Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana supports LGBT communities and The Happy Hippie Foundation of American singer Miley Cyrus, which helps homeless and gay people.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana also took part in The Backyard Sessions, where she sang a duet with Miley [17].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On February 15, 2015, the video “One Last Time” was released, which also starred Ariana's friend and colleague from Victoria the Winner Matt Bennett, and on October 30, the video “Focus” was released, scoring 713 million views [18].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On August 5, the title of the lead single from the upcoming album, “Focus”, was announced [19].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana took part in the recording of We Love Disney, which includes the most famous soundtracks from popular Disney cartoons [20].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On October 30, the official release of the single “Focus” and its video clip took place [21].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Billboard announced that the singer's new album should be released in 2016 [22].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

2016—2017: Dangerous Woman


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Initially, the singer planned to name her album Moonlight [23], but at the end of February Grande announced that the new album would be called Dangerous Woman, and the debut single was scheduled to be released during next month.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

[24] In March 2016, the single “Dangerous Woman” debuted in the top ten hits on the US Billboard Hot 100 charts — Grande became the first artist in the 57-year history of the chart to have lead singles with the first three albums in a row immediately entered the Top 10 in the United States [13].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On May 6, the album's second single, “Into You”, was released, debuting at number 83 in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100 [25].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Dangerous Woman was released on May 20, 2016.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Nicki Minaj, Lil Wayne, Future and others participated in the recording of the album.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Also in May, Ariana shared the first details of the Dangerous Woman Tour, which was scheduled to start in 2016 [26].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In July, Grande was cast for the role of Penny in the musical “Hairspay Live” (English: Hairspay Live!) , which was to premiere in December [27].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On August 28, she performed at the annual MTV Video Music Awards, where she presented the third single from her new album, “Side to Side”, recorded with Nicki Minaj [28].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On September 9, dangerouswoman.com published the dates of the North American part of the Dangerous Woman Tour, which started in February 2017 [29].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On January 10, 2017, the last single, “Everyday”, was released, together with rapper Future.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Manchester Arena and One Love Manchester terrorist attack


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On May 22, 2017, an explosion occurred at the Manchester Arena at the end of Ariana's concert as part of a tour in support of the album Dangerous Woman, killing 23 people and injuring 122 [30] [31] [32] .


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

IS claimed responsibility for the attack [33].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Grande interrupted her world tour [34] indefinitely.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

A little later, it was announced that a charity concert would be held in Manchester, the purpose of which was to raise funds for the victims and their families [35].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On June 3, the singer visited the wounded in the hospital [36], and on June 4, a concert “One Love Manchester” was held.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Many famous performers took part in the concert: Katy Perry, Justin Bieber, Miley Cyrus, Imogen Heep, The Black Eyed Peas, Coldplay and others [37].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The concert was broadcast by BBC One [38].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

As a result, more than $9 million was collected and sent to the families of the victims and victims [39].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On July 12, 2017, Grande was awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of Manchester [40].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

2018—present: Sweetener and Thank U, Next


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On March 24, 2018, Grande performed the song “Be Alright” at the March for Our Lives demonstration.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On April 20, 2018, Ariana Grande released the single “No Tears Left to Cry” along with a video for the song [41].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The video was able to gain more than 14 million views on the first day.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On May 1, the singer attended The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon, where she announced the title of the new album, Sweetener, and added that “it will be released this summer”.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Grande also revealed that on the 20th of every month before the album's release (May 20, June 20, and July 20), her fans will have surprises, such as performances or song releases.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In addition to promoting the new album, Grande released two songs in collaboration — “Bed” with Nicki Minaj on June 14, 2018 and “Dance To This” with Troy Sivan on June 19, 2018 [43] [44] and videos respectively.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On June 20, 2018, the promotional single “The Light Is Coming” for Reebok was released, co-recorded with singer Nicki Minaj [45].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On the same day, it was announced that Ariana Grande's fourth solo album Sweetener would be released on August 17.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On July 13, 2018, the song “God Is A Woman” [46] and a video for it were released on Vevo.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On August 17, 2018, Grande Sweetener's fourth studio album was released, which debuted at number one on the “Billboard 200” chart.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The singer's other two records have the same result: Yours Truly (2013) and My Everything (2014).


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In support of the album Sweetener, Sweetener concerts were organized in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and London [47], where the singer performed some of the songs from her fourth studio album.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In September 2018, it was reported that the song “Breathin” was scheduled as the third single because it became a success on radio and streaming services [48].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

At the end of October 2018, Ariana announced the dates on her Instagram [49].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Also in October, the singer participated in a concert marking the fifteenth anniversary of the musical “Wicked” on Broadway [50] and took part in a television concert, where she performed her songs with an orchestra, which was made up exclusively of women [51].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In the fall of 2018, Grande spent a lot of time in the studio, as evidenced by numerous photos and videos from Instagram [52] [53].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

This prompted Ariana fans that the new album was almost ready.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On November 3, 2018, Ariana released a new single, “Thank U, Next” [54] [55], and tweeted that it was also the title of her next album [56].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming the singer's first single to start at number one on the chart.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In November 2018, Billboard magazine named Grande Woman of the Year [58].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On December 6, 2018, Ariana received the Labelle Patti Award [59].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On November 7, 2018, a video for the song “Breathin” [60] was released.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On November 30, 2018, a video for the song “Thank you, next” was released, which garnered 69 million views in its first 24 hours and 100 million views in 81 hours, giving it an absolute record on this site [61].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On December 13, the song “Imagine” from the album Thank U, Next [62] was released.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On January 18, 2019, the song “7 Rings” was released.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

On the same day, a video for the song was released on YouTube [63].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Commercial projects


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Since 2014, Ariana Grande has been collaborating with the water brand WAT-AAH! [64].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In 2015, Toulouse, one of Ariana's pets, took part in the filming of the Coach Pups advertising campaign, as the Coach brand financially supports No Kill Los Angeles, the Best Friends initiative Animal Society”, aimed at stopping the killing of dogs and cats in shelters in Los Angeles [65].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The singer also participated in the creation of one of the Coach brand bags [66].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In the same year, Grande created her debut perfume, “Ari by Ariana Grande” [67] [68].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Since 2015, Ariana has collaborated with the American brand MAC cosmetics [69].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

