Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The action takes place between Mass Effect 2 and Mass Effect 3. Direct continuation of the book “Ascension”


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Deception is the fourth book published on January 31, 2012.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The action takes place between Mass Effect 2 and Mass Effect 3. Continues and completes the events told in the novels “Ascension” and “Retribution”.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The Nexus Uprising, the fifth book, was published on March 28, 2017 [4].


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The main action precedes Mass Effect: Andromeda events.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Initiation is the sixth book, published on November 27, 2017 [4].


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Chronologically goes somewhere between Mass Effect and Mass Effect 2.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Annihilation is the seventh book and is scheduled for release on November 6, 2018 [5].


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

At the moment, all six books have been translated into Russian, but the translation was not the same people who were responsible for translating the games themselves, so some names and titles have been translated or transliterated in different ways.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Movie


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

In 2010, a film adaptation based on the Mass Effect video game was announced.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Since then, the film adaptation has been almost dead center.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The film has changed its screenwriter several times.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The details of the plot, the cast and the director of the film are still unknown.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The film rights belong to Legendary Pictures [6].


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

In an interview with Kotaku, producer Avi Arada said that it would take 5 to 6 years to produce the film.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

anime


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect: Paragon Lost was released on November 29, 2012.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The plot revolves around the beginning of the career of James Vega, an officer of the Alliance.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

James joins the Alliance's elite special forces squad at the beginning of the fight against a mysterious threat known as the Collectors.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

While serving in a distant star system, James Vega and his associates must protect the citizens of the colony from the invasion of collectors who are trying to kidnap people.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Comics


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

At the moment, five comic book episodes have been released, as well as several mini-comics.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect: Redemption is the first comic book series released in 2010.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect: Incursion — minicomics (2010).


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect: Inquisition - minicomics (2010).


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect: Evolution is the second series of comics released in 2011.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect: Conviction - minicomics (2011).


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect: Invasion is the third series of comics released in 2011.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect: Homeworlds is the fourth series of comics released in 2012.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect: Blasto - Eternity is Forever - minicomics (2012).


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect: He Who Laughs Best - minicomics (2013).


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect: Foundation is the fifth comic book series consisting of 13 issues, released since 2013.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Mass Effect: Discovery is a comic prequel to the game Mass Effect Andromeda.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Character Summary


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Note: This table shows the presence of specific characters in each part of the series, as well as the actors who voiced them.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

The presence of some characters depends on the player's decisions in the previous installments, as well as the presence/absence of DLC.


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

References


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

on (in English)


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Notes


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Category:Mass Effect


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Category:Video game series


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Category:Fantastic book series


Question: How many parts of the Mass Effect computer game came out?

Mass Effect (series)

Category:2010 Comics


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

A luminescent lampa is a gas-discharge light source in which an electrical discharge in mercury vapor creates ultraviolet radiation that is converted into visible light using a phosphor — for example, mixtures of calcium halophosphate with other elements.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The luminous efficiency of a fluorescent lamp is several times greater than that of incandescent lamps of similar power.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The service life of fluorescent lamps is about 5 years, provided that the number of inclusions is limited to 2000, that is, no more than 5 inclusions per day during the warranty period of 2 years.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Varieties


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The most common are high and low pressure mercury discharge lamps.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

high-pressure lamps are used mainly in street lighting and in high-power lighting installations;


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

low-pressure lamps are used to illuminate residential and industrial premises.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

A low-pressure mercury discharge lamp (GRLND) is a glass tube with a phosphor layer applied to the inner surface, filled with argon at a pressure of 400 Pa and mercury (or amalgam).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Plasma displays are also a type of fluorescent lamp.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Scope of application


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamps are widely used in lighting public buildings: schools, hospitals, offices, etc. With the advent of compact fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts, which can be included in E27 and E14 sockets instead of incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps are gaining popularity in everyday life.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamps are most expedient to use for general lighting, primarily large rooms (especially in conjunction with DALI systems), which make it possible to improve lighting conditions and This reduces energy consumption by 50-83% and increases the service life of lamps.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamps are also widely used in local lighting of workplaces, in light advertising, and facade lighting.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Prior to the use of LEDs, they were the only source for illuminating liquid crystal screens.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Advantages and disadvantages


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The popularity of fluorescent lamps is due to their advantages (over incandescent lamps):


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

significantly higher light output (a 20 W fluorescent lamp gives illumination like a 100 W incandescent lamp) and higher efficiency;


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

a variety of shades of light;


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

diffuse light;


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

long service life ([1] — [2] unlike incandescent lamps), provided that sufficient quality of power supply, ballast is ensured and restrictions on the number of switching on and off are observed (therefore they are not recommended for use in public areas with automatic switches with motion sensors).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The disadvantages include:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

chemical hazard (LLs contain mercury in an amount of 2.3 mg to 1 g);


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

an uneven, linear spectrum that is unpleasant for the eye and causes color distortions of illuminated objects (there are lamps with a phosphor spectrum close to solid, but have a lower light output);


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

degradation of the phosphor over time leads to a change in the spectrum, a decrease in light output and, as a result, a decrease in the efficiency of LL;


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

flickering of the lamp with twice the frequency of the supply network (the use of electronic ballast solves the problem, provided that the rectified current smoothing capacitor at the input of the electronic ballast inverter is sufficient (manufacturers often save on capacitor capacities);


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

the presence of an additional device for starting the lamp - a ballast (a bulky noisy choke with an unreliable starter or an expensive electronic ballast);


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

very low lamp power factor - such lamps are an unsuccessful load for the power grid (offset by the use of very expensive electronic ballast with a power factor corrector);


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

There are also smaller drawbacks [3].


