Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

Currently, kinorinh includes shedding clades (Ecdysozoa), which is confirmed by both morphological and molecular data.


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

However, no steroid hormone shedding was detected in them [3].


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

The closest relatives of kinorinh are the priapulids, who are their sister group.


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

Previously, kinorinh was included in a group that also contains priapulide, hairs and loricifer.


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

However, when it turned out that hairs are closer to nematodes, priapulids, loricifer and kinorinh began to be combined into the Scalidophora group.


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

However, her monophilia is questionable [13].


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

Recent molecular analysis has generally confirmed the traditional kinorinh classification based on morphological features.


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

However, he showed that Cyclorhagida is a polyphyletic group, since its genus Dracoderes seems to be a sister group of Homalorhagida or even part of this order.


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

Homalorhagida monophilia was confirmed by molecular data [14].


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

In 2016, the mitochondrial genome of two kinorinh species, Echinoderes svetlanae and Pycnophyes kielensis, was sequenced.


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

The order of genes in mitochondrial genes in kinorinh is unique to Metazoa and the animal kingdom in general.


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

The methionine tRNA gene was duplicated in both studied species [15].


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

Study history


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

For the first time, kinorinchi were described by the French naturalist Felix Dujardin.


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

In 1841, he collected marine invertebrates on the north coast in Brittany, France.


Question: Where do Kinorinchs live?

Kinorinhi

In 1863, the animal he found was called


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

R-17 (missile index 8K14, according to the classification of the US Department of Defense and NATO SS-1c Scud B [Scud B], export designation R-300, unofficially “kerosene”) is a Soviet liquid single-stage ballistic missile on long-lasting fuel components, which is part of the 9K72 Elbrus operational-tactical missile system.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

History


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Attempts to further modernize the R-11M missiles (R-11MU project, GRAU index 8K12) have shown the inexpediency of using a displacement fuel supply system to increase the specific thrust of the engine (in order to increasing the missile's range over 150 km with a payload mass of at least 900 kg).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The small thrust reserve of the engine did not allow increasing the stock of rocket fuel components (and therefore the total mass of the rocket), while further increasing the pressure in the tanks was also impossible due to limit value.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The best solution to the problem was to use an engine with a turbo-pump fuel supply system.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In addition, the turbo-pump unit provided better “controllability” of the engine (due to accurate thrust adjustment), which means that there was a real opportunity to improve the accuracy of the missile (in terms of range).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

By 1957, at OKB-3 of NII-88, Chief Designer D. D. Sevruk developed a liquid propellant rocket engine with TNA C3.42, which could be used in missiles with R-11 dimensions, while guaranteeing the achievement of a maximum range of about 240 km.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

At the suggestion of the initiative group, the chief designer of SKB-385 V. P. Makeev decided to prepare a design layout drawing, a pneumatic-hydraulic scheme and basic calculations of the new missile by January 10, 1958.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

IN OKB-1 P. P. Korolev supported this project, thanks to which this idea was also supported in the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Government No. 378-181 of April 1, 1958. SKB-385 was entrusted with the development of an R-17 missile (with a turbo-pump fuel supply system) with a range of 50 to 240 km.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The new R-17 rocket at the State Agrarian University was assigned the index 8K14.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Leading designer — Yu.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Bobryshev said.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Lieutenant Colonel A. IN. Titov, and according to the control system, Lieutenant Colonel P. IN. Zakharov said.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Developers of the main R-17 systems from related industrial organizations were appointed:


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

on board control system — Chief Designer of NII-592 N. A. Semikhatov;


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

for the engine (C3.42) at the first stage of flight tests — Chief Designer of OKB-3 NII-88 D. D. Sevruk;


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

on the engine (C5.2) from the second stage of flight tests — Chief Designer of OKB-5 A. M. Isaev;


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

for gyroscopic devices (1SB9, 1SB10, 1SB12), Chief Designer of NII-944 V. AND. Kuznetsov;


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

for explosive charge and conventional equipment of the head unit (8F44) — NII-6;


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

for the special charge and the set of electrical automation of the MS 8F14 — scientific supervisor of the NII-1011 MSM Yu.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

B.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Khariton, Chief Designer S. G. Kocharyants;


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

for the ground equipment complex — Chief Designer of the State Design Bureau V. P. Petrov;


