Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Feeling something gives you detailed information about shape, size, texture, temperature, and many other qualities.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Touch also helps with communication; a form of Braille communication in which people use their fingers to sense bumps on the surface and interpret the objects that are displayed in this way.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

[48] There are some problems and limitations with feeling that make it difficult to perceive real objects, as not all objects are palpable.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Another limiting factor is that the process of learning to identify objects by feeling is much slower than identifying objects with vision.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

This is due to the fact that it is necessary that the object be accessible and safe for sensations until a general idea is built in the brain.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Smell


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Some odors can be associated with specific places and help a person with visual problems recognize a familiar place.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

This path gives you additional chances to identify the location for navigation purposes.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

This applies equally to people.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Some people have a specific smell that a person with a keen sense of smell can make out.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

This can be used by visually impaired people to recognize people near them without saying a word.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Development of communication skills


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Visual impairment can have a profound impact on the development of children's communication skills.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

The language and social development of a child or adolescent may be delayed due to the inability to see the world around them.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Social development


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Social development involves interacting with people around a child at the beginning of his life.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

For a sighted child, the parents' smile is the first symbol of recognition and communication, and an almost instantaneous communication factor.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

For a visually impaired child, recognition of the parents' voice will be noticed at about two months, but a smile can only be triggered by a touch between the parent and child.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

This primary form of communication is significantly delayed in the child and will interfere with the development of other forms of communication.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Social interactions will be more complex due to the impossibility of visual cues and facial language.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Due to delays in the development of children's communication skills, they may seem uninterested in social activity with their peers, uncommunicative and untrained how to communicate with others.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

This can be a reason for the child to avoid peers and, therefore, demand more care from family members.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Language development


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Much of what a child learns is an imitation of others, and the visually impaired child must undergo routine training aimed at developing delayed imitation.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

A visually impaired child can talk his tongue and imitate words before a sighted child, but may show delays in combining words to express his idea, such a child can usually infrequently, initiate questions using adjectives.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Usually, a child's sensory experience is not always easily encoded in language, and this can lead to phrases and sentences being kept in memory and repeated out of context.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

The language of a blind child does not seem to reflect his own development of knowledge about the world, but only his knowledge of the language of others.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

A visually impaired child may be hesitant to explore the world around him due to fear of the unknown, and may also prevent family members from being overly cared for.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Without specific experience, a child is unable to develop meaningful concepts or language to describe or think about them.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Access to medical care


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Visual impairment can have consequences for health and well-being.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

The number of visual impairment is increasing, especially among the elderly.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

This means that these visually impaired people are likely to have limited access to information and medical facilities and are unable to receive sufficient care, perhaps because not everyone health professionals are aware of specific needs related to vision.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

A prerequisite for effective medical care may well be the presence of employees who are aware of human vision problems.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Communication and various ways of communicating with visually impaired customers must be tailored to individual needs and are available at all times.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

epidemiology


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Current data on the increase in the prevalence of visual impairment indicate that there are 284 million visually impaired people, [51] 10% of whom live in developed countries of the world, which means that the current global figure more visual impairment.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

[50] Worldwide, for every blind person, there are an average of 3.4 people with poor eyesight; depending on the country and regional differences, range from 2.4 to 5.5. [52]


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

By age: visual impairment is unevenly distributed across age groups.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

More than 82% of all people are blind aged 50 and over, although they make up only 19% of the world's population.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Due to the expected number of years (blind years), childhood blindness remains a serious problem with an expected 1.4 million blind children under the age of 15.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

By gender: Research consistently shows that in every region of the world, and for all ages, women have a significantly higher risk of visual impairment than men.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

By geography: Visual impairment is not evenly distributed throughout the world.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

More than 90% of visually impaired people live in developing countries.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

These are estimates from the 1990s, new data based on the 2002 world population show a decrease in the number of blind and visually impaired people and those who are blind from the consequences of infectious diseases, but an increase The number of people who are blind to conditions associated with increased life expectancy.


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Notes


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

References


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

at Prevent Blindness


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Directgov disabled people — UK govt information


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Low Vision Information and Resources


Question: Does watching TV in the dark deteriorate your eyesight?

Visual impairment

Category:Eye diseases


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Emanuel Lasker (German: Emanuel Lasker, often written in Russian sources as Emanuel; December 24, 1868 — January 11, 1941) was a German chess player and mathematician, representative of the positional school, second world chess champion (1894—1921).


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker retained the title of world champion for twenty-seven years, a record achievement for chess, and continued to perform at the highest level until the age of 68.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker had a versatile style of play, but his greatest strengths were positional flair and endgame.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Many biographers and researchers call Lasker the pioneer of the psychological approach to chess: it is believed that Lasker was often ready to deteriorate his position in order to direct the game to an inconvenient channel for a particular enemy.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

This point of view is still popular today, although some experts consider it a misconception and explain Lasker's achievements by a deep understanding of chess and the ability to assess the pros and cons of a particular continuation party.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Throughout his chess career, Lasker repeatedly stopped playing for several years to study mathematics and philosophy.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker defended his doctoral dissertation in mathematics in 1901, and his main achievement in mathematics was a theorem named after him and Emmy Noether, summarizing Lasker's original result.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In addition, Lasker has published several philosophical works and literary works.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Biography


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Youth and career start


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker was born on December 24, 1868 in the Prussian city of Berlinchen (now Barlinek, Poland) to a Jewish family, his father was a synagogue cantor and his grandfather was a rabbi [1] [2].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