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

History


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The first ancestor of fluorescent lamps was gas discharge lamps.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

For the first time, Mikhail Lomonosov observed the glow of gases under the influence of electric current, passing current through a glass ball filled with hydrogen.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

It is believed that the first gas-discharge lamp was invented in 1856.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Heinrich Geisler received a blue glow from a gas-filled tube, which was excited by a solenoid.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

On June 23, 1891, Nikola Tesla patented an electric lighting system with gas discharge lamps (patent No. 454,622), which consisted of a high-frequency high-voltage source and gas discharge argon lamps, patented by him earlier (patent No. 335,787 of February 9, 1886 was issued to the United States Patent Office).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Argon lamps are still in use today.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In 1893, at the World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois, Thomas Edison showed a fluorescent glow.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In 1894, M. F. Moore created a lamp that used nitrogen and carbon dioxide, which emits pink and white light.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This lamp was a moderate success.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In 1901, Peter Cooper Hewitt demonstrated a mercury lamp that emitted blue-green light, and was thus unsuitable for practical purposes.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

However, its design was very close to modern, and had much higher efficiency than the Geisler and Edison lamps.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In 1926, Edmund Germer and his staff proposed to increase the operating pressure within the flask and cover the flasks with fluorescent powder that converts ultraviolet the light emitted by the excited plasma into a more homogeneous white and colored light.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

E.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Germer is now recognized as the inventor of the fluorescent lamp.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

General Electric later bought Hermer's patent, and under George E.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Inmana brought fluorescent lamps to widespread commercial use by 1938.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In 1951, for the development of fluorescent lamps in the USSR, V. A. The manufacturer was awarded the title of laureate of the Stalin Prize of the second degree together with S. AND. Vavilov, V. L. Levshin, F. A. Butaeva, M. A. Konstantinova-Schlesinger, V. AND. Dolgopolov.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The principle of operation


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

When a fluorescent lamp is operating, an arc discharge [4] [5] burns between two electrodes located at opposite ends of the lamp.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The lamp is filled with an inert gas and mercury vapor, and the passing electric current leads to the appearance of UV radiation.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This radiation is invisible to the human eye, so it is converted into visible light by the phenomenon of luminescence.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The inner walls of the lamp are covered with a special substance — phosphor, which absorbs UV radiation and emits visible light.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

By changing the composition of the phosphor, you can change the shade of the lamp's glow.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Calcium halophosphates and calcium-zinc orthophosphates are mainly used as a phosphor.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The arc discharge is maintained by thermionic emission of charged particles (electrons) from the cathode surface.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

To start the lamp, the cathodes are heated either by passing current through them (DRL, LD lamps) or by ion bombardment in a high-voltage glow discharge (“cold cathode lamps”).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The discharge current is limited by ballast.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Labeling


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The color perception of light by a person varies greatly depending on the illumination.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In low light, we can see blue better and less red.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Therefore, daylight with a color temperature — in low light conditions will appear excessively blue.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The average illumination of living quarters is 75 lux, while in offices and other work areas it is 400 lux.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In low light (50-75 lux), light with a color temperature looks most natural.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

At 400 lux, this light already seems yellow, and the most natural light seems to be light with a temperature.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The industry produces lamps for various applications.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Labeling helps determine whether the lamp is suitable for a particular task.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

International marking for color rendering and color temperature


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The three-digit code on the lamp packaging usually contains information regarding the quality of light (color rendering index and color temperature).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The first digit is the color rendering index in 1x10 Ra (compact fluorescent lamps have 60-98 Ra, so the higher the index, the more reliable the color reproduction).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The second and third digits indicate the color temperature of the lamp.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Thus, the marking “827" indicates a color rendering index of 80 Ra and a color temperature of 2700 K (which corresponds to the color temperature of an incandescent lamp).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In addition, the color rendering index can be indicated in accordance with DIN 5035, where the color rendering range of 20-100 Ra is divided into 6 parts — from 4 to 1A [6].


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Color rendering marking in Russia


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The marking of fluorescent lamps in Russia differs from the international one and is determined by GOSTs and other regulatory documents.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In accordance with the current GOST 6825-91* (IEC 81-84) [7] “Fluorescent tubular lamps for general lighting”, general-purpose linear fluorescent lamps are marked as:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

LB (white light)


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

LD (daylight)


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

LHB (cold white light)


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

LTB (warm white light)


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Domestic producers also use other markings [8]:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

LE (natural light)


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

LHE (cold natural light)


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Adding the letter C at the end means the use of a de-lux phosphor with improved color reproduction, and the TP means a super de-lux phosphor with high-quality color reproduction.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Special-purpose lamps are marked as:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

LG, LK, LZ, LV, LR, LGR (color glow lamps)


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

LUF (ultraviolet light lamps)


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

DB (type C ultraviolet light lamp)


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

LSR (Blue Light Reflex) [9]


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The parameters of domestic lamps in terms of color reproduction and light output are given in the table:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Features of connecting to the electrical network


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Any gas-discharge lamp (including a low-pressure gas discharge fluorescent lamp), unlike an incandescent lamp, cannot be connected directly to the electrical network.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

There are two reasons for this:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In the “cold” state, the fluorescent lamp has a high resistance and a high-voltage pulse is required to ignite a discharge in it;


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The fluorescent lamp has a negative differential resistance after a discharge occurs in it, so if no resistance is included in the circuit, a short circuit will occur and the lamp will come out out of order.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

To solve these problems, special devices are used - ballasts (ballasts).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The most common connection schemes today are with electromagnetic ballast (EMPA) and neon starter, and with electronic ballast (electronic ballast; there are many different models and options).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Electromagnetic ballast


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Electromagnetic ballast (abbreviated as EMPA - Electromagnetic Control Gear) is an electromagnetic choke with a certain inductive resistance, connected in series with a lamp (s) of a certain power.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

A starter is connected in series to the filaments of the lamp, which is a neon lamp with bimetallic electrodes and a capacitor (the neon lamp and capacitor are connected in parallel).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The choke generates a trigger pulse (up to 1 kV) due to self-induction, and also limits the current through the lamp due to inductive resistance.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Currently, the advantages of electromagnetic ballast are the simplicity of design, high reliability and durability.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

There are a lot of drawbacks to this scheme:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Long start-up (1-3 seconds depending on the degree of lamp wear);