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

for aiming devices (8Sh18) — Chief Designer of Plant 784 of the Kiev SNH S. P. Parnyakov;


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

for the crawler launch unit (2P19) — Chief Designer of the OKBT of the Leningrad Kirovsky Zavod Zh. ME.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Kotin;


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

for the wheeled starting unit (2P20) — Chief Designer of the Central Design Bureau TM N. A. Krivoshein.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

To accelerate the development of the complex, the mass and size characteristics of the new missile were chosen close to the R-11M.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Thus, it was possible to partially use ground equipment units from the 8K11 missile as part of the new complex (however, certain improvements were required).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Despite the external similarity of the R-17 with the R-11M, these missiles have little in common structurally: in fact, the layout scheme has been completely changed, a more advanced control system has been developed, and a fundamentally different pneumohydraulic system, a method of refueling with rocket fuel components, and so on.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In the process of working on the R-17 missile at OKB-5 (led by Chief Designer A. M. Isaev), a new engine with improved performance was developed.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Due to the higher thrust of the new engine, it was possible to increase the maximum range of


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The first test launch of the R-17 missile took place at the Kapustin Yar (KapYar) test site on December 12, 1959.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

At the first stage of development, prototypes of missiles were manufactured at the Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant, but at the second stage of flight tests, the manufacture of products (and subsequently serial production) was transferred to the Votkinsk Mechanical Plant (No. 385), which already produced R-11M (8K11).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

At the initial stage of the development of a nuclear warhead, it was planned to use a charge with a capacity of 5 kilotons (combat unit 407A14) in the 8F14 hull, similar to that used in the 407H bomb, which was being developed at the same time.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

However, later a more powerful charge (10 kt) was developed with better weight and size characteristics (primarily smaller in weight, which made it possible to further increase the missile's range) and the 269A combat unit in the same hull (8F14) was adopted for service.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

For transportation and launch of missiles, a 2P19 tracked chassis based on the ISU-152 was developed, which looks like the 2U218 launch unit of the R-11M missile.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Four 2P19 tracked launch units with R-17 missiles took part in a military parade on Red Square on November 7, 1961.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

On March 24, 1962, by resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers, the R-17 missile was adopted by the Soviet Army.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The 2P20 launch unit on the MAZ-537 wheeled chassis (developed simultaneously with the 9P19 tracked chassis) did not pass the test [1] and was not adopted for service.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In 1967, the 9P117 launcher was adopted for service on the MAZ-543P four-axle self-propelled chassis.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In the 1960s, the rules for indexing weapons were revised in order to streamline them.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

It was then that the missiles were no longer assigned the K index, which was replaced by the M index (and the name of the complex differed from the name of the missile by only one letter).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

However, for missiles already in service (including 8K14), indexation remained the same, but new indices were assigned for missile systems (which previously did not have separate indices).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The 8K14 missile complex with a set of equipment and machinery that ensures its operation received the index 9K72.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

List of ground equipment of the 8K14 missile [2] Lifting and transport equipment2TZ (2TZM, 2TZM1) Dirt trolley (complete with container, thermal cover, drain and drainage connection and adapter) 9F21MA (9F21MU), 2U662D (2U662DU), 2U662M (2U662MU), 9F223Storage vehicle (for combat units in special equipment) ZIL-157 (ZIL-131) Vehicle (for transporting combat units in conventional equipment) 8T22, 9T31M (9T31M1) Cran9T37Set of lifting equipment9T55АKomplekt riggingFilling equipment2G1U (2G1), 9G29Fuel tanker 8G17M1, 9GZ0Oxidizer tanker 8T311 (8T311M) Washing- neutralization machine8GZZU, UKS-400VCompressor station (complete with humidity indicator 8Sh31) Test equipment2B11 (2B11M1) Horizontal testing machine (complete with benzoelectric unit 8Н01) 9B41 (9В41M) Autonomous testing machine (complete with 8Н01 benzoelectric unit) Starting equipment9P117 (9P117M, 9P117M1) Starting unit with kit guidance devices 8Sh182P19 (2P19M) Starting unit with a set of guidance devices 8Sh18Auxiliary equipment2Sch1 (2Sch1M2) ZIP2T5Hangar transport trolley (for arsenals and bases) 8G27 ( 8G27U, 8G27K) Air heater8Yu11 (8Yu11U) Insulated tent8Yu44 (8Yu44M) Field chemical laboratory9V292Control machine (metrological) 9T114Trolley for air transportation (combat units in standard container)


