Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

A total of 404 photos [30] were recovered.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In 2007, within the framework of the project “Russian Empire in Color” of the Publishing House of the Belarusian Exarchate, a special algorithm and program were developed for combining three-component photographs by S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

This made it possible to combine all the photos and post them for public viewing on the website “Russian Empire in Color” [31].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Because some of the glass plates were damaged, the photos taken after combining were retouched to restore the original image where possible.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

This retouching did not bring anything new or destroy anything, its purpose was only to restore the original image.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Specialized software allows you to combine the color components of images with an accuracy of one pixel and without loss of quality, which makes prepress preparation possible color images obtained.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The result of mathematical processing of three-component images, retouching and systematization of photographs was the album “Russian Empire in Color” [32].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

This album contains some of the most interesting and picturesque photographs taken by the artist-photographer during his travels to Vladimir and Yaroslavl provinces.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The publishing house of the Belarusian Exarchate plans to release several more albums.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Study of Prokudin-Gorsky's life and creative heritage


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The study of Prokudin-Gorsky's life and work in his homeland began with S. P. Garanina (now Professor of the Department of Book Science at the Moscow State University of Culture and Arts), who back in 1970 published an article “L. N. Tolstoy in a color photo.”


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Since then, S. P. Garanina published numerous works on this topic in periodicals, including a detailed biography of Prokudin-Gorsky, as well as some archival documents.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The result of these studies was the monograph album “The Russian Empire of Prokudin-Gorsky. 1905—1916” (Moscow: Beautiful Country, 2006).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In Moscow, since 1994, the Center for Digital Technologies in the Restoration of the Scientific Council on the Complex Problem “Cybernetics” of the Russian Academy of Sciences has compiled a database of visual and written sources on the “Collection Sights of Russia” and Prokudin-Gorsky.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The scientific description of the “American” part of Prokudin-Gorsky's photographic heritage in his work “Collection of Sights of Russia” in the Library of Congress was given by V. IN. Minakhin (now Deputy Director for Science at the Restorator-M Scientific and Restoration Center), who has been engaged in research on this topic since the early 1990s.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In St. Petersburg, art critic A. IN. Noskov, who focuses on the history of publishing open letters based on the master's photographs.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In a series of publications (in the magazine of postcard collectors “ZHUK”, the Luga district newspaper “Provincial News”), A. IN. Noskov covered the early period of Prokudin-Gorsky's activities (1904—1905) on the basis of archival documents he had recently discovered.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In the United States, Robert H. Allshouse studied Prokudin-Gorsky's activities, who compiled the scientist's first biography for the monograph album Photos for the Tsar: A Pioneer of Color photographs by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky, authorized by Tsar Nicholas II” (NY, Doubleday, 1980).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Despite serious factual errors, this biographical study has for many years become the main source of information about Prokudin-Gorsky for English-speaking readers and often is cited in modern Russian-language publications.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In recent years, research into the life and creative heritage of Prokudin-Gorsky has become the goal of several Internet projects.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In particular, in 2008, to study the life and work of S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky, as well as to search for missing parts of his collection on the local history website “Temples of Russia”, an open public project “Heritage of S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky” [33].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

As part of this project, more than 300 photographs from the collection were identified and attributed, and color photographs of Prokudin-Gorsky, previously unknown to the general public, printed in Russia before 1917 years (including a number of photographs taken in Moscow), little-known archival documents have been published.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Various issues are discussed at the project forum: techniques for restoring photographs of Prokudin-Gorsky, creating panoramas from his photographs, photo comparisons, dating works, correcting errors in attribution, bibliography, etc.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In the same 2008, a project was opened by St. Petersburg researcher S. Prokhorov “Color photographs by S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky” (1902—1915) [34].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The author of this site aims to present all the surviving photographs of Prokudin-Gorsky in a systematic form with comments.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

For the convenience of visitors, the site has a geographical rubricator that allows you to quickly find photos taken in a particular place or area.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

S. Prokhorov also carried out significant work to identify the works of Prokudin-Gorsky.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

On November 28, 2010 in the local history museum of St. Kirzhach opened the permanent exhibition “Pioneer of color photography S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky and the history of the Prokudin-Gorsky family”.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

On September 25, 2016, the Romanov School in Moscow opened the world's first museum of S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Films about S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The Tsar's Last Picture Show for BBC Four (documentary, 2003).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

“Album for the Tsarevich. Photographer S. Prokudin-Gorsky”.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Cinemedia LLC, Author: E.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Smut.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Producer: B.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Grachevsky (documentary, 2004).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

“The color of time”.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Director: Konstantin Kasatov (documentary, 2007).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

“History in Color”.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Director Ivan Martynov (documentary, 2009).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

“Russia in Color”.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Director: Vladimir Meletin (documentary, 2010) [35].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

“Inventory of the Motherland... in the footsteps of Prokudin-Gorsky.”


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Director: Ben van Lieshout (Holland)


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Filming began in 2011 [36].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

“The color of the nation”.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Author: Leonid Parfyonov (documentary, 2013) [37].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The television premiere of the film took place on Channel One on June 12, 2014 [38].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Photo gallery


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Seyid Alim Khan (1880—1944), Emir of Bukhara.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Young Russian peasant women near the Sheksna River.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Nilo-Stolobenskaya Hermitage on Lake Seliger.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The engine room of the Hindu Kush HPP on the Murghab River.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The iconostasis of the Orthodox Church in Smolensk.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Self-portrait S.M.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Full version


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The view is towards Sukhumi.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Sukhum Botanical Garden.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Gagra.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Wharf.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

New hotel in VGAGRAH.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

On a car near Petrozavodsk on the Murmansk Railway.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war at the barrack.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Karelia, 1916


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

View from the bell tower of the Trinity Cathedral (the monastery of the same name) to Sobornaya Square in Belgorod during the celebrations of the glorification of St. Joasaph of Belgorod on September 4, 1911 Belgorod, 1911


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Photo collection by S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky is available for free viewing on the Library of Congress website [39].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In addition, it is possible to search the collection in Russian [40].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Photos sorted out according to the administrative division of the Russian Empire are available on the website “Russian Empire in Color” [31].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Geographical catalog of photographs in the modern administrative-territorial division and interactive travel map by S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky are compiled within the framework of the Heritage project [33].


