Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Just as the sun cannot be covered by clouds, so maya cannot defeat Krishna.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The clouds cover only the visible part of the sky, so that in cloudy weather it is not possible to see the sun, but they do not cover the sun itself.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Similarly, the material energy covers the jiva, which makes it illusory to be separated from Krishna and is unable to see Krishna.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

In Paramatma, Krishna's antaranga-shakti inner energy is fully manifested, which is only slightly manifested in jiva.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

If the jiva were wholly antaranga-shakti, that is, inside Paramatma, then the Maya would not be able to influence it.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

On the other hand, if the jiva were inside maya, then she would not be able to contact antaranga-shakti and she would not have a chance to realize Krishna.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

This subject is described in detail in Paramatma-Sandarbha, a work by the medieval Krishna theologian Jiva Goswami.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Bahiranga shakti


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Bahiranga-shakti (apara-shakti or maha-maya) is Krishna's external, material energy that manifests the material cosmos, the habitat of conditioned souls.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

It is also known as Maya or Maha-maya and consists of three gunas, qualities: goodness, passion and ignorance (sattva, rajas and tamas).


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Krishna Himself never comes into contact with the material energy, so it is called bahiranga, “external” or “separated.”


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Even when he comes to the material world, Krishna remains God and is not influenced by the lower material energy.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Krishna comes to the material world to attract the jivas who are languishing in it and show them the way to moksha.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The material world depends on Krishna and cannot exist without him.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

However, the Maya creates the illusion of independence of existence.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Under her influence, jivas consider themselves independent of Krishna.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The material world is seen as a distorted reflection of the original eternal spiritual world.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Hare Krishna Mantra


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

According to Krishna theology, God has many names.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Chanting and chanting the names of God (kirtan or japa) is the main spiritual practice, the main method of bhakti yoga in this historical era of Kali-yuga.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

For chanting, the Hare Krishna mantra is recommended first of all: “Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare Hare Rama Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare Hare”.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The importance of repeating this mantra is mentioned in Vedic and Puranic texts such as Kalisantarana-Upanishada and Brihadnaradia Purana.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

It is believed that by referring to the holy names of God, which make up the mantra, a person comes into contact with God in His entirety.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

According to Krishna theology, Krishna's name contains Krishna himself with all his attributes, Rama contains all avatars, and Hara, which is the vocative case of one of Radha's names All shakti.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

There are no strict rules for chanting the Hare Krishna mantra; it can be chanted anytime, anywhere.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Gaudiya Vaishnavism and other branches of Vaishnavism


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

There are several main features in the theology of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism that distinguish this tradition from other movements within Vaishnavism:


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

“the doctrine of the incomprehensible one-divided being” (acintya-bhedabheda-tattva-vada);


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The idea of bhakti not only as a means, but also as a goal of the spiritual path;


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

venerating Krishna (not Vishnu or Narayana) as the original hypostasis of God and the source of all avatars


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

relying on the Bhagavata Purana as the main sacred text and trying to create a doctrine almost entirely on its basis;


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

the cult of Radha and the worship of Radha and Krishna together as Radha Krishna


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

the cult of Caitanya, which is revered by Krishnas as the embodiment of Radha and Krishna.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The Doctrine of the Unfathomable One Being


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Historically, in Hinduism, there are two opposing philosophies regarding the relationship between living beings and God.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Advaita schools teach the monist concept, declaring that “the individual soul and God are one and indistinguishable”, while dwaita schools put forward a dualistic argument — “the individual soul is always is different from God.”


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The philosophy of acintya-bheda-abheda combines elements from both points of view.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The teaching of Caitanya and his followers is the doctrine of an entity that is incomprehensibly single and multiple at the same time (acintya-bheda-abheda-tattva-vada).


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The absolute is divisible (bheda) and indivisible (a-bheda) at the same time.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

This is incomprehensible to the human mind (achintia).


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

It is possible to find a solution to this contradiction only in the spiritual sphere.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Bhakti as a means and purpose of the spiritual path


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Bhakti, or “devotional service to Krishna”, is the best method for achieving perfection and returning to Godhead.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

In Gaudiya Vaishnavism theology, bhakti is both a means and an ultimate goal.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

It is believed that by achieving perfection in bhakti, one achieves perfection in fulfilling duties towards all living entities in the material world.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Bhakti is a comprehensive process.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Other methods of spiritual awareness, such as jnana, yoga and karma, are considered as components of bhakti, or as auxiliary processes that lead the individual to the path of bhakti.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

[10] For example, knowledge of the Bhagavad-gita and Srimad-Bhagavatam is considered to be the perfection of jnana yoga.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

And karma yoga is understood either as an activity performed directly as a service to Krishna, or as selfless performance of one's professional, civic and other duties.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The perfection of life is to achieve prema-bhakti, or service to Krishna in pure love, free from any desire for sensory satisfaction.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Honoring Krishna as the supreme form of God


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

In the Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Krishna is considered the original form of God, the source of Vishnu and all avatars, and not the avatar of Vishnu.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

This understanding is particularly based on the Bhagavata Purana.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

[11] This theological concept is shared by the followers of nimbarka sampradaya and vallabha sampradaya, but is not accepted by Ramanuja and Madhva sampradaya, in which Vishnu is worshiped as the source of all avatars.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

In these traditions, Krishna is considered to be the most complete avatar of Vishnu.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

In the Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Radha is considered to be Krishna's eternal lover, as his feminine form is the source of all other feminine hypostases of God, such as Lakshmi and Sita.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Krishna theologian Jiva Gosvami (one of the Six Goswami of Vrindavana) in his work Krishna-Sandarbha cites a number of quotes from various scriptures proving Krishna's position as the Supreme Personality God.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

He also discusses Krishna's pastimes and qualities, as well as his avatars and other expansions.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

This Sandarbha also contains a description of Goloka, Krishna's eternal spiritual planet that corresponds to Vrindavan in this material world, Jiva Goswami describes Krishna's companions and their expansion, in In particular, he describes the gopi shepherds and the most elevated position Radha occupies among them.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The Bhagavata Purana as the Main Sacred Text


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

A fundamental feature of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism, which precedes all others, is the adoption of the Bhagavata Purana as the main sacred text.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

As noted by S. K. Dae, other schools, starting with the Madhwa school, also partly based on this text, which enjoyed great authority throughout the Indian Middle Ages, but Krishna thinkers did so with all determination, so that their teaching is considered as a complete systematization of the teachings of the Bhagavata Purana.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

A unique feature of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, which distinguishes it from other Vaishnava schools, is also the doctrine of bhakti-ras.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

It was created by Caitanya on the basis of the Bhagavata Purana, and then developed by his followers, who interpreted it in terms of traditional Indian poetics.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

On the basis of the doctrine of bhakti-rasa, Krishna thinkers developed a religious practice, the core of which was not ritual temple worship, as in other Vaishnava sampradaya, but collective singing the names of God (sankirtan).