The singer released several lipsticks and lip glosses in the Viva Glam collection; the entire proceeds from sales went to the MAC AIDS Foundation [70].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In 2016, Ariana Grande released a clothing collection together with the English brand Lipsy London [71].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In the same year, Grande participated in an advertisement for the T-mobile group of companies [72].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Also in 2016, the company released a limited collection of headphones developed together with Ariana [73].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In 2017, the singer became a character in the game [74] and recorded an exclusive version of the song “Touch It” from the album Dangerous Woman for the game [75].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In the fall of the same year, Ariana Grande began collaborating with the Reebok brand [76] and launched a sportswear collection in collaboration with it.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Personal life


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Since childhood, Grande was raised in a Catholic family, but decided to abandon Christianity after Pope Benedict called the LGBT community (including her brother Frank Grande) and working in women's sex industry sinners.


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Since that time, she has been trying to follow the teachings of Kabbalah [77] [78].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In 2013, Ariana went vegan [79].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Since October 2014, she has been in a romantic relationship with American rapper Big Sean [80].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In April 2015, representatives of the couple confirmed their separation [81].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In July 2015, CCTV footage from a candy store was posted online, where Grande licks donuts right off the window and then says, “What the hell is this? I hate America and all Americans” [82].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Later, the singer publicly apologized for this scandal [83] [84].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Since July 2015, she has been dating dancer Ricky Alvarez [85].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In July 2016, the couple broke up [86] [87].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

From August 2016 to May 2018, she dated American rapper Mac Miller [88].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Their relationship ended in May 2018, four months before his death [89] [90] [91].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Fans of the rapper began to actively blame Grande for Mac's death [92].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In May 2018, it became known that Grande was dating an American comedian [93].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In June of the same year, the couple got engaged [94].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In October 2018, it became known that Ariana and Pete Davidson had broken up [95].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Ariana has 9 [96] dogs, all taken from shelters [97] [98] [99].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

In 2015, the singer was presented with a seal Rose from [100].


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Discography


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Studio albums


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Christmas mini-albums


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Video clips


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Filmography


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Theater roles


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Cuba Libre (2010) [105]


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

(2012) [106]


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Tours


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

As a headliner


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Festivals


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Jingle Ball Tour 2013 (2013)


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Opening act


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Justin Bieber — Believe Tour (2013)


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Awards and nominations


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Also see the English section


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

American Music Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Bambi Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Billboard Music Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Brit Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Grammy Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

iHeartRadio Music Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Japan Gold Disc Award


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Kids' Choice Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

MTV Europe Music Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

MTV Video Music Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

NME Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

NRJ Music Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

People's Choice Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Radio Disney Music Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Teen Choice Awards


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Notes


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

References


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

on IMDb


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

at the Internet Broadway Database


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Category:American television actresses


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Category:American child singers


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Category: American musical actresses


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Category:American pop singers


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Category:Artists Republic Records


Question: What was Princess Diana's favorite clothing brand?

Ariana Grande

Category:American models


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Santa Maria de Grottaferrata (Italian: Santa Maria de Grottaferrata) or the Abbey of Saint Nile (Italian: Abbazia di San Nilo) is the only continuous Byzantine monastery in Italy rite; founded by Saint Neil of Rossan in 1004.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

It is located in the city of Grottaferrata (Lazio region).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

History


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Foundation of the monastery


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The monastery of Grottaferrata is located in the vicinity of the ancient city of Tusculum; directly on the site of the monastery in Antiquity there was a country villa.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The names of the owners of the villa remain unknown.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

From the buildings of the villa, a cryptoportic, presumably carrying a view terrace, and a crypt, an underground structure of two rooms with barred windows, which gave the name to the city and the monastery ( Latin: crypta ferrata and Italian: grotta ferrata mean “iron cave”).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

According to archaeological research, since the 5th and 6th centuries AD, the crypt served as a chapel.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

By the time the monastery appeared, its future territory was in the possession of the Counts of Tuskulan.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

In the summer of 1004, Saint Nile of Rossan and his disciples left the Vallelucio Monastery (near Gaeta) to settle in Rome.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

On the way there in the vicinity of Tusculum, Neal felt death approaching and decided to stop here.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

According to local legend, the Mother of God appeared in the crypt to Neil Rossansky and his disciple Bartholomew the Younger and pointed to this place for the construction of the monastery.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Count Gregory I of Tuskulansky, after meeting with the saint, presented the latter with an abandoned villa for the construction of a new monastery.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

A few months later, at sunset on September 26, 1004, Neil Rossansky died and, according to his will, was buried in a simple grave near the future temple.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The main works on the construction of the monastery are related to the name of St. Bartholomew the Younger, who was elected the third abbot of the monastery around 1010.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The church in honor of the Virgin (Santa Maria de Grottaferrata) was built and consecrated by Pope John XIX on December 17, 1024.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Bartholomew wrote the first typicon of Grottaferrata, according to which the new monastery became a hostel, unlike the early monasteries founded by Saint Nile.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The monastery in the 11th-15th centuries


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

In subsequent years, the monastery actively developed, which was facilitated by the generous gifts of Popes Benedict VIII, John XIX and Benedict IX (the first two were sons of Gregory I of Tuskulan, the last - their nephew).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

There is an assumption that Benedict IX, who lost the papal throne due to his inappropriate way of life, was buried in Grottaferrata, although it was Bartholomew the Younger who insisted on the abdication of the Pope in a personal conversation with him.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Already in 1037, the monastery (under its Greek name Kryptaferrata) was mentioned in the papal bull.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

In 1089, on the instructions of Urban II, the abbot of Grottaferrata Nicholas I was to participate in negotiations with the Byzantine Emperor Alexei I on the unification of Churches.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