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Consumption of more energy by the throttle, compared to the electronic ballast (at a voltage of 220 V, a lamp of 2 lamps of 58 W, that is, a total of 116 W, consumes 130 W);


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Small cos φ, about 0.35-0.50 (without compensating capacitors);


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Depending on the quality of the choke manufacturing, there may be a low-frequency buzz (with twice the network frequency) of the magnetic core plates;


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Flickering of the lamp with twice the mains frequency (100 Hz), which can adversely affect vision, and also causes a stroboscopic effect (objects and machine parts rotating synchronously with the network frequency may appear motionless).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamps with electromagnetic ballast should not be used to illuminate moving parts of machines and mechanisms (at least without additional illumination by incandescent lamps).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

To reduce flicker, the lamps in the room are divided into three groups, which are connected to different phases of the three-phase power grid;


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Large dimensions (compared to the most primitive electronic ballast) and significant weight (several kilograms);


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

At negative temperatures, lamps connected using a starter-throttle circuit may not light up at all.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Lamps for two LB-20 (LD-20) lamps mass-produced in the USSR had means of compensating for both cos φ and storboscopic effect.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

One section was connected via a phase-shifting capacitor.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Thus, the current in the sections differed by about a quarter of the mains voltage period.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

As a result, the brightness of one lamp is maximum when the brightness of the second lamp is zero, and vice versa.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Moreover, the current was shifted in phase from the voltage by approximately the same amount (by 1/8 of the period), but with a different sign.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This significantly improved the total power factor.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Lamp starting mechanism with electromagnetic ballast and starter


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In the classical switching circuit with electromagnetic ballast, a starter (starter) is used to automatically control the ignition process of the lamp, which is a small neon lamp with a capacitor connected in parallel to it, enclosed in a housing.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

One inner electrode of the neon lamp of the starter is fixed rigid, the other is bimetallic, which bends when heated (there are also starters with two flexible electrodes (symmetrical)).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In the initial state, the starter electrodes are open.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The starter is connected in parallel to the lamp so that when its electrodes are closed, the current passes through the lamp spirals.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

At the moment of switching on, the full mains voltage is applied to the electrodes of the lamp and the starter, since there is no current through the lamp and the voltage drop across the choke is zero.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The lamp spirals are cold.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

There is no discharge in the lamp and does not occur, since the mains voltage is not enough to ignite it.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

But in the starter lamp, a glow discharge occurs from the applied voltage, and the current passes through the lamp spirals and the starter electrodes.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The discharge current is small to heat the lamp spirals, but it is sufficient to heat the starter electrodes, which causes the bimetallic electrode to bend and close with the rigid electrode.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Since the mains voltage can vary relative to the nominal value, the ignition voltage in the starter lamp is selected so that the discharge in it ignites at the lowest mains voltage.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The current limited by the inductive resistance of the choke flows through the lamp coils and heats them up.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

When the closed electrodes of the starter cool down (in the closed state, heat is not released on them due to low resistance), the circuit opens, and due to self-induction, a voltage surge occurs on a throttle sufficient to ignite a discharge in the lamp.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Parallel to the neon lamp, a small-capacity capacitor is connected in the starter, which serves to form a resonant circuit together with the inductance of the choke.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The circuit generates a pulse long enough to ignite the lamp (in the absence of a capacitor, this pulse will be too short and the amplitude is too large, and the energy stored in the choke will be spent on the discharge in the starter).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

By the time the starter opens, the lamp spirals are already sufficiently heated, and if the voltage surge resulting from the self-induction of the throttle is sufficient for breakdown, then the discharge in the lamp ignites.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The operating voltage of the lamp is lower than the mains due to the voltage drop across the choke, so the discharge extinction voltage in the starter lamp is set slightly more than the voltage on the fluorescent lamp, therefore the starter does not re-operate.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

During the ignition of the lamp, the starter sometimes operates several times in a row if it opens at a time when the instantaneous value of the throttle current is zero, or the lamp electrodes are not yet heated enough .


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

As the lamp operates, its operating voltage increases slightly, and at the end of its service life, when an activating paste is used up on one of the lamp spirals, the voltage on it increases to a value greater than the discharge extinction voltage in the starter lamp.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This causes a characteristic continuous flashing of the failed lamp.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

When the lamp goes out, you can see the glow of the cathodes heated by the current flowing through the starter.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Electronic ballast


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Electronic ballast (abbreviated electronic ballast - Electronic Control Gear) feeds the lamps with a current with a voltage not of the mains frequency (50-60 Hz), but with a high-frequency voltage (25-133 kHz), as a result of which it is noticeable for eye flashing lamps is excluded.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Depending on the model, the electronic ballast can use one of two options for starting the lamps:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Cold start - the lamp lights up immediately after switching on.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This scheme is better to use if the lamp is rarely turned on and off, since the cold start mode is more harmful to the lamp electrodes.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Hot start — with preheating of the electrodes.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The lamp does not light up immediately, but after 0.5—1 seconds, but the service life increases, especially with frequent switching on and off.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The electricity consumption of fluorescent lamps when using electronic ballast is usually 20-25% lower.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Material costs (copper, iron) for production and disposal are several times less.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The use of centralized lighting systems with automatic adjustment can save up to 85% of electricity.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

There are electronic ballasts with the possibility of dimming (brightness adjustment) by changing the duty cycle of the lamp supply current.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Electronic ballast lamp starting mechanism


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Unlike electromagnetic ballast, electronic ballast usually does not require a separate special starter, since such ballast is generally able to form the necessary stress sequences itself.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

There are various ways to start fluorescent lamps.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Most often, electronic ballast heats the cathodes of the lamps and applies a voltage to the cathodes sufficient to ignite the lamp, usually alternating and of a higher frequency than the mains (which at the same time eliminates the flickering of the lamp, characteristic of electromagnetic ballasts).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Depending on the design of the ballast and the time parameters of the lamp start sequence, such ballasts can provide, for example, a smooth start of the lamp with a gradual increase in brightness to full in a few seconds or instantly turn on the lamp.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Combined starting methods are often found when the lamp starts not only due to the fact that the cathodes of the lamp are heated, but also due to the fact that the circuit in which the lamp is included is oscillatory outline.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The parameters of the oscillating circuit are selected so that in the absence of a discharge in the lamp, an electrical resonance phenomenon occurs in the circuit, leading to a significant increase in the voltage between the cathodes of the lamp.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

