ED9T-0002 electric train will be ED9T-000201; one of the Mp cars is ED9T-000204 and so on.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Similar models


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Electric trains of the ED9 family have design analogues for AC lines with a voltage of 25 kV 50 Hz - mainly from the ED4 family, which was also produced at the DMZ around the same period:


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

ED2T and ED4 — for ED9T model;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

ED4M — for ED9M model (upgraded version);


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

ED4MK — for ED9MK model (upgraded version of superior comfort);


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

ED4E — for model ED9E (composition with energy-saving electrical equipment).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Design


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The bodies of cars and bogies of electric trains of the ED9 family are similar to those of electric trains of the ED4 DC family.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Externally, the ED9T and ED9M electric trains almost do not differ from ED4 and ED4M, respectively, with the exception of roof and undercarriage equipment and the presence in the middle of motor cars for electric trains of early one blind window in the middle of the cabin.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Inside the cabin of the motor car of early-released electric trains there is a cabinet with a high-voltage cable entry that obscures the window opening.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Later, during production, a compact analogue was developed that passes through the wall of the car and slightly protrudes into the cabin, which made it possible to increase the number of seats due to the lack of a cabinet.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The design features of electric trains manufactured by DMZ OJSC with cars with a length of 21.5 m make it possible to use nine-car electric trains of the ED9 family for joint operation and for equivalent replacement 10-car electric trains of the ER9 series of all types.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The presence of wide entrance doors and large storage vestibules on electric trains provides more favorable conditions for the transportation of passengers in suburban traffic, especially peak hours (decrease pick-up and drop-off time by 40%).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

A large selection of the proposed components of electric trains of the ED9M and ED9E types allows consumers to reduce capital costs, as well as reduce operating costs for the repair and maintenance of trains with fewer motor cars with the same length and population.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Electric trains are equipped with an electrodynamic (rheostat) brake, the design of the cars makes it possible to operate on lines with both high and low platforms [k 1].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Upgrades and modifications


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The ED9T alternating current electric train was created as an analogue of the ED2T DC electric train of the same plant and was structurally unified with the latter as much as possible.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Its electrical circuit was almost the same as the ER9T (only the letter indicating the plant changed in the designation of the new train), but an improved set of electrical equipment was used REZ production.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

It used TED type 1DT.003.11, unified with ER2T and ED2T electric trains, added a system for automatically replacing a faulty rheostat brake with an electropneumatic one, etc. The ED9T did not install a system for axially equalizing traction coefficients (PVCT).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The main feature of the new scheme is an improved control system in the rheostat braking mode: TED armatures in braking mode are connected in two circuits.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

At the same time, with the help of the brake controller, the resistors are switched, providing seven stages of rheostat braking.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

At the 12th position, electropneumatic braking is triggered.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

TED is excited in braking mode from section 0-4 of the traction winding of the power transformer.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Excitation is carried out through a semi-controlled bridge, which allows you to regulate the TED excitation current.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The driver's controller has four braking positions.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

When the controller is set to the first or second position, rheostat braking occurs with reduced force.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

When the controller is set to the third position, rheostat braking occurs with a normal setpoint.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

When the controller is moved to the fourth position, electropneumatic braking of the Pp and Pg cars is activated - in addition to the rheostat braking of the Mp cars.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

When the rheostat braking mode is turned on, the rheostat braking control system (SRT) regulates the currents of the TED armators at different values of the stages of the braking resistors and maintains the current TED excitation is constant when the set value is reached.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

It should also be noted that a similar REZ kit was used almost simultaneously at the RVZ when creating the latest version of the ninth series (ER9TM) [14].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

A total of 27 eight- and ten-car trains of ED9T electric trains (numbers 0001 to 0027) were produced.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The production of ED9T has been discontinued (electric trains of the ED9M and ED9MK series were produced from number 0028).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Electric trains are equipped with a rheostat braking system.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Also in 1999, an additional 30 trailer cars (numbered ED9T-3001 to 3030) were additionally produced, incompatible with ED9T trains, of which trains consisting of 10 cars and two sections were made up VL80S electric locomotive or 2TE10V diesel locomotive, in TCH-7 GZD, the cars were operated with ChME3, which are equipped with special systems (then they were replaced by RA2 rail buses, the cars were transferred to the TCHPrig- 13 Kirov, diesel locomotives were returned to shunting and export operations).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

All of them were operated by the Gorky Railway.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Starting with number 0028, instead of ED9T electric trains, ED9M electric trains began to be produced, the main difference of which was a new shape of the driver's cabin, similar to the cabin of ED4M DC trains.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Compared to the ER9T series electric trains in operation, the ED9M electric train has the following advantages and design features [10]:


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

higher passenger capacity of motor cars (by 17%);


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

increased traction engine power;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

the design of the driver's cab is more comfortable, meets modern ergonomics requirements;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

it is possible to form trains of even and odd composition by including additional trailer cars in the sections;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

new frontal architecture with enlarged windows of increased strength, electronic route signs, electric windshield wipers, windshield washers, buffer signals of the new structures (with combined red and white lights in one unit), a searchlight of reduced dimensions with an effective reflector;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

electronic fire alarm system and fixed fire extinguishing installation;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

display unit in the driver's cab with information about faults and fires in cars; duplication of information by voice message;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

fluorescent lighting of salons;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

a “ticker” scoreboard with information about the route, duplicated by the speech synthesizer;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

saloon windows with sealed double-glazed windows;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

fireproof finishing materials;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

unified driver's seat with increased vibration safety.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