In 1122, for the first time in its history, the Grottaferrata Monastery was removed from the jurisdiction of the local bishop (Frascati) and was directly subordinate to the Holy See.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Subsequently, this decision of Pope Callistos II was repeatedly confirmed by his successors.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

In 1131, Grottaferrata became a major feudal landowner: King Roger II of Sicilian granted the monastery the Barony of Rofrano (near Salerno).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Pope Honorius III entrusted Abbot Theodosius II with the inspection and reform of the Greek clergy in Southern Italy.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The advantageous strategic location of the monastery and its increased wealth made Grottaferrata an involuntary participant in the numerous conflicts that shook the Papal States.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

In 1163, during the conflict between Rome and Tusculum, Grottaferrata was looted and the monks were forced to move to the Benedictine monastery of Subiaco, although they continued to preserve their own charter and liturgical tradition.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The monks were able to return to Grottaferrata only in 1191, after the destruction of Tusculum by the Romans.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The icon of the Mother of God revered in the monastery was stolen from the monastery by Tusculans in 1140 and returned only after the intervention of Pope Gregory IX in 1240.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

In the same 1240, Gregory IX assembled a cathedral in Grottaferrata against Emperor Frederick II.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

In response, the emperor's army occupied the monastery during 1241-1242.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

During the Great Western Schism, Grottaferrata was looted several times, in 1379, a battle took place on the territory of the monastery between the armies of rival popes Urban VI and Clement VII, in 1413 the camp of King Vladislav of Naples is located here.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Despite such a dramatic history, the monastery developed during the 12th—13th centuries.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

This time includes:


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

walls of the main nave of the church (first half of the 12th century),


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

a mosaic depicting Deesis above the entrance from the narthex to the main nave (12th century),


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

mosaic depicting the Descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles in the Triumphal Arc (turn of the 12th—13th centuries),


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

“Fatherland” fresco of the Holy Trinity in the Arc de Triomphe (13th century);


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

frescoes depicting Genesis and Exodus on the walls of the main nave (the first were almost completely destroyed during the subsequent reconstruction, the latter were only partially preserved and transferred to the museum),


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

campanile (12th—13th centuries).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The Abbey under the Control of Commentators (1462—1824)


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

With the end of the Great Western Schism, a new heyday of Grottaferrata begins.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1432, Pietro Vitali became the abbot of the monastery, actively participating in the debate at the Ferrara-Florentine Cathedral and supporting the Union of Florence.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

During his thirty-year abbess (1432 — 1462), Pietro Vitali achieved the return of the possessions lost over the previous century to the monastery.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

On August 27, 1462, Pius II handed Grottaferrata as a comment to the Greek Cardinal Vissarion of Nicene.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Vissarion, who by this time held the post of visitor and protector of Greek monasteries in Southern Italy, significantly replenished the library of Grottaferrata (books from disappeared Greek monasteries were transported here monasteries) and contributed to an increase in the number of inhabitants.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Under him, the restoration of the dilapidated buildings of the monastery began.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Vissarion begins a long list of cardinals commentators of Grottaferrata, most of whom were the closest relatives of the popes and therefore had significant funds sent to development of the monastery:


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1462—1472 Vissarion of Nicaea


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1472—1503 Giuliano della Rovere (future Pope Julius II), nephew of Sixtus IV


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1503-1508 Giovanni Colonna


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1508—1532 Pompeo Colonna, nephew of the previous


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1532—1553 Fabio Colonna, nephew of the previous


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1554—1561 Innocenzo del Monte, nephew of Julius III


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1564—1589 Alessandro Farnese, nephew of Paul III


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1589—1626 Odoardo Farnese, nephew of the previous


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1627—1679 Francesco Barberini, nephew of Urban VIII


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1679—1704 Carlo Barberini, nephew of the previous


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1704—1738 Francesco (II) Barberini, nephew of the previous


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1738—1759 Gian Antonio Guadagni, nephew of Clement XII


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1759 Francesco Borghese


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1759—1799 Carlo Rezzonico, nephew of Clement XIII


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

1799—1824 Ercole Consalvi, Secretary of State Pius VII.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Vissarion NicaGiuliano della Rovere (Julius II) Alessandro Farneseercole Consalvi


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

During Giuliano della Rovere's commendation, the abbey fortifications (walls and towers) that have survived to this day were erected, and the construction of the majestic palace began Commentators, then continued by Cardinals Colonna and Farnese.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

A significant contribution to the development of the Farnese “dynasty” monastery was significant.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Cardinal Alessandro sponsored the construction of a new coffered ceiling in the church (1577) and a loggia in the Commendators' Palace.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

His nephew Odoardo rebuilt the chapel in honor of Saints Nile and Bartholomew into a luxurious Baroque Farnese Chapel, painted by the then young Domenichino (1608).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

During the next Barberini “dynasty”, a polychrome marble retable was arranged to store the icon of the Mother of God revered in the monastery (later rebuilt into an iconostasis), and construction began new residential buildings of the monastery.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1754, under Cardinal Gian Antonio Guadagni, the interior of the monastery church was significantly changed: ancient columns were “hidden” in marble pilasters, the frescoes of the main nave were plastered, and the temple was acquired its current baroque appearance.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The inclusion of Rome in the French Empire (1809—1814), which led to the abolition of monastic orders, did not affect Grottaferrata.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The Napoleonic authorities considered the monastery a unique center of Greek culture and Byzantine tradition in Western Europe, and therefore the life of the monastery was not interrupted.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1824, after the death of Ercole Consalvi, Pope Leo XII abolished Grottaferrata's commendatorship and returned the abbots the right to dispose of the property and income of the monastery.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Grottaferrata in the 19th and 20th centuries


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1833, Gregory XVI appointed Cardinal Mario Mattei as Apostolic Visitor of Grottaferrata.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The latter undertook a grandiose reconstruction of the monastery: a new fraternal building was built; a number of dilapidated buildings were demolished, which made it possible to form a square in front of the church; a well in the neo-Gothic style.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

All these reconstructions of Mattei have been preserved to the present day.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Mattei's most controversial action was the construction of a new facade and narthex of the church in the neo-Gothic style, which distorted its original appearance.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