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

See also


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Adolph Mite


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Louis Arthur Ducos du Oron


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Charles Cros


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Tartan ribbon


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Levi Hill


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Notes


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Literature


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Sights of Russia in natural colors.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

All Prokudin-Gorsky.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— 2003.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The Russian Empire of Prokudin-Gorsky.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Beautiful Country, 2008.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

The Russian Empire in color: Vladimir and Yaroslavl provinces.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

1909—1915 (album).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— Minsk: Publishing House of the Belarusian Exarchate, 2007.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorski, Sergei Michailowitsch; Allshouse, Robert H. (ed.).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Photographers for the Tsar: The Pioneering Color Photography of Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii Commissioned by Tsar Nicholas II (in English).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— Doubleday, 1980.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— ISBN 0-385-27158-1.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Coote, Jack H. Illustrated History of Colour Photography (in English).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— Fountain Press, 1993.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Garanina S. Unknown transparencies (S. Prokudin-Gorsky in Yasnaya Polyana)//Soviet photo.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— 1983.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— No. 2.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— P. 40-41.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Garanina S. Prokudin-Gorsky S. An outstanding figure in photography (in memory of S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky)//Photography.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— 1994.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— No. 4.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— P. 29—31.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Garanina S. A review of the sources of S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky (1863—1944) //Problems of cultural heritage in the field of engineering: Collection of articles.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Vol.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— Polytechnic Museum, 2001.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— PP. 141—171.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Krasilnikov Yu.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

//Computerra.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— 2001.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— No. 42.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Oktyabrskaya I. “Photography in natural colors is my specialty...”//Expert № 30—31 (764).


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— 2011.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— August 1—14.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— P. 9—18.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Prokudin-Gorsky S. M. A week in Yasnaya Polyana with L. N. Tolstoy (memoirs)//Illustrated Russia.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— 1936.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— No. 8.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Karelia: encyclopedia: in 3 vols/Ch.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

ed.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

A. F. Titov said.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

T. 2: K — P. — Petrozavodsk: Publishing House “PetroPress”, 2009.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

P. 435-464 p.: ill.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

, maps.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

ISBN 978-5-8430-0125-4 (vol. 2)


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Naryshkina-Prokudina-Gorskaya N. A. “Family saga. Seconds, Minutes, Centuries...” —: Publisher: Nestor-Istoriya, 2010.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— 470 p. — 3000 copies


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— ISBN 978-5-98187-670-7.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Garanina S. P. The Russian Empire in color photographs by S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— M.: “Beautiful Book”, 2006.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Nikitin V. A. The work of his life//Stories about photographers and photographs.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— L., 1991.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— P. 47—71.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

References


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In Russian


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— identification of photographs, a collection that contains all known photographs of the author, including various options for their restoration, 2,705 photographs as of June 30, 2015.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

— Identification of photographs, a collection that contains 1,846 photographs as of June 30, 2015.


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

(pdf)


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

In English


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

, which includes 1,900 computer - recovered low resolution photographs from the Library of Congress archives


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Category:People born in Kirzhachsky District


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Category:Photography pioneers


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Category:Russian emigrants of the first wave in France


Question: When was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky born?

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky

Burials at Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois Cemetery


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

The Jersey Pound (English: Jersey pound, French: Livre de Jersey) is the monetary unit of Jersey.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

The official languages of Jersey are English and French, and since 2010, banknotes have been denoted in English (in pounds) and French (in livres).


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

The Jersey pound is pegged 1:1 to the pound sterling.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

UK coins are freely accepted on the island.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Banknotes from the Bank of England, Scottish and Northern Irish banks, and Guernsey, while not legal tender, can be accepted on the island.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

In the UK, Jersey is not officially solvent, but Jersey money can be accepted for payment along with its own.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

The ISO 4217 standard does not contain a separate code for this currency.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Where necessary, the JEP designation is usually used.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

History


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Until 1834, the island's currency was the livre, which equated to the pound at a rate of 26 livres per pound, and French money was used.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

In 1834, due to the abolition of the livre in France, the pound was established in 1795, although French copper coins continued to be in circulation at a rate of 26 su per shilling until 1924.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

In 1841, pence was established, 13 of which were a shilling, and in 1877 12 pence became a shilling (pound = 4 kroner = 20 shillings = 240 pence).


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

In 1971, the decimal system was adopted, pound = 100 pence.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Coins


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Currently in circulation are coins of 1/2 (abolished in 1981), 1 penny, 2 pence (since 1971), 5, 10 pence (since 1968), 20 pence (since 1982), 50 pence (since 1969, since 1983 on the obverse there is an image of the castle Grosne, XIV century), 1 pound (since 1982), 2 pounds (since 1998).


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

The last two coins are rare.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Banknotes


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Until 1831, all parishes of the island could issue their own banknotes.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

In 1831, regular printing of 1 and 5 pound notes was established.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

During the occupation of the islands by Germany, new money was issued.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

In 1963, banknotes were first printed in series.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Queen Elizabeth II is depicted on the front side of all banknotes.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

The watermark is a Jersey cow.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

The images on the back of the banknotes


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

1 pound (green, since 1963, gradually falling out of circulation) — St Helier Parish Church


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

5 pounds (purple, since 1963) — La Corbière Lighthouse


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

10 pounds (red, since 1972) — Death of Major Pearson during the Battle of Jersey in 1781


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

20 pounds (blue, since 1976) — St Owens Estate


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

50 pounds (brown, since 1989) — Government House


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Commemorative 1 pound banknotes are also issued.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

On June 1, 2012, the 100-pound jubilee banknote dedicated to the diamond jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II went on sale.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

The banknote is issued in a limited edition in a special folder reflecting the historical milestones of the reign of the Queen of England in the second half of the 20th century.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

On the front side of the banknote (horizontal arrangement) there is a realistic full-face portrait of Queen Elizabeth II.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

On the reverse side (vertical arrangement) is a Jersey royal mace.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

The main colors of the banknote: purple, pink, blue [1]


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Exchange-rate regime


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

The Jersey pound exchange rate is pegged to the pound sterling at a ratio of 1:1.