It is possible to operate the electric train according to the system of many units (two or three trains each) [10].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The ED9M modification is designed for suburban routes, the ED9MK modification of increased comfort (has continuous numbering with the ED9M) for express routes.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Information on the numbers of electric trains of the ED9M series, their composition, as well as on the construction of individual electric cars (the numbers of ED9MK electric trains are highlighted in bold) [4] Year of issue Electric trainsNumber of cars in electric trainsNumbers of individual electric wagonsHead trailerIntermediate motorIntermediate trailers20000028, 0029, 0030—003510———20010036—0044, 0051, 005210——— 0045-004960050420020053, 0055—0062, 0064—0068101001, 10022001, 2002—0054, 006980063620030072, 0074, 0075, 0076, 0080, 0083, 0084, 0086, 0087, 0088101003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007-1010-0070, 0071, 0073, 0077 , 00828007870079, 0081, 0085620040092, 0097, 0098, 0099, 0100, 0103, 0107, 0113, 0114101011—1023200330010090, 0095, 0101, 0105, 0106, 0108, 0111, 0112, 01158010470089, 0091, 0093, 0094, 0096, 0102, 0109, 0110620050116, 0117, 0119, 0122, 0128, 0131, 0139101024—1028—0120, 0121, 0123, 0124, 0126, 0127, 0129, 0130, 0132, 0134, 0136, 0137, 0140, 014380125, 0138, 0141, 014270118, 0133, 0133,131 5420060154, 0166, 0173 , 0174101029——0159, 0167, 0168—0172, 0175—0179, 0181—01868018070144—0153, 0155—0158, 0160—0164, 0165620070211, 0213, 0214, 0217—021910—2004—2007—0187—0194, 0194, 017—021910—2004—2007—0187—0194, 0194, 01910—196—0210, 0212, 0215, 021680195620080228, 0232, 0234, 0235, 0239, 0240, 024710——0220—0227, 0229, 0233, 0236—0238, 0242, 0243, 0250-025280241, 024660230, 0231, 0244, 0245, 0248, 0249420090254, 0257101030, 101030, 31—0253, 0255, 02568026560258, 0259420100260, 026110——20110262101032—1045, 1047——20120264111046, 1048—1055——0263, 0266, 02676


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In 2006, an experimental nine-car train ED9E-0001 with a set of energy-saving electrical equipment was built, transferred in early December 2010 to the Rostov depot of the North Caucasus Railway for continuous use.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The most important advantage of the ED9E-0001 is the use of an energy-saving set of electrical equipment KEO-25, a VIP-1000 converter and a microprocessor traction drive control system, which provide smooth voltage regulation on traction motors, and also contribute to an increase in the traction performance of the electric train and reduce operating costs by 20—25% due to the use of regenerative braking almost to the complete stop of the train.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In addition, the savings in electricity consumption per electric train per year amount to about 450,000 kWh.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In 2012, the production of updated ED9E electric trains from number 0002 began.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In the period 2012-2013, 25 six-car electric trains with numbers 0026 inclusive were produced for the Gorky Railway, and at the end of 2013, a ten-car electric train for Kazakhstan was produced.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The cars have lean-sliding automatic doors for access to low platforms, an air conditioning system, a video surveillance system, intercar crossings similar to the ED4MKM-AERO series.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The head cars have an enlarged vestibule and a toilet room equipped for passengers with disabilities, similar to those equipped on the ED4M-0500 electric train.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The train is equipped with a new fire and security alarm system KTS-POS-ATS, which has five fire alarm loops.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The frontal part of the head car has been changed to install one route sign for twenty signs.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

A set of electrical equipment for ED9E is supplied by Power Machines LLC, the Rheostat plant.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Unlike previous models of the series, the operation of the ED9E according to the system of many units is not provided.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In the year, five electric trains were produced (from No. 0028 to No. 0032) with a new driver's cab, similar to the one installed on ED4M 500 series trains.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

However, unlike the latter, there are external corrugations on the walls of ED9E cars.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

These electric trains, like No. 0027, are operated in the Republic of Kazakhstan.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Later, the production of ED9E electric trains continued, but with a conventional cabin.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

ED9E trains were built until July of the year inclusive.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The last train of this type was the ED9E-0062; it was also the last electric train of the entire ED9 series [5] [4].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Refinement (modification) of ED9 series electric trains


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The minimum composition of standard electric trains of the ED9 series corresponds to the layout of Pg+Mp+Mp+Pg, that is, four cars.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

However, in some cases, in suburban traffic, even such a number of cars is excessive, which leads to unnecessary losses of electricity.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In this regard, the Krasnoyarsk Electric Car Repair Plant (KREVRZ) in the year created a two-car electric train on the basis of ED9M-003205 (Pp) and ED9M-003210 (Mp) cars from the ED9M-0032 electric train, also designated ED9M-0032.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

It should be noted that both cars were converted into head cars (composition Pg+Mg), and the head cars of the original train ED9M-0032 were left in its composition, that is, there were two ED9M electric trains with number 0032.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