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The cult of Radha and the worship of Radha Krishna


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

In Krishna theology, Krishna acts as the original hypostasis of God, and Radha as his eternal beloved gopi cowherd girl [13].


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

In relation to Krishna, Radha is seen as the supreme goddess who controls Krishna by the power of her love [14].


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

It is described that Krishna is so beautiful that he conquers the whole world with his beauty, but Radha fascinates even him and therefore occupies a higher position [15].


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Srimad-Bhagavatam describes how Krishna left all the other gopis in the rasa dance and went in search of Radha.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

According to Krishna theology, Radha's name and personality are simultaneously manifested and hidden in the text of Srimad-Bhagavatam describing this event [16].


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Followers of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism consider Radha not just a shepherdess girl, but the original female incarnation of God, the source of all the gopis participating in the rasa dance and other lilahs [17].


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

The Worship of Caitanya


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Caitanya Mahaprabhu is considered the last avatar of Krishna to descend in our era, Kali-yuga.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

He is seen as Krishna in Radha's mentality, as a joint avatar of Krishna and his female incarnation, Radha.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

In other sampradaya, Caitanya is considered a great devotee of Krishna, a saint, but does not recognize him as Krishna himself or as Krishna's avatar.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

According to various biographies of Caitanya, he never declared himself God publicly and did not like anyone calling him God.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

However, Caitanya's close associates believed in his divinity, and Caitanya's biographies contain descriptions of cases when he appeared to his disciples as Krishna himself and his avatar.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

At his first meeting with Caitanya, Rupa Gosvami made the following prayer, in which he announced that Caitanya was Krishna himself:


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Krishnas cite various excerpts from the Vedas and Puranas to confirm Caitanya Mahaprabhu's divinity.


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

[18] [19] One of the Hindu scriptures where Krishna theologians predicted the arrival of Caitanya is a text from the Atharva Veda, [20] in which Vishnu says the following:


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Notes


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

Literature


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

In Russian


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

In English


Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

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Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

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Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

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Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology

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Question: Who completed the formation of the doctrine of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology?

Gaudiya Vaishnava theology


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

is a series of Japanese ranobe authored by Mamare Tono.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

It was originally published on the Shōsetsuka Ni Naro user site in 2010, but began to be officially published by Enterbrain in March 2011.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

The anime adaptation began broadcasting on NHK Educational TV on October 5, 2013.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

A second season for the anime was announced at the end of the last episode, which began on October 4, 2014.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

The plot


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Since Update 11, the Japanese role-playing game has become super popular, gaining several million players.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

However, with the release of Update 12 [1], all players (only 30,000 from Japan) who were in the game at that moment were “locked” and entered virtual reality themselves, turning into their own playable characters.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Among them are Shiroe and Naotsugu, who begin to wander the game world in search of a way out of there.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

They are soon joined by a young girl named Akatsuki.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Later, realizing that the game has become a new reality, Shiroe, with the support of guilds, begins to try to introduce new laws and prohibitions, creating a new system...


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Character list


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

/— the protagonist of the story, in real life a graduate student and shorter in height, has been playing Elder Tail for 8 years.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He has the “Spellmaster” class, has support magic, but Shiroe's main weapon is a brilliant strategy.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Cunning and cool, he has the nicknames “Four-eyed Cunning”, “Villain with Glasses” and “Strategist Shiroe”.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He was once a member of the elite group Crazy Tea Party. Debauchery Tea Party).


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

For a long time, he refuses to join other guilds, considering them imperfect.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He has a habit of touching his points when solving strategic tasks.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

It has level 90.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

A member of the Round Table.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

His second ability, a chronicler (also mentioned as copying maps), can create paper and ink suitable for players in this world.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Later he created his own guild, the refuge of lone wolves, Log Horizon.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Seiyu: (in Dutch)


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

- Shiro's best friend and guardian level 90 Guardian player


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

In the real world, Shiroe is 2 years older.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He has powerful defense spells, likes to eat.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He was also a member of Crazy Tea Party. Debauchery Tea Party).


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

A tall and strong guy, a humorous character.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He calls himself an “open pervert”, which means that unlike some people, he does not hide his “perverted nature” from others and is very proud of this fact.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Every time he throws out spicy jokes, he gets a knee or foot kick from Akatsuki in the face.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He was the first to join the Log Horizon guild with Akatsuki.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Seiyu: (in Dutch)


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

— the main character of the story, in real life is a college student.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

She is an Assassin, which allows her to hide masterfully and suddenly hit the enemy from the rear.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Its subclass is a ranger that can be used to track people, which perfectly complements her abilities.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Akatsuki herself dubbed herself a ninja.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Her character was originally a male character.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

A laconic girl with a calm character.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

She first met Shiro on a mission before the Apocalypse.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

With the help of Shiro, she regained her girlish appearance and joined him, in gratitude for her salvation in the past, vowed to protect Shiro from danger.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

At the same time, he does not respect Naotsuga and every time he throws vulgar jokes, he hits him in the face with his knee.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

She is complex because of her height and is embarrassed when she is called a child.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Seiyu: (in Dutch)


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

- A cat of the “Cutthroat” class of level 90, which allows him to skillfully control swords.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He was once a master of the Crazy Tea Party group. Debauchery Tea Party).


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Shiroe calls him the “master” (“chef” of English. “Chief of the Debauchery Tea Party”).


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

His subclass is a chef who allows him to make delicious meals using collected ingredients.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

I was the first to find a way to cook delicious food.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

For a long time he defended Sarara from robbers, the girl immediately fell in love with him.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

There is a suspicion that Nyanta is the oldest player in terms of physical age, at least in Akiba.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Before the apocalypse, he was a member of a cat guild, which was disbanded because their headquarters had rotted due to the constant rains.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Seiyu: (in Dutch)


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

- Druid level 19 girl.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Her subclass is a maid, which allows the girl to quickly clean the house.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Sarara was haunted by an evil guild for a long time, but Nyanta saved her.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

She fell in love with him.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Sarara is a member of the Crescent Alliance guild.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Seiyu: (in Dutch)


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

- Minori's twin brother.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

In reality, she cannot walk and moves in a wheelchair.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

His class is Samurai.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Together with Minori, long before the main events, he enlisted the support of Shiroe.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He looks at him as a role model.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

For a long time, together with Minori, he was held hostage to a gang guild, which took away a boost potion from low-level players every day (which the player receives every day until they reach level 40) and I sold it on the black market.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Seiyu: (in Dutch)