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Notes


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

References


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

‹See Tfd› (in German) ‹See Tfd› (in English)


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Category:Pound


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Category:Livre


Question: What currency is accepted in Nigeria?

Jersey pound

Category:Jersey Money


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Serbolužice literature is literature in Upper Luzhitsky and Lower Luzhitsky languages or written by Serbolužice authors in other languages.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The oldest written monument in the Lusatian language that has survived to this day is fragments of the so-called work “Magdeburgske glossy”, which dates back to the 12th century.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The regular publication of printed books in the Lusatian languages began in the 16th century.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

There is a corpus of “Lusatian Language Monuments”, published during the XVI-XVIII centuries and significantly influenced the development of the Lusatian languages.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

16th century


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Until the 16th century, the literary creativity of the Luzhitsky people existed mainly orally: for example, heroic (Our guys are going from the war) and church chants.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The oldest monument of Serbolužice writing is the text of the Latin psalm of the Magdeburg Manuscript (Magdeburgske glossy) of the 12th century with an interlinear translation into Old Lužice and German.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

According to Slavist G. Shuster-Shevets, the Slavic translation belongs to the West Lower Luga dialect.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The history of Serbolužice literature dates back to the Reformation — the 16th century.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The earliest monument of business writing is the Budishinskaya Oath of 1532.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

It was an oath of allegiance to the authorities taken by the Luzhitans after they received the right of equal citizens of Budishin.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Later, similar oaths appeared in other cities of Luzhitsa.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Translations of the Bible and other religious texts played an important role in the development of writing among the Upper- and Lower Luzhitsky Serbs in the 16th—18th centuries.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The first books were written and printed by Protestants in Lower Luga dialects: Miklavsh Yakubica translated the New Testament in 1548, and Albin Moller published the Little Catechism in 1574.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1595, the first printed book in Upper Luzhitsky was published, Luther's Small Catechism, translated by Vyatslav Vorekh [1] [2] [3].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1707, Yuri Gavshtyn Svetlik made a complete translation of the Bible.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the XVI-XVII centuries, Upper Luzhitsky (in Catholic and Protestant versions) and Lower Luzhitsky written languages appeared.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

A number of monuments of Serbolužice writing were written in dialects that later died out.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1884, the Lusatian folklorist Hendrich Jordan discovered the manuscript of Gregoriusowe kěrlušowe knižki, which dates back to the end of the 16th century and is an example of the development of the Upper Lužice language and its dialects.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The creation of a single national language was also hampered by the territorial disunity of the Lusatian Serbs [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The Lusatian writer of the early 16th century, who wrote in Latin, was a teacher at Krakow and other European universities - Jan Rak (d. 1520).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1502, his Songs were published in Strasbourg.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

It is known that Cancer also wrote “Poems about a Puddle”.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Another major humanist and poet was Caspar Poiker (d. 1602).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

While imprisoned in Leipzig Prison, Poiker composed a Latin poem “The Idyll of the Motherland” in 1583, which was a chronicle of Bautzen's district (published in 1594).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The most famous opponent of the Reformation of the 16th century was Jan Luzycki, a teacher at the University of Krakow.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1560, he published a polemical book “Historical Narrative of Various Subjects”.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Born in Bautzen, Kaspar Yaniti composed the poem “The Face of the School” (“Prosopon Scholae”), in which he described the difficult situation of the school, the decline in the quality of education and the fall in morals.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Jakub Janus, a native of Cottbus (d. 1583), left behind numerous works, including “The Birthday of Christ” and “Acts of the Prophets”.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Lower Luzhitsky theologian and scientist Albin Moller in 1574 in Bautzen published the first books in the Lower Luzhitsky dialect: “The Small Catechism”, “Collection of Lusatian Psalms” and “The Eternal Church Calendar”.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In Lower Luga, Moller published works on astronomy and astrology in Leipzig: “A Detailed and Truthful Report on the New Comet” (1605) and “Great Practical Astrology” (1613).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1582 he wrote a book on medicinal plants.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1597, the Serbolužice priest Vyatslav Varihiy published a catechism he translated in Upper Lužice, to which an article in German was attached: “Information on how to use and pronounce letters in the Lusatian language” [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

17th century


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Jan Bock (d. 1621) was originally from Lower Luzhitsa, who spoke seven languages, including Lower Luzhitsa (which he called the “Sarmatian” language).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Bock wrote poems in Latin and German, as well as historical works about Hungarians and Turks.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In a poem of 1612, Bock glorified his native land “Mother Puddle” [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Khandrosh Tara (d. c. 1638) published Luther's Small Catechism in the West Lower Luga Stork dialect in 1610 in Frankfurt am Main.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Among his other manuscripts are Dictionary of the Lusatian Language in Buchholz and its Environs, the grammar of the Lusatian language, and the Lusatian Sermons (not preserved).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1627, Verkhneluzhitsky clergyman Gregor Martini published the book “Seven Penitent Psalms of the Royal Prophet David. Lusatian and German.”