There is also a new type of car — the motor head car (Mg).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The cabins of modified cars have control cabins identical to the cabins of a conventional ED9M [4] [15].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The new ED9M-0032 electric train, which can also be called a two-car electric motor, was presented at the EXPO-1520 salon in September.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

EMPS based on the ED9 series


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Motris


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

VS1N Motris


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Several cars of ED9T electric trains were used to build service motris VS1N-002, VS1N-003, VS1N-004 (the first machine, VS1N-001, was created on the basis of the ER9P electric train car).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Cars numbered 002 and 003 are single-car electric motors, created using cars from ED9T-0009.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The train number 004 is a two-car railcar with diesel and electric engines (diesel-electric train), created on the basis of cars from ED9T-0001.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

An interesting fact: the design of the head part of these vehicles is unique for each of them and differs from the well-known Russian electric and diesel trains (the design of the head unit of the VS1N-002 is very similar to early versions of trains EPL2T and EPL9T) [6] [16].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Electromotris EM2P


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

A two-system service electric motris created in the Altai depot of the West Siberian Railway (ZSR) on the basis of motor cars of ED electric trains, designed for operation on electrified DC lines 3 kV and AC 25 kV. In total, two electric motors were created: the first in September 2008 on the basis of the ED9T-001902 AC electric train car, the second in October 2011 on the basis of cars of DC electric trains ED4M-001603 and ED2T-005310.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Since its creation, both motris were assigned to the Novosibirsk depot (TCH-32 ZSR) and began to be used for official trips of the ZSR authorities.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

As of 2018, they continue to work with the same postscript [17] [18] [19] [20].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The machines were designed with the help of researchers at Omsk State Transport University (OmGUPS) (where the principles for constructing an electrical circuit were developed).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The vestibules of the cars were cut off and instead of them new driver's cabins of a unique design were installed, entrance doors were crashed, new electrical equipment was installed to work on both current systems and the salon was re-equipped.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

During construction, both motris were painted gray with a red stripe, and the logo of Russian Railways (RZD) of the 2008 model (from p/d symbols) was applied to the frontal part of the cabins, but which there were no series and number markings on them [17] [18] [19] [20].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The electromotris driver's cabins have a unique shape and outwardly resemble the cabins of ES2 electric trains obtained at the KVR/KRP of ER2 electric trains in the same Altayskaya depot, but unlike the latter, they have strong inclination at the top and triangular buffer lights instead of trapezoidal ones.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Also notable features of the cabins are high temples for side mirrors that exceed the height of the windows, three wipers under the windshield, a red flashing beacon, as well as a typhon and whistle from officials' cars with flashing lights (see the video at the link).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The lower part of the cab is equipped with standard CA-3 [17] [18] [19] [20] automatic couplers.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The doors of the electric motors are single-leaf, designed for high platforms and serve for the entrance of both crew members and passengers.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

They are located on the sides in place of the leftmost window on each side next to the cabin.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

To reach the level of low platforms, there are small stairs under the door, similar to the stairs under the service vestibule of serial electric trains [17] [18] [19] [20].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

On the roof of the electric motor there is a current-carrying electrical equipment that occupies almost its entire area and has massive insulators designed for alternating current with a voltage of 25 kV. Two current collectors are asymmetrical half-pantographs and are located along the edges of the car, followed by air conditioners, and resistors on the sides.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In the central part of the roof there are air switches, a current supply switch and input insulators, as well as brake resistor blocks; on one side of the car, a current-carrying bus passes near the edge.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Converting electrical equipment and storage batteries are located in the basement space.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Bogies and traction drive are similar to electric trains of the ED4/ED9 series.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The interior of the electric motor vehicle, excluding the cabin space, corresponds in length to the cabin of a standard ED car, but the cabin space does not have partitions from the passenger part.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The control panel of the electric driver is located on the right and narrowed compared to the ED4M console, some of the control devices are located to the right of the driver (a conventional table is installed to the left of the console).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The seats in the cabin of the electric motris are soft seats with folding backs, located longitudinally in the direction of the nearest cabin, two on each side of the central aisle.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In the central part of the cabin, on the sides of the aisle, there is a toilet and an electric cabinet of the main entrance, which divides the cabin into two parts.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Misc


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

There are also other cases of creating motris on the basis of cars of this series (for example, the SV-1M electric motris obtained by the conversion of the motor car of the ED9M electric train) [7].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

EDS1R electric train


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In the year, a prototype of a special AC electric train (or two-car electric motor) was created at DMZ, designed to deliver work crews with the necessary equipment to the site of the work.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

On the plant's website, the composition is indicated by EDS1R (E electric train D Emikhovsky S special, type 1).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

It should be noted that on the nameplate of this train, presented at the EXPO-1520 salon in September, there was an inscription “Electromotris EMDS1r”, although there was no letter “m” on the head unit in the marking.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The factory designation is model 62-370 [21] [22].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The electric train was created on the basis of the unified mechanical part of the ED9M train and is arranged according to the scheme of two cars (Mg+Pg); moreover, the Pg car (model 62-371) is a passenger car, and the Mg (model 62-372) is service and technical.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In terms of design, the passenger car practically does not differ from the head car ED9M.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The layout of the cabin has been changed (there is a compartment for the foreman; a kitchen with a table, a cupboard, a microwave oven, an electric kettle, etc.).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The cabin of the service and technical car has a special crane that allows you to load, unload and move heavy loads inside the cabin [21] [2].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The following year, another train of the same type (EDS1R-0002) was built, and the prototype number was changed from 0001 to 0003 for unknown reasons [23].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