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

- Toi's twin sister.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Her class is Kannagi (healer), she wears miko clothes, can heal wounds and pass on strength to allies.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Together with Toya, she enlisted the support of Shiroe and later became a hostage to an evil guild that took Minori's amplifying potions.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

In one episode, I wanted to tell Shiro that she liked him, but did not dare.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Seiyu: (in Dutch)


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

- Really a high school girl.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

She started playing Elder Tail shortly before the events of the apocalypse.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Belongs to the Bard class and can use songs to increase the strength of allies.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Rundelhaus was the first to know that Rundelhaus was an Earth inhabitant


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Seiyu: (in Dutch)


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

is one of the people of the Earth.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

“Sorcerer” (“Wizard”), specializes in offensive magic.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He has level 19 and suffers from increased self-esteem, considering himself a magician of the highest class.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

In episode 20, he has level 25 and becomes an adventurer by signing an agreement with Shiroe.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Isuzu, Minori, Toya and Sarara call him Rudy.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He has affectionate feelings for Isuzu.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Seiyu: (in Dutch)


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

/is a representative of the Crescent Guild and a friend of Shiro.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Her class is Priestess.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

She is stronger than she looks and has a habit of hugging people so hard that she presses them against the wall, usually does so when she meets new people.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

However, it can be very serious when guild members are in danger.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Roundtable member, close to Naotsugu.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Seiyu: (in Dutch)


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

- One of the leaders of the Crescent Guild, belongs to the Bard class.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Although she seems strict and collected from the outside, Henrietta loves everything “cute” and always tries to wear different dresses on Akatsuki.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Marielle's right hand man.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He works as an accountant in the real world.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Seiyu: (in Dutch)


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

— Guild leader D.D.D. He is very polite to everyone, knows how to negotiate, and he is also a representative of the Round Table.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Enjoys the battle, is strong and cruel.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Very nice to Princess Eastala.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

— Guildmaster of the Black Sword Knights.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Also known as the Black Swordsman.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He is a guardian and member of the Roundtable Alliance.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

— is a guildmaster of the Guild Driven by the Westwind.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Although this guild is small in number up to 70 people, it is considered one of the strongest guilds in Akihabara.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Even before the Apocalypse, Sojiro was part of an informal group of players known as Crazy Tea Party. Debauchery Tea Party).


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Very popular with girls.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

For a long time, he believed that Shiroe did not like him, as he had repeatedly rejected his offers to join his guild.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

He realized that he was wrong when Shiroe asked him to help organize the Roundtable Board.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

A member of the Round Table.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Ranobe


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Manga


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Four manga adaptations were released based on ranobe:


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Log Horizon Gaiden: Honey Moon Logs


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Log Horizon


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Log Horizon: The West Wind Brigade


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Log Horizon Gaiden: Nyanta-honcho Shiawase no Recipe


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

anime


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

The anime adaptation released by Satelight began broadcasting on NHK Educational TV on October 5, 2013.


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

It has also been published on Crunchyroll in the United States and several other countries [26].


Question: Is there an age limit for Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

The anime was licensed by Sentai Filmworks for screening in the United States in 2014 [27].


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

The opening song of the anime, “Database”, is performed by Man with a Mission.


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

The final one — “Your song” is performed by Yun*chi [28].


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Episode list


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Notes


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

References


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

(in English)


Question: Is there an age limit for playing Shattered Horizon?

Log Horizon

Category:Studio Dean


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Orpheus (Ancient Greek: Rfies), in ancient Greek mythology, is a legendary singer and musician — lyre performer, whose name embodied the power of art [1].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

He is the founder of the cult rituals of Orphic mysteries and the religious and philosophical doctrine of Orphism.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

The image of Orpheus is present in a significant number of works of art.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Origins


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

According to the most common variant, the son of the Thracian river god Eagra and the muse of Calliope [2] (Eagr was a descendant of Atlanta in the fifth tribe through Alkyona, one of his daughters), the husband of the nymph Eurydice.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

According to other versions, the son of Eagra is either Polyhymnia, Clio, or Menippus; or Apollo (Pindar) and Calliope [3] [2].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

According to Suda's lexicon, he was born 11 generations before the Trojan War and lived 9 or 11 generations [4].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

According to Herodorus, there were two Orpheus, the later of whom was an Argonaut [5].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

A disciple of Lin or Musei, or a son of Musei [6], or a teacher of Musei.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Of the surviving authors, they were first mentioned by Alkey [7] and Ivik [8].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Myths


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Thracian, from the kikon area [9].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

He lived in the village of Pimplea near Olympus [10].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Apollo's Favorite [11].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Apollo presented him with a golden lyre, with which he could tame wild animals, move trees and rocks.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Aeschylus in the tragedy “Agamemnon” describes the impact of Orpheus's voice as follows (addressing the luminary): “Your language is the language of Orpheus on the contrary: He led everything, causing joy with his voice...”


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

I brought the number of strings on the lyre to nine [13].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

He won the kithar game in the Pelius funeral games [14].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

He participated in the Argonaut campaign for the golden fleece.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

This is mentioned in a fragment from Simonides's work and in Pindar's poetry [15].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

He sang a team to rowers [16].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

The oldest surviving image of Orpheus is his figure on the metope of the Sikion treasury in Delphi among horsemen who are considered to be Argonauts [15].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

He went to Egypt and there significantly improved his knowledge, becoming the first in theology, rituals, poetry and music [17].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

He forbade the shedding of blood [18].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

He did not honor Dionysus, but worshiped the Sun Apollo, climbing Pangean Mountain by sunrise [13].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

He was ordained to the Mysteries of Samothrace [19].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

According to another story, he discovered the secret rituals of Dionysus [20], installed them on a mountain called Kiferon from his kyphara [21].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

He built the temple of Cora Sotera in Sparta [22].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

The wooden statue of Orpheus was located in the temple of Demeter of Eleusis in Laconica [23].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Orpheus and Eurydice


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

After the death of his wife, he followed her to the underworld.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

He fascinated Hades and Persephone with his singing and lyre, so that they agreed to return Eurydice to earth.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

But she was forced to go back immediately, because Orpheus violated the condition set by the gods — looked at her before leaving the underworld.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

According to Ovid, after the final loss of Eurydice, Orpheus became disillusioned with women's love and taught the Thracians love for young men [24].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Doom


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

There are several accounts of his death.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

According to Ovid, he was torn to pieces by the Thracian maenads for despising their love claims [25].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

According to Konon, Thracian and Macedonian women killed Orpheus for not allowing them to enter the mysteries (as a priest of the local temple of Dionysus) [26].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Or he was killed for witnessing the mysteries of Dionysus, turned into the constellation of the Kneeling [27].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Or for praising the gods in the song, but missing Dionysus [28].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Murdered by Thracian women in Dyje, Macedonia, an urn was shown near the Helikon River in Macedonia.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

According to Pausanias, he was struck by lightning [29].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Myths about Orpheus being torn to pieces by the maenads formed the basis of Orphic cults.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

His tearing by bassarids was described in Aeschylus' tragedy “Bassarids”, which also mentioned Mount Pangei (Fr.23-24 Radt).