At the age of 11, Emanuel moved to Berlin to live with his older brother Berthold to study mathematics.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Berthold, a strong chess player himself, taught Emanuel how to play, and then he began to improve on his own according to Dufreni's popular textbook [3].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker later started making money by betting in a cafe [2] [4].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1888, he graduated from high school and entered the Mathematics Department of the University of Berlin [1].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1889, Lasker won the tournament in Berlin and the side tournament of the 6th Congress of the German Chess Association in Breslau (present-day Wroclaw), and also took second place in Amsterdam behind Bern, but ahead Gunsberg and Mazon [5] [6] [7].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In Amsterdam, Lasker won the famous game against Bauer, using a combination later named for this game, when White destroyed the shelter of the black king as a victim of both elephants.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Returning to Berlin, Lasker won matches against Kurt von Bardeleben (+2 −1 =1) and Jacques Mises (+5 −0 =3), then played Bird (+7 −2 =3) and English (+2 −0 =3) in London [8].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker moved to Great Britain in 1891.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The following year, he won two tournaments in London with the participation of the strongest British chess players and matches against J.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Blackburn (+6 −0 =4) and Bird (+5 −0 =0) [8] [9].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

At the end of 1892, Lasker challenged Sigbert Tarras, one of the strongest players in the world, who had just won the tournament in Dresden.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Tarras refused, saying that he was ready to play with Lasker no earlier than he won a major international tournament [9] [10].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

After that, Lasker went on tour to the United States; during 1893, he finished first in the Masters Tournament in New York, winning all 13 games and beating Albin by 4½ points [11], and defeated J.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Shovalter with a score of 7:3 (+6 −2 =2) [8].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Winning a title


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Successful performances allowed Lasker to call Wilhelm Steinitz to the match for the World Championship.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The match took place from March 15 to May 26, 1894 in New York, Philadelphia, and Montreal, winning the first to win ten games.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

After the first six games, the score was equal (two victories for each side), and the turning point was the seventh game, which Lasker won in a double-edged struggle [8].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

He then won four more victories in a row, and scored the decisive point in the 19th game.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In general, winning the championship was unexpectedly easy for Lasker [4].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Many contemporaries believed that Steinitz's age played an important role (he was already 58 years old), and Steinitz himself complained of insomnia that tormented him [2] [5].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

However, according to Kramnik, Lasker won because Steinitz understood chess much deeper and was generally ahead of his time in this [12].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

World Champion


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Subsequent performances in the competition confirmed the high class of Lasker's performance.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In the Hasting tournament (1895) with the participation of Steinitz, M. Chigorin, Blackburn and other famous players Lasker finished third, despite the fact that he did not fully recover from his recent typhoid fever [2] [5].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker was in the lead three rounds before the end, but the end of the tournament was heavily played by young Harry Pilsbury, who became the first, and Lasker, who lost to Tarrash, fell to third place (the second was left for Chigorin) [13].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In St. Petersburg (1895—1896), Lasker won a quadruple tournament in 6 rounds (Lasker, Steinitz, Pilsbury and Chigorin participated), and in Nuremberg he won a tournament with the participation of Steinitz and 18 other chess players, including of all major contenders for the title of world champion.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In November 1896 — January 1897, a rematch against Steinitz took place in Moscow, which ended in a confident victory for Lasker (+10 −2 =5).


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In the next tournament (Paris, 1900), Lasker won with a very strong squad with a score of 14½ out of 16.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Pillsbury was second, two points behind, with Marshall and Maroci sharing third and fourth places.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

After the Paris tournament, Lasker returned to the University of Erlangen to complete his education.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1902, he defended his doctoral dissertation [14].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker continued to compete in tournaments only in 1904 — in Cambridge Springs (USA), he lost two games at the start and eventually shared second place with Yanovsky, and that was only thanks to a face-to-face victory in last round [13].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The tournament was won by American chess player Frank Marshall, for whom this victory was the highest achievement.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker also began publishing Lasker's Chess Magazine in 1904.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The issues were published every six months, the last (double eighth and ninth) - in January 1909.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1902, Lasker met Martha Kohn, nee Bamberger, wife of Emil Kohn, the owner of the musical instrument factory, in Berlin.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Martha came from a dynasty of bankers of Jewish origin, and on her mother's side was the granddaughter of composer Giacomo Meyerbeer.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Emanuel and Marta immediately became sympathetic to each other, but Marta did not want to leave her husband, who was seriously ill.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

It was not until 1911, when Emile Cohn died, that Martha married Lasker [15] [16].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

They lived together all their lives, Marta followed her husband, took care of him, and was constantly present at competitions.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Between 1907 and 1910, Lasker defended his world title five times.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

After winning Cambridge Springs, Marshall called Lasker to the match, but the champion set financial conditions that Marshall could not fulfill at the time [5].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The match took place in the United States only in early 1907.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

To win, it was necessary to score eight points first without taking into account draws, Lasker won by an overwhelming margin of +8 −0 =7.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The following year, Lasker played Tarrasch under the same conditions and won convincingly again: after the seventh game, the winning score was 5-1, and Lasker took the eighth point in the sixteenth (total score +8 -3 =5).


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1909, a 10-game match took place between Lasker and Yanovsky, over the status of which there are disputes [17].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker won seven games with one defeat and two draws.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

At the beginning of 1910, a match took place against Austrian chess player Karl Schlechter.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

According to the preconditions, the match was supposed to consist of 30 games and Schlechter needed a two-point lead to win [8] [18].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Due to financial difficulties, the number of games was reduced to ten, so some researchers consider the match not a title match, but a series of exhibition games [19].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Schlechter won the fifth game, eight more ended in a draw, and in the last game Schlechter, having won the position, lost both the victory and the draw [20].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In the same year, there was a second best-of-eight match against Yanovsky, which was won by Lasker even more convincingly — in just 11 games and without defeat.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Later, Lasker's biographers repeatedly expressed regret that with the large number of matches played by Lasker, his rivals did not become two of his most outstanding contemporaries, Pillsbury and Rubinstein [21] [22].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Also in 1909, Lasker and Rubinstein shared first place at the Chigorin Memorial Tournament in St. Petersburg, scoring 14½ points out of 18.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Spielman took the third place with 11 points, followed by Duras, Teichman, Schlechter and a number of other chess players [23].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