EP3D electric train


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Modernized suburban electric train with the possibility of a two-car layout when used as part of motor head cars.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Like its analogue for direct current, EP2D, is designated according to the new system (E electric train P rigorodny, type 3, D Emikhovsky).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In fact, it is a highly improved and modified train ED9E No. 0028-0032 to modern requirements, which has redesigned the shape of the head part of the cabin.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The shape of the cabin of the new train is similar to the EP2D, similarly created on the basis of the ED4M-500 model - the lower part is equipped with a hitch and buffers with a crash system of a special design and a cutout in sweeper, and buffer lights will be placed horizontally above the buffers.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In July 2016, the first electric train was manufactured in an 8-car composition and sent to the VNIIZHT ring in Shcherbinka for testing, after which it will be delivered to Kazakhstan Railways together with ED9E [24].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The need to create the train was due to the new technical regulations of the Customs Union “On the safety of rolling stock”, which entered into force in the year, produced after August 1, 2016, must be equipped with impact energy absorption devices (crash systems) that will ensure the safety of passengers and locomotive crew in the event of head-on collision with an obstacle.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The need to create head motor cars for a two-car layout is caused by the low passenger traffic on some lines.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

To resolve the situation with the loss ratio of suburban passenger companies (SPC), the Government of Russia has developed a number of measures (for example, reducing fees for the use of railway infrastructure, etc.).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Speaking at the Ural Interregional Coordination Council in July, the former President of Russian Railways V. AND. Yakunin, in turn, suggested that rolling stock manufacturers design a new type of electric trains from one or two cars.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

In this regard, DMZ decided to develop an electric train, the design of which would allow operating both standard-length trains and two or three cars [25].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Operation


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

As of the beginning of 2017, electric trains of the series are in operation [4] [5] [6] [7]:


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

ED9T — on various railways of Russian Railways;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

ED9M — on various railways of Russian Railways, South-Western Railway of Ukrzaliznytsia (UZ), on Kazakhstan Railways (KTZ [to 2]);


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

ED9MK — on various railways of Russian Railways and KTZ;


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

ED9E — on Gorky (mainly) and other railways of Russian Railways, as well as on KTZ; moreover, trains with numbers from 0027 to 0032 were delivered for KTZ, which, in addition to No. 0027, are equipped with cabins of the type ED4M 500 rooms.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

During the period from the creation of the series to the end of 2016, no cases of write-off of trains were recorded, except for the incident with the ED9T-0007 [4] [5] [6] [7].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

More precisely, several of his cars were decommissioned (no more than four out of ten; the rest were restored).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

However, among the decommissioned was the head car (No. 000701).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

For some time, instead of decommissioned cars, others (from ED9M) were used, but later the train was disbanded (the surviving cars began to be used as spare cars and for the formation of teams electric trains).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Thus, in fact, the ED9T-0007 ceased to exist as an electric train [26] [27].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Transport accidents


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

At 17:32 on February 9, 2010, on the Buzansky-Delta stretch, a VAZ-21099 car, ignoring the prohibiting signal of the crossing traffic light and the barrier, crashed into the ED9T-0007 electric train, following route Gas Processing Plant — Kutum station (the train was leased by Gazprom Dobycha Astrakhan LLC from Russian Railways).


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

It consisted of 608 workers of the gas processing plant and 80 railway workers.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

As a result of the car hit the cart of the car, the train derailed, and the car itself dragged several tens of meters by the train.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

The train, which derailed at a speed of about 95 km/h, was carried from the main track to the fourth track, where the ADM assembly railcar was located at that time.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

As a result of the impact, the sides of the first cars were destroyed; on the other hand, it is possible that the railcar prevented the train from derailing.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

As a result of the accident, two passengers of the train (railway workers) and a passenger of the car were killed, about 20 people were hospitalized, rolling stock (railcars and train cars) was damaged, 400 meters of track and at least four turnouts [28] [29] [30] [31] were destroyed.


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

All cars of the electric train were damaged (the first few cars — to the extent of exclusion from the inventory) [26] [27].


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Notes


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

comments


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Sources


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

References


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9


Question: What is the maximum ED9 speed?

ED9

Category:Motorcar rolling stock introduced in 1995


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The gun carriage (German: Lafette, French: l'affut) is a special device, a support (machine) on which the barrel of the gun with a bolt is fixed.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Carriages can be:


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

mobile (for field guns — wheeled and tracked)


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

semi-stationary (on a mobile basis — for ship, tank, railway, aviation and other guns)


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

stationary (on a fixed basis — near coastal, fortress and other guns).