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The basic model of the R-17 was intended primarily for use with nuclear warheads, since insufficient accuracy did not guarantee the effectiveness of the use of high-explosive warheads (Combat 8F44 units were produced in smaller volumes than NBC, and were primarily exported complete with R-17E missiles).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Later, chemical warheads were created for the 9K72 complex, for which a modification of the 8K14-1 missile was developed (which gradually replaced the basic 8K14 modification).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The launchers have also been modernized accordingly.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

During the operation of the 9K72 complex, the Customer (the Ministry of Defense) repeatedly raised questions about the need for modernization to increase its combat effectiveness.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

To this end, appropriate R&D was carried out and attempts were made to develop new modifications of the complex (for example, 9K73 - with a lightweight launcher transported by a helicopter, 9K77 - with extended range, 9K72-1 — with a detachable warhead controlled at the final section of the trajectory using an optical homing head, and others).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

However, none of these modifications were adopted for service.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In 1995, 2001 and 2002, during the development of the S-300 anti-missile system and its modifications, 8K14 serial combat missiles were used as targets.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Design


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Main characteristics of the product [3] Product length from the support heels to the top of the head part11 164 mm Product body diameter880 mmStabilizer span 1810 mmWeight of the unfilled product with the head 269A2076 kgWeight of fully filled product with head part 269A5862 kgWeight of unfilled product with head part 8F442074 kgWeight of fully filled product with head end 8Ф445860 KGengine 9D21Liquid, reactiveSupply of fuel components to the engineTurbo-pump unit powered by a gas generatorMethod of promoting TNAOT powder checkerEngine fuel components:fuel StartsG-02 Fuel base-185OxidizerAK-27 Method of ignition of fuel componentsChemical (self-ignition) Refilling the product with fuel components:oxidizerIn a horizontal position products are the main combustible In the horizontal position of the product with starting combustibleIn the vertical position of the product on the starting unitNature of refueling The volume-weight refueling weight of fuel and compressed air at temperature+15°C3786 kgV including:weight of oxidizer AK-27I2919 kgves fuel TM-185822 kgves starting fuel TG-0230 kgweight of compressed air15 kg Control systemAutonomous inertialExecutive control system elementGas jet ruddersEmergency detonation systemAutonomousMaximum range300 kmMinimum range50 kmGuaranteed range275 km


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

R-17 used TM-185 (based on petroleum products: polymer distillate — 56%, light pyrolysis oil — 40%, tricresol — 4%) and AK-27I (based on nitric acid) as the main components of fuel.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The starting fuel is TG-02 Samin.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