As a rule, this also leads to an increase in the cathode heating current, since under such a scheme for starting the cathode filament coil, the cathodes are often connected in series through a capacitor, being part of the oscillating circuit.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

As a result, due to the heating of the cathodes and the relatively high voltage between the cathodes, the lamp is easily lit


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Since the cathode filament spirals have thermal inertia, that is, they cannot warm up instantly, the lamp ignites when the cathodes are not heated, which leads to a reduction in service life.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

To prevent this, a posistor is connected in parallel to the capacitor - this is a resistor in which, when an electric current flows, the resistance increases sharply, which prevents the discharge from igniting the lamp at the first time, that is, when the cathodes are not heated.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

After the lamp is ignited, the parameters of the oscillating circuit change, the quality factor decreases, and the current in the circuit drops significantly, reducing the heating of the cathodes.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

There are variations on this technology.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

For example, in the extreme case, the ballast may not heat the cathodes at all, instead applying a sufficiently high voltage to the cathodes, which will inevitably lead to an almost instantaneous ignition of the lamp due to gas breakdown between cathodes.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In essence, this method is similar to the technologies used to start cold cathode lamps (CCFL).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This method is quite popular with radio amateurs, since it allows you to run even lamps with blown cathode filaments that can not be started by conventional methods due to the impossibility cathode heating.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In particular, this method is often used by radio amateurs to repair compact energy-saving lamps, which are conventional fluorescent lamps with built-in electronic ballast in compact body.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

After a small rework of the ballast, such a lamp can serve for a long time, despite the burning of the heating spirals, and its service life will be limited only by the time until the electrodes are completely sprayed.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Reasons for failure


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The electrodes of the fluorescent lamp are a spiral made of tungsten filament, covered with a paste (active mass) of alkaline earth metals.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This paste provides a stable discharge.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

During operation, it gradually falls off the electrodes, burns out and evaporates.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

It falls off especially intensively during start-up, when for some time the discharge does not occur over the entire area of the electrode, but on a small area of its surface, which leads to local differences temperatures.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Therefore, fluorescent lamps still have an end service life (it depends mainly on the quality of the electrodes, the ignition speed), although it is longer than that of conventional incandescent lamps, of which the spiral evaporates at a constant rate.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Hence the darkening at the ends of the lamp, which increases closer to the end of the service life.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

When the paste burns out completely, the voltage on the lamp increases abruptly and the circuit in which the lamp operates cannot provide a large voltage for its burning.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Failure of lamps with electromagnetic ballast


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

As a rule, at the end of the service life, the paste completely burns out on one of the two electrodes, which leads to an increase in the voltage across the lamp to a value equal to the ignition voltage of the discharge in the starter.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This leads to the fact that the starter starts to work constantly - hence the well-known flashing of heavily worn lamps, accompanied by the ignition of the lamp, then it goes out, and its electrodes heat up, after causing the lamp to light up again.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

At the same time, the electrodes of the lamp are constantly heated, and in the end (after about 2 to 3 days of flashing) one of the filaments burns out.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In addition, due to prolonged operation in the mode of repeated starts, the starter often fails, so when replacing the lamp, you have to change it too.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

If the starter fails (the bimetallic contacts are closed or the capacitor is broken), the lamp becomes shunted along the starter circuit, and the discharge cannot be ignited.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Only the filaments of the lamp electrodes work, which leads to their accelerated wear, the current consumed by the lamp is somewhat overestimated, but it is not emergency, since the choke is designed for such mode of operation.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

If the choke fails (turn-to-turn short circuit or violation of the magnetic circuit and, as a result, a decrease in inductance), the current in the lamp circuit increases significantly, the discharge heats the electrodes to their melting, which leads to an instantaneous failure of the lamp.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Failure of lamps with electronic ballast


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

During the aging process of the lamp, the active mass of the electrodes gradually burns out, after which the filaments warm up and burn out.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In high-quality ballasts, a scheme for automatically turning off a blown lamp is provided.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In low-quality electronic ballast, there is no such protection, and after increasing the voltage, the lamp will go out, and a resonance will occur in the circuit, leading to a significant increase in current and burnout of ballast transistors.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Also, it is not uncommon for low-quality ballasts (usually on compact fluorescent lamps with built-in ballast) at the output to be equipped with a capacitor designed for a voltage close to the operating voltage the voltage of the new lamp.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

As the lamp ages, the voltage rises and a breakdown occurs in the capacitor, which also destroys the ballast transistors [11].


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

If a lamp with electronic ballast fails, there is no flickering, as in the case of electromagnetic ballast, and the lamp goes out immediately.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

You can determine the cause of the failure by checking the integrity of the lamp filaments with any ohmmeter, multimeter or specialized lamp testing device.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

If the filaments of the lamp have a low resistance (about 10 ohms, that is, they did not burn out), then the reason for the failure is the low quality of the ballast, if one or both of the filaments have a high (infinite) resistance, the lamp burned out from old age or from overvoltage.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In the latter case, it makes sense to try to replace the lamp itself, however, if the new lamp also does not glow and the ballast circuit is powered, this also indicates a low quality of the ballast ( there is a risk of spoiling a new lamp).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Phosphors and the spectrum of light emitted


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Many people find the light emitted by fluorescent lamps to be rough and unpleasant.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The color of objects illuminated by such lamps may be slightly distorted.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This is partly due to the blue and green lines in the emission spectrum of the gas discharge in mercury vapor, partly due to the type of phosphor used, partly due to the incorrectly selected lamp designed for warehouses and non-residential premises.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Many cheap lamps use a halophosphate phosphor, which emits mainly yellow and blue light, while red and green emit less.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This mixture of colors appears white to the eye, but when reflected from objects, the light may contain an incomplete spectrum, which is perceived as a color distortion.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

However, such lamps tend to have a very high luminous efficiency.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

If we consider that there are three types of color receptors in the human eye, and the perception of the continuous spectrum is only the result of brain work, then there is no need to strive to recreate the continuous solar spectrum, it is enough to recreate the same effect on these three receptors.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This principle has long been used in color television and color photography.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Therefore, more expensive lamps use a “three-band” and “five-band” phosphor.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This makes it possible to achieve a more uniform distribution of radiation over the visible spectrum, which leads to a more natural reproduction of light.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

However, such lamps tend to have a lower luminous efficiency.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The bulbs of special lamps are made of uviolet glass that transmits rays in the ultraviolet wavelength range [12].