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

There is a tradition to see off prominent persons on a carriage on their last journey.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Structural features of coastal and fortress gun carriages by the beginning of the 20th century


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The carriage is a support on which an artillery gun is placed for firing; in many cases, the carriage was also intended to transport the gun from one place to another, sometimes it was necessary (mountain artillery) put it on the back of the animal.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Accordingly, carriages in accordance with military science of the early 20th century could be divided into:


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

carriages without wheels (sliding machines), temporary wheels (some siege, fortress and coastal mortars) were adapted to them for transportation;


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

gun carriages on swivel frames for coastal guns;


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

wheeled carriages, which simultaneously serve to fire and transport guns over long distances; this included field, siege and fortress cannon carriages and partly mortar carriages;


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

rapid-fire gun carriages


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

special carriages that meet even special requirements (hiding tower carriages).


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The requirements from the carriage were the result of considering the effect of a shot on the carriage (see Fig. Barrel rollback); the conditions for the mobility of the carriage were the same as those required in general from military carts (see Fig.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Mobility (military science)).


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The foundations of the device of coastal carriages followed from the conditions under which coastal artillery is fighting; it has to deal with the artillery of the enemy fleet, therefore, shoot at targets very mobile; in order to fire at such targets for any sufficient time, it is necessary to start shooting from long distances, conduct it quickly and be able to monitor the target all the time; thanks to this end, shore carriages must:


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

have extensive vertical and horizontal shelling (aimed at the sides of ships, hinged on the decks; in both cases over the parapet to shelter personnel and material part),


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

allow a smooth change in the angles of elevation, rotation and the production of a shot without removing the gunner from the sight,


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

contribute to the rapid production of loading, aiming and firing (reduction of recoil — compressors, self-rolling, rotary mechanisms, shell cranes)


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

be adapted to focused shooting.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Due to the large weight of the coastal guns, a solid stone or concrete base was arranged under the carriages.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The coastal carriage for an 11-inch cannon (gun weight 1800 pounds, projectile - 15 pounds, initial speed - 1000 feet per second) for firing at low elevation angles (Fig. 1) consisted of a swivel frame, stationary when fired, and a machine that slides along the frame when fired.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The swivel frame (e) consisted of two longitudinal beds of 1-inch iron, reinforced at the edges with squares, and at the top and bottom with iron strips not brought to the ends of the frame, which are connected by transverse boards; in addition, the frame beds are connected by three vertical links; steel brackets for front and rear rollers rolling along arcuate rails were riveted to the frame; the axis of rotation serves as a kingpin


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(p) fixed in a pedestal (z) embedded in the front of the base; the frame is connected to the kingpin by an arrow


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(s); at the ends of the frame, rubber buffers (d) were located on top, softening the blows of the machine against the frame during rolling and rolling back; wedges were approved on the boule frame.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

When fired, the machine slid back along the frame, the rear rollers, meeting the wedges, run up on them - the machine leaned forward and stood at the end of the rollback to the front rollers; then the machine itself under the influence of force gravity moved forward along the wedges on the rollers and stopped on the order, sliding the bottom along the frame.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The machine consisted of 2 box-shaped beds (Fig. 2 — cross-section of the bed: two iron sheets a riveted to a thick rim), interconnected by the bottom and three cross-links (Fig. 3, P); at the top of the front - the frontal part of the beds, semicircular cutouts for the trunnions (Fig. 1, b) are made with outlines


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(g): they form trunnion sockets; brass runners were riveted to the bottom of the machine along the edges to eliminate its abrasion, and two strong legs (Fig. 3, a), grabbing the edges of the frame and preventing the fall of the machine from the frame from the bouncing of the frontal part of the machine when fired; the lifting mechanism is arc, toothed.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The rollback was limited to a hydraulic compressor (see Fig. Barrel recoil) with constant holes (variable pressure).


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The projectile was delivered to the gun in a cocora (hell.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

o) - a trolley moving along a rail track, it is lifted to the breech section for loading by means of a crane


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(f).


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The frame was rotated using a swivel mechanism - a box was attached to the rear of the frame, in the sockets of which the axis of the chain block rotated, through which the chain was thrown; the ends of the chain were attached to base at the ends of the rear rail; when rotating, the block will roll along the chain and turn the frame; a gear system has been placed inside the box, making the force on the handle much less chain tension.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

When firing at large angles, the pressure increase from a shot from an 11-inch gun on the front of the carriage was so great that the front wheels of the frame and axles could not withstand them, so the front end of the frame were superimposed on a system of steel, barrel-shaped rollers (Fig. 4, k), placed axles between two concentric iron rings fastened together by spacers; the rollers rolled along steel circle (n) embedded in the concrete pedestal of the base.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The frame rested on the rollers through a thick board (d) riveted from below to the frame beds; thus, the axes of the rollers were free from pressure and the friction on the axles was replaced by the rolling (smaller) — the rotation of the frame is facilitated.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The roller system rotates around the axis, which also serves as the axis of rotation of the frame — a steel bedside table is inserted into the steel circle (n)


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(p) bolted to the base


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(o); a board is put on the bedside table with its central hole (with a copper sleeve); the bedside table has a nut (a), which is covered by a ring (b); a counterbuffer (h) is put on the upper end of the bolt (o) with its opening, resting with the lower end on the ring (b), and the upper supporting washer (g) and consisting of Belleville springs (steel plates with a hole in the middle, folded in pairs by rims); over the washer at the end the bolt is screwed on the pressure nut (s); the counterbuffer kept the frame from jumping off the bedside table when the machine bounces and softens the impact between the frame and the base; so that the roller rings do not move to the side — rollers (l) adjacent to the outer ring are put on the upper, elongated ends of the installation (foundation) bolts.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