It has a maximum range of 300 km.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The missiles could carry both conventional high-explosive and nuclear warheads (in the 1960s and 1970s, five models of NBC [4] with a capacity of 10, 20, 200, 300 and 500 kt were adopted at VNIITF and adopted for service [5]).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Combat units in chemical equipment (3H8, 8F44G and 8F44G1) were called “special combat units”, since the USSR officially denied the presence of chemical weapons in service.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The modification of the 8K14-1 missile had additional pipelines for activating the ampoule batteries of the combat unit and refueling the BC pneumatic unit with air in preparation for launch.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The front docking frame, made not of duralumin, but of steel, made it possible to use heavier combat units with a “non-standard” (with a shape different from the conical one) geometries, such as 3H8 (and later 9H78 with CNS).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In addition, the 8K14-1 missile had some differences in operation (in particular, it had factory-installed gas-jet rudders, which eliminated the need for installation operations with rudders on technical position).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The main parts, assemblies and devices installed on the product [6] TitleDesignationProduct8000-0engine9D21Gyroboard (for installing gyro devices) 1SB11Counting and decisive device of the machine Stabilis1SB13M (1SB13) Steering machine I1SB14Steering machine II1SB14Steering machine III1SB14Steering machine IV1SB14Time mechanism (control systems) 1SB15Switching box (control systems) 1SB16Disconnecting device-229ampoule battery (control systems) 1SB18Mpotentiometer I9B312Potentiometer II9B312potentiometer III9B312potentiometer IV9B312Onboard cable network (control systems) 1SB20BAPR-3 (switching device of the APR system) 1SB23RV-14 (high-altitude relay unit of the APR system) 1SB24ampoule battery of the APR1SB25M system Reducer (air) 3210-OAelectropneumatic valve (air) 3250- 0Voltage converter1SB47MPrecision frequency regulatorPRCH-Z0B Pressure signaling device SD1a (in the tank pressurization line) MSDUD 6A-5Pressure alarm SD1b (in the tank pressurization line) MSDD 6A- 5Pressure alarm SD2a (in the fuel tank “G”) MSDUD 6A-5 Pressure alarm SD2b (in the fuel tank “G”) MSDUD 6A-5 Pressure alarm SD3a (in the oxidizer tank “O”) MSDUD 6A-5 Pressure alarm SD3b ( in the oxidizer tank “O”) MSDUD 6A-5 Powder checker (starting the turbo-pump unit of the propulsion system) PP3-9D21 Igniter (powder checkers) VG-10-9D21gyrohorizont1SB9gyroverticant with side stabilizer (gyro integrator of lateral accelerations) 1SB10gyroscopic integrator of longitudinal accelerations (range automaton) 1SB12Hoses (high-pressure air, low-pressure air, starting fuel) K18.179, K18.180, K18.181Set of replaceable cables (Sh37, Sh38) 1SB21cable OSHO/OSHO1 (combat unit heating systems) 0-10/K17.255 Cable K21 (APR systems) 0-20A/K17.255Set of cables BKS APR1SB26Hermetic closure9Ya31graphitized steering wheel I0100-OA/8A61 graphitized steering wheel II0100-OA/8A61 graphitized steering wheel III0100-OA/8A61 graphitized steering wheel IV0100-OA/8A61


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In countries that produced the 8K14 under license, developments were carried out to increase the missile's range (mainly by reducing the weight of the combat unit.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In particular, the DPRK developed a modification in which, by reducing the combat load, the capacity of fuel tanks was increased and, accordingly, the missile's flight range increased.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

At the same time, the accuracy of the missile deteriorated almost twice compared to the Soviet original.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Western intelligence was aware of the work to increase the range of the R-17 missile, which was carried out in the USSR, and mistakenly assumed that the extended range complex (9K77) entered service Soviet army.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

All developments of R-17 modifications with extended range in Western literature received the designation Scud-S.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Further development of the model is also known under the Korean name “Nodon-1” (“Labor 1”).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The first successful test was conducted by the DPRK in 1993 with improved firing accuracy.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

This modification often appears in foreign sources under the designation Scud-D (as well as the 9K72-1 with the GOS, developed in the USSR under the Aerofon project).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

It should be noted, however, that these designations are not official and may be used inaccurately in various sources.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In addition, there are a significant number of 8K14 modifications even within these series, so the data below should be considered indicative.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In the USSR, work was carried out (Aerofon R&D) to improve the accuracy of the missile system by creating a detachable guided warhead in conventional 9H78 equipment (weighing 1017 kg) with an optical head 9E423 homing (the 8K14-1 missile docked with the 9H78 combat unit received the index 8K14-1F).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

A 9F59 interface kit was installed on the launchers.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

A modified missile system, completed with a 9C751 data preparation machine, a 9C752 data entry machine, a 9B948 routine maintenance machine, a 9F820 arsenal equipment set, etc. received the name 9K72-1 (some sources mistakenly indicate the index 9K72O, where “O” is optical).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The maximum range for the 8K14-1F missile was 235 km, and the accuracy was 50-100 m (depending on the scale of aerial photographs used in the preparation of the standard) [7].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The complex was put into experimental military operation (Order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 026 of 1990), but was not adopted for service (due to unsatisfactory accuracy in conditions of insufficient visibility and strong depending on other conditions).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Comparative performance characteristics


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Tactical and technical characteristics of the R-11R-11MR-17R-17M?


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

El Hussein R-17WTO (9K72-1) El Abbas CountryGRAU8A618K118K14 index, 8K14-19M778K14-1FNATOSS-1ASS-1B Scud ASS-1C Scud BSS-1D Scud CSS-1E Scud D?