At the same time, Lasker, who lost two games (Rubinstein and Duz-Khotimirsky), caught up with Rubinstein only in the last round thanks to the victory over Teichman [24].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

When twenty-three-year-old Cuban Jose Raúl Capablanca won his first tournament in Europe in San Sebastian (1911), ahead of almost all the strongest chess players of his time, negotiations began his match against Lasker.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker set a condition that the challenger must win by at least two points, which Capablanca did not agree to [25].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In further correspondence, Capablanca described one of Lasker's conditions as “obviously unfair”, after which Lasker stopped negotiations and demanded through the press apologies [26] [27].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The feud between Capablanca and Lasker continued until the St. Petersburg tournament [26].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

One of Lasker's biggest tournament successes was his victory at the St. Petersburg International Tournament in 1914, which was Lasker's only competition in the past five years [2].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In addition to Lasker, ten chess players took part in it, including the two main contenders for the match for the World Championship — Jose Raúl Capablanca and Akiba Rubinstein [8].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Capablanca won the preliminary round, beating Lasker by half a point, but in the two-round final round, which included the top five chess players, Lasker scored against Capablanca, Alekhine, Tarrasch and Marshall 7 out of 8 (six wins and two draws).


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

As a result, Lasker was half a point ahead of the Cuban on the aggregate of two rounds.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The victory over Capablanca in the endgame in the bargaining version of the Spanish game is considered one of Lasker's main creative successes [12] [28].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

On the eve of the First World War, negotiations were held for a match between Lasker and Rubinstein, but the war put an end to these plans [5] [8].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker lived in Berlin during the war.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

During this period, he played a six-game match against Tarras (1916) and won a two-round mini-tournament with Tarras, Rubinstein and Schlechter (1918) [29].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The match against Capablanca and the loss of the title


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Negotiations between Lasker and Capablanca, which resumed after the First World War, ended with the signing of an agreement in The Hague on January 23, 1920. [30]


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The match was scheduled for 1921, but Lasker published a letter to the press in June informing him that he voluntarily renounced the title in favor of Capablanca, as the chess world did not support the conditions for whom Lasker agreed to defend the title [30] [31].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

However, Capablanca and the public insisted on the match, and a new agreement was concluded on August 10, according to which a match for most of the 24 games was to take place in Havana in early 1921.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

At the same time, the agreement stipulated that Capablanca is the world champion at the start of the match [30] [32].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The match took place from March 15 to April 28, 1921.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The first four games ended in a draw, Capablanca won the fifth, then he won the tenth, eleventh and fourteenth games, and ten more ended in a draw.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

After the fourteenth game, lost by a rough yawn, Lasker passed the match ahead of schedule.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Despite the fact that Capablanca played the match as world champion under the terms of the agreement, after the match he was declared the “new world champion” [30] and it is generally believed that the title passed to Cuban only after the match in Havana.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The sports value of the match is assessed differently


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Euwe and Prince call Lasker's game very weak, noting the unsuitable tropical climate for him and the general reluctance to play [33].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

At the same time, Kramnik believed that, with the exception of the last game, the match as a whole was at a very high level, just Capablanca was younger and stronger [12].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In total, Lasker held the title of champion for 26 years and 337 days, which is an absolute record in the history of chess.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Ex-champion


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Despite losing to Capablanca, Lasker continued to perform successfully in competitions.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1923, he won the tournament in Ostrava without defeat (1923), ahead of a number of strong chess players, including Reti, Bogolyubov and young Euwe [34].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

A year later, he won in New York, where Lasker immediately took the lead and won the first round with a score of 7½ out of 10, confidently ahead of Capablanca.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Despite losing to the Cuban in the second round, Lasker retained the first place, while winning all other micromatches [35] [36].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

At the First Moscow International Tournament (1925), Lasker fought for leadership with Bogolyubov.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In the 12th round, Lasker won a position against Torre, but then made a mistake several times and allowed his opponent to make a spectacular winning combination with the queen's victim, known as the “mill”.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

This is often explained by the fact that during the part Lasker received a telegram informing him that his philosophical play “This Story About Man” together with his brother Berthold was accepted for production by one from Berlin theaters [37] [38].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The play was not a success, and it is currently not highly rated by critics [39].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker played poorly in the second half of the tournament, losing to Levenfish after the game with Torre, and later drew several draws with the underdogs.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

However, this did not prevent him from winning second prize and scoring half a point more than Capablanca.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1927, the organizers did not invite Lasker to the tournament in New York.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Since the tournament was considered by many as a competition between the strongest chess players in the world for the right to match the champion Capablanca, Lasker took it as an insult and stopped participating in tournaments [40] [41].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1933, Lasker and his wife were forced to leave Germany due to the establishment of a Nazi dictatorship there and the launch of a campaign to persecute Jews.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

After moving to Great Britain [8], Lasker resumed his participation in the competition in 1934 after a long break, finishing fifth in the Zurich tournament (Alekhine won the tournament).


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1935, Lasker took third place in the Moscow International Tournament, half a point behind Botvinnik and Flor, but ahead of Capablanca.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker's speech, who at the age of sixty-six did not lose any of the 19 games (+6 −0 =13) [42], while winning a beautiful victory in person with Capablanca, was called a “biological miracle” by the newspapers [ 43].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In August of the same year, at the invitation of the People's Commissar of Justice and organizer of chess tournaments Nikolai Krylenko, Laskers settled in the USSR.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker received a position at the Mathematical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, covered the match between Alekhin and Euwe in Holland as a correspondent for Sovetsky Sport and represented the Soviet Union in competitions [1] [3] [ 39].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1936, he played in two tournaments: in Moscow he was sixth, and in the Nottingham tournament he shared 7-8 places, where he took a place below Capablanca in the final table for the only time.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker played his last tournament game in Nottingham against K. Alexander [44].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1937, the Laskers went to the United States to see relatives, in particular Martha's daughter Lotta.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