At large elevation angles, the treasury of the gun falls below the bottom of S., for which a cutout was made in the bottom, the compressor was brought forward - the trunnions of its ring (e) were placed in the lugs attached to the front plate frames, exhaust compressor rod (y), the pressure in the cylinder is constant; the paws are moved outward; shields (f), (x) and (c) are adapted to cover the servants from fragments and bullets.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The same device as the one just described had carriages of coastal mortars, always firing at very large angles (from 43° to 65°); the vertical component of the pressure of powder gases in the 11-inch the mortar at an angle of 65° reaches 50,000 pounds, here the front end of the frame always rested on a system of rollers.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Damn it.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

5 shows a coastal carriage for an 11-inch cannon in 35 calibers (the weight of the gun is 3000 pounds, the projectile is 21 pounds, the initial speed is 1900 feet per second) for firing at small elevation angles; the carriage has circular fire, located on a concrete base behind a concrete parapet; to reduce the base area, the kingpin is located centrally; the frame has a slope of about 4° for self-rolling; the carriage is equipped two constant pressure hydraulic compressors.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The usual combat conditions for siege and fortress guns are prolonged firing of whole shells from behind the parapet at the same target and accuracy is required at as long as possible; medium and short distances, flip and hinged shooting is carried out, why the carriages should have allowed large elevation angles; being subjected in turn to prolonged shelling of the enemy, carriages should have been allowed to fire from behind and over a high parapet (cover for servants and material part) through small hollows in it; with this arrangement, direct fire at the target is impossible, aiming was carried out separately at a closed target (vertical with a quadrant, horizontal with a sighting goniometer); the center of the trunnion nests was raised 6 feet above the horizon - the maximum height lifting of trunnions, due to ease of loading.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Fortress guns were transported to the installation site from the fortress warehouse, siege guns were delivered (by rail and ordinary roads) to the fortress in the siege park, from where they were transported to the installation site directly along field and approaches on people and horses, the movement was made in steps; the weight of the siege weapon system with a carriage should not exceed 350-400 pounds.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

It was necessary to reduce the length of the rollback as much as possible, as along the way the number of excavation and other works during installation decreased; the simplicity of the device and maintenance material part.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Siege and fortress carriage for a 6-inch cannon


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Hell.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

A high siege and fortress carriage for a 6-inch cannon (gun weight 190 pounds, projectile - 2 pounds, initial speed 1500 feet per second) allows elevation angles from -5° to +40°; the weight of the carriage is about 100 pounds.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The carriage consists of a machine, a stroke (axle with wheels) and a compressor.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

At an elevation angle of 40°, the axis with wheels experienced strong pressure from the shot; to weaken its axis of the trunnions is significantly fed from the combat axis to the trunk; at small elevation angles, a significant recoil speed, to limit which a hydraulic compressor was adapted; a wooden platform was laid under the carriage, consisting of longitudinal bars - beds, laid in furrows made in the soil; under the middle of the longitudinal beds, in the place where the trunk (the rear end of the carriage) falls, a number of transverse beds were placed, the rear ends of the longitudinal beds rested against the transverse ones; on top a flooring of 3-inch boards was nailed, a thick, iron, arcuate strip crashed into the flooring under the trunk.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The machine was formed by two iron beds (A), placed on the edge, fastened along the contour from the outside and inside by squares and interconnected by bolts (n, p, k, t) with bolts worn on them between beds with spacer couplings and a pivot board (b); the front - the frontal part of the tank rested on an axle with wheels (the rear - trunk - lay on the platform), for which axial ribs were cut out in the lower ribs sockets reinforced with linings, the axle was tightened by axial garters (o) put on bolts


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(q) and pressed nuts; at the top of the beds there were trunnion nests reinforced with ladygs (y), on the stops of which basts were superimposed (f); two stops were riveted to the upper ribs in the middle of the length, forming camping nests (a); lifting mechanism - a swinging double screw with a bronze uterus inserted into a steel cushion between the beds in the middle part; rotations of the carriage in the horizontal plane when firing, they were carried out with handspouts, levers placed under crutches (x) located in the trunk part; a bench was arranged for the gunner


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(p).


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The compressor has a piston without holes, oil flows into the gap between the piston and the inner surface of the cylinder bored along the cone, the pressure is constant; the front cover is provided with a ring (s) worn on pin (c), approved in the middle bed of the platform under the carriage axis by means of a holder (g); the rod is articulated with the paw (w), the nipple of which is inserted into the pivot hole of the board and laid with a key .