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1650, priest Jan Hoinan prepared for publication the first grammar of the Lower Luga language with the Lower Luzhitsko-Latin dictionary “Linguae Vandalicae ad dialectum Cotbisiani formandae aliquis Conatus”.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Around the same time, Juro Ermel released the first primer in Lower Luga, “ABC — Kniglicki” (in 1669, the ABC book was banned and seized by the German authorities).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1654, priest Adam Tilo published a book in Lower Luzhitsky, Catechismus und Glaubens Articul (banned and destroyed by the German authorities in 1667).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1653-1656, the priests of the “Vendian District” published four books in the Lower Luzhitsky language: the Catechism, the Psalter, the Collection of Excerpts from the Bible and the Collection of Church Hymns.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1679, Jakub Xaver Titian published the Upper Lužice grammar “Principia linguae Wendicae” in Prague, which became the basis for the Upper Luzhitsky Catholic literary language [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Scientist and priest Yuri Ludovitsa (d. 1673) wrote the first grammar of the Upper Luzhitsky language “Rudimenta Grammaticae Sorabo-Vandalicae idiomatis Budissinatis deliniata”.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1675, the Lower Luzhitsky scientist Juro Krigar spoke at the University of Wittenberg and published the book “On the Serboluzhitans, the Slavic people, colloquially called the Venda”.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1689, Zachary Birling published a work on the Lusatian spelling, Didascalia seu Orthography Vandalica.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Michal Frenzel Sr. (d. 1706), as a priest in Bautzen, was engaged in translation activities in the Budishinsky dialect of the Upper Luzhitsky language.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1706, after Frenzel's death, his translation of the New Testament was published in full.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In his Greeting Letter to Peter I, who was in Germany in 1697, Frenzel wrote: “Oh, Saxony, especially you, Drezhany... you have never been honored so much that a great king and a great the sovereign, who, together with millions of his subjects, speaks our Luzhitsky or Sarmatian language, has come to us...” [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

XVIII century


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

One of the famous Lusatian families that played a significant role in the formation of Serbolužice literature was the Frenzel family, from which several representatives came out from the 1660s to the middle of the XVIII century Serbolužice scientific and creative intelligentsia.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The first known representative of this family was the translator Michal Frenzel, who in 1706 published the New Testament in the Upper Lužice language.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

His activities contributed to raising the prestige of the native language among Luzhitans [5].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Michal Frenzel was the father of the Lusatian encyclopedist Abraham Frenzel and poet Michal Frenzel, who, in turn, was the father of chronicler Salomon Boguchval Frenzel.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Abraham Frenzel (d. 1740) was the author of De originbus linguae Sorabicae (On the Origin of the Lusatian Language).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the last two volumes, Frenzel explained the names of the settlements of Luzhitsy.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1719, Frenzel's book about the pagan deities of the Slavs and Luzhichans “De diis Slavorum in specie” was published.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1706, Jan Bogumil Fabricius, who stood at the origins of the Lower Luzhitsky literary language, opened the first printing house in Cottbus.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1721, a Latin-Luzhitsky dictionary compiled by Yuri Gavshtyn Svetlik was published in Budishin.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Jan Bohumer Richtar, a native of Cottbus, known for his research on beekeeping, published a historical and ethnographic work in German in 1730 “A collection of some reports about the city of Cottbus in Lower Lužice and the places adjacent to it.”


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1738, the monthly scientific publication Destinata Litteraria et Fragments Lusatica began to be published in Lübben.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Important educational institutions in which the Serbolužice intelligentsia were brought up were the Lužice Seminary (operated from 1728 to 1922) and the Lesser Town German Gymnasium in Prague.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Future Serbolužice writers and poets of the XVIII-XIX centuries studied in these institutions.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1766, Lipske nowizny a wšitkizny, the first newspaper in history in handwritten version in Upper Luzhitsky, was published.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

This newspaper was published by representatives of the Serbian Preaching Society, which arose in 1716 among Lusatian students at the University of Leipzig.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1728, this society published a Bible in the Upper Luzhitsky language, which was included in the corpus of the Luzhitsky Written Monuments.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

A member of this society was Gadam Boguhwal Sherah (d. 1773), a representative of the Enlightenment, who published a large number of religious texts.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1755, his article in German “Message in Defense of the Ancient Slavs and Luzhichans” was published, in which the author tried to debunk German prejudices against the Slavs.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the second half of the 18th century, a large number of Lusatian publications in German appeared.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Thus, in 1768, the German-language Luzhitsky Journal was founded in Görlitz.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Yuri Men, a representative of the secular trend in literature, in 1767 composed a patriotic poem “The Luzhitsky language of opportunity and praise in a poetic song”.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Jan Gorchansky in 1782 published in German the book “Reflections of the Upper Luzhitsky Serb on the Fate of His People...”.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the German magazine Lausitzer Provinzial-Blätter, Gorchansky wrote: “I confess right away: I am a Serboluzhican and I am not ashamed of my origin...”


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The Monthly for Teaching and Consolation (Mesačne pismo k rozwučenju a wokřewjenju), a socio-political magazine published in Bautzen in 1790, was immediately banned by the authorities Saxony, feared unrest.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Linguist Jan Bedrich Fritzo (d. 1819) translated the Old Testament into Lower Luga, and compiled a Lower Luga dictionary with grammar [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

19th century


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Educator journalist Jan Boguhval Deika (d. 1853) published the monthly Serbski powědar a kurěr (Lužice Storyteller and Courier) in Upper Lužice from 1809 to 1812.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The first half of the 19th century was the work of Upper Luzhitsky poets Rudolf Me, the inspirer of the national revival Gandry Lyubensky, Lower Luzhitsky writers Dabit Boguver Glovan, Pomgaibog Kristalyub Fritzo and Hanzo Nepila.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Bedrich Adolf Klin, known primarily as a publicist, also wrote poems in Latin and Upper Luzhitsky.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1826, a handwritten literary magazine Serbske Noviny began to be published.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The beginning of the most fruitful period of Romanticism in Upper Lusatia was associated with Gandry Seyler (d. 1872) and Hendrich August Krigar (d. 1858).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Seyler was the author of a song called “Beautiful Luzhitsa”, which became the national anthem of the Luzhitans.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

For Luzhitsa, Seyler is as important as A. S. Pushkin for Russia [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

National revival


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Until the 1840s, there were no permanent periodicals in the Lusatian language, most literary works were created in manuscripts, and there was no reading audience.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

During these years, a qualitatively new stage in the development of Serbolužice literature began.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1842, the weekly edition “Yutnichka” was published.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the same year, Seyler began publishing the weekly newspaper Tydźenska Nowina, which existed under various names until the ban in 1937.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1847, Matica Serbolužitska was created (following the example of similar institutions in Serbia and the Czech Republic), which gathered around it the Lusatian intelligentsia, as well as educated artisans and peasants.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Jan Velya-Radyserb and Jan Bartko began publishing the political newspaper Serbski Nowinkar in 1848, which began to advocate the abolition of the monarchy.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