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Dionysus turned the Edonians who killed Orpheus into oaks [30].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

In revenge for Orpheus, the Thracians tattooed their wives [31].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

The muses gathered his torn body together and buried his body in the Liberras, and Zeus placed the lyre among the constellations [13].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

The Lycomides sang the hymns of Orpheus when performing the ordinances [32].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

The head and lyre floated along Gebra and thrown to Lesvos at Methimna (or only the head) [33], the lyre was placed in the sanctuary of Apollo.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

There was a sanctuary on Lesvos where his head prophesied [34].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

According to one ancient Greek myth, after his death, Orpheus was placed in heaven in the form of the Swan, near Lyra.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

After his death, his soul chose the life of a swan because of hatred for women [35].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Orphism


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Semi-mythical Orpheus is credited with the creation of one of the most significant pre-philosophical schools of Ancient Greece - Orphism.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

This school was essentially religious, and Orphism can be called a kind of “heresy” based on the traditional Greek religion.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Nevertheless, Orpheus and Orphism played a role in the genesis of philosophical thinking, predetermining some principles of early Greek science.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Orphism was most widespread in the 6th century BC.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

in Attica during the Pisistratus era, in the 6th-5th centuries BC


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

taking root mainly in Southern Italy and Sicily [15].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

A number of peculiar works have been preserved from the Orphic school: Orphic theogony, sacred tales and more.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Most of these works came in fragments — either on records or papyri, or in later retelling.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

However, the already classical critical tradition (Plato and Aristotle) retell the main provisions of the Orphic school.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

The progenitors of everything, after Homer, are Ocean and Tethia, born of Gaia and Uranus.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

The ocean and Tethia were previously woven together, but then divided under the influence of “fierce enmity”.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

At the same time, Ether was born, in which planets, stars, mountains and seas appeared.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

The emergence of an animal is “like weaving a net” — it arises from organs gradually (in this Orpheus predetermined the proto-evolutionary concept of Empedocles).


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

There is a myth about Dionysus Zagreb, the son of Zeus and Persephone, torn to pieces by the titans, the elemental forces of the earth.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Having tasted the flesh of Dionysus, they were incinerated by the lightning of Zeus, and from this ash, mixed with the blood of God, the human race arose, which is distinguished by the audacity of the titans and the suffering of Dionysus.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Hence, orphism as a doctrine of the equality of all people, regardless of classes.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Orphic anthropology is based on the statement about the duality of human nature, which has two principles: the lower is bodily, titanic, and the highest is spiritual.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

The moral duty of every person, taught by the Orphics, is to contribute to the liberation of the Dionysian principle, to cleanse himself of the filth inherited from the titans [15].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

A kind of collection of their prayers and spells is a collection of philosophical and ritual nature, the authorship of which is attributed to Orpheus, known as the “Orphic Hymns” [15].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Image in art


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Orpheus as an artistic image is already known to us in the art of the first half of the 6th century BC.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Orpheus is the character of the tragedy of Aristia and the unknown author of “Orpheus”, Antifan's comedy “Orpheus”.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Aristotle denied its existence.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

As noted by researcher E.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Gnezdilov, among the numerous ancient and biblical myths used in the literature of the 20th century, the myth of Orpheus occupies a special place, thanks to which problems are actualized in the culture of the 20th century artistic creativity, psychology of a creative personality, studies the phenomenon of the Poet, and discusses such existential categories as loneliness, love, death [15].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Canadian literary critic Eva Kushner, who studied the features of the interpretation of the myth of Orpheus in French literature of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, noted the special popularity of the motif of Orpheus's love at that time and Eurydice, which associated with the common mood of loneliness and homelessness of a person in the world for many French people [15].


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Notes


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

References


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

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Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

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Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|dead-url= suggested) (help) is the plot of the myth and the history of its characters in literature, music, and fine arts.


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

(eng)


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Category:Heroes of Ancient Greek Myths


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Category:Argonauts


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Category:Thrace in ancient Greek mythology


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Category:Homoerotic motives in ancient Greek mythology


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Category:Mythical singers and poets


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Category:Pre-philosophical tradition


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Category:Characters in “Divine Comedy”


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Category:Presocratics


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Category:Traditional opera characters


Question: What instrument did Orpheus play?

Orpheus

Category:Kings of Thrace


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Roseberry (Latin: Rōsa) is a genus of plants of the order family.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Both the family and the order to which it belongs were named after this genus.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It has many cultural forms bred under the name Rose.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip itself is often called a rose in botanical literature.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

According to some sources, there are up to 400 [1] [2], according to others - from 300 to 500 species [3]; 366 [4] species of rose hips are recognized [5].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

According to some sources, there are up to 10,000 cultivated varieties [6], according to others - up to 25,000 [7] and even up to 50,000.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

According to various sources, 48 [8] —100 [9] species grow wild on the territory of Russia, many of them are endemic [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is of the greatest distribution and economic importance.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

etymology


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Russian “rose”, “wild rose” through German means (German: Róse), and variants of “erysipelas”, “rozhan”, “gun” through Polish: róża, art.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

-chesh.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

růže, róže and in turn from Middle High German: rôse, were borrowed from Latin: rōsa [11], which, in turn, may be borrowed from Ancient Greek through Etruscan [12] or Oska: rhódon (compare with the name of the plant - rhododendron - “rosewood”) [13].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The ancient Greek word (praforma is*wródon, preserved in the Aeolian.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

— wródon, related to Armenian: vard— “rose” and Proto-iranian*ṛda-.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Hence Persian: gul — “rose” [14].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Perhaps the word “rose” is of non-Indo-European origin [15].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Similar forms are found in Semitic languages (Akkadian: wurtinnu, Biblical Hebrew: ward, Aramaic: wardā, Arabic: ward and Middle Persian.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

heterograph.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

to Persian: gul: Middle Persian: wlta from*wrta [16] [17].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Alfred Ernu and Antoine Meillet suggested “borrowing from Mediterranean civilization, possibly Semitic, where the plant (that is, the rose) was cultivated” [18].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Russian, the name was used - “gulyaf” - “gulafnaya water”, “rose water”, the original meaning of which is borrowed from the New Persian guläb, guläv from gul - “rose” and äb - “water”.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Compare with Azerbaijan: guläbi — “incense essence” [11].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The name “rose hips” and the variants “spikes”, “spike”, “spike”, “spike”, “spike”, “spike color”, “shupshina” come from the unpreserved adjective* rose, formed from - spike - “arrow, point, thorn”, and does not have a reliable etymology [19] [20] [21].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The name “svoroborina”, “svorobovina” (modified “sverbalina”, “serbelina”, “serberina”, “serbarin”, “silver”) comes from the word “svorob” - “itching”, due to the hairiness of the seeds, their taste or effect on the intestines and is associated with the alternation of vowels with “twist” [11] from “sverb” — “itching” [11], from, comparable to Old High German: swērban — “spin, wash”, Latvian: svārpsts —” drill”, etc.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