As a result, in 1910 and 1930, architect Pietro Guidi removed the innovations introduced by the Cardinal, but since the engineering documentation has not been preserved, Guidi's restoration does not pretend to be accurate restoration of the original appearance of the temple.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

On April 12, 1882, Leo XIII decided to cleanse the Byzantine rite of Grottaferrata from Latin layers accumulated during the XVI-XVIII centuries.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

This led to a change in the interior of the church: the Byzantine altar in the center of the presbytery was restored, the 17th-century retablo that closed the apse was moved to the salt and turned into a Byzantine iconostasis.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In subsequent years, Byzantine icons appeared in the interior of the church.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1903, the monastery church was elevated to the rank of minor basilica.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1870, Grottaferrata became part of the Kingdom of Italy.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Unlike most monasteries in the Papal States, secularized by the new government, Grottaferrata was declared a national treasure in 1874, and its brethren were the guardians of this property.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

This measure made it possible to preserve monastic life here.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

On September 26, 1937, the monastery of Santa Maria de Grottaferrata was finally removed from the power of the local bishop (Frascati), directly subordinate to the Holy See and became a territorial abbey.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The abbots of the monastery became known as archimandrites and exarchs.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Currently, the monastery, together with two southern Italian dioceses of the Byzantine rite Lungro (in Calabria) and Piana degli Albanesi (in Sicily), form the Italian-Albanian Catholic Church.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Byzantine rite and Basilians in Grottaferrata


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The founders of the monastery, Nile Rossansky and Bartholomew the Younger, as well as the first monks of Grottaferrata, came from the Greek regions of Southern Italy.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

They brought with them the Greek language of worship and the Byzantine rite.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The first typicon of the monastery, written by Bartholomew the Younger in the first half of the 11th century, belongs to the Italian-Greek tradition - the provincial version of the Studio Charter.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Despite all the historical twists and turns, this typicon continues to be the main rule of monastic life in Grottaferrata.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The great schism of 1054 did not affect the liturgical tradition of the monastery in any way: remaining in canonical communion with the Pope, the monastery preserved the Byzantine rite.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1579, Grottaferrata became the center of the Roman-Neapolitan province of the newly established Order of the Basilian, which included all the monasteries of the Byzantine rite of Central and Southern Italy.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In subsequent years, most of the Basilian monasteries in the province switched to the Roman rite, although initially such a transition was not approved by the Holy See.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1747, Pope Benedict XIV authorized the introduction of Latin elements into the practice of Basilians, by which time only two monasteries remained faithful to the Byzantine rite: Grottaferrata and Mezzoyuso (on Sicily).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Latin borrowings in Grottaferrata mainly concerned only the liturgy (it was served on unleavened bread) and the introduction of some additional holidays from the Roman rite; all monastic services the daily circle, as well as the annual liturgical circle, remained Byzantine.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Since 1770, the Basilian Order began to decline steadily, as the policy of the enlightened rulers of Naples and Sicily was hostile to religious orders; in 1784, the First Minister Tanucci closed most Basilian monasteries.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

As a result of the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, Grottaferrata's connection with the Basilian monasteries remaining in Sicily was interrupted.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1866, under the law on secularization, the activities of the Basilian Order in the newly created Kingdom of Italy were terminated.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

This law did not affect Grottaferrata, as at that time the monastery was located on the territory of the Papal State.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

After the latter was annexed to Italy, the monastery was declared a national treasure, and Basilian monks were instructed to preserve this property.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the 20th century, the activities of the Basilian in Italy were restored, and several monasteries were reopened, subordinate to the Abbot of Grottaferrata, who received the title of archimandrite of the Basilian monastic congregation Italy.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

On April 12, 1882, Pope Leo XIII demanded that the liturgical life of Grottaferrata be cleared of Latin borrowings and a return to the original Byzantine rite.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Currently, all services in Grottaferrata are performed according to the historical Byzantine books of the abbey.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Santa Maria Church


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The monastery church in honor of the Virgin was founded by St. Neil of Rossan, built by St. Bartholomew the Younger and consecrated on December 17, 1024 by Pope John XIX.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The church is a three-nave basilica, albeit with subsequent annexes; its main axis is oriented from west to east.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Facade


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Initially, the monastery church was built in the Romanesque style.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The earliest surviving parts of the building are the walls of the side facades: they date back to the first half of the 12th century.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The walls of the side naves are made of black lava, the upper level of the walls of the main nave is decorated with alternating horizontal rows of red brick and dark stone.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The walls are animated by pilasters, blind arches and windows with elegant marble carved panels.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The original western facade of the church has not been preserved.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the 19th century, it was rebuilt in the neo-Gothic style by order of Cardinal Mario Mattei.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

During two consecutive restorations of 1910 and 1930, a significant part of Gothic innovations was removed.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Since the exact engineering documentation of the 18th and previous centuries has not been preserved, the restoration was carried out on the basis of indirect data, so it cannot be considered historically accurate.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

As a result, the facade is crowned with a triangular tympanum with three Gothic windows: a large rosette and two narrow ones.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The portico was rebuilt in 1930, similar to the porticos of Roman basilicas dating back to the 12th and 13th centuries (for example, San Giorgio in Velabro), but using four original columns.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Nartex


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Narthex, like the portico, was rebuilt in 1930, but here in its historical places are Porta Speciosa, a wooden gate framed by a marble portal; a mosaic depicting Deesis and marble baptismal font.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

All these items date back to the end of the 11th century and the first quarter of the 12th century.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Porta Speciosa is a wooden gate with primitive carvings depicting crosses and plant motifs.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The marble portal, covered with a complex carved pattern, is much more complex to decorate.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Surrounded by floral ornaments (leaves, flowers, bunches of grapes), there are figures of people and animals, sometimes fantastic, and the symbolic meaning of these images is not always obvious .