They spent some time in Chicago, then moved to New York with his wife's relatives.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

According to one version, the trip was planned as temporary, all Laskerov's belongings remained in a Moscow apartment, and even return tickets to Moscow were bought [45].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

On the other hand, the Laskers took everything with them except furniture, clearly not going to return [46].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

One way or another, the couple did not return to the USSR again.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Martha fell ill in America, and doctors categorically forbade her to go on a long journey.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

There is an opinion that the Laskers decided not to return, fearing a wave of repression that rose in the USSR, one of the victims of which was Krylenko [39].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

However, it is known that when applying for a residence permit in the Soviet Union, Lasker from the very beginning indicated the period of stay in the USSR “about two years” in order to complete scientific work, for which he needed mathematical literature available in Soviet libraries.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

So the trip could simply be the implementation of the original plans [46].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Recent years


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In the United States, Lasker made a living by playing simultaneous games, lectures and playing bridge [2] [39].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

For example, during his stay in Chicago in 1938, Lasker played a number of games at the newly opened local chess club named after him, including two simultaneous games (with results +21 −1 =5 and +23 −0 =2), and two consulting games in which the Chicago masters played against him (Lasker won both).


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In May 1940, he began an exhibition match against Marshall, but after the second game (+0 −1 =1) he stopped the match due to health problems.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In the first days of 1941, Lasker fell seriously ill with a kidney infection and was admitted to Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, where he died on January 11, 1941.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker was buried at Beth Olom Cemetery in Queens [47] and the farewell ceremony was attended by about 200 people, including Fine and Ed.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker [48].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Contribution and impact


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Most researchers who studied Lasker's work noted that Lasker was the first world-famous chess player to attach importance to psychological factors.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

According to Botvinnik, he “always assessed the position from a practical point of view and tried to create a situation on the board in which the partner would feel insecure” [49].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Even at the cost of weakening its position or losing material, “directing the party directly to the abyss” (R. Reti), Lasker created a situation that was inconvenient for this particular opponent due to his personal psychological characteristics and his inherent style of play.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Thus, he deprived opponents of the opportunity to approach its assessment in a standard way, thereby making them make mistakes [50].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker's biographer B.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Weinstein explains this by Lasker's ethical philosophy, according to which decisive initiative actions are required to change the situation on the board, often expressed in weakening one's own position [51].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

At the same time, some modern chess players challenge the conclusions about a special psychological approach.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Vladimir Kramnik believed that Lasker's strength was in a deep understanding of his position, the ability to allow weakening in one place in order to gain an advantage in another [12].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker was a very versatile, almost versatile player, equally skillful at middlegame and endgame, strong in both positional and combination games [52] [53].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

According to Capablanca, he “never adhered to a type of game that could be classified as a particular style” [54] [55].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Weinstein identified three principles on which Lasker, who developed Steinitz's teachings, built a positional game: acting according to plan, forming weaknesses in the enemy's camp, avoiding weaknesses, especially long-term, in its own position [52].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker also developed the doctrine of combination.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

According to Lasker, the combination always follows from the logic of the previous game, and does not appear on the board by chance.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Thus, in order for the prerequisites for the combination to appear (the motive of the combination), one of the parties must gain an advantage.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

On the contrary, a successful combination is evidence that one of the parties has achieved such an advantage [56].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker repeatedly successfully sacrificed the queen, taking in return the opponent's rook, bishop and pawn, as a result of which such a positional sacrifice was called “Lasker compensation” [57].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker paid less attention than other aspects of chess to his debut, preferring simple reliable positions [58].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

However, one of the sequels in the queen's gambit is named after him, and defending for black in Evans's gambit took this debut out of use for decades [53] [59].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker wrote several chess textbooks, the most famous of which is the German Chess Textbook (German: Lehrbuch des Schachspiels, 1925), which has undergone many publications (including in Russian).


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

M. Shibut rated it as “the most philosophical chess book ever written” [60].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

During his life in the USSR, Lasker published the novel “How Victor Became a Chess Master” [61].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker is known for his consistent struggle for decent payment for the performances of chess players.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

While most of his contemporaries did not perceive chess as a full-fledged profession capable of ensuring a comfortable existence, Lasker believed that a chess player should be able not combine chess with some other activity [62].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

He regularly set increased fees as a condition for his participation in a tournament or match, and also advocated the protection of the copyright of chess players in games.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The idea of a chess player's exclusive rights to the game has been known since the middle of the 19th century, but Lasker was one of its most active supporters.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

He has repeatedly insisted on including a condition on the right to publish the game in the match agreements, including declaring himself the sole copyright holder [63].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker explained his demands by the fact that he was shocked by the poverty in which Steinitz, Zuckertort, Mackenzie and some other chess players died [62].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Mathematical works


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Chess wasn't Lasker's only hobby.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

His parents, noting his intellectual abilities, especially mathematics, sent teenager Emanuel to study in Berlin (where he also discovered his talent for chess).


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker graduated from high school in Landsberg an der Warth, Prussian and then continued his studies in mathematics and philosophy at the universities of Berlin, Göttingen and Heidelberg [5].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1895, Lasker published two articles on mathematics in Nature [64].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

On the advice of David Hilbert, he enrolled in postgraduate studies at the University of Erlangen (1900—1902) [5].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1901, he presented in Erlangen his dissertation Über Reihen auf der Convergenzgrenze (On Rows at the Boundary of Convergence), written under the direction of Max Noether, and in the same year it was published by the Royal Society [65].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker received his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1902 [5].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

His most famous mathematical work, which he published in 1905, proved for rings of polynomials an analogue of decomposition into prime factors: the existence of primary decomposition, that is, decomposition of an arbitrary ideal into the intersection of a finite number of primars.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