-isl.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

svarf — “sawdust”, Gothic: af-swairban — “brush off” [22].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The name “thorn” was also applied to dog rose hips [23].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The word “thorn” is derived from “turn” [24], which through — “thorn” [25] [26] goes back to — “plant with a piercing stem” with a root — “to be stiff, hard”, “harden”, “stiffen” [27].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Ukrainian “trojanda”, “trandafil” and “trandafira”, as well as the Bulgarian “trendafil”, “trandafil”, go back to Greek: triantaphullo, a “thirty-petal” rose () grown in the Balkans to obtain rose oil [28].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Botanical description


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Appearance


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips are deciduous shrubs and shrubs, sometimes evergreen, with erect, climbing or creeping stems of various heights or lengths, from 15-25 cm to 8-10 m. The height of the same species can sometimes vary depending on the growing conditions [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips are usually multi-stemmed shrubs up to 2-3 m high [10] and live to 30-50 years [29].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

But some specimens of these species, reaching the age of several hundred years, grow into whole trees.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The oldest rose (dog rose) grows in Germany on the territory of Hildesheim Cathedral.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Its age, according to various estimates, ranges from 400 to 1,000 years [30].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It reaches 13 m in height, and the girth of its trunk at the base reaches 50 cm [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the subtropics, evergreen liana roses are almost ubiquitous.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

If they reach a tree shape, their trunk shape is usually curved and twisted [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There is evidence that specimens of these roses have reached a considerable age.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the United States, in Tombstone, Arizona, it grows, planted there in 1885.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest rose.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The girth of its trunks is 3.7 m, the occupied area is 740 m².


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In spring, about 200,000 flowers bloom on it [31].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At the former dacha of artist K. Korovin in Gurzuf grow two specimens of Banks rose, the age of which is presumably 100 years.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

About two hundred specimens of rose on the southern coast of Crimea are 100-150 years old [32].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In addition to evergreen roses, there are boreal lianoid roses, semi-deciduous and deciduous.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They develop one or two shoots of considerable length, 5-7 and even up to 9 m in length, which cannot be held on their own and require support in the form of tree trunks and crowns.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The stems of boreal rose vines are not erect, but also not curly, like true vines, so it is more correct to call them half-vines, or lianoid.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

These include taiga growing in oak and beech forests of the Mediterranean region, as well as rose vines of walnut forests and junipers of Central Asia, spruce forests of the eastern Tien Shan and oak forests Eastern Caucasus.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Unlike the evergreen roses that originally arose in this form, boreal roses arose during evolution as a result of adaptation to the conditions of a dense and humid forest.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is known that a typical steppe species, falling into similar conditions, acquires a lianoid shape: its branches reach a considerable length, become thin and weave into the crowns of trees [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There are dwarf types of roses that grow in the form of shrubs, a form closest to herbs.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

These include growing in Central Asia.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Its height does not exceed 30 cm. It has a dwarf form of growth (Rosa ecae).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

One of the forms grown in pots does not exceed 5 cm in height. Dwarf roses are short-lived.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They bloom in the second or third year, and in the fifth to sixth year, their stems dry out and die off [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some North American species, (Rosa foliolosa), are closest to herbaceous plants.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They behave like herbaceous perennials: their stems do not lignify for several years and die off for the winter, and in subsequent years their lignification does not occur completely.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This property is adapted to the harsh northern climate and short growing season and is also observed in common species (for example, needle rose hips) high in the mountains.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Herbaceous species of rose hips in the evolutionary chain are at the highest stage of development, and dwarf species were considered by Khrzhanovsky as transitional to them [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Root system


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The root system is taproot, penetrates to a depth of 5 m [33].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The main mass of the roots is at a depth of 15—40 cm and spreads in all directions within a radius of 60—80 cm [34].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some rosehip species have a branched caudex, from which numerous long and at the same time woody rhizomes depart, forming vegetative shoots (turions).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Underground shoots come out, and some of the rhizomes are separated from the mother plant and give rise to new plants.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Additional shoots are formed in series of several pieces, the growth of the bush occurs very quickly.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Due to this property, rose hips quickly form dense thickets, one plant up to several meters in diameter [35] [36].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This ability of rose hips to patriculate (splitting the mother into several parts) is based on its reproduction by root cuttings [36].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

But there are species that do not form underground shoots.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The rhizomes live for 8—13 years [37].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Branches and shoots


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Bush forms of rose hips have branches of two types: erect and arcuate, curved downwards [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They form numerous vegetative shoots of the first year (turions), sometimes reaching 1-1.5 m in height and 10-12 mm in diameter, with soft and thin thorns of various sizes [38], in subsequent years flowering and fruiting.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Vegetative shoots of rose hips are divided into rhizome, stem and tillering shoots, and generative shoots belong to shortened fruit shoots [39].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The lifespan of individual trunks is 4—5 years [37].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Shoots branched, green, brown, dark red, dark brownish, sometimes violet-brown, brown, black-brown, brown-red or gray with felt pubescence; usually straight, curved or hook-shaped thorns, often mixed with numerous bristles and hairs, with stalked grooves.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The core is round.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The thorns are arranged in pairs or scattered, on the shoots of the current year they are softer and thinner than on biennial or perennial shoots.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At the same time, there are fewer thorns on lignified shoots [40].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Aerial roots extending from the lower part of the trunk are also planted with thorns [41].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In some species, the stems are completely covered with bristles and thorns, in others, the thorns are located with a noticeable gap from each other.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

But there are species without thorns at all [42].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This is, for example, a hanging rose [43].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The thorns also serve to hold branches among other vegetation, although their main purpose is to protect them from being eaten by animals.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some species may have small needle-shaped spines on their generative shoots and pedicels.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They serve to protect the flowers from being visited by unwanted insects and other animals.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At the same time, the aroma emitted by the accompanying glandular hairs is not inferior to the aroma of the flowers themselves and attracts beneficial insects [44].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The kidneys are distant, reddish, less often of a different color, bare or hairy, small, with three to six external renal scales.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The scales of the kidneys along the edges are bare or with glandular cilia.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The leaf scar is usually narrow and covers more than half of the shoot, with three leaf traces [45].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Leaves