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Length, M10,42410,511,16412,29 diameter, M0,880,880,880,880,880,88 Take-off weight, KG5350540058625900 Payload, kg690950989735?


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Propulsion planeSingle-stage, liquidFiring range, km270150300550235850?


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

KVO, m30003000450?


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Combat use


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The R-17, adopted for service in 1962, after equipping missile brigades of the USSR ground forces, the armies of the Warsaw Pact member countries, etc.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

social


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

countries, was actively exported in a nuclear-free version (the missile was not supplied to China due to the deterioration of Soviet-Chinese relations).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The export R-17 (R-17E or R-300) and its modifications have been repeatedly used in regional conflicts.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The missile programs of the DPRK, Pakistan and Iran used R-17 technologies to create their medium-range missiles.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Doomsday War (1973)


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

A small amount of P-17 was used by Egypt against Israel during the 1973 war.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Iran—Iraq War (1980—1988)


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The war in Afghanistan (1979—1989)


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

More than 2,000 missiles were used by the Soviet army in the Afghan war.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

After the withdrawal of Soviet troops, the R-17 continued to be used by the Afghan army.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

On April 20, 1991, three rockets landed on a market in the city of Asadabad, killing about 300 people and injuring 500 to 700 people [8].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

1991 Gulf War


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

After the bombing of the Iraqi nuclear reactor by Israeli aircraft in 1981, Iraq developed a plan for an “imminent retaliation” in the event of any Israeli invasion.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The plan included a strike with Al-Hussein ballistic missiles (modified by R-17) from western Iraq.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The modification consisted in increasing the missile's flight range to 650 kilometers, by reducing the weight of the combat unit from 1 ton to 500 kg and, accordingly, reducing accuracy.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

By early April 1990, the deployment of missiles in western Iraq was fully completed.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

On July 31, 1990, before the war with Kuwait, the missile units were put on full alert.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Before the Gulf War, Iraq's missile forces consisted of the 223 and 224 missile brigades (Al-Hussein, R-17) and the 225 and 226 brigades (Rad, Luna) under the command of Lieutenant General al-Ayubi.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

After the capture of Kuwait, a plan was developed to launch a missile attack on the location of coalition forces in Saudi Arabia.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In early December 1990, before the invasion of coalition troops, a training launch of the missile was carried out.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

During the Gulf War in 1991, Iraqis fired at Israel (43 launches, 40 successful), Saudi Arabia (48 launches, 44 successful), Qatar (1 launch) and Bahrain with modified R-17 (1 start).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

[9] A total of 93 missiles were launched, 5 went off the trajectory during the launch and 2 during the flight.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The firing of Scud rockets led to extensive destruction in Israel and Saudi Arabia (amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars in damage).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Due to the timely warning of rocket attacks, significant casualties were avoided.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

But in turn, during the shelling, it was stated that the rockets were equipped with chemical weapons, which sowed panic in the cities, many people suffocated in gas masks because they did not know how to use them.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

At the same time, not a single missile fired was equipped with chemical weapons.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

According to the Israeli side, two-thirds of the rockets launched fell in uninhabited territory, and the economic damage from the destruction amounted to 250 million dollars [10] [11].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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1,525 buildings were completely destroyed or seriously damaged and 50 vehicles were destroyed.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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As a result of rocket attacks on Israeli territory, 4 people were killed and 273 were injured [10] [12] [13].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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As a result of the shelling of the territory of Saudi Arabia, several dozen buildings were destroyed, several dozen cars were destroyed, 1 person was killed and 65 were injured.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Two airfields were also affected (F-15C fighter and RC-135V reconnaissance aircraft received shrapnel damage [14]).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Only one attack had a significant result in terms of the number of victims — a missile hit an American barracks in the city of Dharam, killing 28 American soldiers and injuring 110 others [10].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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There were a large number of victims from the psychological effect of ballistic missile fire, in Israel alone about 70 people were killed and committed suicide, and another 818 required psychological assistance.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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To repel the attacks, American Patriot anti-aircraft missile systems were used, about the effectiveness of which there are contradictory statements.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

According to Israeli data, no more than 47 R-17s fell into the zone of coverage of the Patriots, at which a total of 158 anti-missiles were fired [10].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

According to the Israeli Ministry of Defense, the Patriots, despite the overexpenditure of anti-missiles (including the case of spending 28 units per target [10]), managed to intercept no more than 20% of those launched by the Iraqis missiles [10].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In other sources, data vary greatly (from 9% according to estimates by the Control Chamber of the US Administration [10] to 36% in Russian sources [9], American sources now indicate figures of up to 52-80% [ 15], during the war, figures up to 100% were also mentioned [15]).