If Seyler was a lyricist, Jan Wela was a master of ballad, fable and political poem.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Another lyricist of Upper Luzhitsky poetry was the first Luzhitsky poetess Herta Vichazets (d. 1885).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1848, the Lower Lužick-language newspaper Bramborski Serbski Tsasnik began to be published in Cottbus, which was published under its name until 1939.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1880, a branch of Matica was established in Lower Luzhitsa.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1851, a Serbolužice book publishing store was opened in Budishin.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1875, Ya.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Smoler bought a printing house at the expense of patrons.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1848, Časopis Maćicy Serbskeje (Journal of Matica Serbolužická) was founded, which was published twice a year (before the ban in 1937).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

From 1860 to 1881, the literary magazine Łužičan (Lužicanin) was published.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

From 1876 to 1881, another literary magazine, Lipa Serbska, was published [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the society of Lusatian students “Serbovka” in Prague, the work of Upper Lužice poets began: Miklausz Yatslavka, Michal Gornik, Jan Chesla.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1861, Michal Leshava, a student and member of Serbovka, began publishing his handwritten illustrated magazine Serb, on the pages of which the future famous Lusatians published their first poetic experiments poets who were studying in Prague at that time.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Yatslavka's poems are close to Seyler's political lyrics.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Gornik composed patriotic and political poems, romances and ballads, was actively engaged in translation activities (for example, in 1853-1854, Gornik was the first to translate into Upper Luzhitsky “The Word of Igor's regiment”).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Chesla developed the genre of historical romantic poem (“Serbian King”, “King Przybyslav”), wrote poems and ballads that described the period of almost two centuries of independence of the Lusatian Serbs in The Middle Ages.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the second half of the 1870s, the work of the largest Upper Luzhitsky poet (after Seyler), Yakub Barth, began, who in 1884 became known under the pseudonym Chishinsky.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

He brought a pronounced individuality and strengthened the national principle in poetry.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In his poetic work “In the Fortress” (1880), Bart-Chishinsky depicted a dramatic picture of the struggle of the Slavs against the Franks, with hints of his own era.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Prominent Lower Luzhitsky poets at that time were Quito Fritzo Stempel and Mato Kosyk.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Having written philosophical poems “Three Mighty Horns”, “The Search for the Old Moon, or the Conquest of the Lusatian Serbs”, Stempel was misunderstood by his contemporaries.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Considering the world as an “acoustic phenomenon”, the author brings the reader to an original interpretation of the Serbolužice language.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Kosyk wrote large poems: “Serbian Wedding in Blots” (1880) in the genre of village idyll and “The Betrayal of Margrave Gero” (1881).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The second poem is based on a historical legend in which the German Margrave Gero lures Slavic leaders to negotiate peace, and then kills them [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Serboluzhitskaya prose began to develop actively since the 1840s.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1847, the first book edition of Veli-Radyserb's “Stories” was published.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The writer made a significant contribution to the development of the genre of Serbolužice historical prose.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the novel “Jan Manya, or Where is My Home” (1896), Velya-Radyserb wrote about the problems of young Luzhitans who emigrated to America.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1902, he published Serbolužice Proverbs (with ten thousand proverbs); in 1907 - “Riddles”, in 1909 - “Folk Metaphors”.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the genre of topical socio-political prose, Verkhneluzhitsky writer Jan Boguver Muchink wrote the novel “Gribovtsy, or a Political Narrative from Our Times” in 1849.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Julius Eduard Velan, Michal Gornik and others wrote in the genres of actual political, didactic and satirical prose at that time.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Serbolužice literature maintained the closest ties at this time with Czech literature, which ranked first in terms of the number of translated works (Polish and third places were taken by Polish and Russian literature) [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

20th century


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was the work of German writers Jan Valtar, who wrote in Upper Luzhitsky, and Yuri Sauerwein, who wrote in the Lower Luzhitsky language.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

From 1900 to 1906, the Union of Serbolužice Writers organized by Miklash Andritsky operated.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Andritsky developed a new genre for national literature “poems in prose”.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

His techniques were actualized in the poetry of Jan Kruzh (d. 1918), Jan Linert (1974) and Joseph Novak (d. 1978).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

A significant contribution to secular and religious lyrics was made by the Protestant poet of Upper Luzhitsky literature Matey Urban (d. 1931).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Urban also showed himself as a major translator of ancient, German and Slavic poetry into the Upper Luzhitsky language.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Poets of folk song lyrics were Jan Emanuel Dobrutsky (d. 1921), Jan Gainza (d. 1926), Jan Ciz (d. 1948) and Joseph Jakubash (d. 1958) [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In Verkhneluzhitsky prose of this period, a historical story and novel developed in the works of Jan Veli-Radyserb, Yuri Vinger (d. 1918), Jan Valtar (d. 1921), Emanuel Dobrutsky, Yakub Lorenz- Zalessky (d. 1939), Matey Gandrik (d. 1945).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the publishing house, Andritsky's traditions were continued by Yuri Delenk (d. 1918) and Franz Kral-Rachloutz (d. 1915).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

A major novelist of this time was Michal Navka (d. 1968), whose work was distinguished by a socio-critical orientation.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Jakub Lorenz-Zalesski wrote the historical and mythological novel “Serbian Heroes”, which was published in 1900.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The story takes place during the German-Slavic wars of the 10th century [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The interwar period


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1919, bilingual publications in German and Lusatian appeared: the weekly Serbske słowo (published in 1919) and the daily Serbski Dźenik, which was published until 1921.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Jan Skala was a prominent publicist of the interwar period.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

At that time, literature in the Lusatian language was actively published by the Prague branch of the Union of Serbolužice Writers.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1931, the novel by Y.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Lorenz-Zalessky “Island of the Forgotten”, which was the pinnacle of Serbolužice prose in the period between the world wars.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1920, Josef Pata published the literary Serbolužice Reader (Serbska čitanka) in Prague in Lusatian languages.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1934, the first department of the Lusatian Language, Literature and Cultural History was opened at Charles University in Prague [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1919, Josef Novak published a poetry collection “With the Spirit of Freedom”, which was a manifesto of the revived Serbolužice literature.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