This theorem was later generalized by Emmy Noether (daughter of Max Noether) for the case of arbitrary commutative Noether rings and was called the Lasker-Noether theorem [66] [5].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker was mainly engaged in science on his own and did not have academic positions [39].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1893, he briefly taught a course on differential equations at Tulane University in New Orleans [5], and in 1901 he lectured at Manchester Victoria University (one of the predecessors modern Manchester University) [67].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In 1906, Lasker published the brochure “Struggle” (Kampf), in which he offered his vision of game theory, extending it to various areas of human activity, in particular economics [68].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Presumably, this work influenced a number of mathematicians working in the field of game theory, including Zermelo and von Neumann [68].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Among the ideas voiced by Lasker in “Wrestling” was the division of games into “equilibrium” and “games with a margin”, that is, games in which the right of the first move gives an advantage.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker, following Steinitz, denied the advantage of white and attributed chess to equilibrium games [69].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Other mind games


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker was very interested in bridge and go and achieved great success in both games.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

In the 1930s, he was a member of the German bridge team [5].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

At the beginning of the 20th century, Lasker was one of the first popularizers of Go in Europe.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

There is a story about how he, together with Eduard Lasker and older brother Berthold, met in one of the clubs in Berlin with a Japanese amateur who offered them a head start of 9 stones (a very large handicap for go, a similar handicap in a queen in chess).


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Despite such a great advantage and the opportunity to consult, the trio lost to the nines (by the way, the two namesakes Lasker, who played both chess and go, are often confused).


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

They say it was after this batch of Em.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker assessed Go as strategically very deep and interesting.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker also invented a game that combined the features of checkers and military strategy.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The game was called “weasel” and its rules were published in 1911 [70].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

results


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Tournaments


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

matches


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The results of personal meetings with the strongest chess players in 1889—1936


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Etudes


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

1.Krb7 (b8) Lb2+ 2.Kra7 Lc2 3.Lh5+ Kra4!


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

The black king can only move vertically a.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

If he retreats to line b, White easily wins by playing Krb7.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

4.Krb7 (b6) Lb2+ 5.Kra6 Lc2 6.Lh4+ Kra3!


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

7.Krb6 Lb2+


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

8.Kra5 Lc2 9.Lh3+ Kra2 10.l:H2!


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

, and white wins [71].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

This study is still considered classical and has given rise to many imitations [72] [73]


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

1.c4 Kd2 2.c5 Kb3 3.c6 Kd4 4.c7 Kb5 5.c8k!


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

and three horses, according to theory, win against one [74].


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

L:G8 2.Krf7!


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

L:G6 3.fg h5 4.g7+ Krh7 5.G8f+ Krh6 6.Fg6# [74]


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker books


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Chess


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Common Sense in Chess (published in English as Common Sense in Chess), 1896, Russian translation 1897.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker's How to Play Chess: An Elementary Text Book for Beginners, Which Teaches Chess By a New, Easy and Comprehensive Method, 1900.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

“International Chess Congress in memory of M. AND. Chigorina St. Petersburg, 1909” (1910)


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

(Mein Wettkampf mit Capablanca), 1922, Russian translation 1926.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

(Lehrbuch des Schachspiels), 1926, Russian translation 1926.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Lasker's Chess Primer, 1934.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Math


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

— Lasker's Ph.D.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

thesis.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Another


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

“Fight” (Kampf), 1911, Russian translation 2007.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

“Understanding the World” (Das Begreifen der Welt), 1913.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Die Philosophie des Unvollendbar (Philosophy of Infinity), 1918.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

“This Story of Man” (Vom Menschen die Geschichte), 1925 is a play written together with Berthold Lasker.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

“How Victor Became a Chess Master” is a story for children written in the 1930s in Moscow, first published in 1973 by the Children's Literature publishing house (translated from German by Ilya Maizelis).


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

“The Community of the Future” (The Community of the Future), 1940.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Notes


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Literature


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Emanuel Lasker Games 1889-1903, Chess Stars, 1998, ISBN 954-8782-07-3.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Emanuel Lasker II Games 1904—1940, Chess Stars, 1998, ISBN 954-8782-10-3.


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

References


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

on 365chess.com


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|dead-url= suggested) (help)


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

(january 1905)


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Category:World Chess Champions


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Category:Chess composers alphabetically


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Category:Chess theorists


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Category: German chess players


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Category: German mathematicians


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Category: Mathematicians alphabetically


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Category:Immigrated to the UK from Germany


Question: When did German chess player and mathematician Emanuel Lasker become the world chess champion?

Emanuel Lasker

Category:German immigrants to the USSR


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The Apache Wars (English: Apache Wars) was a series of military conflicts between the United States of America and the Apache tribes in the southwest of the country between 1849 and 1886 (although some minor hostilities continued until 1924 [1], and the first clashes were recorded back in 1847).


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The Confederate Army also took part in wars in the early 1860s, such as Texas, before the American Civil War battles in New Mexico and Arizona became more intense.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Civilian militias also actively participated in the war on the side of the US government, especially in the first decades of the war.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The Apaches have always been significantly inferior to their opponents in numbers and weapons, but contrasted this with high morale and good knowledge of the terrain, which allowed them to win a number of battles.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Gregory Michaud, a historian of the Indian Wars, points out that in the southwestern United States there were significantly more conflicts between the US government and Native Americans than anywhere else, explaining this in including the existence of rich military traditions among the Apache tribes.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In the end, all Apache tribes were either exterminated or forcibly settled on reservations, and their ancestral territories were occupied by white settlers — farmers and miners.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

A significant role in creating an extremely negative image of the Apaches among the population (and not only the US population) was played by the press, which acted, among other things, in the interests of those who wanted to seize rich resources Apache lands.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Along with the Black Hills War, the Apache War (which is more correctly called the Apache Wars, as the fighting was fought intermittently, and different groups of Apaches often acted separately from each other from each other) is one of the last major conflicts between the US government and the Indians during the so-called Indian Wars, while one of the most “expensive” not only in terms of actual money, but also in terms of human lives.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Basic information