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

At home, you can evaluate the spectrum of the lamp using a CD.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

To do this, you need to look at the reflection of the lamp light from the working surface of the disk — the spectral lines of the phosphor will be visible in the diffraction pattern.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

If the lamp is close, it is better to place a screen with a small hole between the lamp and the disc.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Special fluorescent lamps


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

There are also special fluorescent lamps with different spectral characteristics:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamps, which meet the highest requirements for color reproduction of natural color in daylight, serve to eliminate the effect of color mimicry.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

It is indispensable in cases where you need an atmosphere of lively daylight, for example, in printing houses, art galleries, museums, dental offices, and laboratories, when viewing transparencies and in specialized textile stores.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamps that emit light that is similar in spectral characteristics to sunlight.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

These lamps are recommended for rooms with a lack of daylight, such as offices, banks and shops.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Due to its very good color rendering and high color temperature (), it is ideal for color comparison and medical light therapy.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamps for plants and aquariums with enhanced radiation in the spectral range of blue and red light.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

It has an ideal effect on photobiological processes.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

These lamps with designations emit light with a minimum content of ultraviolet component type A (with the absolute absence of ultraviolet components of type B and C).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

They are usually combined with fluorescent lamps (—) to give natural background lighting.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Lamps for marine life in aquariums with radiation in the blue and ultraviolet range.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

They are used to give a natural color to corals and inhabitants of coral reefs.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Also, these lamps allow some types of corals to fluoresce, which in turn “enlivens” the composition.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Decorative lamps in red, yellow, green, blue and crimson colors.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Colored fluorescent lamps are particularly suitable for decorative lighting and creating special lighting effects.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The color of the lamp is obtained by using a special phosphor or by painting the bulb.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Among other things, a yellow fluorescent lamp does not contain an ultraviolet component in its spectrum.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Therefore, this lamp is recommended for sterile industries, for example, for chip manufacturing workshops (photoresists are used in such production - substances that react with UV), as well as for general lighting without UV radiation.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamps designed to illuminate rooms where birds are kept.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The spectrum of these lamps contains near ultraviolet light, which makes it possible to create more comfortable lighting for them, bringing it closer to natural, since birds, unlike humans, have four-component vision.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Lamps designed to illuminate butcher counters in supermarkets.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The light of these lamps has a pink tint, as a result of this lighting, the meat becomes more appetizing, which attracts customers [13].


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamps for solariums and beauty salons come in three versions [14]:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Lamps with almost pure type A ultraviolet radiation above 350 nm.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

When irradiated in this range, there is practically no risk of burns for normal skin.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

With sufficiently prolonged irradiation due to direct skin pigmentation, the tanning effect appears shortly after the first irradiation session.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Lamps with high UV power type A for direct pigmentation and with a small component of type B ultraviolet radiation for new pigment formation.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Due to the minimum value of the type B ultraviolet component, the risk of sunburn is minimal.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Lamps with an effect similar to that of sunlight due to a significant component of type A ultraviolet radiation and a harmonious component of biologically effective type B radiation. After regular irradiation procedures, as a result of prolonged skin pigmentation, a fresh and persistent “vacation” tan is formed with a high degree of skin protection from radiation.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The lamp allows irradiation to create a natural tan effect in the shortest possible time and is therefore recommended for professional use.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Ultraviolet fluorescent lamps with black glass bulbs: Various materials have the ability to convert invisible ultraviolet radiation into light radiation (create an effect fluorescence).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Such lamps are irradiators with long-wave ultraviolet radiation that use this effect.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Therefore, they are indispensable sources of radiation for all types of studies using luminescence analysis.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

These lamps differ from standard fluorescent lamps in that their bulb is made of a special glass that is practically opaque in the visible region and transmits near UV radiation, and is covered a special phosphor emitting about 370 nm in a narrow spectral region.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Such lamps emit almost only in the long-wave ultraviolet range from 350 to 410 nm, which is almost invisible to the eye and is completely harmless (except for the phosphor radiation band in the spectrum there are clearly visible lines of 365.0153 nm and 404.6563 nm, as well as lines 398.3931 nm and 407.783 nm [15] [16]).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Almost all visible radiation, as well as shorter-wave ultraviolet light, is delayed by the filter glass.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Areas of application:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Materials Science: Studies of materials using luminescence, for example, identifying the thinnest cracks in the motor shaft.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Textile industry: Analysis of materials, such as chemical composition and types of impurities in wool materials.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Detection of invisible stains and possible stains after cleaning


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Food industry: Detection of falsifications in food, rotting sites in fruits (especially oranges), meat, fish, etc.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Forensics: Detection of counterfeits among banknotes, checks and documents, as well as changes made to them, removed blood stains, counterfeit paintings, detection of invisible secret inscriptions, etc.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Mail: Efficient handling of correspondence with automatic envelope stamping machines, verifying the authenticity of postage stamps


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Creating lighting effects on the stages of drama and music theaters, cabarets, variety shows, discos, bars, cafes...


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Other applications: advertising and display decoration, agriculture (e.g. seed testing), mineralogy, gem testing, art history...


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Irradiators for sterilization and ozonation, typically with a wavelength of 253.7 nm [16].


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Due to their short-wave UV radiation of type C, these irradiators have a bactericidal effect and are therefore used for sterilization.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The rational use of these irradiators is guaranteed only in special installations designed for them.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Therefore, the installation of irradiators in installations should be carried out only by the plant manufacturer.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Areas of application:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Sterilization of water: in aquariums, drinking water, swimming pool water, wastewater...


