Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson's creativity and Zen principles


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Like the poems of other haiku masters, Buson's work is permeated with the philosophy of Zen.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It is impossible to understand Buson's work outside this philosophy.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is, first of all, the unity of opposites, expressed in the ancient tradition by the unity of yin and yang, as well as the well-known Zen principle of “living in the present”, surrendering to the flow of events like a wave that carries a swimmer to where it goes.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is what Buson himself wrote about this in the Leaf Sutra:


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“In our world, you can never know in advance what is good and what is bad, and whether a carriage light is good or not, who can say?”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“But really, where is the line between clean and polluted, light and dark, what is good and what is bad? Does it not happen that contaminated is preferable to clean, and dark is preferable to light?”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“Those who walk along the path of haikai should not stubbornly cling to the teacher's canons. Changing after the moment, subjugating oneself to the moment, one must give himself to a sudden impulse, without looking back at the past or turning our eyes to the future.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson's creativity and Shinto principles


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Shinto, with his desire for natural harmony, also permeates Buson's work, as does Zen.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson himself, in the Leaf Sutra, gives figurative examples that reveal the principles of Shinto: “The minomushi body does not sparkle iridescent, like Tamamushi rainbows, the voice does not attract with sonority, like crickets- suzumushi, and they have nothing to worry about becoming the prey of people, the north wind will blow — they will swing south, the west will blow to the east, they are in harmony with everything around them, and they have nothing to worry about that the rain will wash them away or the wind blows them away. No matter how thin the thread on which they hang, it is stronger for them than a cable made of repeatedly hardened iron.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Violation of the principles of harmony with nature leads to a loss of sense of harmony: “Man always sits at home, burdened by worldly affairs, everything he once planned: “This is what to do! “or “I wish it was like this! “, is never carried out, and in the end, hazes and fogs, flowers and birds cease to obey it.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson's work and the principles of Buddhism


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson's famous poem is usually cited as an illustration of the principles of Buddhism in Buson's work:


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“Is reality or dream the flutter of a butterfly trapped in a handful?”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

As Sokolova-Delyusina noted, this poem has two plans.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The first is the almost physical sensation of a butterfly fluttering its wings.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The reader feels the fragility, frailty of being, as is customary in Buddhism.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

But there is also a background — the famous parable of the great Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In it, Chuang Tzu says that he had a dream in which he turned into a butterfly.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

When he woke up, Chuang Tzu could not understand whether he was Chuang Tzu, who had dreamed of a butterfly, or the butterfly that Chuang Tzu had dreamed of.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson as an artist


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

During his lifetime, Buson was better known as an artist, and together with the artist Ike-no Taiga was one of the central figures in the school of “intellectual artists” (bunjing), who saw their ideal in Chinese painting.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In 1771, together with Ike no Taiga (1723—1776), Buson wrote a series of landscape sheets based on Chinese poets Dzyuben Jugi (Ten Things that Bring Comfort and Ten Things that Bring Pleasure).


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Until then, poetry and painting in the Japanese tradition have always been closely related to each other.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This means that poets were very often masters of painting at the same time.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

But it was at the time when Buson lived that the haiga painting genre, closely related to haikai poetry, reached its heyday.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

A haiga is an ink drawing with a haiku calligraphic brush painted on it.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The word haiga itself literally means “haiku drawing” or “haiku painting”.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“Hi” is a “poem”, “ha” is a “picture”.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The combination of poetry and painting is quite natural for a culture whose written signs, hieroglyphs, are picturesque and figurative in themselves, even when they are not accompanied by drawings.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The hieroglyph is already a drawing.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Therefore, the combination of a picture and a hieroglyph is a combination of two related, and not different elements.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It's like yin and yang, the unity of the world.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In painting, as in poetry, Buson was a supporter of the Chinese principles expressed in the famous treatise “The Word of Painting from the Mustard Seed Garden”, written by Zou Yi-gui: “Avoid painting” six spirits.” The first is called suqi, a spirit of vulgarity, like a rustic girl, densely disturbed; the second is jiangqi, a spirit of craftsmanship devoid of a soulful rhythm; the third is hoqi, “fervor of the brush” when the very tip of it is too obvious in the scroll; the fourth — caoqi — negligence — there is little sophistication, intelligence in art; the fifth is guigetsi — the spirit of women's chambers: the brush is weak, there is no structural force; sixth called tsomotsi — neglect of ink”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson's haiku scenic


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In Buson's poetry, his painting was reflected directly, because Buson accompanied his poems with drawings, and the manuscript read and looked completely different, not the way Buson's poems are perceived, several poems printed in the European tradition on one page without accompanying drawings.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The profession of a painter was also reflected in the nature of many images that have the laconic, visible expressiveness characteristic of Haiga masters (according to the examples given by V. Markova):


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

A string of geese is a string, and below the seal is the moon above the mountain.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The ant is clearly drawn black on a white peony.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Distant mountains seem so small from green fields.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

To the west, the moonlight is moving.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The shadows of the flowers go east.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson's Spiritual Ideal


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The spiritual ideal that Buson found in the Chinese tradition was not one creative method or another, but a way of life.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It was a desire to gain freedom of spirit in the world of art, as an example of fulfilling one's destiny in earthly life or, in the spirit of not European, but Japanese tradition, in this birth.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Bunjin lived freely, did not serve anywhere, and was engaged in five arts: poetry, prose, calligraphy, painting and cutting seals.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson's friends were scholars, philosophers, and poets at the same time.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The way of life itself, which with the same reason can be called both idle and spiritual, is not new in the Japanese tradition [1].