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Thus, a man suffocating a snake (presumably a symbol of a Christian's constant struggle against sin) is carved on the portal; a peacock (a traditional symbol of eternal life in early Christian painting); a human head with three faces (image of the past, present and future).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Along the edges, the marble portal was decorated with gilded mosaics (partially preserved) and glass inclusions (assumed on the basis of indirect data).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The symbolic significance of the temple gate as an entrance to the Kingdom of God is emphasized by the Greek inscription carved above the door: “When crossing the threshold of the house of God, leave behind worries and sorrows in order to worthily to appear before the Judge.”


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Above the portal there is a mosaic with typical Byzantine Deesis.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In its center, Christ Pantocrator sits on a throne decorated with precious stones.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Its head is framed by a cross-shaped halo, his right hand blesses worshipers with a traditional Byzantine priestly blessing, in his left hand He holds the Gospel open in words: “I am the door: who will enter By me (he will be saved)” ().


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

On the right hand of Christ, He will have the Mother of God, on his left - John the Baptist, with their heads bowed and their hands stretched out to Him in prayer.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Between Christ and the Theotokos there is a small figure of a monk holding a candle in his hands; it is assumed that this is an image of St. Bartholomew the Younger or the abbot under whom the mosaic was made.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The obvious semantic connection between the theme of the mosaic and the inscription above the gate allows us to assume their simultaneous execution.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Grottaferrata's marble baptismal font is a cylindrical container with a lid, standing on four winged lions.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The walls of the lower part of the font are covered with a bas-relief depicting a continuous flow of water with fish of different sizes.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

There are three bas-reliefs in the upper part:


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

a man pours water from a jug into the river (possibly a symbolic image of water — the substance of the sacrament of baptism);


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

two naked men sitting on a rock fish with a fishing rod (perhaps the apostles are former fishermen called to “catch men”; the rock in this case symbolically indicates the “stone of faith” — Christ ())


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

a person rushes from the top of the column upside down into the water (perhaps an image of baptism).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

According to the images on it, the baptismal font of Grottaferrata remains unique among the Romanesque fonts.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The meaning of the scenes depicted in it is the subject of discussion among researchers.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The water in this font is blessed annually after the liturgy of St. Basil the Great on the Epiphany Eve (on the Epiphany itself, the water is blessed in a neo-Gothic fountain on the square in front of the church).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The apse and the triumphal arch


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The original apse of the church has not been preserved: it was significantly rebuilt in the 16th century.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1882, after Leo XIII decided to cleanse the Grottaferrata service from elements of the Roman rite, the altar part was reconstructed again.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The baroque retablo that framed the venerated monastery icon of the Mother of God was moved forward from the back wall of the apse and turned into an iconostasis; the high Roman altar with steps was replaced by the traditional Byzantine.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The former retablo, turned into an iconostasis, was made by sculptor Antonio Giorgetti by order of Cardinal Commendator Francesco Barberini in 1665.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The iconostasis is a two-tier structure made of multi-colored marble.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

On the upper tier, numerous snow-white putti on a blue background imitating the heavenly vault carry an icon of the Virgin, which is kneeling by a couple of angels.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the lower tier, decorated with numerous bees, the ancestral emblem of Barberini, after 1882, the Royal Gates and a pair of deacon doors were opened.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The icon of the Mother of God revered in Grottaferrata belongs to the Byzantine iconographic type Hodegetria.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Presumably, the image was painted by a Byzantine master at the beginning of the 12th century.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Monastic tradition states that the icon was stolen from the monastery and taken to Tusculum, wonderfully preserved during the destruction of this city in 1191 and returned to Grottaferrata by Pope Gregory IX August 22, 1230 of the year.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

During the restoration of 1904, a well-preserved 13th century fresco was discovered in the upper register of the triumphal arch after the removal of the plaster layer of the 16th century.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the center of the fresco, inside a blue circle symbolizing the celestial sphere, there is an image of the Holy Trinity, belonging to the iconographic type “Fatherland”.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

On the throne sits God the Father (in the form of a gray-haired old man), in his arms sits the Son, holding in his hands a dove, the symbol of the Holy Spirit.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The celestial sphere is surrounded by numerous angels in colorful clothes and belts decorated with precious stones.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The composition is framed by figures of King David and the Prophet Isaiah holding prophetic scrolls in their hands.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

David is holding a scroll with the words: “The heavens are created by the word of the Lord”, Isaiah “I have seen the Lord sitting on a high and exalted throne”.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Pentecost—12th—13th century mosaic (left side) Pentecost—12th—13th century mosaic (right side)


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The next register of the Arc de Triomphe contains a well-preserved mosaic depicting the scene of the Descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the center (directly under the fresco of the Holy Trinity) is a typical Byzantine See prepared, on both sides of it sitting on thrones in a row of six apostles.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The left six apostles begin with Peter, the first bishop of Old Rome; the right - with Andrew, who in the Eastern tradition is considered the first bishop of Byzantium (the future Constantinople).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Peter is followed (from right to left) by John the Theologian, Philip, Thomas, James Alpheus, and Simon Zealot; Andrew (from left to right) is followed by James Zebedee, Matthew, Bartholomew, Thaddeus, and Matthias.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

All apostles hold scrolls — symbols of Divine law, exceptions to this rule are Matthew and John the Theologian, who hold the Gospels; tongues of fire are symbolically replaced by rays of light descending from the starry sky.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The characteristic portrait features of the apostles, the selection of colors, and the features of the mosaic composition make it possible to attribute its authorship to the masters who previously worked in the Sicilian Cathedral of Monreale.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Main and side naves


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The monastery church is a three-nave basilica, the main nave of which is much wider than the side ones, with one apse.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The size of the basilica (excluding the apse and narthex) is 20 by 13.50 meters.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The floor of the main nave was made in the 12th-13th centuries in the Cosmatesco style and is well preserved.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Particularly difficult is the decoration of the central part of the main nave, where at the time of the work, the unpreserved scuola cantorum was located — choirs characteristic of Roman basilicas of this period ( such as Santa Maria in Cosmedin).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The coffered ceiling of the church was built by order of Cardinal Commendator Alessandro Farnese in 1577.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The caissons are alternately decorated with the coats of arms of Cardinal Farnese (lily) and the abbey (a cow feeding a calf is a symbol of mercy).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The appearance of the basilica was radically changed in 1754 under Cardinal Commendator Gian Antonio Guadagni.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The ancient columns separating the main nave from the side nave were enclosed in false multicolored marble pilasters.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The clerestorium (the surface of the walls of the main nave above the columns) was re-plastered and decorated with four marble bas-reliefs by Tommaso Rigi: The Entry of the Virgin into the Temple, Mary's Marriage to Joseph, The Annunciation and Christmas.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