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Leaves are summer-green, semi-deciduous or evergreen, spirally located on the shoot, long-petioled, unpaired pinnate, with paired stipules fused with the petiole or rarely unfused [10] ( simple and without stipules only in [46], 4-12 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide, contain one terminal and several pairs of lateral leaflets.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Cultivars usually have five leaves, while wild species have seven or nine.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Asian species have 13, 15 or even 19, while American species have only three leaves.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rachys can be covered in thorns.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some species have bracteas, which are modified and reduced leaves.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They occur in inflorescences on peduncles or pedicels and are always simple [47].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Leaflets are elliptical to rounded in shape, with a wedge-shaped, rounded or slightly cordate base, serrate along the edges, doubly serrate or serrate, glabrous or with grooves; by color green, bluish, reddish; stiff, leathery or webbed; smooth or wrinkled (rose hips wrinkled), naked or pubescent, often glandular; 1-2.5 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The size, shape and thickness of the leaflets depend on environmental conditions: temperature, illumination, water availability and humidity, carbon dioxide content in the air, etc. [47]


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Leaflets with one strong central vein and (4) 6-13 lateral ones.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The lateral veins are weak, then strong.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Before reaching the edges of the leaves, they connect to each other and branch to the teeth or (especially those located at the top of the leaf, arcuate, cranked or forked forked) end in teeth without loops.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The network of veins on the underside of the leaflets is mostly clearly visible, rarely protruding [48].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Stipules are mostly narrow, incised, dentate or pinnately dissected, more often fused with petioles over a large length.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Sometimes stipules expand to the base and turn into wide and elongated “ears” [48].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

blossoms


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The flowers are bisexual, 1.5—8 (10) cm in diameter, single or collected in corymbose or paniculate inflorescences with two to three or many flowers, with or without bracts, with or without bracts, with a pleasant aroma.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There are species of rose hips with an unpleasant odor, for example,.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The peduncle is short, 0.5—1.7 cm long.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Hypanthium ovoid, spherical, bottle-shaped or jugular, narrowed in the throat, with a glandular ring at the top, less often the ring is absent (mainly in species with single, white or cream flowers).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Corolla is large, five-petal, rarely four-lobed and rarely semi-double [10] with more or fewer obovate or inverse cordate petals; red (often pink), yellow (up cream) or pure white, 4—6 cm in diameter.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Sepals are five (rarely four), leaf-shaped, whole-edged or at least two with lateral appendages, sometimes pinnately dissected, sometimes with an enlarged pointed tip [38], up to 3 cm long, directed upwards or downwards, remaining with fruit or falling early, sometimes with the upper part of the fruit.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

More than a thousand years ago, a mystery poem was composed in Latin (translated into Russian by A. IN. Zinger).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It characterizes well the shape of the sepals of many species of rose hips:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Try to guess


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Who are five brothers:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Two beards,


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Two beardless


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

And the last, fifth,


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Looks like a freak:


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Only on the right is a beard


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There's no sign of it on the left.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Two sepals of the rose hips are dissected on both sides, two are whole-edged and one is dissected only on one side.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

When the flower is in the bud, the beard cuts cover five gaps between the petals [43].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The stamens are numerous, free, with two-nest anthers, attached to the glandular ring of hypantium, facing inward.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The pistils are numerous, sessile or on short legs, ingrown into the receptacle, located in a spiral [49] at the bottom of the hypanthium.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The ovary is hairy, single-nest, free, sessile or on a leg [50], with one sedentary ovule.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Ovule with one cover [51].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Stylodies are free or connected in a dense column (while numerous stigmas connected in a bundle create a convenient platform for planting insects [49], are located at the top of the carpels, almost entirely enclosed in or protruding from hypanthium, sometimes exceeding the inner circle of the stamens, glabrous or pubescent.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The stylody can remain on the ovary when the fetus ripens, but quickly fades and loses its shape, like a wrinkled rose hip [51].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Stigmas are capitate, glabrous or densely haired [52].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Pollen


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At the macroscopic level, rosehip pollen is a very fine yellow powder and consists of numerous elongated pollen grains [53].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Pollen grains are oval-rounded, with a constant ratio of length to thickness of 2:1 [54], three-bladed from the poles, three-furrow-, less often two-furrowed pore, with two-layer exina [55].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The outer layer of exina, which determines its sculpture, consists of a polymer and a small amount of polysaccharides.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The furrows are wide, long, the pores are large, the film of pores and furrows is fine-grained, the surface of the exina is fine-grained and coarse-grained [50].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Pollen grains of various species are similar to each other and differ in the membrane of the apertures, the length, density of the furrows and the child, and the density of the pores [54].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Pollen grains of French rose hips are markedly distinguished by the presence of a clearly visible operculum (lid) covering the bottom of the furrow [55].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The inner layer of exina consists mainly of cellulose [54].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

IN. G. Khrzhanovsky noted the similarity of pollen grains of the genus Rosa and Rubus, which indicates their relationship [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In many species of rose hips, pollen grains are deformed (in dog rose hips up to 80%), sometimes very few of them form in anthers, or they are much smaller [55].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

To protect pollen from dew, the flowers close at night, turn to the sun during the day [56], and they also close before the rain.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Pollination


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The inner stamens are shorter than the outer ones.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

First, the internal ones are opened, then the outer ones.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The stamens of the outer circle, when opening the anthers, lean towards the stigmas, resulting in self-pollination.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Autogamy takes place only at the last moment of flowering; thus, the flower is designed primarily for cross-pollination [49].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Anthers in some species are opened all at the same time.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Hybridization and polyploidy are very common in the genus [55].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Most wild species contain 2n = 14 chromosomes (two sets) and are called diploid [57].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A greater number of chromosome sets (polyploidy) occur in both wild and cultivated species.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Most often, polyploid species contain 2n = 28 (four sets) of chromosomes (tetraploid) or are hybrids between diploid and tetraploid species and contain 2n = 21 (three sets) of chromosomes ( triploid).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Species with an odd number of chromosomes are sterile and do not survive in nature.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

However, Caninae section rose hips containing a pentaploid set of chromosomes are viable, having an unusual way of inheritance [58].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For a long time, it was believed that the genus is characterized by a reduction in pollination and a transition to apomictic reproduction, in which embryos are formed from unfertilized diploid eggs or tapetum cells.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The phenomenon of apomixis associated with pseudogamy and somatic aposporia (when the diploid germ sac is formed from nucellus cells [59]) were attributed to representatives of the Caninae section [55] [60].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Recent studies prove that apomixis does not exist in rose hips.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The method of inheritance in the Caninae section, leading to the formation of a pentaploid set, is that in species of this section, one part of the chromosome set is transmitted from pollen, the other from the egg.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This method prevents the recombination of the chromosome set and leads to the relative stability of species, which is also characteristic of the phenomenon of apomixis [61].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Pollinators are bees, bumblebees, butterflies, bronzes and woodcutters [56].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