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is how many in the court circle have lived throughout the history of the aristocracy.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

What is new is that people with limited means decide to devote their lives to the spiritual.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is no longer a style inherent in part of the aristocratic, wealthy class, but a sacrificial and conscious choice.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Poverty, and sometimes outright poverty, were constant companions of most poets and artists of the Buson circle.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The Bunjin sacrificed earnings that could more or less tolerably provide for him and his family in order to devote all his time to spiritual sensations and the joy of constant contemplation.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The poverty of daily existence and the spirituality of daily feelings and thoughts united the Bunjin circle with the monastic tradition.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It is no coincidence that many of the Bunjin eventually went to become a monk to live off alms and offerings from parishioners.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In principle, it was not difficult for them to take such a step, because they were well prepared for monastic life in the previous years of their lives.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson, secured as a result of selling his paintings, could afford to avoid monastic life, but internally the ideals of monasticism were close to him.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson on haikai poetry


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Quotes from Yosa Buson's prose are taken from the book “Moon over the Mountain”, Crystal Publishing House, 1999.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“Artists have the concept of “avoiding vulgar”, here it is: “In painting, when you want to get away from vulgar, there is no other way but to study books diligently. Then the spirit of learning and well-read will soar, while the market spirit, vulgar, will disappear. Art students should be extremely cautious.” That is, even in painting, if you want to avoid vulgar things, you should put aside your brush and immerse yourself in studying books. Are shi and haikai that far apart?”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

By books, Buson here means Chinese classical poetry.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It is about the ability to see the beautiful in its noble, inspired and sublime spirit, free from the mundane feelings and vulgarity.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“In haikai, no one opens a gate or door, there is only one gate, and its name is haikai. So the doctrine of painting says: “The creators of the school do not open the gate, do not install doors, gates and doors arise by themselves. Come into any.” It's the same in haikai. You draw from all the streams, collect it into a single vessel, then, after extracting what you think is suitable, you use it according to the circumstances. And at the same time in the shower — did you succeed or not? — I must judge, there is no other way. However, even then, if you do not find like-minded friends and do not constantly communicate with them, it will be very tricky to achieve what you want.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Here Buson speaks of haikai poetry as poetry built on the response of the listener and interlocutor, about the constant exchange of impressions, thoughts and feelings with those who live the same inner life.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“So the road leading to the haikai branches into thousands of paths — really, it's not easy to separate the tow threads from one another in a poorly lit poor hut, and there are a lot of things you can't take right away — it is not easy to extract nets from the sea in stormy weather.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The Zen philosophy that Buson follows here implies the naturalness of any fruitful path, and natural movement cannot be programmed by will or mind.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Therefore, every haikai poet comes to haikai his own way, and these roads are not alike.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Yosa Buson's philosophy in images


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Vera Markova wrote that Japanese poetry does not accept philosophical poems in which ideas are expressed directly, in terms and categories.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Instead, images of nature appear in which the experienced reader can easily guess thoughts about the world.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is also typical for Buson's poetry.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Markova gives several examples:


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

A thunderstorm shower!


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

A little holding on to the grass


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

A flock of sparrows.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The images of small birds caught under a thunderstorm reveal the sense of frailty of the world, characteristic of Buddhism.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

See off with your eyes


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Cloud in the sky, paw to foot


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The frog crosses.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

A frog and a man in the tradition of Shinto, part of a single world that is in constant change.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In Shinto, there is no boundary between man and other living beings, as well as everything that exists.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Both here and there


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Listens to the sound of the waterfall


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Young foliage.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

If in European poetry it were a figurative image, the animation of nature, in Japanese there is no animation and figurative meaning in these images, because the leaves live in the same way and listen to the noise of the waterfall, like a person, only in a special way, characteristic of them.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This same unity of life is expressed in the following poem:


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

At the door of my hut


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The badger will knock


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Let's be sad about autumn together.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is not a beautiful image, as is customary in European poetry, but a literal expression, because a badger is a mythological creature that can write sutras.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is a person in a new birth, and not just a person, but a sage.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Josa Buson's prose


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Sokolova-Delyusina translated Buson's prose “Sutra on the Leaves” (Kristall Publishing House, 1999) was published in Russian.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This is Buson's poetic diary, written in the genre of free storytelling.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The author explains the title of his work with the following story: “In one of the temples of Shimosa Province, Gukeji, there is a sutra that a badger copied using leaves torn from a tree instead of paper.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

It is called the “Badger Sutra” and is among the rarest relics


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

nembutsu schools.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Prose is interspersed with Buson's poems caused by certain circumstances or experiences.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson's numerous predecessors, such as Basho, wrote their poetry diaries in the same vein.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In European literature, this genre is close to essays.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The plot of this narrative is the inner life of an author, poet and artist, following his desire to live, enjoying the beautiful and creating the beautiful.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Sokolova-Delyusina emphasizes in her comments Bead's light, as if transparent style, reminiscent of the same laconic and accurate drawings of Buson himself, already as an artist.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The narrator's pen is like workshops and quick touches of a brush to paper, the author does not stay long in any plot, and his reflections are subject to the laws of feelings, and not to the desire to captivate reader.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The rapid change of events within the boundaries of one sentence is also a characteristic feature of Buson's prose, as is the prose of other haiku poets, starting with Basho.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Here are some examples of this style:


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“The water is running, the clouds freeze in place, the trees are aging, the birds fall asleep in their crowns, it is impossible to give up thinking about the past.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Roosters scream and dogs bark behind the fence, trails circle outside the gate


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

woodcutters and shepherds.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“Water and stones fight each other, the ridges boiling on the bubbling waves fly up like snow, then swirl like clouds. The roar of streams fills mountains and gorges, and human voices are lost in it.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“It was raining, a frantic wind was blowing, the night was impenetrably dark, so lifting the hem of the dresses to


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

the loins, and plugging them in the waist, we hardly ran south along Muromachi Street, and then suddenly there was a sharp gust of wind, and our hand flashlights went out at once.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The night was getting darker every minute, the terrible rain was gushing incessantly, in short, the situation was desperate, even crying.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson's ideal of a poet