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Modern Israeli studies suggest that not a single missile was shot down over Israel, and radio reports about one downed R-17 have not been confirmed [16].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Such different data are related to the objective complexity of assessing the results of the firing — even close explosions of the Patriot SAM did not destroy the R-17 warheads, but only diverted them from the course [9].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Under these conditions, given the low own accuracy after the Iraqi “modification” of the R-17 missiles, the criterion for classifying hit missiles as “shot down” is subjective.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

At the same time, part of the Patriot anti-missiles fell on residential areas in Israeli cities, causing significant destruction.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The number of Scud mobile rocket launchers involved was only 14, and another 78 were dummies or decommissioned Luna missiles.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Coalition pilots claimed that about 100 Scuds were destroyed during the war, but in reality, not a single installation was hit, not even a single dummy was damaged.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Coalition aircraft only managed to bomb a few empty missile silos.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Therefore, the use of R-17 missiles is considered one of the main successes of the Iraqi army in the war in the Persian Gulf.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Yemen Civil War of 1994


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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During the civil war in Yemen in 1994, both forces of the Democratic Republic of Yemen and government armed forces used R-17 missiles [18].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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The Second Chechen War


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In September 1999, on the basis of the 60th training center for the combat use of missile forces of the ground forces (military unit 42202, Kapustin Yar, site 71), a military unit was formed to participate in hostilities in the Caucasus 97211 (630th separate missile division), which was armed with the 9K72 missile system [19].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The commander of the division, Lieutenant Colonel Zakharchenko I. AND. [19]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The 630th ORDN was stationed in the area of the former village of Russkaya on the border with Chechnya, and during the conduct of hostilities in the period from October 1, 1999 to April 15, 2001, made 250 launches of 8K14-1 missiles [20].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Missiles were fired, including expired ones, while not a single failure was recorded.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

After exhausting the missile stock, the division handed over the equipment to the storage base and in April 2001 was redeployed to the 71st site of the Kapustin Yar test site [20].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In 2005, the 630th ORDN was the first in the Russian Federation to receive the 9K720 Iskander complex.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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2015 Saudi Arabia-Houthi War in Yemen


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

On June 6, 2015, Reuters, citing sources in Saudi Arabia, reported on the launch by Yemeni rebels of a Scud missile at a target in the territory of the KSA.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Official Riyadh reported that the missile was intercepted by the Patriot air defense system.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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However, according to French and Iranian sources, in fact, on June 6, 2015, the Houthi rebels managed to launch 12 Scud missiles into Saudi Arabia, only three of which were shot down by air defense, and the rest either hit their intended targets or fell in deserted areas, and Mohammed al-Shaalan, Chief of Staff of the Saudi Air Force, was killed during this operation. [22]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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On June 30, 2015, the Yemeni SABA Agency informed about the launch of OTRK 9K72E Elbrus on a target in the territory of the KSA.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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It was reported that the target was successfully hit.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

On August 26, 2015, a number of sources reported that the Houthis launched “up to three” Scud missiles at targets in Saudi Arabia.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Some of the missiles may have been intercepted by the Patriot air defense system.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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In service


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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(Armed Forces of Armenia) [25] — 8 SS-1C Scud B, as of 2016 [26] [27]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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— 60 PUs for 2016 [28]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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— some Scud-B/C for 2016 [29] [30]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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— 9 Scud-B for 2016 [31]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

— 6 Scud-B launchers and 33 rockets


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

— more than 30 Scud-B/C launchers and at least 200 missiles for 2016 [32]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Libya — 400 missiles [33], as of 1997 there were 80 launchers [34]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

— 6 Scud-B launchers and up to 20 missiles for 2016 [35]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

(Armed Forces of Russia) a certain amount is in storage, as of 2016 [36] the number of launchers, as of 1991-1992 was estimated at 550 Scud-B/C.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