By producing a large amount of pollen, rose hips attract the attention of pollinators and provide them with food rich in proteins and fats [62].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Blossoming


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips bloom in the European part of Russia in May-June.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In phenological observations, the beginning of rose hips flowering in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia marks the beginning of summer [63].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The flowering period is 20 days [37], and individual flowers bloom within two days [49] (in May rose hips up to 5 days [37]).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In most species, flowers bloom between five and six o'clock in the morning and close at night, thereby protecting pollen from getting wet [49].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Due to global warming, the timing of the beginning of flowering of rose hips is shifting towards earlier ones, and the growing season is longer.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In this regard, rosehips sometimes re-bloom.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

For example, in the Kirov area in 2001, with early long spring (14 days more than usual) and a longer summer period (5 days more than usual), warm and sunny weather was observed re-flowering of cinnamon rose hips at the end of August [63].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Fruits


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It begins to bear fruit at the age of three (sometimes at two years).


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Abundant harvests are repeated after three to five years, and the most abundant harvest is repeated at the age of four to six years.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Fruits ripen in Russia in August-September [64], in Ukraine — in August-October [65].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The fruit is a special form of polynuts, called cynarrhodium (Latin: cynarrhodium) [66], 1-1.5 cm in diameter, topped with sepals, red, orange, purple-red, sometimes black when ripe, usually fleshy, sometimes dry, bare or covered with bristles or spines, coarse-haired inside, with numerous nut fruits on the inner surface of hypantium [66].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The red and orange color of hypanthium is due to the high content of carotenes.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

According to the shape of the fruit, the shape and position of the fetus in the space of cinarrodia, it can be concave (), rounded (), spherical (), ovoid (), obovate (), ellipsoidal (dog rose hips), spindle-shaped (, needle rose hips), jug-shaped (s), pear-shaped (s) [67].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Nuts are single-seeded.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The nut can be borderline in shape (needle rose hips), oblong in outline (Fedchenko rose hips) [67].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The endocarp is thick, with a fused suture.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Seeds with a large germ, without endosperm.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The seed peel is thin.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The germination preservation period is one to two years [68].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The mass of 1000 seeds is 6—6.6 g [69].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Seeds are difficult to germinate, with deep combined dormancy due to weak water permeability of the fruit membrane and the presence of inhibitors that accumulate in hypantia during ripening [70].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Prolonged stratification is required for most species to germinate.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Seeds of many species need to be stratified at 3—5° C for six months or aged under snow from the second half of winter [68].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Under normal conditions, seeds sprout in the second or third year.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the first period of germination, rose hips are demanding on enhanced phosphorus and moderate potassium nutrition.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Increased doses of nitrogen in any combination with phosphorus and potassium delay germination.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

With the appearance of real leaves, the consumption of phosphorus and potassium increases, and then nitrogen [69].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Wild rose hips are propagated by seeds, dividing bushes, offspring and cuttings.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Distribution and ecology


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips are common in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as occasionally in the mountainous regions of the tropical zone [44].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some species of rose hips penetrate north up to the Arctic Circle, and south to Ethiopia, Arabia, North India and the Philippine Islands, and in North America to Mexico.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Particularly favorable conditions for its growth are found in the region from the Mediterranean to the Himalayas and further in East Asia [38].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some species have a very wide range.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

is common in most areas of the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as in Japan on the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu in the high mountains on the coast of the Sea of Japan, Sakhalin, China, and the Korean peninsula, Siberia and Kamchatka [71].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The dog rose is very widespread throughout Europe.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It can also be found in the mountains of Central Asia, Iran and the Caucasus.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is distributed throughout Northern and Central Europe, the territory of the former USSR, with the exception of the south-west.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The range of the young Pleistocene stretches across Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This range is in a state of formation within 100—130° east longitude [10] [72].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It forms many hybrids with members of the Caninae section, of which more than 30 species are native to Europe.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It has no less range in Eurasia and also forms hybrids with members of the Caninae section [73].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The greatest variety of morphological features is inherent in rose hips, vines of the subtropical zone, in which you can find evergreen, semi-deciduous and deciduous species, species with white, red and yellow petals, with sepals falling off early and remaining until the fetus is completely reddened, whole or carrying threadlike or pinnate appendages along the edge, with free, early falling off (), fused whole-edged () and fused comb () stipules.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The same variety can be seen in the structure of the gynecea, inflorescence, leaf, etc. Morphological diversity, area and discontinuity of the range and the presence of a large number of paleoendemics indicate the greatest antiquity of Roslians [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The subtropical zone of Europe, Asia and Africa is characterized by evergreen liana roses with white flowers and fused columns.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

All of them have paniculate and panicle-corymbose multicolored inflorescences, as well as randomly scattered thorns.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They are also characterized by more or less pinnate sepals that fall down to the redness of the fruit.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Their modern range is small and torn.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

To the north of it, white-flowered semi-deciduous and deciduous white-flowered species are common.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The widespread cultivation of roses and rose hips in many countries of the world has led to the fact that some species and early hybrids found favorable conditions and naturalized in natural conditions and in rural areas on either side of the equator [74].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It grows alone or in groups along the edges and undergrowth of coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests, in light forests, floodplain and bayrak forests [75], along rivers, near springs, in damp meadows, on rocky and clay forests cliffs, plains and mountains up to 2,200 m above sea level.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Maksimovich's rose hips and wrinkled ones occupy the sea coast of the Far East, sometimes climbing river valleys.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips are mainly confined to the forest zone, but forms a shrub tier in larch forests along the river valleys of the Siberian continental tundra [75], in the urem forests of the Trans-Ural steppes [75], for example, in northern part of the valleys of the Ural and Emba rivers [75].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some species of rose hips form shrubby areas of steppes and even deserts [75].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some species are found in the mountains up to the subalpine belt, up to an altitude of 2000-3500, and in tropical countries up to 4000 m above sea level.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips in some areas form extensive thickets [49], for example, in the mountainous regions of Central Asia [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehip is the dominant feature of the 3rd-4th tiers [72].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some species grow magnificently in areas freed from under the forest, and are dominant and subdominants in the composition of shrubs and shiblyaks.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Different species belong to mesophytes, xeromesophytes, or mesoxerophytes [72].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips are part of the xerophytic shrubby thickets of Dagestan, which occupy dry slopes of the foothills, and in some places mountainous and high-mountain areas [75].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Wild rose hips are frost-resistant, drought-resistant and undemanding to the soil [76].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The most productive rosehip bushes are found on loamy, moderate moisture soils.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosehips do not grow on dry and excessively moist soils [69].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Europe