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

In the collection of notes “Sutra on the Leaves” Buson reflects on overcoming the bustle of the world and the way to experience beauty: “People run to the stogny, seduced by thoughts of fame and benefit, drown in a sea of passions, torture themselves, forgetting that life has limits. And how can I, as an unworthy person, break out of these dusty limits of worldly vanity? “The old year is coming to an end, and I'm wearing a travel hat and sandals on my feet...” When I sit down somewhere in the corner and sing these lines quietly, an extraordinary peace descends into my soul. “If only I could! “I sigh respectfully, and such moments strengthen the spirit no worse than Great Contemplation.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Sokolova-Delusina also notes Buson's images of sages and hermit poets: “Matsudaira, the owner of Shirakawa Castle and the ruler of Yamato, had a vassal fencer named Akimoto Gohei. Not getting along with his lord in some ways, he left the service, left the province, changed his name to Suigetsu, fell in love with haikai and wandered around four provinces, stayed here and there, communicated with the most influential families, did not stay anywhere for a long time, like floating grass or tumbleweed, in short, completely devoted himself to the elegant.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The life of Matsudair, who completely changed his life, took a new name, turned into a wandering poet who thinks only about beauty — the path of many friends of Buson and in many ways, excluding constant his journey, his own path.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“Master Soa once lived in Edo on Kokucho Street, in a poor house overlooking the high bell tower, where he enjoyed privacy and peace in the midst of the hustle and bustle of the city, and there, white with hoarfrost nights, when he woke up awakened by the sound of the bell, and, overcome by senile insomnia, indulged in sad thoughts, we often talked to him about haikai; when I suddenly started talking about some the inconsistencies of this world, he invariably covered his ears and portrayed senile dementia. Yes, he was a truly noble old man.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

“Out of the corner of my ear, I heard that in ancient times a venerable monk named Teshu lived in the monastery here, he built a separate cell for himself in this place, was content with small things, washing and cooking for himself food, and rarely did any guest break his retreat, but as soon as he heard the triplets created by Elder Basho, tears curled into his eyes and he said, sighing, “Oh yes, that's who managed to abandon from the worries of this world and reach the limits of Zen.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson himself matches this ideal when he leads the life of a wandering poet: “Meanwhile, a combination of circumstances forced me to leave Edo: I visited Ganto in Yuki, Shimosa Province, where haikai was playing day and night, then joined Ryuke traveling to Tsukuba and stringing stanzas in a new place every day, wandered from Tamboku around Kozuke Province, every dawn in When I met a new place, I wandered along the Pine Islands — Matsushima, and the beautiful views cleansed my soul, lowered my head on the herb headboard in Soto no hama and forgot to return, thinking about the pearls of Hepu... Days flowed one after another, and so three years passed unnoticed, frost fell on the ground three times, and the stars made their way in the sky three times.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson translations into Russian


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson left a rich creative heritage to his descendants: paintings, numerous haiku, essays.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Buson's poems were translated into Russian by such masters as K. D. Balmont N. AND. Feldman V. N. Markova A. A. Dolin T. L. Sokolova-Delyusina and others.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Since some of Buson's translators (such as Balmont) did not know Japanese and used only sublines, it is impossible to assess the quality of their translations: you can only assess the level own poetic skills of translators and the ability to follow the spirit of Japanese tradition.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

As for the translations of orientalists, academician N. Conrad noted that they are far from equal in quality to each other, because a literal translation of any poetry is impossible, and the hieroglyphs of Japanese writing are ambiguous.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

These two objective difficulties determine the inevitable arbitrariness of translation interpretations: from following the literal meaning of speech to poetic interpretation of a fairly free nature.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Actually, it would be possible to assess the direction of the translation if the translator gave hieroglyphs explaining the whole range of their meanings, and then his translation.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The reader could then form an opinion on the translation of haiku.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

But, unfortunately, this is not customary.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

You just have to follow your own taste, writes Conrad, choosing from different translations of the same haiku the ones you like the most.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

The most artistic, from the point of view of expressiveness, are considered to be the translations of Buson Sokolova-Delyusina and Markova, the most accurate from the point of view of literal transmission of the content, but to a large extent as a result of this, devoid of imagery and poetic power — translations by Dolina and other authors.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Even between the translations of Markova and Sokolova-Delyusina, there is already a significant difference that is noticeable to specialists.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

This difference is expressed in a much larger number of adjectives (in Markova's translations) and emotional statements.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Adjectives always in European languages give the text imagery and expressiveness, but, as such, are absent in hieroglyphic writing.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Their choice is exclusively a matter for the translator, evidence of his personal sense of the artistic fullness of haiku Buson.


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Vera Markova wrote about Buson's translations into Russian: “In Buson's famous translations, only a few dozen triplets are presented in the form of undoubted poetic masterpieces. The rest are of no interest to poetry lovers. Many translations of the Buson triplets cause bewilderment and confusion in the reader. They are devoid of poetic imagery, depth and completeness and are similar to ordinary everyday statements expressed in the form of triplets. Without knowing the original, it is impossible to understand what is going on: whether Buson really wrote this, or whether the translator's lack of talent affected. Knowing the fact that haiku poets left behind a huge number of triplets, we can assume that Buson did write this. It is no coincidence that even Basho in the twentieth century began to say that ninety percent of what he wrote was of no interest to art. But, on the other hand, seeing how different translations of the same Buson poems look different for different translators, we can assume that a lot depends on the talent of the translator. However, even if it's all about the talent of the translator, it is still unclear what happens in this case: a talented triplet has been skillfully translated or an unremarkable triplet talent gave poetic power to the translator.”


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

See also


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Shirime


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Notes


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

References


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Category:Osaka born


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Category:Japanese poets


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Category:Haijins


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Category:Japanese writers


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Category:Japanese artists


Question: When did Yosa Buson start writing haiku?

Yosa Buson

Category:Zen


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The North Caucasus Imamate was a theocratic Islamic state that existed on part of the territory of Dagestan and Chechnya in 1829-1859.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

During the Caucasian War, it was annexed to the Russian Empire.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

It was most developed during the reign of Imam Shamil (1834—1859).