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

During transportation, a slug board was attached to the trunk and it was superimposed with a pivot hole (Fig. 7) on the front kingpin, instead of combat wheels, large diameter front wheels were put on, and on the front gun - combat, the gun is transferred to camping nests.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The described device had carriages for 42-line, 6-inch lightweight and 8-inch light guns.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Siege and fortress mortars, which always shoot at high elevation angles, were given the simplest device: they are without wheels and rest with the ribs of the beds directly on the platform so that the pressure was transmitted by the last wide and long surface.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

To prevent the gases coming out of the muzzle of the mortar located behind the parapet from destroying the parapet, the axis of the mortar trunnions was 10 feet beyond its crest; the axle of the trunnions above the horizon was about 4 feet; the rollback is reduced by wedges lying on the platform, rollers located in the frontal part of the machine run up on them when rolling back, the trunk slid along the platform.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The machine (Fig. 8) consisted of two beds (1) of 1-inch iron, the trunnion sockets were reinforced with linings and covered with marks, bolted nuts; the lower ribs on both sides were reinforced squares (B), to which runners are riveted from below; the beds were bolted (P, Q, R), with spacer sleeves; brackets were attached to them in front and bottom, through which (and through the beds) passed roller axles (N), underground mechanism (k) — arc, gear with double gear; on the second axis, a flywheel (G) was mounted on the right, actuating the mechanism, and a clamping handle (H) on the left.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

To direct the machine when rolling back, rolling and rolling back without a shot, there is a swivel bar (Fig. 8, A; Fig. 9), consisting of two I-beam rails interconnected by ties and bolts; an axle with two rollers is fixed in front between the rails (Fig. 8, Fig. 9, a), there is a hole in the middle of the axis


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(f) by which the axle is put on the platform kingpin.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

When rolling back, the rollers ran up the wedges, the trunk slid along the platform; to turn the machine, scrap was inserted into the slots of the iron strip located under the trunk; there were 4 rollers between the beds (Fig. 8, C and D) with eccentric axes, the machine stood on them, leaning on a swivel bar, when the machine was rolled back without a shot.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

For transportation, a camping axle (Fig. 8, M) was inserted into the frontal nests and attracted by garters


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(p), a camping pitchfork (Fig. 10) with a rider seat was attached to the trunk, superimposed on the front kingpin, the mortar was transferred to the camping nests; the weight of the system with the front (Fig. 11) was about 400 poods.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Even easier was an iron machine for a 5-pound and 2-pound smooth mortar, designed for firing bullet and grenade buckshot and luminous cores.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Field artillery gun carriages


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The main requirement from field artillery carriages is mobility, often over rough terrain, without roads; mountain artillery fights in the mountains, accompanies infantry along narrow and winding mountain roads, therefore, should be transported on packs, and it was assumed that the horse carries a load of no more than 6 pounds on a pack.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The cannon field carriage (Fig. 11) consisted of a machine and a stroke; machine beds made of lithium iron, or mild steel with edges bent inward for strength; trunnion nests are reinforced with ladygs (1), and axial - frontal riveting (2), the beds were fastened together with ties and bolts with spacer couplings, trunk riveting (3) covered the trunk of the machine from below and behind; the stroke axis was pulled to the machine by garters (4), making it possible to move the axis along the machine (at a distance of 1½ inches); with the help of two rods (5), the axis was articulated with a movable transverse bolt (6), sliding when fired in rectangular windows the middle part of the beds; 2 buffer bolts (Figures 12, 7) were put on the movable bolt with lugs, passing through the 3rd connection of the carriage and the pressure buffer board, fitting the buffer on its sides, on the ends of the bolts were nuts resting on the pressure plate are screwed; the buffer (Figures 12, 8) consists of two rubber plates separated by an iron gasket; thus, the carriage stroke, consisting of an axis, wheels, two rods a movable bolt, 2 buffer bolts with nuts and a pressure plate, and C. are unlocked by a rubber buffer resting at one end on the 3rd link C., the other on the pressure buffer board.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

When fired, the machine moves backwards, the move stands still, why the buffer shrinks to capacity, only then will the recoil affect the move and it will roll back - the blow between S. and the move is softened; taking initial dimensions after compression, the buffer will slow down and stop the rollback and inform the course of a return blow; the lifting mechanism (9) is a double swinging screw with a fork (10); to turn the carriage to the sides serves rule (11), worn on the trunk bolt; the rollback is limited to a steel coulter (12) that cuts into the ground; the trunk rivet (2) increases the surface of contact of the trunk with the terrain and prevents it dig too much; a kingpin funnel (13) [1] is cut into it, with which the trunk is put on the front kingpin (Fig. 13) for movement.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The horse carriage differs from that described only in the absence of seats for servants (horse servants) and small details.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

To increase the speed of fire in field artillery, carriages with an elastic coulter and a rotary mechanism are adopted (Fig. 14); otherwise they are the same as described; thanks to the adopted devices, the rollback is reduced and the carriage rolls itself; aiming in the horizontal and vertical directions is in the hands of the gunner.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