At the same time, frescoes of the 13th century were destroyed or damaged, the remains of which were discovered only during the restoration of 1904.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The frescoes on the right wall of the main nave on the themes of Genesis were destroyed irrevocably.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Five frescoes on the left wall on the themes of the book of Exodus (Moses and the Egyptian Magi; Egyptian executions: turning water into blood, flies, hail and the defeat of the originals) have been partially preserved and transferred to the museum abbeys.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the middle of the 18th century, a tombstone hidden during previous reconstructions was discovered in the floor of the basilica.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The slab does not contain an epitaph, but is decorated with multicolored mosaics: a couple of angels erect a cross, under it a heraldic shield with a one-headed eagle.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Archaeologists of the XVIII century considered the found grave hitherto unknown burial of Pope Benedict IX expelled from Rome, although modern researchers do not see sufficient grounds for such a statement.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Ferrata Crypt


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The historical crypt that gave the monastery its name has been turned into a chapel adjacent to the right nave of the church.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The crypt consists of two rectangular rooms, covered with cross vaults and connected by an arch.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The walls of the crypt are made of large blocks of local peperino stone; in some places traces of the original plaster have been preserved.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Four small windows are cut through the walls of the crypt, covered with a double iron grille.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

It is this feature that gave the room its name: Latin: crypta ferrata and Italian: grotta ferrata means “iron cave”.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Archaeological research allows us to attribute the structure of the crypt to the ancient period.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

From the 5th to 6th centuries, it was used as a chapel.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

According to monastery tradition, it was here that the Mother of God appeared to Saints Nile and Bartholomew, pointing to the place of the future monastery.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Farnese Chapel


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

During the lifetime of St. Bartholomew, a small chapel was added to the monastery church in honor of Saints Adrian and Natalia (martyr Adrian was the titular saint of the first monastery founded by the Nile in Calabria).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1131, this chapel was rebuilt and consecrated in honor of Saints Nile and Bartholomew; the relics of the founders of the monastery were also transferred here.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the vague 14th century for the monastery, the relics disappeared: the last time their presence in Grottaferrata was mentioned in 1300.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In 1608 - 1610, by order of Cardinal Commendator Odoardo Farnese, the chapel was significantly increased and painted by young Domenichino.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The latter was also responsible for the overall interior design (architectural design, marble floor, coffered ceiling).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The only work in the chapel that does not belong to Domenichino is an altar image by Annibale Carracci.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The presbytery of the chapel is richly decorated with colorful marble and gilded wooden details and decorative plaster.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The altar image is dedicated to the scene of the appearance of the Virgin to Saints Nile and Bartholomew; on both sides of the altar there are images of Saints Eustathius and Eduard, patrons of Cardinal Odoardo Farnese.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The presbytery is crowned with a dome, in which, surrounded by numerous putti, God the Father is depicted in the form of a gray-haired old man.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Unlike the presbytery, the walls of the nave are devoid of any decorative frills: the entire surface is covered with Domenichino frescoes.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The upper register is occupied by half-length portraits of the Eastern Fathers of the Church; the lower register is occupied by large historical scenes from the lives of Saints Nile and Bartholomew.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Meeting of Saint Nile and Otto IIIChrist's Appearance to Saint Niluchudo with the HarvestConstruction of the Abbey


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

On the left wall there are the following frescoes from the life of Nil Rossansky (sequentially, starting from the altar):


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Saint Nile banishes demons from a possessed boy.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The meeting of Saint Nile and Emperor Otto III.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

According to legend, Otto III, returning from a pilgrimage to Monte Gargano, visited Saint Nile in Serperi (near Gaeta).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The emperor offered Nile rich gifts for the development of the monastery, but the saint refused them and only said: “I do not ask Your Majesty anything but that you take care of the salvation of your soul.”


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the fresco, the young emperor, dismounted and left behind his retinue, hugs an elderly monk.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Saint Nile and his accompanying monks occupy only the small lower left corner of the fresco; the rest of the space is occupied by the ruler's large retinue.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

It is generally believed that Domenichino depicted himself and his contemporaries in the imperial retinue.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The young man holding Otto's horse under control is a self-portrait of the artist.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In two men standing on the other side of the same horse, researchers see Guido Reni and Guercino.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

To their right, Domenichino depicted his beloved Rosa Fallani from Frascati in the form of a blond page.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the right corner of the painting, the manager of Cardinal Farnese, who usually delayed the payment of the artist's works, gets off his horse awkwardly.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Christ appears to Saint Neil.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

According to legend, when the saint prayed before the crucifixion, Christ tore his right hand off the cross and blessed the Nile.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

On the right wall there are the following frescoes from the life of Bartholomew (sequentially, starting from the altar):


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The appearance of the Virgin to Nile and Bartholomew: she gives them a golden apple as a sign of Her favor and instructs them to build a monastery in Grottaferrata.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The construction of the abbey.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the center, St. Bartholomew discusses the plan of work with the architect; presumably, under the guise of the latter, Domenichino depicted his teacher Annibale Carracci.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

In the background is a scene from the life of Bartholomew, in which a decrepit monk, with the blessing of the abbot, stops a falling column with one hand.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

The fresco is filled with numerous secondary characters — builders and peasants, so that the picture breaks up into many small everyday subjects.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

A miracle with the harvest.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata Monastery

Another scene from the life of St. Bartholomew: the saint with his prayers is stopped by a sudden tornado that threatens to destroy the freshly harvested wheat.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The monastery library