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The history of confrontation between the Apache tribes and whites dates back many decades — their first opponents were the Spaniards, who first entered their lands in the 16th century.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After Mexico gained independence from Spain at the beginning of the XIX century, Mexicans became the opponent of the Apaches.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The very first conflicts between Apaches (whose self-name in their native language is T`Inde, Inde, N`dee, N`ne, which means People) and American settlers began in 1847 during the American Mexican War, especially during the Taos rebellion.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The first campaign of the United States Army against the Apaches began two years later, in 1849 [3], and the last major event was the surrender of Apache chief Geronimo in 1886.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

However, the Apaches continued to attack white settlers until at least 1906.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

As of 1915, a group of Apache Chirikahua, who fled American power after the defeat, still lived in the Sierra Madra in northern Mexico.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The Apaches fought against colonial claims by Spaniards and Mexicans decades before the conflict with the United States began.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The main military campaigns of the Apache Wars took place in the area of present-day Tucson, Arizona.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The Apaches could not stop the advance of the Spaniards and Mexicans and expel them from the lands they had conquered from other Indian tribes, and were later forced to defend their immediate homeland, period of the later Apache Wars.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Various Apache tribes owned territories stretching from southern California to western Texas, from northern Arizona to northern Mexico and parts of Oklahoma.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

During the first period of the war, around 1849-75, armed conflicts often arose as a result of so-called Apache raids against white settlers, during which they stole their cattle and property and sometimes killed Americans and Mexicans.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Since the first half of the 1860s, Americans began to build forts and observation posts on the borders of the Apache lands to keep each tribe in sight.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The first such facility was Fort Buchanan, built on the borders of Arizona, followed by Camp Grant and Fort Goodwin (later renamed Fort Thomas) to control the Pima tribe, Fort Verde and Phot-McDonnell to control tonto and yawapai and Fort Bowie to control chiricahua.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Fort Apache was later built to control the territory of the Apaches of the White Mountains and Sibeku.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In the second period of the war, 1875-1886, the Apaches were fought mainly by the US Army, whose purpose was to forcibly relocate the Apaches to Indian reservations or prevent them from escaping tribes from reservations, if they've already been placed there.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The third period of the war can be conditionally considered the period from 1886 to the end of 1906, when there were minor clashes between small groups of Apaches, who had so far escaped resettlement on reservations, with one side and forces of the Expeditionary Cavalry Corps of the US Army and the militia of immigrants on the other.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Although the Americans did not distinguish between raids and war itself, these concepts were by no means identical for all Apache tribes.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Historically, they raided hostile tribes, and sometimes groups of other Apaches, to steal horses, provisions, and capture prisoners.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

But such raids were not considered war.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

These were quick raids, with specific tasks of an economic nature, in which usually a small number of soldiers participated.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

While the Apaches fought war, as a rule, in large forces, often with the involvement of all the men of the tribe, in order to achieve some kind of retribution.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Apaches were sometimes provoked to attack by American and Mexican settlers and traders who speculated on supplying goods to tribes (and later reservations).


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The most famous Apache warlords who led military operations or raids were Mangas Coloradas, Kochis, Victorio, Hu and Geronimo of the Chirikahua tribe, and Delshay of the Tonto tribe.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

They were at the forefront of the Apache's resistance to attempts by the US Army to forcibly relocate them on reservations.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Jicarilla War


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

At the beginning of the Mexican-American War, many Apache tribes promised American soldiers safe passage through their lands, even entering into an alliance with the United States, while other tribes fought on the side Mexico, confronting the Americans and the New Mexico rebels.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

When the United States established the border with Mexico after the end of the war in 1848, Chirikahua-Apache Chief Mangas Coloradas signed a peace treaty with the United States, recognizing Americans as conquerors of Mexican land.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The US also recognized the rights of the Apaches to their lands, but the Santa Fe treaty of 1851 said that the Apaches must fulfill its terms immediately, while the United States will do its part obligations only after the treaty is ratified by the US Congress.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The US Congress has never ratified this treaty.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Shortly after the end of the war, the fragile peace between the Apaches and the white settlers was broken: the Indians had a conflict with whites who arrived in the conquered territories as gold diggers after discovery of gold deposits in the Santa Rita Mountains.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The Jicarilla War began in 1849, when several groups of settlers were attacked and killed by Indians in northeastern New Mexico.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The second such attack occurred in 1850, when several mail couriers were killed.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The army did not intervene until 1853.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

First, the hicarilla won the Battle of Sineguilla, then the Americans defeated them in the Ojo Caliente Canyon.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Chirikahua War


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In 1851, Mangas Coloradas, one of the Apache chiefs, was attacked by a group of miners who tied him to a tree and severely beat him.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

This was not an isolated case: white settlers repeatedly violated the agreement concluded between the US government and the Apaches after the Mexican-American War, leading to retaliatory repression towards white settlers from the Apache side.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Although it should be noted that the Apaches were also not sinless, often stealing from white cattle.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In December 1860, miners launched an unexpected attack on the Apache camp in retaliation for another cattle theft, killing many Indians and capturing thirty women and children; in revenge, the Apache also responded by attacking many farms, stealing white property and killing them.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In February 1861, a group of unidentified Apaches kidnapped farmer John Ward's stepson near Sonota, Arizona, and stole many cattle.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Ward tried to find help from the nearest garrison of the US army.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Lieutenant George Bascom was sent to help Ward study the details of the case.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Bascom intended to meet between Apache Pass and the Butterfield Dilijan Highway with Apache Chief Cochis, whom he suspected of the crime, in order to return Ward's stepson and the stolen cattle.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In fact, Kochis did not know anything about the incident and offered to investigate it in order to find the real perpetrators.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

It should be noted that Kochis, who first came into contact with the US army in the late 1850s, was not initially hostile to them and even allowed them to pass freely through their lands.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Outraged, Basque accused Kochis of involvement in the incident.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

At the meeting, he captured Cochis and several of his family members accompanying him when they arrived at the negotiating tent.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

However, Kochis and his men managed to escape.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After this event and further unsuccessful negotiations, Cochis joined the war against the whites, in particular by taking hostages at one of the stations of the stagecoach tract after a shootout .