A wide shovel — coulter (1) — is suspended on racks (2) to the lugs of the slats (3) riveted to the lower ribs of the trunk part by means of a hinged axis and connected by a rod (4) to a buffer bolt (5) passing through the trunk sheet into the gap between the rear ends of the beds; rubber plates separated by iron gaskets and front and rear washers are put on the buffer bolt.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Before the shot, the coulter is adjacent to the beds, leaning with a sharp edge on the ground; when rolling back during the shot, the lower rib of the coulter is delayed by the terrain, and the weight gain point moves backwards, therefore, the coulter bends forward and, from the pressure of the shot, cuts into the soil for almost the entire size of the shovel; at this time, the thrust head (6) will rest against the shovel and pull the buffer bolt that presses the buffer with the upper washer on trunk leaf; the buffer, resisting compression, will hold and stop the carriage, after which, expanding, it will roll the carriage forward (does not reach its original place by 1-2 feet); due to the strong resistance of the coulter rollback, the frontal part of the carriage bounces strongly.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The rotary mechanism is arranged as follows: C. with frontal rivets lies on the square (7), the horizontal branch of which is flush into the rivet, and the vertical branch enters the groove planed in the axial garter (8); the square can move left and right by means of a lever rotating on a vertical axis fixed in the front connection C., the front end of which enters the box-shaped stop in the middle of the upper branch square, the rear one has the form of a fork, between the vertical branches of which the uterus is placed with trunnions, moving to the right and left along the lead screw passing through the beds, at its right end is mounted handle (9) with a counterweight; when the lead screw rotates, the rotary lever will rotate near its front end, which remains stationary (because it is articulated with the square that remains together with the fixed warhead), due to the movement of the uterus along the lead screw; S. will follow the lever and move along the square in the direction where the uterus leaves; the combat axis is articulated with the square (7), which lies on it with its horizontal branch by means of two bolts (10) passing through the axis and the square; their front ends have holes where checks (11) are laid; at the ends extending beyond square, 2 rubber axial buffers (12) are put on and nuts are screwed on; when rolling back, the square will move back together with S., and the bolts with axial buffers together with the stroke axis will remain stationary at first, why the resistance of axial buffers to compression will soften the impact between the machine and the stroke.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The weight of the gun carriage is about 65 pounds.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Field mortar carriage


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(Fig. 15) is built especially firmly; S. is a kind of box - the beds are fastened with solid sheets almost along the entire length from above and below; shooting is carried out precisely and hinged.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

At small angles, the recoil speed is so high that delaying something in the trunk would lead to the carriage overturning - therefore, measures have been taken to ensure that the trunk does not dig during rollback, the limit angle the rotation of the system is reduced by the location of the axle of the trunnions above the combat axis, which makes the trunk less burdened; at large elevation angles, the axis becomes on pedestals (1) suspended on hinges to the lugs of the frontal rivets (2); the soles of both pedestals are fastened with an iron board (3) with bent ribs; the pedestals are suspended so that when fired, the wheels first cut slightly into the ground and only then the axle rests on the pedestals, sprung with rubber buffers; C. is not superimposed directly on the axis, but is suspended from it: special clips (4) are put on the axle, the grooves of which include frontal rivets C., with the lugs of the latter the heads of two bolts (5) passed through the holder and the axle are pivotally connected, rubber buffers (6) with gaskets (7) and washers, over which nuts (8) are screwed on top of them; the shot pressure is transmitted to the axle with wheels through buffers.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The lifting mechanism is toothed.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Side turns are made using a plug-in rule


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(q).


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

For transportation, the carriage is put on the kingpin ring (k) on the front kingpin; the weight of the carriage with mortar is about 65 pounds.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Mountain carriages are given a considerable length and a small height of the axle of the trunnions so that they do not overturn when fired (see).


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The gun and carriage packs are very inconvenient, rolls and often stuff the back of horses, so the carriage is adapted for transportation on a treeless front, consisting of an iron pitchfork with a kingpin and two glasses the ends into which wooden lobes are inserted; the carriage is put on the kingpin with a pivot funnel cut into the coulter's paw.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

A special lifting mechanism has also been adopted.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The device of carriages for rapid-fire guns is designed to develop the highest firing speed, for which they strive to reduce the work of gun servants, make it feasible, and reduce time , required for aiming by transferring vertical and horizontal aiming to the hands of one gunner, and refused, for the sake of ease of aiming, from being located behind a high parapet in favor of steel shield, and eliminate rollback.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

Coastal gun carriage for rapid-fire guns


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

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Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(Fig. 16) of small caliber is installed on a concrete base and attracted to it by bolts (M), consists mainly of C. and the main gear wheel, into which the first is inserted and firmly connected so that it can rotate unlimitedly around the pin (K) inserted into the cup (L) of the circle.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

C. consists of two beds (A) connected by ties, two rocker arms (B) equipped with trunnion sockets, inserted between the beds and rotating on an axis passing through the holes of the rocker arms and bushings (D), fixed in the beds with washers (D), and a hydraulic compressor (E) connecting the lower ends of the rocker arms with the trunk S.; paws are formed in the frontal and trunk parts of C.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(f) tucked into the circular trough of the main circle (g).


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The compressor gradually absorbs recoil when fired; two strong coil springs are put on the rod inside the cylinder.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

When fired, the rocker arms are lowered, the rod is pulled out and the springs are cocked; after the shot, the springs are unclenched and the rocker arms are put in their original place.


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

The lifting mechanism consists of a lever (s) worn by the eye of one end on the axis (B), and the fork of the other is connected to the earring (h) and the coupling; the earring (h) has ears at the ends, one is put on the trunnion tools, the other is inserted into the fork of the lever and laid with a bolt; the lifting screw (t) at the lower end is equipped with an eye worn on the trunnion C., the uterus is screwed onto it, the lower edge of which is a bevel gear


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(p) and the upper one is cut for the nut; a coupling is put on the uterus


Question: Where did the word “carriage” come from?

Lafette

(q) fastened by means of an eye to the lever (s) and equipped with a flywheel