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The range of rose hips covers the whole of Europe to the Arctic.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There are 62 species of rose hips in Europe [8].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The greatest species diversity on the territory of the former USSR falls on the mountainous regions: the Carpathians, the Caucasus [77].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There are 44 species in the Caucasus [78], according to more modern data, 18 species, among them not a single endemic has been indicated [8].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There are 71 species in Ukraine, most of which are found in the Carpathians [79], and according to 2001 data — 51 species [8].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Twenty-three species of rose hips grow in Moldova [77], 20 species in Belarus, of which 11 are feral cultivated species [80].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There are 45 in the European part of Russia, of which 7 are endemic [8].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Twenty-two species are found in the Baltic States.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the rest of Europe, representatives of 47 species can be found [8].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is distributed in Southern and Central Europe to Belgium and central France [81], and in the territory of the former USSR - in the Carpathians, the Crimea and the Caucasus.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the Carpathians, it forms extensive thickets [72].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In most parts of Europe, to the east to Estonia and Ukraine, it is found.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

grows in Central and Eastern Europe to the Balkan Peninsula and Ukraine.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It is widely distributed throughout Europe, but is less common in the north and northwest.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

is present in Western and Central Europe, its range covers Albania and Western Ukraine.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The range includes Eastern and Central Europe, expanding westward to central France and northwestern Italy.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

grows in Central and Western Europe, but has its local range in southern and central Russia.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It grows in Britain, southern Portugal, east to southern Sweden, the Carpathians and Greece.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

is common throughout Europe, north to 61° north latitude.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

is common in the Mediterranean.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In most European countries, it occurs with dense pubescence of leaflets.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It occurs in southeastern Europe.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Several species have a narrower range [73].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Some of the species grown for ornamental purposes have been naturalized.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

These include,.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Outside its range, it has taken root in Europe [73].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Asia


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Asia, rose hips are found everywhere, except deserts and semi-deserts of northwestern China and Mongolia, Central and Western Asia, as well as the highlands of Tibet, the Himalayas, the Pamirs, the Tien Shan, to the north to 68—70° north latitude [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the southeastern triangle of Eurasia there is the main area of the range of evergreen roses, mainly in the Chinese provinces of Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Guizhou, as well as in the southern regions of Gupe, Chan and others.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

This area is the center of species diversity of subtropical roses, and they have high polymorphism there [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There are 79 species of rose hips in China, some of which are the progenitors of cultivated rose varieties [82].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In total, there are up to 150 species of rose hips in Asia.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

To the north of Central and East Asia, starting from 40° north latitude, rose hips appear in a large species diversity, which increases with further movement to the north.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

At 50—52° north latitude, the number of species decreases significantly, but their density in plant cenoses remains high.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the north, only [10] remains in the taiga.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the mountains of Central Asia, 39 species of rose hips grow, 17 of which are endemic [83].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

There are 25 species in Kazakhstan, four of them are endemic [84].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Only seven species of rose hips are found in Siberia [85], three in Kamchatka (needled, wrinkled and blunt) [86], four on Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands (needled, wrinkled, blunt and Marais) [87], five in Altai [88].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Eleven species of rose hips grow in the Far East [89].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Growing in the Far East and in other places of the Pacific coast, the wrinkled rose hips in terms of the originality of morphological features and distribution on sandy sea shores was attributed by Khrzhanovsky to the most ancient species of bush deciduous roses [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the north and in the Far East, Pleistocene species grow in the taiga zone:,, needle rose hips.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In lower latitudes, it isolated itself (Tien Shan, Tibet, Himalayas) [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In India, rose hips only grow in the mountains, with the exception of the only tropical species.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

All other rose hips in India grow in the Himalayas.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the arid region of Ladakh and in the northern part of Himachal Pradesh, at an altitude of 3,000 to 4,000 m above sea level, both with bright yellow flowers grow.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

A typical species of the lower mountain belt of the Himalayas is the white-flowered Himalayan musk rose ().


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Throughout the Himalayas, at an altitude of 2100-4500 m above sea level, there is a four-lobed shrub with cream flowers.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Rosa clinophylla grows in the valleys of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The shrubs growing along the shores and on the islands are flooded almost completely during floods, and only the tops of the branches stick out above the surface of the water [90].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Pakistan, rose hips were once widespread, but as a result of economic development, they began to disappear.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Most species can now only be found above 1500 m above sea level, and then they need to be protected.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Pakistan, rosehips are found fetid and.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

is growing in Baluchistan and in the north of the country.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

occurs in the northeastern part of the Border Regions [90].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Dog rose hips grow in Azad Kashmir, Mirpur District, the northeastern part of the Border Regions and Balochistan.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the northeastern part of the Border Regions, there is a Begger rose,.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

It's very common.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

is closely related to growing in dry valleys [91].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Japan, 14 species of rose hips grow wild, and two species brought from other countries (Banks rose and smooth rose) have taken root there.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

On Japanese islands along the sea coasts can be found.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Widespread in the northern part of the range, the needled rose hips in Japan have taken root high in the mountains.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In many parts of Japan, a multi-flowered rose grows with many varieties [71].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the southeast of the Asian part of the range of red-flowered roses, there are also species closest to evergreen liana roses.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They occupy a small area, found only in the foothills and river valleys [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Central Asia, rose hips are found mainly in the mountainous regions of the Pamir-Alay, Tien Shan and Kopetdag [38].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In the Pamir-Alay and Western Tien Shan, rose hips form thickets and rose gardens.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

They consist of several types of rose hips: in the southern regions — Kokand, in the northern regions —.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Other types of it are mixed with them.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

On the Turkestan Range, rosaries form rose hips, Eichison, Begger, less often dogs, in the Central Tien Shan - flat-spiked rose hips [92].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The Albert rose rises to the subalpine belt of the Tien Shan, forming, together with other species of rose hips, rose gardens at the felling sites.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Israel, there is the southern border of the distribution of dog rose hips and.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The latter grows there in the only place on Mount Hermon at an altitude of up to 2,800 m above sea level.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

The semi-deciduous plant grows along the shores of water bodies and marshes marshes.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Currently, it can only be found at the source of the Jordan River and along the banks of non-drying rivers, although in the past this species grew along the entire coast, in the Galilee, the Carmel Mountains and elsewhere [93].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In addition, this species is found in the south of the Arabian Peninsula.


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

Musk rose has been preserved as separate islands in Western Asia [10].


Question: When does rose hips bloom?

Rosehip

In Africa