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Air sterilization and deodorization in air conditioners, hospitals, warehouses


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Surface sterilization in the pharmaceutical and packaging industries


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

erasing information from microelectronic memory units (EPROM)


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Lamps with special color characteristics:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

for polymerization of plastics, adhesives, varnishes, paints to a depth of no more than 1 mm; treatment of hyperbilirubinemia, treatment of psoriasis; attracting insects to insect traps.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Execution options


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamps — low-pressure discharge lamps — are divided into linear and compact ones.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Linear lamps


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Linear fluorescent lamp is a low-pressure mercury lamp of straight, ring or U-shape, in which most of the light is emitted by a fluorescent coating excited by ultraviolet discharge radiation.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Often, such lamps are completely incorrectly called flask or tubular, this definition is outdated, although it does not contradict GOST 6825-91, in which the designation “tubular” is accepted.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

A two-base rectilinear fluorescent lamp is a glass tube, at the ends of which glass legs are welded with electrodes fixed on them (spiral heating threads).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

A thin layer of crystalline powder, phosphor, is applied to the inner surface of the tube.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The tube is filled with an inert gas or a mixture of inert gases (Ar, Ne, Kr) and hermetically sealed.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

A dosed amount of mercury is introduced inside, which, when the lamp is operating, turns into a vapor state.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

At the ends of the lamp there are caps with contact pins for connecting the lamp to the circuit.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Linear lamps vary in length and tube diameter.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Tube length (usually the length of the tube is proportional to the power consumption):


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The tube diameter has the following designations:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

G13 cap type — the distance between the pins is 13 mm.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Lamps of this type can often be seen in industrial premises, offices, shops, transport, etc.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In the practice of manufacturers of LED lamps and lamps, the designation of lamps of the type “T8" or “T10", as well as the base “G13", is also often found.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

LED lamps can be installed in a standard luminaire (after minor modifications) for fluorescent lamps.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

But the principle of operation is different and apart from the external similarity they have nothing to do with fluorescent lamps.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Linear fluorescent lamps consume only about 15% of the power of incandescent lamps, while the light fluxes from these two light sources are the same.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Compact lamps


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

They are lamps with a curved tube.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

They differ in the type of socle on:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Lamps are also available for standard E27, E14 and E40 sockets, which makes it possible to use them in many luminaires instead of incandescent lamps.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Safety and disposal


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

All fluorescent lamps contain mercury (in doses from 1 to 70 mg), a poisonous substance of the 1st hazard class.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

This dose can be harmful to health if the lamp breaks, and if constantly exposed to harmful effects of mercury vapor, they will accumulate in the human body, causing harm to health.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

RoHS legislation (short for English. Restriction of use of Hazardous Substances (Restriction of the Use of Hazardous Substances) regulates the use of mercury, as well as other potentially dangerous elements in electrical and electronic equipment.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

On July 1, 2006, the RoHS Directive came into effect throughout the European Community.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The purpose of the Directive is clear — to limit the use of the six main hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment, thereby ensuring the required level of protection of human health and the environment


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

There are several companies for the disposal of lamps, and legal entities, as well as individual entrepreneurs, are required to hand over lamps for recycling and develop a hazardous waste passport.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In addition, in a number of cities there are landfills for the disposal of toxic waste that receive waste from individuals free of charge.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

In Moscow, burnt out fluorescent lamps are accepted free of charge for further processing in district housing offices, where special containers are installed [17] [18].


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

If the lamps are not accepted at the DEZ and the Russian University of Economics, you must complain to the council or prefecture.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

[19] IKEA stores accept any energy-saving lamps from any manufacturer for recycling in the Exchange or Return Department.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

On September 3, 2010, Russia adopted Resolution No. 681 “On Approval of the Rules for Handling Production and Consumption Waste Regarding Lighting Devices, Electric Lamps, Improper Collection, the accumulation, use, neutralization, transportation and placement of which may lead to harm to the life, health of citizens, harm to animals, plants and the environment.”


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

The resolution also contains recommended measures to prevent and disinfect premises after the occurrence of emergency situations with mercury-containing lamps:


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

V. Rules for the elimination of emergency situations when handling mercury-containing waste.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

27. In the event of a failure of a mercury-containing lamp (s) by an individual in a domestic environment, or in the event of complex mercury contamination in the organization, the contaminated premises must be left by people and, at the same time , the call of relevant units (specialized organizations) should be organized through the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Liquidation consequences of natural disasters.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

28. After the evacuation of people, sufficient measures should be taken to exclude access to the contaminated area by unauthorized persons, as well as possible measures to localize the boundaries of the distribution of mercury and its vapors.


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

29. In the event of a single destruction of mercury-containing lamps in the organization, the elimination of mercury pollution can be carried out by personnel independently with the help of a demercurization kit (the composition of the demercurization kit is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of the consequences of natural disasters together with the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision and the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and human well-being).


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

References


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Notes


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Category:Lighting


Question: Who was the inventor of the fluorescent lamp?

Fluorescent lamp

Category:Sources of ultraviolet radiation


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Norwegian literature is literature in Norwegian or written by Norwegian authors (in Bokmola and New Norwegian).


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The history of Norwegian literature dates back to the times of pagan eddic and scaldic poetry (9th—10th centuries).