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

History


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The prerequisite for the creation of the imamate was the movement of Sheikh Mansour in 1785—1791, who is sometimes called the first imam of the Caucasus.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Mansur set his main goals the fight against slavery, feudal lords, blood feud, and in general, the replacement of the Mountain Adats with Muslim Sharia law.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Sheikh Mansour and his followers resisted the attempts of tsarist Russia to conquer the North Caucasus, which eventually resulted in open wars of 1785—1791 and 1817—64. (the so - called Great Caucasian War).


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

During the first war, Mansur was captured by the tsarist troops, but in general, the war ended in the victory of the highlanders, because they conquered Chechnya, part of Dagestan and Cherkessia.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

After some lull, hostilities resumed with renewed vigor in 1817.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

General Yermolov, who was distinguished by rigidity in the methods of war, was appointed tsarist governor in the Caucasus.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Having united in defense against Russia, various nations of the highlanders first concluded several military alliances, and then completely created a single state - the Imamat (there are also designations - the North Caucasus Imamat, Shamil's Imamat, etc.).


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The first imam of the new state was Gazi-Muhammad (1829-1832), then Gamzat-bey (1832-1834), then Shamil (1834—1859).


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

All three imams came from Accident [1], and some of the best leaders of the highlanders came from there — Haji Murat, Ahberdil Muhammad, Kibit-Magoma, etc. [2].


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

However, the well-known Russian military historian, publicist, Major General R. Fadeev has a different opinion: Chechens are undoubtedly the bravest people in the Eastern Mountains.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Going to their land has always cost us bloody sacrifices.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

But this tribe has never been imbued with myurism at all.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Of all the Eastern Highlanders, the Chechens retained personal and public independence the most and forced Shamil, who ruled despotically in Dagestan, to make them a thousand concessions in the image of government, people's duties, in the ceremonial rigor of faith.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, who served in the Caucasus, writes about the Avars:


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Avars are a free people.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

They do not know and do not tolerate any power over themselves.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Each Avar calls himself a bridle, and if he has a esyr (prisoner), he considers himself an important master.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Poor, consequently, and brave to the extreme; well-aimed rifle shooters act nicely on foot; on horseback they go only on raids, and then very few.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The fidelity of the Avar word in the mountains turned into a proverb.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The houses are quiet, hospitable, hospitable, do not hide wives or daughters — they are ready to die for the guest and take revenge until the end of generations.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Revenge is sacred to them; robbery is glory.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

However, they are often forced to do so by necessity...


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The Avars are the most warlike tribe, the cores of the Caucasus [3] [4].


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The Caucasian Imamate included most of the Accident, the entire territory of Chechnya, and after 1841-1842 Cherkessia.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The population of the Imamate did not exceed 400 thousand people [5].


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

In total, the Caucasian Imamate existed for 30 years, from 1829 to 1859.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

In 1877-1878, during the Russian-Turkish war, an uprising arose in Chechnya and Dagestan in order to restore the Imamate.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

In Chechnya, Alibek-Haji was declared the new imam, and Muhammed-Haji, the son of the famous Sheikh Abdurakhman-Haji from the Avar village of Sogratl, was elected imam in Dagestan.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The uprising was suppressed, and all the leaders of the uprising were executed [6].


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

In 1917, Nazhmudin Gotsinsky from the Avar village of Gotso was proclaimed the fifth imam of the North Caucasus.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

He raised a counter-revolutionary uprising in the mountains of Dagestan.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

After its suppression (in March 1921), Nazhmudin Gotsinsky fled to Chechnya.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

In 1925 he was arrested and shot.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Territory and national composition


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The imamat included the territory of the entire Accident and Chechnya [7] [8] [9].


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

During the uprisings on the plane in 1831 and 1843, the Imamate also included the territories of the Kumyks (Tarkov Shamkhalstvo and the northern Kumyk principalities).


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The entire territory of the Imamate was divided into 33 naibstvo (districts).


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Naibstvo can be conditionally divided into Avar and Chechen according to the national or linguistic principle.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

24 Avar naibs: Salatav, Unkratl, Chamalal, Technutsal, Andi, Gunbet, Tsunta, Antratl, Antsukh, Tindi, Karata, Turutmukh, Hunzakh, Araderich, Gotsatl, Untsukul, Arakani, Karah, Gidatl, Teletl, Koroda, Tlenser, Sogratl, Choch.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Naibstvo covered almost the entire territory of residence of the Avars.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

9 Chechen naibstvo: Gekhi, Shali, Michik, Aukh, Nashah, Shubut, Sharoy, Charbi, Ichkeri [10].


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

State language


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Arabic was the official language of the imamate.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Correspondence was conducted on it, the office, the State Council, and the military apparatus worked.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

[11] [12].


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Nizam Shamil


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Nizam (from Arabic - discipline) is a set of laws in the North Caucasus Imamate that regulated almost all spheres of public life: military, administrative, judicial, financial.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Nizam was based on Muslim law — Sharia, some unclear provisions of which Shamil developed and clarified in relation to the needs of the state and its citizens.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

All other laws and adats that contradicted the Nizam were abolished.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Nizam was codified and approved as the basic law of the North Caucasus Imamate under Imam Shamil in 1839—1841. Until then, all judicial and administrative decisions were taken by local judges directly on the basis of the Koran and Sunnah.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Managing the imamate


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The head of state was the imam, the spiritual head of the community, Amir al-Muminin (“the ruler of the faithful”), the commander-in-chief of the army, the chief judge.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The most important affairs of the state were discussed by Divan-Khan (State Council), established by Shamil in 1841.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The “respectable members” of the council were mullahs, alims (experts in Islam), authoritative naibs.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The number of permanent members was 6 (according to other sources 2) people.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The maximum is 32.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The imam ruled the state with the help of Naibs (governors).


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Their functions were to mobilize troops, organize military campaigns, build and maintain defensive structures and roads, and try important cases (however, the death sentences of Naibs were subject to approval by the imam himself).