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Bascom did not want to exchange prisoners offered him several times by Cochis, and then Cochis and his men attacked a passing train with Mexican passengers.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

They killed and ritually mutilated nine Mexicans and captured three whites who were later killed.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Then they tried to ambush the stagecoach tract, but it failed.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Negotiations between Bascom and Cocchis finally reached an impasse, and Basque sent for reinforcements.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Cochis killed the four remaining white prisoners from Butterfield Station and stopped negotiations.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Bascom, in turn, ordered his military surgeon, Dr. Bernard Irwin, to hang the captured Apaches.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

This exchange of executions, later known as the Bascom affair, was the main cause of the eleven - year war that followed between various Apache tribes and American settlers, the US Army and the Confederate Army after the outbreak of the Civil War, as well as many subsequent conflicts.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In the months of 1861, before the Civil War, there were many acts of violence and hostage-taking on both sides with their subsequent murder.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, Mangas Coloradas and Cochis, married to his daughter, entered into a military alliance aimed at expelling all whites from Apache territory.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In 1861-1862, the Apaches fought against both the Union Army and the Confederacy.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In particular, the battles of the Apaches with Confederate troops took place near Tubak, Cook Canyon, the mountains of Florida, Pinos Altos and Dragon Springs.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Other Apache groups also fought the rebels; in particular, Mescalero warriors attacked Fort Davis and captured a herd of cattle there on August 9, 1861, killing two American soldiers.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The military sent a patrol to chase them back, but the Apaches killed all their pursuers.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Mangas Coloradas and Kochis joined forces with Chief Hu and the famous warrior Geronimo.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

They thought they had some success when the Americans closed the Butterfield stagecoach route and American troops left the territory, but in fact this was due to the beginning of Civil war.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The command of the US armed forces decided to attack the Arizona Confederates in New Mexico, sending a column of Californian volunteers under the command of Colonel James Henry Carlton.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The column, later known as California, moved along the old Butterfield Highway.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In 1862, troops clashed with Mangas Coloradas, Cochis, and their warriors.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In the Battle of Apache Pass, in which White was the first to open fire, Mangas Coloradas was seriously wounded in the chest, but survived (he was sent to Mexico, where he was able to leave), and then summoned its supporters for peace with the United States.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In January 1863, Mangas Coloradas agreed to meet with the US military in Fort McLean, near present-day Hurley, New Mexico, for negotiations and arrived there under the white flag of a parliamentarian, to meet Brigadier General Joseph Rodman West, a California militia officer, but was brutally deceived by him.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Armed soldiers captured Mangas Coloradas and, on West's orders, brutally tortured him all night, including stabbing his body with bayonets heated at the stake, and then killed him (because he allegedly tried to escape), and The next day, they cut off the head, welded it, and sent the skull to the Smithsonian Institution, leaving the mutilated body of the chief in an abandoned camp for the Apaches to then find it.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

This horrible massacre only increased the Apache's hostility towards whites.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After the assassination of Mangas Coloradas, Cochis took refuge in the Dragoon Mountains, where he remained for the next ten years, without stopping the guerrilla war against the whites: his forces, numbering about 300 warriors, carried out a number of successful attacks on American troops over the years; they were later joined by Chief Victorio's group who fled the Bosque Redondo reservation.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

These Apache units used bows and arrows as their main weapons.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Carlton, after the murder of Mangas Coloradas, decided to force the Apaches and their allied Navajos to settle on reservations.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Initially, he intended to make the Rio Grande Valley safe for European and American immigrants and exclude the possibility of attacks on travelers.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Carlton began by trying to force various Mescalero and Navajo groups to settle on reservations in Fort Sumner.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

He attracted Keith Carson, once a friend of the Navajo, to this - Carson raided the Indians, destroying their crops and livestock and forcing them on a so-called long march to Fort Sumner.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Carlton later participated in the Battle of Adobe Walls.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In 1862, a small battle took place in the Yawapai lands between the Americans under Theodore Boggs and a small group of Apaches at Big Bug, Arizona.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Boggs was the son of Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The Chirikahua War did not end with the assassination of Mangas Coloradas and became part of the Texas Indian Wars from 1864.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Texas Indian Wars


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The largest event of the Texas Indian Wars was the First Battle of Adobe Walls, which took place on November 25, 1864, one of the largest battles of the Indian Wars in the Great Plains, in which white opposed the combined forces of the Kiowa, Comanche and Kiowa Apacha peoples, numbering more than a thousand warriors.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

First, the Indian army managed to push American troops back to old adobe buildings on the top of a nearby hill, but then the soldiers repulsed several attacks, after which the Indians stopped the assault.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The US army lost six men in this battle, and more than fifty Indians lost, and the military leader of the Kiowa Apacha Iron Shirt was killed in this battle.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Yavapai War


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

At the beginning of 1871, groups of the Apache tribes Pinaleño and Aravaip (the latter were led by the leader of the Eskiminzin), numbering about 150 people, decided to live under the guardianship of the commander of the American military Grant camp, near the Arawaipa and San Pedro rivers.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The Indians offered that they would live peacefully near the tributaries of these rivers, as they were no longer able to endure endless persecution by the army.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The military command of the fort initially could not promise them the provision of land and sent information about the proposal to the authorities for an official decision, but the answer did not come for a long time, as a result the military allowed the Apaches to settle near the fort informally.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The population of this makeshift village increased rapidly, the Indians began to grow corn, produce mezcal from it, trade food and other goods with their neighbors, behaving completely calmly at first.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