His poem “To revolt, Serbs!” (1919) was repeatedly quoted by newspapers in Nazi Germany to justify the “final solution” to the Lusatian question.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1921, Novak's historical drama The Last King was published.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Other poets of this period were Michal Navka, Jan Linert, Yuri Hezhka, as well as Mina Witkoitz, who wrote the collection “Wreath of Flowers from Blot” (1934).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Vitkoits was also engaged in translation activities from Upper Luzhitsky, Czech, Slovak, and Russian languages.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Even before the Nazis came to power, Witkoitz was prosecuted for “anti-German activities” and banned from writing in 1933.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Other Lower Luzhitsky poetess of this period were Liza Domashkoits and Mariana Domashkoits [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

From 1923 to 1937, the newspaper Serbske Nowiny published more than 600 articles and essays by writer Yuri Slodenok.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Writer Mercin Novak-Nehornski (d. 1990) was engaged in the development of the genre of artistic travel essays.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

During the interwar period, Novak-Nehornski published more than 200 essays and feuilletons against German nationalism.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

He also showed himself as a translator, artist and illustrator of books.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

At that time, his books “In the Kingdom of Dusan the Strong” (1936) and “On the Luzhitsky Roads” (1937) were published, which were banned.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In addition to Novak-Nehornski, during this period there were other writers of socio-critical prose — J.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Skala, Ya.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Lorents-Zalessky, Marya Kubashets, Miklausz Bedrich-Radlubin.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The newspaper Serbske Noviny published novels, novels and stories by Romuald Domashka (d. 1945).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Novelist Yuri Velya proved to be a playwright, writing anti-Nazi plays “Master and Worker” (1931), “Dragon” (1936) and others [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The period of National Socialism


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1933, persons objectionable to the authorities were removed from the Serbolužice publishing house, including Lorenz-Zaleski, Novak-Nehornsky and Mina Vitkoitz.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

They were forbidden to write, Novak-Nehornsky was arrested.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The reaction to the events in Lužice was the protests in Czechoslovakia, after which the repression stopped for a while.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1934, journalist Marja Grolmusets was accused of anti-fascist activities and arrested (died in custody in the Ravensbrück concentration camp).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Part of the Serbolužice intelligentsia was evicted from Lužica.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

At the beginning of 1937, Domovina, led by Pavol Nedo, refused to accept the draft charter of the Union of Vendian Speaking Germans proposed in an ultimatum form, which humiliated national dignity Lusatian Serbs.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

On March 18, 1937, Domovina was actually liquidated (together with its press organs); Matica Serboluzhitskaya was dissolved, the publishing house and printing house were closed, the library and archive were arrested.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

A decree followed on the withdrawal of all Serbolužice literature from libraries.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The public use of the Lusatian language was banned.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The German press received an unspoken order to avoid any mention of the Lusatian Serbs, and even the use of the term “Lusatian Serbs” (Sorben, Wenden) was banned.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The atmosphere of arrests and threats caused the premature death of Jan Skala and Yakub Lorents-Zalessky, and Yuri Khezhka died.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Members of Domovina began anti-fascist resistance, expressed in the distribution of anti-fascist materials.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

A number of writers have been arrested.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1944, Yang Cizh and Domovina chairman Pavol Nedo were arrested, who was later released from prison by the Soviet army [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the post-war period, Serbolužice literature reached an unprecedented heyday for itself.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

During this period, the Luzhitsky Serbs maintained the most active inter-Slavic literary ties with Czechoslovakia, followed by Poland, the Ukrainian SSR, the RSFSR, the Byelorussian SSR and Yugoslavia.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

During the ban of fascist Germany on the use of the Lusatian language, the number of native speakers decreased.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

After 1945, Serbolužice writers wrote both in the Lusatian languages and in German.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Thus, the poet Quito Lorenz (b. 1938) began to write in his native language only after studying Slavic studies at the age of 14.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Bilingualism has increased the influence of German literature on Serbolužice literature.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Relations with all other Slavic literature have intensified, and the number of translations from Luzhitsky into other languages has increased.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In May 1945, the work of Domovina was resumed.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1946, on the initiative of writer Yuri Brezan, the Association of Serbolužice Writers was restored, which later became part of the Writers' Union of the GDR.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1947, Domovina received permission to open its own publishing house and printing house; the Luzhitsky newspaper Nova Doba began to be published.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1948, regular radio broadcasting began in the Lusatian languages.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1950, Rozglyad, a monthly publication of a cultural and political nature, was founded.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In 1951, the Institute of Serbolužice Ethnology was established at the Academy of Sciences of the GDR, and the Institute of Sorabic Studies at the University of Leipzig, where Serbolužice literature began to be taught [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Poets Ota Vichaz, Mina Vitkoitz, Mercin Novak-Nehornsky, Michal Navka, Jan Linert, Yuri Vujesh, Josef Novak, as well as writer Marja Kubashets resumed their literary activity.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Yuri Brezan was a prominent poet of the first decade after the end of the war.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

After the publication of the book of poems and prose “Rye Grows on the Boundary” in German in 1951, Brezan became a bilingual writer.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the mid-1950s, Brezan switched to prose.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Another poet of this decade was Yuri Mlynk (d. 1971).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In his poem “To the Light” (1947), the lyrical poet reproduces a picture of Luzhitsa's life during the Nazism.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Mlynk was also engaged in translating German foreign poetry into the Lusatian language.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the early 1960s, a new generation of Lusatian poets emerged, including Quito Lorenz and Yuri Koch.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

If for Koch poetry was a transitional stage of creativity on the way to prose, Lorenz became the leading Lusatian poet.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Writer Marya Kubashets developed genres of historical and biographical prose.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The trilogy “Boschiy Serbin” (1963—1967) was dedicated to Kubashets to the Lusatian figure of the national revival of the XVIII century Boschiy Serbin.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

She also translated Slavic writers into the Luzhitsky language, wrote books for children.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The post-war work of Mercin Novak-Nehornsky consists of autobiographical and artistic essays.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Novak-Nehornsky collected his literary fairy tales in the book “The Bearded Brownie and Other Tales” (1950).