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The analysis of cases related to Sharia law was carried out by muftis and their subordinate Kadiyas.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The muftis, in turn, were subordinate to the Chief Kadi, who was the first religious authority after the imam.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The Naibs enjoyed broad autonomy, and the Naibs themselves had great power.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

However, it was not unlimited: if people were not happy with the naib placed over them, or if the naib suffered a serious defeat in battle, the imam usually removed from office.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Under the command of the Naibs were five hundredths, hundredths and tithes - commanders in wartime and grassroots administrators in peacetime.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The most authoritative Naibs had the title of Mudir and ruled other Naibs.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Mudirs were such famous Naibs as Haji-Murat, Muhammad Amin, Udi-Mulla, Akhberdil Muhammad, Daniyal-bek, Buk-Muhammad Gaziksky, Osman Michiksky, Atabay Atayev, Tashev-Haji, Kibit-Muhammed, etc.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

A special place in the Imamate was occupied by Naib Shuaib-Mulla Tsontaroevsky, who was not only a mudir, but also chairman of the Mehk-Khel (Council of the Country) of Chechnya, which was an institution of public government of the Chechen people for several centuries.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Over time, the power of the Naibs increased.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

The rules established in the imamate practically did not give the population the opportunity to challenge the actions of the Naibs, and in this regard, various abuses were often encountered among the Naibs.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

“The Naibs condoned such disorder, because they had cases of using someone else's estate, punishing the guilty and the innocent according to various unfair denunciations. Often, out of mercenary species, they ordered people to be killed. Therefore, a lot of petitioners began to come to Shamil, complaining about the injustice of the Naibs. But the Naibs, for their part, used a trick: they begged Shamil not to accept complaints from those who did not have a paper from the Naib in order to maintain respect for the Naibs. And Shamil succumbed to their heinous deception. After that, the Naibs began to look like hungry wolves, who greedily tear their children to pieces. The people complained to Shamil, but he listened only to those who had papers from the Naibs. It is clear that Naib never gave paper to someone whom he himself oppressed. The highlanders were getting weaker and poorer every day, they were tired of fighting; and they said, “We don't care what happens in the world.”


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Imamate's Army


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Under Shamil, a semblance of a regular army was created - murtazeki (cavalry) and lower (infantry).


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Murtazeki (or Murtazagets) were the personal guard of the imam, consisting of the most selected soldiers [13], people were recruited into the guard only in Chechnya [14].


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Domestic policy


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Shamil admitted that in order to maintain order and discipline among subjects in the imamate, he used strict measures [15]:


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Of all the Eastern Highlanders, the Chechens retained personal and public independence the most and forced Shamil, who ruled despotically in Dagestan, to make them a thousand concessions in the image of government, people's duties, in the ceremonial rigor of faith.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

See also


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Black Sea coastline


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Notes


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

References


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Shapi Kaziev ZhZL.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

M., Young Guard Publ., 2010.


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

ISBN 5-235-02677-2


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Category:History of the Caucasus


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Category:History of the Avars


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Category:19th century in Chechnya


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Category:Imamates


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Category:Lezgin history


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Category:Tabasarans history


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Category:States in the history of Dagestan


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate

Category:Islam in the Caucasus


Question: When did the North Caucasus Imamate appear?

North Caucasus Imamate


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year (GAU index - 52-P-353) is a Soviet light regimental gun of 76.2 mm caliber of direct support of infantry and cavalry with fire and wheels.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It is the first large-scale model of artillery equipment created in the USSR.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The gun was in mass production from 1928 to 1943, took an active part in many pre-war armed conflicts involving the USSR, as well as in the Great Patriotic War.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In total, about 18,000 guns of this type were produced.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Regimental guns, which were constantly in infantry battle formations and quickly suppressed enemy firing points, enjoyed the love and respect of the infantrymen and their own crews; in the soldier's vocabulary, they were called “generals” or affectionately emotionally “bobiks” [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The gun served as a prototype for the creation of the first domestic serial tank and self-propelled guns of medium caliber.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the same time, this gun was quite conservative in design, excessively heavy, had insufficient horizontal aiming sector and armor penetration before the introduction of a cumulative projectile.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Therefore, in 1943, it was replaced in production by a 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1943 (OB-25) of the same purpose.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

History


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Prerequisites


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In the Russian Empire, regimental artillery was abolished in 1800 [2], and, as a result, the development and production of regimental guns was completed.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the same time, light anti-assault guns intended for fortress artillery were created and produced.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

According to the tactics of their use, such guns, when storming the fortress, had to quickly roll out of shelters by crews and open direct fire at enemy attacking infantry; in addition, anti-assault guns were supposed to accompany the garrison of the fortress during sorties.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The specifics of the use of anti-assault guns imposed certain requirements on their characteristics (lightness, high rate of fire, relatively short firing range), which coincided with required characteristics for regimental guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Thus, structurally, anti-assault guns were actually regimental guns [3].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Also, both in terms of design and tactical and technical characteristics, light mountain guns were very close to regimental guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

With the outbreak of the First World War, the 76 mm anti-assault guns modr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1910, they were removed from the fortresses and sent to field artillery.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the beginning of the 20th century, the leadership of the Main Artillery Directorate realized the need to adopt a light field gun, but the term “regimental gun” in relation to such guns has not yet was used [3].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1914, at the Putilov Plant, such a gun was manufactured, tested and put into production, officially adopted as the “3-inch short gun mod. 1913” (“long” meant a 3-inch gun mod. 1902 with a barrel length of 30 calibers).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Structurally, the gun was created on the basis of a 76 mm mountain cannon mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1909, which, in turn, was a collapsible (barrel and clutch with a bolt) body of the gun system of the Greek Colonel Dangleys on a mountain carriage developed by Schneider.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In particular, the design of the barrel, recoil devices, wheels were almost completely borrowed from the mountain cannon, and the design of the carriage was largely preserved.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the same time, the latter became non-separable, unlike the mountain cannon [3].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

3-inch short gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1913 was mass-produced in 1914-1920, was actively used in the First World War and the Civil War.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

After the end of the Civil War, there was a rethinking of military experience, expressed in particular in the final design of the concept of a regimental gun.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In particular, in 1924, an article by I. Sokolovsky, in which the basics of the use of regimental artillery were set out as follows [1]:


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1. Regimental artillery must be brought up on the cult of open positions...