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Among the most significant monuments of pre-Christian Norwegian literature and writing are runic inscriptions on stones, which were used in pagan services.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The oldest Scandinavian literary monuments “Younger Edda” and “Elder Edda” are equally related to the history of Norwegian, Icelandic and Danish literature [1].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

From the 14th to the 19th century, Norwegian literature was known as the dark period.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Norwegian-born writers (for example, Ludwig Holberg) have contributed to the literature of Denmark and other related countries.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

With the manifestation of nationalism and the struggle for independence at the beginning of the 19th century, a new period began in Norwegian literature.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Playwright Henrik Wergeland was the most significant figure of this stage, and the works of Henrik Ibsen allowed Norwegian literature to take its rightful place in Western European literature.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

In the 20th century, the most significant representatives of Norwegian literature were two Nobel laureates, Knut Hamsun and Sigrid Unset.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The oldest literature


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Runic inscriptions on stones are considered to be the most significant monuments of pre-Christian Norwegian literature and writing.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Runic stones were used in pagan services.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

More than 1,500 such monuments are known in Norway, systematized and described by a Norwegian runologist [2].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Many of them were inscribed clockwise, such as on a stone discovered in 1870 in Westfold.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

But even with the introduction of Christianity, the tradition of installing runic stones continued.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

, for example, was installed in memory of a brother Auf.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The inscription ends with words of prayer for his soul, a concept that appeared after the adoption of Christianity.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

With the advent of Christianity around 1000, Norway has been establishing contact with other European cultures.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

There are few monuments left of the oldest Norwegian literature, but the heritage can be judged, for example, by ancient Icelandic literary monuments created by immigrants from Norway and brought to Iceland.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Their roots go back to songs of mythological and heroic content, as well as sagas.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

During this period, ancient Icelandic and Norwegian literature developed in close cooperation [1].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Thus, the most famous Icelandic skalds and historiographers lived for a long time in Norway (Snorri Sturluson).


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Among the pioneers of scaldic poetry were Norwegians such as Bragi Boddason (9th century), and others.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Boddason's hangs, the oldest scaldic poems, have survived to this day, which were songs of praise in honor of the Norwegian kings.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The tradition of folding scaldic works continued among Norwegians at a later time.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Among the most famous works are Song of Harald, written by King Harold I's court poet Torbjørn Hornklovy, and Song of Hakon (also known as Hakon's Speeches) by Eyvind Finson .


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Finson was nicknamed the Skald Slayer [3] and was considered the last Norwegian skald [4].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

He lived at the court of King Hakon the Good, and his most famous work is dedicated to Hakon's “meeting with the gods in Valhalla”:


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

“Rekla im Göndul


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

leaning on a spear:


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

“You have a great share!


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

For Hakona gods


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

they call to themselves


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

with all his troops.”


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Among the purely Norwegian works, the poem “Sleepy Vision”, created in the 13th century, which described the afterlife, as well as the “Royal Mirror”, a kind of didactic dialogue, survived to descendants.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

These works are already based on the Christian faith that spread throughout Norway.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

New literary works are emerging: codes of law, as well as religious and historical literature in Norwegian.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

This period of development of Norwegian literature, however, was soon replaced by a complete decline, since after the Kalmar Union (1397—1523), Norway actually became a Danish colony, and the literary language was Danish language [1].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Norwegian literature in the Middle Ages


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Among the literary monuments of the early Middle Ages in Norway, a special place is occupied by judicial officers, or records of laws [5].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Four such codes of law are known: “Frostating Laws” (recording the right applied at a government meeting — ting in Frost, in the north-western region of the country), “Laws of Gulating” (Thing of the South-Western Norway (Westland)), the Borgarting Laws (Southern Norway, with the ting's location in Sarpsborg, or Borg) and the Eidsewatering Laws (Eastern Norway, Thing in Eidsvellir) [6].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

In the 14th and 16th centuries, Norwegian folklore changed certain things: a new genre, the ballad (folkevise), appeared and gained immense popular popularity [7].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The most common are heroic ballads (Norwegian: kjempeviser), which tell about the heroes of ancient eddic songs (Roland and King Magnus).


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Some works of this time are distinguished by their denouement in the spirit of Christian ideology.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

For example, the ballad “Olav and Kari” tells the story of a husband beating his wife half to death, just because his mother incriminated her by calling her a sorceress.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The lost wife goes to Heaven and asks the Virgin Mary to forgive her husband.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Later, such Christian-Catholic morality in literature will be replaced by Lutheran-Christian [7].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

In addition to heroic ballads, ballads about historical events and fairy tales about supernatural creatures (“Margit Huske”) were widespread.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Knight ballads deserve special mention, the most famous of which is Bendik and Orolilla [8].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The content of the ballad partly retells the Danish tale of Hagbard and Signa, but it also hints of The Ballad of Tristram and Isot, later known as Tristan und Isolde.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

“They captured a brave knight,


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Hands twisted back


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

And a strong tight rope


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The white body was twisted.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

They captured a brave knight


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

- So the king ordered —


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

He was twisted with a rope:


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

He tore it right away [9].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Of all the Scandinavian countries in Norway, the recording of ballads began later than others, in particular, the first edition of the collection of ballads dates back to the middle of the XIX century (M. B. Lansta, 1853), as well as later collections by K. Listel and M. My, W. Boe and S. Sulheim) [7].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Norwegian literature gained a new round of development in 1567, when Absalon Pedersen Beyer's patriotic historical and geographical book (1529—1574) “On the Norwegian State” (Norwegian: Om) appeared Nurgis ridge) [1], which was published in 1781.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Pedersen also wrote the story of Bergen, the Book of the Bergen Chapter, in which he described the city and the events of 1552—72.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Bergen is becoming the cultural center of Norway, where literary life comes to life.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The first printing houses appeared in Norway only in the 17th century [1].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Norwegian modern literature


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Printing in Norway appeared later than in many European countries.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Norway was actually a province of Denmark and lagged far behind advanced European countries in socio-economic development [10].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The first printed book in Norway was published in the spring of 1644 by a Dane.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

His printing house initiated book printing in Christiania, bringing it even closer to Europe [11].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

One of the most significant figures of Norwegian literature of modern times was the poet Petter Dass (1647—1707).