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

He also translated Russian classics.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Other writers of the older generation who began working before the establishment of the Nazi regime in Germany during this period were Kurt Krenz, Yuri Vinar, Anton Navka, Jan Tsyzh, Yuri Kubash-Worklechan and Wilem Bero.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

By the 1960s, the beginning of the work of writers Pyotr Malinka, Marya Mlynkova, Beno Solta, Yuri Kravzha, Beno Budar, Yuri Kokh, Jan Vornar dates back to the 1960s.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Dramaturgical works were created by Peter Malink (“Rebel Yan Tsushka”, “Request for Pardon”, “The Night Patient”), Yuri Brezan (“Night in the Forest”, “Marya Yanchova”) [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the 1970s, notes related to the awareness of the contradictions of socialist society appeared in the works of Yuri Koch, Quito Lorenz, Benedict Dyrlikh, Angela Stakhova.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In his poem “The Serbolužice Psalm” (1975-1977), Josef Novak summed up his own reflections on the fate of the Lusatian Serbs.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Since 1973, Lorenz worked as the editor-in-chief of the Serboluzhitsky Poetry series.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

During the years of socialist industrialization, the coal industry developed in Lužice.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Until 1989, 46 Luzhitsky settlements were completely demolished, and another 27 settlements were partially destroyed.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the collection “Struga” (1967), Lorenz described two worldviews: a “socialist” person who is proud of the growth of socio-economic potential, and a “normal” person who is horrified by the destruction of native villages and the surrounding nature.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Other poets of this period were Rozha Domashtsyna (b. 1951), Beno Budar (b. 1946), Marya Kravtsets (b. 1948), Tomas Navka (b. 1949), Herat Libsch (b. 1935) [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Brezan continued to write, focusing not on national, but on social problems.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

For his novel “Krabat or the Transfiguration of the World” (1976), Brezan received the third National Prize of the GDR.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The greatest writer of this period was Yuri Kokh (b. 1936), who created his works both in the Lusatian languages and in German.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In Koch's prose, the national element prevailed over the social element.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Like Lorenz in poetry, Koch dealt with the environmental topic in his prose.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

In the novel “Land Surveyors”, published in 1975, Koch combined the problem of nature ecology with the ecology of the Luzhitsky people into a single whole.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Other prose writers of this period were Jan Vornar, Yuri Kravzha, Krzeschan Kravets, as well as writers of the older generation: Mina Vitkoitz, Herbert Novak, Marja Kubashets, Hanzha Bienshova, Anton Navka and others.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Among the Lower Luzhitsky writers are Sabina Dunkeloyc, Ingrid Khusteteteoitz, Margita Geinrikhova, Uwe Gutschmit, Ingrid Naglova, Yuri Koch, Herbert Novak, Monika Slokova, Hinz Richtar, Rozha Shenkareva.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Luzhitskaya drama remained poorer than prose and lyrics: according to D. Solt, only 50 plays were written during the post-war period.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

The plays were created most often based on the works of Serbolužice prose (for example, based on the novel “Between Seven Bridges” by Koch) [4].


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

XXI century


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

An important source of preserving the heritage of Lower Lužice literature and culture was a series of books entitled Podstupimske pśinoski k Sorabistice, published by the University of Potsdam since 2000.


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

See also


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

List of Lusatian writers and poets


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Serbolužice epic


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Notes


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Literature


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Check date values in: |date= (help)


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

References


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Article on Zeno.org (in German)


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

On the website of the Serbolužice Institute (in German)


Question: What is the oldest written monument in the Lusatian language?

Serbolužice literature

Category:Lusatian literature


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The reforms of Peter the Great are transformations in state and public life carried out during the reign of Peter the Great in Russia.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

All the reformist activity of Peter I can be conditionally divided into two periods (stages): 1696—1715 and 1715—1725.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The peculiarity of the first stage was haste and not always thoughtful character, which was explained by the conduct of the Northern War.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The reforms were aimed primarily at raising funds for the war, were carried out by force and often did not lead to the desired result.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In addition to state reforms, extensive reforms were carried out at the first stage in order to modernize the way of life.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In the second period, reforms were more systematic.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Some historians, for example V. O. Klyuchevsky, pointed out that Peter the Great's reforms were only a natural continuation of the changes that took place during the XVII century.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Other historians (for example, Sergei Solovyov), on the contrary, emphasized the revolutionary nature of Peter's transformations.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Historians who analyzed Peter the Great's reforms adhere to different views on his personal participation in them.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

One group believes that both in drawing up the reform program and in the process of implementing them, Peter did not play the main role (which was attributed to him as king).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Another group of historians, on the contrary, writes about the great personal role of Peter the Great in carrying out certain reforms.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Public administration reforms


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

After visiting the West, Peter I was finally convinced of the need to Europeanize the country.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

This verdict, made by Peter, can be called the main result of all trips to European countries.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Upon arrival in Moscow, Peter began to introduce “Foreign Customs”, which is what the people called them.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

As it seemed to ordinary citizens, Peter himself did not fully understand the essence of the reforms introduced by him.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Most of the indignation was caused by reforms related to clothing and appearance in general, which was the cost of the beard tax.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

As Peter himself will later explain, he was driven by a great desire to make Russia at least outwardly similar to Europe as soon as possible, but due to the randomness, many did not share this idea, since there were loyal people who, looking at a misunderstanding of Peter's actions, stayed with him and supported him in every possible way.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

At first, Peter I did not have a clear program of reforms in the field of public administration.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The emergence of a new state institution or a change in the administrative-territorial administration of the country was dictated by the waging of wars, which required significant financial resources and mobilization population.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The system of power inherited by Peter I did not allow raising enough funds for the reorganization and increase of the army, the construction of a fleet, and the construction of fortresses in St. Petersburg.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

From the first years, Peter's policy tended to reduce the role of the ineffective Boyar Duma in governing the state.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1699, the Near Chancellery was organized under the tsar [1], and later the Concilias (Council) of Ministers met in its premises, which included up to 15 proxies who managed individual orders.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

This was a prototype of the future Governing Senate, formed in the year.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The last mention of the Boyar Duma (more precisely, about the “congresses of the boyars”) dates back to 1708: at this time, participants in the meetings of the “konziliums” could be called both “boyars” and “ministers” [2].