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

2. Regimental artillery, as a rule, should occupy positions in the area of advanced infantry units (machine-gun combat groups of mechanized infantry, as they, as a rule, go ahead of the rifle).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

... Regimental artillery guns, before they appear in a combat position and after they have solved a combat mission, must be in a sheltered place, as close as possible to the line of fire in a wait-and-see position, from where you can feel the fighting experiences of the infantry and follow all the twists and turns of the battle...


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Creating


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1924, the Soviet military leadership decided to create a regimental gun, since the 76-mm cannon modr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1902 was too heavy and had limited mobility.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It was decided to abandon the design of the gun from scratch, creating a gun on the basis of existing models.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

As prototypes, the 76 mm mountain cannon mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1909, 76 mm anti-assault gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1910 and 76 mm short cannon mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1913, from which the last one was chosen at the beginning of 1925.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The task for the design of a new gun was issued by the Design Bureau of the Arms and Artillery Trust (OAT) under the leadership of S. P. Shukalov, and designer Sokolov also presented his project [3].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The design of the new gun was completed by the end of 1925, and at the beginning of 1926, a prototype of the OAT Design Bureau gun was manufactured [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Prototypes of guns were tested at the Research Artillery Range and the Klementyevsky Training Ground of the Leningrad Military District from January to June 1927.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

During the tests, it was noted that it was inexpedient to increase the initial speed of more than 381 m/s (at high speeds, instability of the gun and a large spread of shells were observed).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Wishes were also expressed to increase the maximum elevation angle of the gun and the maximum speed of the carriage.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

After carrying out appropriate improvements, at the beginning of 1928, the OAT Design Bureau cannon was adopted for service with the Red Army under the official name “76 mm regimental gun mod. 1927”.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the same time, all work on further improvement of the gun was entrusted to the Artillery Technical Office (ATK) of the Putilov Plant, where mass production of guns began.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Before the start of mass production, ATK under the leadership of F. F. Lander made some improvements to the gun.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The first serial regimental guns were accepted by the military on December 22, 1928 [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Production


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Serial production of the gun was carried out from 1928 to 1943, while from 1928 to 1941 the guns were produced at the Leningrad Putilov (Kirovsky) Plant, and in 1942-1943 - at Plant No. 172.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Detailed information on the production of guns before 1938 is not available; it is only known that before November 1, 1936, at least 1,634 guns were produced (including 14 training guns).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Production of 76 mm regimental guns mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927, pcs.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

(since 1938) [3] 1938 year1939 year1940 1941 1942 1943 year10001300900391868092555


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Upgrades


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

From 1929 to 1934, the gun underwent constant improvements.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Their goal was to simplify the design and improve the manufacturability of production, as well as improve tactical and technical characteristics.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Work on the modernization of the gun was carried out in the ATK of the Putilov Plant under the leadership of A. Monakova and I. A. Makhanova.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1929, some changes and simplifications were made to the design of the bolt, in 1930, the fastened barrel was replaced by a monoblock, and in the same year a new metal wheel was developed for the gun with rubber trucks, which made it possible to increase the maximum speed of the gun carriage to 25 km/h.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

However, it was only in 1934 that the old version with wooden wheels was completely replaced in production [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Experimental development and further development of regimental guns


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 had a number of drawbacks, including a small vertical guidance angle and low armor penetration (although at the time of creation, the vast majority of tanks in the world were defended by bulletproof armor 10-20 mm thick, vulnerable to its shells, and not only armor-piercing ones).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The solution to these problems could be either a deep modernization of the gun, or the creation of a new gun.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Back in 1927, the OAT Design Bureau was designing a new gun carriage, which made it possible to fire at an elevation angle of 45 degrees, but after the transfer of work on the gun to the ATK of the Putilov Plant, this project was is closed.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1934, the Kirovsky Zavod Design Bureau received a task to modernize the gun in order to increase the elevation angle to 45-50 degrees, but studies have shown that it is impossible to implement this proposals while maintaining the existing carriage and recoil devices [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1936, it was decided to abandon attempts to modernize the gun and begin designing a new regimental howitzer gun, the design of the gun began at the Kirovsky Zavod Design Bureau, but in 1937 work on the project by order of Marshal M. N. Tukhachevsky were discontinued [4].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1938, the new leadership of the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) decided to resume work on the creation of a new regimental gun, and in addition to the Kirovsky Zavod Design Bureau (76 mm tank gun of the 1938 model (L-10)), their projects were presented by the design bureau of Plant No. 7 (guns 7-4 and 7-5) and Plant No. 92 (F-24 cannon).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

All the presented developments were new guns that had little to do with the 76-mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1939-1940, prototypes of guns were manufactured and tested, but none of them, for various reasons, satisfied the customer [3] [4].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

After the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, it became obvious that the armor penetration of the gun was clearly insufficient - in most cases, the sides of German medium and the forehead of light tanks were protected by high-quality armor about 30 mm thick, which was at the limit of the gun's capabilities even at close combat ranges.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

This led to the initiation of new work on regimental guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The Kirovsky Zavod Design Bureau modernized the 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927, which consisted in lengthening the gun barrel by 9 calibers, installing the load on the breech to eliminate the advantage and increasing the gap in the recoil brake compressor.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The modernized model of the gun, called the “76 mm regimental gun mod. 1927/42”, was manufactured in January 1942.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

At the same time, the Design Bureau of Plant No. 92 G. Grabin designed her own version of the regimental gun called the ZIS-21-11, which was essentially a divisional ZIS-3 gun with a barrel cut to 20 calibers and a modified shield [4].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Both experimental artillery systems were tested in the spring and summer of 1942, but were not adopted for service, since by the end of 1942, 76 mm cumulative shells were created with sufficient armor penetration regardless of their initial speed.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

As a result, a gun designed by OKB-172 in February 1943 was adopted for service.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