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The Grottaferrata Library has preserved for the present time a significant number of Latin and Greek manuscripts, as well as first printed publications.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The founders of the monastery, Neil Rossansky and Bartholomew the Younger, taught monks to engage not only in agriculture, but also in the correspondence of books.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Saint Nile was the inventor of a special system of abbreviations in the text, which is the original feature of a special school of writing (usually called “Nilian” by his name).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Three manuscripts personally executed by Saint Nile have been preserved in Grottaferrata.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

In addition, the founders of the monastery brought with them a collection of codes from their native Calabria.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Later, the collection of Grottaferrata's manuscripts was consistently replenished thanks to the work of monks — copyists.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

A significant contribution to the library of Grottaferrata belongs to Cardinal Vissarion of Nicaea, who brought with him many books from Constantinople seized by the Turks, and then successively withdrew manuscripts from the Greek monasteries of Southern Italy under its jurisdiction.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

In the following centuries, Greek books accumulated in Grottaferrata, as the monastery was the main center of the Basilian Order.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Despite the fact that a significant part of Grottaferrata's book collection was seized during the French occupation (1809—1814) and after the unification of Italy, the monastery library still remains significant.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Currently, Grottaferrata houses 1,197 manuscripts (575 in Greek, 622 in Latin), 71 printed books of the 15th century, 700 books of the 16th century, 50,000 books of a later issue.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Since 1931, a laboratory for the restoration of ancient books and manuscripts has been operating on the territory of the monastery (the second in Italy after the Vatican Library).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Among the “secular” treasures of Grottaferrata are:


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

a 5th-century manuscript containing parts of Strabo's Geography;


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

the most complete text of the Byzantine novel Digenis Akrit (12th century);


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

a complete collection of poems by Christopher Mytilensky (XI century);


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

a code containing handwritten notes of Manuel II Paleologos (belonged successively to John VIII Paleologus and Vissarion of Nicene).


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

In addition, the liturgical books preserved in Grottaferrata, containing information on the early stages of the formation of the Byzantine rite, including the features of liturgical life, are of great importance churches of this rite in Southern Italy.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

For the study of Byzantine melurgy, the 50 singing manuscripts stored in Grottaferrata are very important, in which all types of notated liturgical books are found.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Grottaferrata and the Russian Diaspora


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The monastery was visited, lived in it, worked in scientific and publishing fields by representatives of the Russian Apostolate: Bishop Alexander Evreinov (later buried in it), Exarch Leonid Fedorov, Archpriest Alexander Sipyagin, priest Kirill Korolevsky and journalist, historian Vladimir Zabugin.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

The monastery's printing house published liturgical and doctrinal books for the Russian Apostolate [1].


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Notes


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Sources


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Kolupaev, Vladimir Evgenyevich.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Publication of musical and liturgical books in the Russian Diaspora of the 20th century//Library Science.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

2009, #6.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

P. 86 — 89.


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Category:Abbeys in Italy


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Category:Basilian monasteries


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Category:Monasteries in Italy


Question: How many buildings exist on the territory of St. Nile Abbey at the moment?

Grottaferrata

Category:Italo-Albanian Catholic Church


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

Cartridge (unitary cartridge, Latin: unitas - “unity”) is an ammunition for small arms and artillery pieces, with which weapons are loaded in one go.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

A unitary cartridge can be an artillery shot or cartridge in which a projectile (bullet, buckshot or shot charge), a gunpowder charge, an igniting element (igniter cap) and, sometimes, additional the elements are connected into one piece by means of a sleeve.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The term “unitary cartridge” appeared in the XIX century - the design of earlier cartridges did not include a capsule that was charged separately.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

In modern treasure-loading small arms, only unitary cartridges are used.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

History


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

In early muzzle-loading firearms, a measured charge of gunpowder was poured into the barrel, where it was compacted with a wad of leather, felt or tow with a ramrod; then rolled into the barrel a lead bullet of spherical shape and was fixed by another wad, which prevented its uncontrolled movement in the barrel until the moment of the shot.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

After that, it was necessary to pour the gunpowder seed from the powder puff onto the shelf, which had an ignition hole communicating with the breech - the back of the barrel cavity in which the powder charge was located - and only then was the weapon ready to fire.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

To fire a shot, it was necessary to ignite the seed powder.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

In the oldest models of small arms and in ancient cannons, this was done with the help of a wick, which was ignited before the battle and smoldered in its continuation.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

In later samples, the seed was ignited by a spark caused by a flint hitting the steel chair when the trigger was triggered.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

Some increase in the rate of fire was achieved thanks to the invention in the 17th century of a cartridge - a set for the production of a shot.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

At the gunpowder plant, dosed charges of gunpowder were packaged in paper bags, to which bullets were also attached.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

When loading, the shooter tore the paper shell of the cartridge, [1] poured gunpowder into the barrel of the weapon, used the paper as a wad, and sent a bullet from above.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

Regular Russian military formations — archers — carried a “berendeyka” (a prototype of a modern cartridge belt) over their shoulders - a sling with wooden pencil cases hanging on cords, in which these packaged charges and bullets.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

Artillery charges were also packaged in paper or linen caps (from French: cartouche - “cartridge”).


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The appearance of the cartridge did not relieve the shooter from the need to pour the seed on the shelf, and then set it on fire when firing a shot, which took a significant part of the time when loading.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

Therefore, in particular, before the invention of the unitary cartridge, the appearance of a real rapid-fire weapon was fundamentally impossible.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The shooter was relieved of this need when the Englishman Joseph Egg invented the capsule in 1818.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The capsule, which was a copper cap with a flammable initiating mixture inside, was put separately on the branch pipe and broke when fired by a trigger.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

Paper pistons were also used.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The first inventor of the unitary cartridge is considered to be the Swiss J. S. Pauli, who in 1812 patented a virtually unitary central combat cartridge, ahead of the development of small arms by half a century, in addition, he creates a treasure-loading gun for this cartridge; despite the advantages of this cartridge, this invention went unnoticed and the further development of the unitary cartridge is associated with the names of von Dreise, Lefosche (who previously worked in Pauli's workshop), Boxer and Patte.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