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

His poem “The Voice of Nordland” (Norwegian: Nordlands Trompet, 1678) colorfully and sometimes humorously describes Norwegian nature and the life of peasants, their everyday life and rituals.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Dass was a chaplain, as well as a home mentor and parish pastor [12], all these activities allowed the poet to see the life of the people.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Some parts of his poem, as well as other poems, later became Norwegian folk songs.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

In Russian, the poem was published under the title “Nordland Pipes”:


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

“I want to write with a diligent pen


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

About our Nordland,


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

What rivers and mountains are there


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

About the valleys of the deaf and the gray rocks,


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

About the eternal snows that cover them


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

About the thickets of the forest, about the weather,


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

What kind of fishing, hunting and fishing,


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

I'm ready to tell you about this in detail,


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

And also about the people.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

A special place in the literature of this period is occupied by Dorothea Engelbretsdatter, the first Norwegian writer and poetess known to history.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Her poetry was predominantly of religious content [1].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Dorothea was widowed early and was left with nine children, seven of whom died and two were missing.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Her writings, in particular Afften Psalme's poem, are riddled with the pain and grief she experienced.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

During the most difficult period of her life, the poem “Sacrificial Tears” or “Song Sacrifices of the Soul” (Norwegian: Tåreoffer), published in 1685, was published; it was a lengthy poem religious content in four parts.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

It has been reprinted more than 25 times.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Dorothea's uniqueness in Norwegian literature lies in the fact that she was the first Norwegian woman writer to exist through her own literary activity, Engelbretsdatter was the first professional writer.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The famous Danish-Norwegian playwright of the 18th century L. Holberg called her “the greatest Norwegian poet” [13].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Along with the recovery in the economy, Norwegian literature also expected a significant recovery in the 18th century.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

National-patriotic sentiments have intensified among the people.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

In 1772, the Norwegian Society (Norwegian: Det Norske Selskab) was founded in Copenhagen, whose task was to revive Norwegian national literature.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The Norwegian Society was founded by a writer and poet (1742—1790).


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Meyer was concerned about many aspects of the country's literary life, but most of all he was concerned about Norway's lack of its own university.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Meyer himself did not achieve great literary success, but he firmly inscribed his name in the history of Norwegian literature as the founder of the Norwegian Society [14].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The first meeting of the Society took place on April 30, 1772 at Madame Yuel's cafe.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Only men were allowed to attend meetings.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The exception was the maid Karen Bach.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The meetings of the society took place in a noisy creative atmosphere: poems were recited, songs were sung, and disputes were held.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The Norwegian-Danish writer Ludwig Holberg was the reference point for creativity for members of the Norwegian Society [15].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Johan Herman Wessel, Johan Brun, Niels Treskov and others were among its members.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The society existed until 1813, when the first Norwegian University was founded.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

However, a few years later, in 1818, the literary club of the same name reopened.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Johan Wessel is considered one of the most significant figures in Norwegian literature of the pre-romantic period, who created a number of satirical poems and messages.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

He was a bright master of the then popular genre of comic story in verse, often created by improvisation.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Wessel's satirical magazine “Your Servant, Loafers!” gained popularity among Norwegians living in Copenhagen.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

For his extensive humanistic education and learning, Wessel was nicknamed the “light of the world”, while ill-wishers called him the “teacher of contradictions” [16].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

At the time of the functioning of Norwegian society, the work of Yu.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

N. Bruna (1745—1816), who authored the first Norwegian tragedy on a historical theme, Einar Tambeshelver [17] (Norwegian: Einer Tambeskielver, 1772).


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The drama caused a great response in Norwegian society and contributed to raising the national spirit.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Among his other significant achievements in literature is the writing of the lyrics for one of the most popular national songs of Norwegians, “For Norway, the land of warriors...” (Norwegian: For Norge, Kiempers Fødeland), which was also called the “Norwegian Marseillaise”.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Nordal Grieg, another Norwegian writer, is a descendant of Johan Brun.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Christian Tullin (1728—1765) represented romantic traditions in Norwegian poetry of the 18th century.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The collection of his works, Samtlige Skrifter, was published in three volumes in 1773 [18].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

He had an extraordinary gift of improvisation, his poems were very musical.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Tullin's most significant work is considered to be the poem “May Day” (1758), written in the traditions of classicism [19].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

In 1760, his book “On the Emergence of Navigation and Its Consequences” was published, in which Tullin discussed the development of civilization as a consequence of navigation, its impact on society: the emergence of luxury, greed and, as a result, personality degeneration.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Similar in style was his 1763 work “The Unrivaled Creation in Terms of Order and Interconnection of the Creative Forces of the Universe”, in which the poet reflected on the meaning and beauty of the universe.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Here he raised the topic of God the Creator, he was looking for an answer to the eternal question: what is the place of man in the universe [19].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

This theme was later taken up by Henrik Vergeland in Creation, Man, Messiah.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Tullin lived and died in Copenhagen and, despite his impressive contribution to Norwegian poetry, he was also considered a prominent Danish poet [20].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Two events gave impetus to the revival of national literature.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

First, the founding in 1811 of the University of Christiania, later renamed the University of Oslo.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Secondly, after many years of Union with Denmark (1380—1814), Norway signed its first constitution in Eidsvall in 1814.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

During the union, written Norwegian was replaced by Danish.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The commonality of cultures persisted for a number of years, and remained during the union of Norway with Sweden (1814—1905).


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Until the beginning of the 20th century, most of the literary works of Norwegian writers were written in a language almost indistinguishable from Danish [21].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

“Our language is original


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

He finished his journey sad,


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

For four centuries


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

It's night in our world.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Traditionally, Henrik Vergeland is considered the father of Norwegian literature.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

As an ardent nationalist, Wergeland led a radical national party that fought for Norway's cultural independence.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Wergeland's literary activity was rejected by another major master, Johan Sebastian Velhavn, a prominent literary critic of the first half of the 19th century.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

The struggle between him and Wergeland determined to a certain extent the further development of Norwegian literature.


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

It is their controversy that the first literary and critical work in the history of Norwegian literature, “The Poetic Art of Henrik Vergeland and the Controversy Covered in Documents” (Norwegian: Henrik Wergelands Digtekunst og Polemik ved Aktstykker oplyste), published in 1832 by Johan Velhavn [22].


Question: What was the name of the first Norwegian printed book in Norway?

Norwegian literature

Wergeland, in turn, had a certain influence on the work of Bjornson and Ibsen.