This gun, known under the official name “76 mm regimental gun mod. 1943” and the factory index OB-25, was the imposition of a new barrel with weak ballistics on a 45-mm carriage anti-tank gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1942 (M-42).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Compared to the 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1927, the new gun had a smaller mass, a larger horizontal guidance angle, but a shorter maximum firing range [3].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The new gun was put into gross production at the end of 1943, after which the production of 76 mm regimental guns mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 was discontinued.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Design description


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Differences from the prototype


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The gun was an upgrade of the 76 mm short gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1913, differing from it in the following design changes [1] [3]:


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

the chamber is extended from 203 to 334 mm;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Suspension (4 coil springs) has been introduced;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

a new combat axle has been designed;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

the front part and ladigy of the machine have been changed;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

the trunk part of the machine has been strengthened;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

a new shield cover has been designed;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

a new lifting mechanism has been created;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

the monitor wheel has been redesigned.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In the course of further modernization of the gun, there were also differences in the design of the bolt, barrel and wheels.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Barrel and recoil devices


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The barrel of the gun is fastened or monoblock.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The fastened barrel consisted of a pipe, a casing, a fastening ring and a muzzle.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The barrel parts were assembled together in a hot state.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The monoblock barrel was a pipe that was the same in size as the fastened barrel.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

There are 24 cuts in the barrel, the cutting depth is 0.762 mm, the steepness of the rifles at the beginning of the barrel is 49 calibers, at the muzzle is 25 calibers.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The weight of the barrel with a bolt is 227-230 kg.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The bolt is piston, in design close to the bolt of the 76 mm short gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1913, but somewhat simplified.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The shutter consisted of four mechanisms — locking, percussion, ejection and safety.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The shutter was opened and closed by a special handle, when turned, it rotated 90°.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The shutter opened to the right.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The percussion mechanism included a drummer and a trigger, cocking and lowering were carried out only from the cord, while it was impossible to cocke the trigger with the bolt not fully closed.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The ejector in the form of a two-armed lever, when unlocking the bolt, its frame hit the short arm of the ejector, while the long arm ejected the sleeve from the chamber.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The inertial fuse prevented the bolt from opening in the absence of a shot; if necessary, to open the bolt in this case (for example, in case of a misfire), the fuse was turned off by a special button.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The recoil devices included a hydraulic recoil brake and a pneumatic knurler.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

There are 1.3 liters of liquid in the recoil brake, 3.6 liters in the knurler.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The barrel and recoil devices are mounted on a slide moving during rollback in the cradle.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The weight of the rolling parts (with the barrel) is 275 kg. The maximum recoil length is 1030 mm, the normal length is from 930 to 1000 mm.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The swinging part of the gun is balanced, so that there was no special balancing mechanism [1] [3].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Lafette


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The machine was single-beam, consisted of a box-shaped bed with a cutout in the middle for the passage of the barrel during recoil when firing at large elevation angles.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Two coulters were attached to the trunk part of the machine — non-folding for hard soils and folding for soft soils.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

To accommodate the cradle, there were special nests in the trunnion part of the machine.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The barrel was guided vertically by a lifting mechanism consisting of two toothed sectors.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Horizontal guidance with the help of a worm mechanism that moved the frontal part of the machine along the combat axis.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The middle part of the combat axis is I-section and is bent to facilitate the operation of the rotary mechanism [1] [3].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Wheeling and suspension


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Suspension in the form of four coil springs, switched off when firing using a special handle with eccentrics.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Two versions of wheels:


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

wooden with spokes, metal tires and rubber trucks attached to them;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

metal KPM-76-27.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The speed of the gun carriage on wooden wheels is 15 km/h, on metal wheels 25 km/h [5].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Shield cover


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The shield cover consisted of fixed and movable shields.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The middle shield is fixed, folding shields were hinged to it from above and below.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The movable shield was fixed on the machine, blocked the embrasure of the fixed shield and had a window with a door for direct fire at the sighting tube.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The thickness of the shields is 3.5 and 4 mm, the weight of the fixed shield is 54 kg [1] [3].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Sight


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Sights were attached to the left side of the cradle.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The weight of the sights is 4.05 kg [3].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The sights consisted of a panorama, a sight, an aiming box and a bracket [5].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The panorama is a cranked optical tube consisting of a rotary head, a fixed body and an ocular tube.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

To install the protractor on the panorama, there is a protractor ring and a protractor drum with pointers.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The panorama is fixed to the sight in a special basket.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The sight consists of a stem, lateral and transverse levels and a sighting tube.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Front and charging box


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

For the carriage of horses, gun fronts of the arr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1930, arr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1938 and arr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1942 Front arr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1930 had wooden wheels with trucks, sprung with four coil springs.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Front arr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1938 had wooden or metal wheels KPM-76-27, sprung by two leaf springs.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Front arr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1942, it had metal wheels.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Six trays of 4 shots were placed in each of the front.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Empty front weight arr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1930 344 kg, loaded 850 kg. Charging boxes were used in two versions — arr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1930 and arr.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1938, differed in the type of wheels and suspension, similar to the front of the corresponding samples.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The charging box consisted of forward and reverse gears.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The forward stroke was generally similar to the front and also placed 6 trays of 4 shots each.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The reverse gear was somewhat large and placed 8 trays of 4 shots each.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Thus, the ammunition carried was 80 shots (24 in the front, 24+32 in the front and rear moves of the charging box).