In 1827, Nikolai Dreise proposed a cartridge in which a bullet, gunpowder and a capsule (more precisely, a piston) were combined in one paper case.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The process of manufacturing the cartridge proposed by Dreise was as follows: gunpowder was poured into the paper case, then a solid, folder cylinder (spiegel) was inserted, into the lower base of which the cake was pressed in striking composition, and in the upper one there was a recess corresponding to the shape of the bullet, and an ovoid, lead bullet.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

When the trigger was lowered, the needle, which is part of the lock, pierced the charge and cake of the strike composition, which caused the latter to ignite - a shot occurred; at the same time, the spiegel pressed into the rifles with powder gases barrel and, squeezing the bullet, forced it to take part in its rotation along the rifles.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

After the Austro-Prussian campaign of 1866, there was a widespread transition to unitary cartridges and rifles loaded from the treasury.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

Experience soon showed that paper cartridges deteriorate from dampness - the impact cakes are separated from damp bottoms, which caused misfires, so in Russia, already in 1869, it was decided to alter 6-line rifles according to the Krnka system, adopting a unitary cartridge with a metal sleeve for the purpose of better obturation and simplification of the lock device.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The purpose of unitary metal cartridges is to achieve a high rate of fire and eliminate the breakthrough of powder gases when fired.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The metal cartridge case must, expanding, fit snugly against the walls of the chamber and the front section of the bolt to eliminate the breakthrough of gases through the bolt, and after the shot, take its original dimensions so that it can be removed from the barrel without difficulty.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

These requirements are met in two ways, which is why metal cartridges are divided into two categories: cartridges with seamless cartridges, and with composite cartridges.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

In seamless sleeves, the side walls and the bottom are one piece, they are obtained from a circle of sheet brass by successive extracts.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

Composite sleeves are rolled up from thin sheet brass in one or more turns; a separate bottom is firmly inspired with the side walls.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

When fired, the cartridge case is unfolded and its edges fit snugly against the chamber; after the shot, it is easily removed, even with a large gap of several points, while the seamless cartridges act it works only with a small (no more than ½ point) gap.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

After the sleeve is properly shaped, the walls inside it are varnished to protect the metal from oxidation, then a capsule is inserted into the bottom of the sleeve.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

At the location of the strike composition, the cartridges are divided into ring-ignition cartridges, when the strike composition is pressed into the sleeve around the circumference of its bottom, and the central fire, when the strike composition consists of a capsule and is installed in the center of the bottom; all composite cartridges are of the central fire.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

In an annular ignition cartridge, the sleeves can often break, since when the impact composition ignites, the bottom of the sleeve, where the metal is weakened by a double bend, is subjected to the greatest gas pressure.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The 4.2-line cartridge for the Berdan rifle (1868-1891), typical for its time in design, consisted of:


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

a bottle-shaped brass sleeve with an annular protrusion at the base - a rim, a depressed bottom and an anvil protruding from it, against which the impact composition of the capsule breaks and from the base of which inward casings lead three holes to communicate fire to the charge;


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

an inner brass cup pressed inside the sleeve to strengthen the bottom weakened by the bends of the metal to form a rim;


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

capsule - cups with a cake of shock composition, covered with a thin tin mug;


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

gun powder charge;


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

sealer - cups made of linen paper filled with stearin or pressed beef fat, for lubrication when the barrel bore is fired, which makes it easier to lag behind carbon deposits and does not lead;


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

a smooth lead bullet wrapped in paper (white for infantry cartridges, pink for cavalry cartridges), 1 bullet wrapper and inserted into a crimped muzzle.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The cartridge of earlier 6-line Krnka rifles is similar to the one described above - the difference is that the muzzle is not crimped in the case, and the entire cartridge case narrows to the front end, the bullet from the gunpowder is separated by paper a circle instead of an oil seal; wax is inserted into the annular grooves on the side of the bullet.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The type of composite cartridges is the Boxer cartridge, used in England.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

It consists of a sleeve rolled up from sheet brass in two turns, the rear end of the sleeve is bent inward and inserted into the cup, which is inserted into another stronger, brass cup of the wall with cups are fastened by means of a binder rod with a through central channel pressed into the cup; a brass cap open from below is inserted into the spiegel channel from the inside, attaching an iron cap to the bottom of the cup a circle for which the extractor captures when the sleeve is ejected; a capsule with an anvil cut from a thin brass plate is inserted into the open end of the cap; gunpowder has been poured into the sleeve, a wax sealer was inserted; a lead bullet stamped with a groove near the bottom into which the walls of the cartridge case are pressed; the front of the cartridge case is crimped around the bullet.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

Artillery shot


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

In the XIX century, unitary cartridges were used in artillery pieces of almost all calibers up to 6 inches inclusive.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

Thus, there were unitary cartridges for 37, 47 and 57 mm caponier and coastal guns of the Nordenfeldt system and 6-inch rapid-fire guns of the Kane system for land and naval artillery; it was assumed accept a unitary cartridge for field guns.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The unitary cartridge for the 57 mm caponir gun consists of


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

projectile (grenades or buckshot),


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

warhead,


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

felt pads between the charge and the projectile,


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

a brass seamless sleeve with a pilot tube and a capsule.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The unitary cartridge case connects the projectile, charge, ignition tube and capsule into one whole and serves as an obturator.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The bottom of the sleeve with a rim turned along a cone corresponding to the conical recess on the front wall of the keyhole; the rim limits the movement of the sleeve into the chamber and serves to grip extractor when ejecting a spent cartridge case.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

The side walls of the case form a cone, a slope and a muzzle into which the projectile is inserted.


Question: How many types of cartridges are there for the design of the cartridge case?

Cartridge

In the center of the bottom of the sleeve there is a channel with a broadening for inserting the ignition tube: the latter is cylindrical with a cylindrical head tightly fitting into the broadening of the sleeve channel; there is a socket in the tube head for inserting a capsule consisting of a brass cup with a tompak cap, in the bottom of which an explosive composition is pressed, covered with a foil mug.