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Since 1708, a certain mode of operation has been established in Conselia: each minister had special powers, reporting and minutes of meetings appear.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1711, the Senate was established instead of the Boyar Duma and Concelia, which replaced it.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Peter formulated the main task of the Senate as follows: “To look at expenses throughout the state, and unnecessary, and especially in vain, to set aside. Collecting money, as much as possible, is the artery of war.”


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Created by Peter for the current administration of the state during the absence of the tsar (at that time the tsar went on the Prut campaign), the Senate, consisting of 9 people (presidents of the colleges), gradually turned from temporary to a permanent higher government institution, which was enshrined in the Decree of 1722.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

He controlled justice, was in charge of trade, fees and expenses of the state, monitored the serviceability of the serving of military service by the nobles, and he was transferred the functions of the Discharge and Embassy orders.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Decisions in the Senate were made collectively, at a general meeting and were supported by the signatures of all members of the highest state body.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Thus, Peter I delegated part of his powers to the Senate, but at the same time placed personal responsibility on its members.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Simultaneously with the Senate, the post of fiscal officers appeared.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The duty of the chief fiscal officer under the Senate and fiscal authorities in the provinces was to secretly supervise the activities of institutions: they identified cases of violation of decrees and abuses and reported to the Senate and the Tsar.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Since 1715, the work of the Senate was supervised by the Auditor General, and in 1718 he was renamed Chief Secretary.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Since 1722, control over the Senate has been exercised by the Prosecutor General and the Chief Prosecutor, to whom prosecutors of all other institutions were subordinate.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

No decision of the Senate was valid without the consent and signature of the Prosecutor General.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Prosecutor General and his deputy chief prosecutor reported directly to the Tsar.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Senate, as a government, could make decisions, but their implementation required an administrative apparatus.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1717-1721, a reform of the executive bodies of government was carried out, as a result of which 13 boards were created in parallel with the system of orders [3] with their vague functions according to the Swedish model — predecessors of future ministries.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Unlike orders, the functions and areas of activity of each board were strictly delimited, and relations in the board itself were based on the principle of collegiality of decisions.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The following were introduced:


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Collegium of Foreign (Foreign) Affairs replaced the Embassy Order, that is, it was in charge of foreign policy.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Military Collegium (Military) — manning, arming, equipment and training of the ground army.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Admiralty Board — naval affairs, navy.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The patrimonial collegium replaced the Local Order, that is, it was in charge of noble land ownership (land litigation, transactions for the purchase and sale of land and peasants, the search for fugitives were considered).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

It was founded in 1721.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Chamber Collegium is the collection of state revenues.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The State Office Board was in charge of state expenditures.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Audit Board — control over the collection and expenditure of public funds.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Commerce Board — shipping, customs and foreign trade issues.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Berg Collegium — mining and metallurgical business (mining industry).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The manufactory collegium is a light industry (manufactories, that is, enterprises based on the division of manual labor).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Justice Collegium was in charge of civil proceedings (the Serf Office operated under it: it registered various acts — deeds of sale, sale of fiefdoms, spiritual wills, debt obligations ).


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

She was engaged in civil and criminal courts.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Spiritual Collegium, the Most Holy Governing Synod since 1721, managed church affairs, replaced the patriarch and the Councils of the Russian Orthodox Church.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

This collegium included representatives of the highest clergy.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Since their appointment was carried out by the tsar, and his decisions were approved, we can say that the Russian emperor became the de facto head of the Russian Orthodox Church.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The actions of the Synod on behalf of the highest secular authorities were controlled by the chief prosecutor, a civil official appointed by the tsar.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

By a special decree, Peter I ordered the priests to carry out an enlightenment mission among the peasants: to preach to them, instruct them, teach children prayers, and educate them in respect for the tsar and the church.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Little Russian Collegium exercised control over the actions of the hetman, who owned power in Ukraine, because there was a special regime of local government there.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

After the death in 1722 of Hetman I. AND. Skoropadsky new elections of the hetman were banned, and the hetman was first appointed by tsarist decree.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The board was headed by a tsarist officer.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Since the year, the General Regulations have introduced a single system of records management in the state apparatus for the whole country.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

According to the regulations, the board consisted of the President, 4-5 advisers and 4 assessors.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The central place in the management system was occupied by the secret police: the Preobrazhensky Order (in charge of cases of state crimes) and the Secret Chancellery.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

These institutions were under the authority of the emperor himself.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In addition, the Salt Office, the Copper Department, and the Land Survey Chancellery operated.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The “first” collegiums were called the Military, Admiralty and Foreign Affairs.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

There were two institutions as collegiums: the Synod and the Chief Magistrate.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The colleges were subordinate to the Senate, and to them - the provincial, provincial and district administrations.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The results of the management reform of Peter I are ambiguously considered by historians.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

Regional reform


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1708—1711, a regional reform was carried out in order to strengthen the vertical of power on the ground and better provide the army with supplies and recruits.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1708, the country was divided into 8 provinces headed by governors endowed with full judicial and administrative power: Moscow, Ingermanland (later St. Petersburg), Kiev, Smolensk, Azov, Kazan, Arkhangelsk and Siberia.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The Moscow province provided more than a third of revenues to the treasury, followed by the Kazan province.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The governors were also in charge of the troops located on the territory of the province.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1710, new administrative units appeared - shares that united 5,536 yards.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

The first regional reform did not solve the tasks set, but only significantly increased the number of civil servants and the cost of their maintenance.


Question: When did the reforms of Peter I begin?

Peter I's reforms

In 1719-1720, the second regional reform was carried out, which eliminated the shares.