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The gun was fiddled with four horses, and another four were required to carry the charging box.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Mechanical traction could also be used — Pioneer, Komsomolets tractors, cars [1] [3].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Transfer of the gun from a camping position to a combat position


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

When transferring the gun from a camping position to a combat position, it was necessary [5]:


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

release the carrycot from the attachment;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

remove the covers from the muzzle and breech of the barrel and from the sighting devices;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

turn off the suspension mechanism;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

raise and secure the upper folding shield (when firing direct fire, the upper shield does not rise, as it interferes with aiming);


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

lower the lower flap;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

release the machine from the camping attachment with the combat axis by turning off the carriage axis stopper (pull the stopper towards you and turn it);


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

throw back the rule and secure it with a wrapper;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

remove the panorama from the box and insert it into the socket of the sight stem, securing it with a latch and a clamping screw;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

put the trigger stopper in combat position;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

move the rollback pointer bar to the far front position;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

make a recess under the coulter;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

depending on the ground, install the folding coulter into combat position.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Calculation


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The calculation of the gun consisted of 7 people: the gun commander, the gunner, the loader, the lock, the correct one and two boxes [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Modifications and variants


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Field guns


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

During mass production, the gun was repeatedly improved, but most of these changes were technological in nature and did not affect the appearance and characteristics of the gun.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The only visible change was the introduction of metal wheels in 1930.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

KT tank gun


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1931, the USSR began designing the T-28 medium tank and the T-35 heavy tank, the armament of which was to include a 76 mm cannon.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It should be noted that tank guns of this caliber were not produced in the USSR, respectively, simultaneously with the design of tanks, work began on the creation of new guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

As the main option, the 76 mm semi-automatic tank gun PS-3 P. N. Syachintova.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The PS-3 cannon, officially adopted as a “tank gun mod. 1933", was a very perfect gun for its time (in particular, it had a semi-automatic wedge bolt and could shoot divisional guns), but its refinement and development in mass production were delayed, so a gun was urgently needed, which, as it was believed then, was supposed to temporarily replace the PS -3.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The simplest solution was to refine the 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 for installation in a tank.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The new gun was created at the ATK Design Bureau under the leadership of I. A. Makhanov in 1932, in March of the following year it was successfully tested and was put into service under the official name “76 mm tank gun mod. 1927/32”.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

This gun was also designated by the abbreviation “KT” (Kirov Tank) [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The gun was allowed to be installed on T-28 tanks “until the beginning of mass production of the 76.2 mm special tank gun of the PS-3 type”, but the PS-3 could not be mastered in mass production, after the arrest of its designer, work on it was gradually curtailed, and Kirovsky Zavod switched to the creation of the L-10 cannon.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It differed from the CT prototype by a reduced recoil length (up to 500 mm), an increased amount of liquid in the knurler to 4.8 liters, reinforced slides with walls thickened to 8 mm, a new lifting mechanism, the presence of a mechanized foot descent and new sighting devices optimized for use in the tank.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The ammunition and ballistics of the gun fully coincided with those for the regimental gun [6].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The KT cannon was installed on part of the T-28 linear tanks, all T-35, “artillery tanks” BT-7A and T-26-4, as well as on armored trains [7], motorized armored cars [8] and armored boats of projects 1124 and 1125.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Self-propelled artillery mounts


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Special version of the 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927, with a reduced (but larger than that of the KT) recoil, was used to arm self-propelled artillery mounts (self-propelled guns) SU-12 [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In August 1941, the Lifting and Transport Facilities Plant named after A.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Kirov in Leningrad developed a self-propelled gun for direct support of the SU-26 infantry, later redesignated as the SU-76P, based on the T-26 light tank or its flamethrower modification KhT-130/133.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

During the conversion process, the turret was dismantled from the tanks and the turret box was cut off.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In the former combat compartment, a box beam was installed, which served as a support for the platform with a bedside installation of the rotating part of the 76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 with a new shield cover.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The deck of this platform was equipped with two hatches for access to the shell cellar under it.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The reason for the appearance of this semi-improvised combat vehicle was the desire to give the front more armored vehicles with an acute shortage of 45-mm fragmentation grenades, which excluded the use of standard T-26 weapons.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1941-1942, 12 such self-propelled guns were transferred to the troops, converted from faulty line and flamethrower tanks of the T-26 family found in weapons depots [9].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

It was in service


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

- About 18,000 guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

— at least 1,815 guns [10].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

— at least 235 guns [11].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Organizational and staff structure


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

76 mm regimental guns mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1927, the following units were available in regimental artillery batteries in the state [12]:


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Regiments of rifle divisions - until July 1941, there were 6 guns in the battery, later - 4 guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Cavalry regiments — 4 guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Motorized rifle regiments of tank and motorized divisions — 4 guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Artillery divisions of rifle brigades — 4 guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

Combat use


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

76 mm regimental guns mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 were actively used in a number of pre-war conflicts involving the USSR: in the battles near Lake Khasan and on the Khalkhin Gol River (14 guns were lost during the battles, including 7 irrevocably) [13], in the Soviet- Finnish War (losses amounted to 67 guns) [14], the Polish campaign of 1939.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

As of June 1941, the Red Army consisted of 4,708 regimental guns mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 [3], including 2,296 guns as part of the troops of the Western Military Districts [1].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1941-1942, regimental guns suffered heavy losses, which were nevertheless compensated by the arrival of a significant number of newly produced guns.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In 1943, the gun was discontinued, but until the end of the war it continued to be one of the main artillery systems of the Red Army.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

An interesting feature of the gun was its air transportability, which turned out to be in demand in practice - 457 76 mm regimental guns mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927, which were delivered to Moscow by aircraft and provided significant assistance to Soviet troops in the battle for Moscow [15].


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

76 mm regimental gun mod.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

1927 was designed to solve the following tasks [5]:


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

for direct support and escort of infantry with fire and wheels;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

to combat armored vehicles and tanks;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

to suppress and destroy enemy infantry fire weapons located openly and behind light field shelters;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

to suppress and prohibit all types of fire from pillboxes (bunkers) by direct fire at embrasures;


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

for making passages in wire fences and passages in hollows for their tanks.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

The gun was designed almost exclusively for direct fire.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In the offensive, regimental guns were supposed to move by crew in the battle formations of the advancing infantry and promptly suppress enemy fire weapons that interfere with advance - machine-gun nests, artillery pieces and mortars, various firing points.


Question: What is the mass of a 76 mm regimental gun of the 1927 model of the year?

76 mm regimental gun M1927

In defense, the guns were also supposed to be in infantry battle formations, firing at the advancing enemy infantry, and, if necessary, at tanks and armored vehicles.