However, on April 10 this year, several Apaches raided San Javier south of Tucson, stealing many cattle and horses.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In addition, three days after the incident, four Americans were killed in the city of San Pedro.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Despite the fact that the city was located 80 km from their place of residence and their participation in this crime was unlikely, it was the Camp Grant Indians who were declared the murderers.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Revenge was not long in coming.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

On April 30, residents of Tucson gathered a group of six white Americans, forty-eight Mexicans and ninety-two Papago warriors and attacked Camp Grant, where they carried out terrible destruction and killed at least 144 people, including women and children.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Some Indians were captured and subsequently sent to Mexico for forced labor.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

This incident became known as the Camp Grant Massacre, and it marked the beginning of a new war, albeit on a rather local scale.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The attackers were then arrested, but acquitted, allegedly due to lack of evidence of guilt.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

This war was mostly uncoordinated attacks.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The military campaign against the Apaches continued throughout the 1870s at the Battle of Salt River Canyon and Turret Peak, which are prime examples of violence in Arizona.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The military, and sometimes civilians, mainly from the Tucson area, often pursued various Apache groups to stop their raids, stealing livestock, and escaping from reservations.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Western Apache groups have joined the Yavapayas.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Together, they continued the war until 1875.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The increasing role of the US government's involvement in the Apache Wars


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After the Camp Grant Massacre, the Apache issue attracted more attention from the US government than before.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In June 1871, General George Crook was appointed commander of the Arizona department.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Upon arrival in Fort Apache, his first action was to create a detachment of intelligence officers from the Apaches — the same people with whom he was going to fight — loyal to the American authorities, gathering actively use them in a future conflict.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

George Cowler, a representative of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, at the same time held a number of meetings with Indian leaders, including the Esquiminzin.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Chief Delshay did not come to the meeting, but sent a letter to Cowler, in which he did not abandon the idea of peace and said that he was ready to provide all people with white skin color free passage through their lands.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

But most of all, Americans were interested in negotiating with the rebellious Apache leader Kochis, who was more than 60 years old by that time.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Neither Cowler nor Crook were able to arrange a meeting with him, despite the fact that Crook sent Indian parliamentarians to his mountains to try to find him.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The only person Cochis agreed to talk to was General Gordon Granger, who sent Kochisa a letter in which he offered to meet in the Alamosa Gorge.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

There was an Indian agency in this place, which gave Cochiss and his men an order from the government to settle in the same place, but during the negotiations, the decision suddenly changed: now the Apache was required to move to Fort Tularosa.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Kochis rejected the offer due to extremely poor living conditions there, but the government's order remained unchanged.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Then Cochis and his men decided to flee to the hinterland highlands of Arizona.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In September 1872, a new commission was formed to find and capture Cochis, led by General Oliver Howard and Tom Jeffords, a former friend of the Apaches who even had an Apache name — Taglito.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Thanks to the negotiations, the Apaches eventually agreed to stop the resistance and settle on a reservation near the Chirikahua Mountains, controlled by Jeffords.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Other tribes, such as the Tonto led by Delshay, were not so fortunate, as they were forced to settle on reservations near Fort Apache in 1873.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Living conditions were terrible, so they eventually decided to flee to the Rio Verde River.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

During these events, a soldier was killed at an Indian agency in San Carlos, an Indian reservation off the White Mountains in eastern Arizona.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Shortly after the incident, Apaches Delshay were charged with the murder.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After declaring him wanted, General Crook promised to reward whoever brought him Delshay's head or brought him alive, and in July 1874, Delshay was brought to him by two men who captivated him.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In the same year, Kochis died, who had been seriously ill for a long time.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

By 1875, a significant part of the Apaches — about four thousand — had already been settled on reservations or fled to Mexico.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After the death of Kochis, the leadership of the Chokonen tribe passed to his son Taza.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

He could not maintain the unity of his people, and devoted his life to escaping from the reservation and stealing cattle.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Due to protests by settlers in the region, the government decided to isolate all chiricahua on the White Mountains reservation in 1875.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

John Clum, a member of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, was appointed head of the reservation.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In 1876, he was ordered to arrange for the relocation of the Chirikahua to this place, but only half of them did so, and the other fled to Mexico under the leadership of Chief Goyatlay, better known as Geronimo.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Victorio War


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The confrontation between Apache leader Victorio and the Whites began in the first half of the 1860s, when his men joined the forces of Cochis, becoming his associates.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In 1865, tired of war, Victorio and another Apache chief, Nana, met with representatives of the US military command to try to find a way out of the protracted conflict.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

The American representatives put forward the only condition — the return to the Bosque Redondo reservation, which could not suit the Indians in any way.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

However, Victorio formally promised to obey and take his men there, but in fact did not do so, preferring Cochis part of the guerrilla forces or flee to Mexico if circumstances require it .


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

His men continued to ambush settlers and steal from white horses and cattle very actively for the next five years.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

At the same time, any crimes in the area soon began to be attributed to the people of Cochis.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In 1871, Indian Commissioner Eli Parker invited Apache leaders to a meeting in Washington to negotiate peace in Apache lands.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

By this time, there were already four Apache reservations in Arizona and New Mexico, and many of them eventually agreed to live there.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Kochis, however, rejected Parker's offer.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

In 1879, the Apache army led by Victorio launched a campaign (more active than previous guerrilla warfare) against white settlers in the Alma area of New Mexico.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After staging a massacre in the area that became known as the Alma Massacre, which killed more than forty whites, the Apaches launched another war in which they even managed to besiege the American Fort of Tularosa.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Nevertheless, the victory in the war remained with the US army.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

A year later, in August 1881, George Jordan was one of those who fought at the Battle of Carrizo Canyon in New Mexico, which ended the war.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

After his victory, Sergeant Jordan was awarded the Congressional Medal for his actions on the battlefield.


Question: How did the Apache Wars end?

Apache Wars

Na Tio-Tisha War