(Syrian Armed Forces) — a certain number of Scud-B/C/D for 2016 [37] (28 R-17E PU for 1997 [38])


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

— 16 Scud SS-1 PU for 2016 [39]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Other operators


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

— SS-1D Scud C and SS-1E Scud D are used in Libya as of 2016 [40]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Withdrawn from service


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Since 1988, the production of 8K14 (8K14-1) missiles at the Votkinsk plant has been discontinued [41].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Taking into account the fact that the technical suitability period of the missile is 22 years (gyro devices must be replaced after 20 years of operation) [42], currently the technical suitability period of all those fired at The Votkinsk Missile Plant has expired.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

This is the main reason for the withdrawal of R-17 missiles from service.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In addition, the United States considers R-17 missiles as “weapons of mass destruction” [43] (one of the components of nuclear weapons is a carrier, since the R-17 missile is capable of carrying a warhead weighing up to a ton, which gives the ability to use it to deliver even obsolete second-generation nuclear weapons), and therefore active efforts are being made (by political pressure and financial interest) to destruction of the Elbrus OTRK existing in the world.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Thus, the United States financed the destruction of the 9K72 complex in Ukraine [44], assisted in the destruction of machinery and equipment of the 9K72 complex in Hungary [45], Bulgaria [46] [note 1], and also plans finance the destruction of 8K14 in Libya [33].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

— since 1989 RK 9K72 was in service with the missile battalion of the Special Guard of the Ministry of State Security of the Republic of Afghanistan [47].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

, was in service, according to data for 1995, three missile brigades had 35 launchers [48]:


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

46th Missile (Artillery Technical) Brigade (St. Samokov) — the complex was withdrawn from service and liquidated in 2002.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

According to some reports, 64 missiles were destroyed [46].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

129th Missile (Artillery Technical) Brigade (St. Karlovo) — as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

66th Missile (Artillery Technical) Brigade (St. Yambol) — as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

, was in service with MN 1480 (from the 5th Mixed Missile Brigade) of Tapolca (Hungarian: Tapolcá) [50].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

MN 1480 ceased to exist in 1990, and in May 1995, the destruction (mainly by detonation) [45] of the existing machinery and equipment of the 9K72 complex was completed.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

The last of the eight 9P117M1 launchers is currently on display in the Park Museum of Military History in Kecel [51].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

— more than 12 Scud-B/C launchers and 300 rockets


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

, was in service with:


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

5th Bruno Leuschner Missile Brigade (Demen) - as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

3rd Otto Schwab Missile Brigade (Tautenhain) - as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

, was in service with:


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

3rd Warsaw Operational-Tactical Missile Brigade () — as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

2nd Pomeranian Operational-Tactical Missile Brigade (St. Choszczno) — as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

18th Pomeranian Operational-Tactical Missile Brigade (St. Boleslawiec) - as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

32nd Pomeranian Operational-Tactical Missile Brigade (St. Orzysz) — Status as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

, was in service with:


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

32nd Operational-Tactical Missile Brigade (St. Tecuch) - as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

37th Operational-Tactical Missile Brigade (St. Ineu) — status as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

: a total of about 650 complexes had been produced by the end of 1990, including 56 tracked units.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

(Armed Forces of Ukraine) - the complex was decommissioned in 2007, and its disposal was completed on April 12, 2011.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

According to some sources [53], 185 [54] combat missiles, 50 launchers and other equipment and equipment were disposed of.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

At the same time, until 1998, the Armed Forces of Ukraine had 117 R-17 launchers in service, 63 of which were dismantled as of 2005 [55].


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

, was in service with:


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

311th Operational-Tactical Missile Brigade (g.) - as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

321 Operational-Tactical Missile Brigade (St. Rokitsani) — as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

331st Operational-Tactical Missile Brigade (St. Jicin) - status as of 1989 [49]


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

In popular culture


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

It appears in Command & Conquer: Generals and its Zero Hour add-on under the name “SCUD Installation”, where it is in service with GLA, a terrorist organization waging war against the US and China.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

For the possibility of production, a special permit is required (obtained for the so-called general's glasses) and can carry an extremely destructive high-explosive warhead or less destructive, but much more dangerous for troops a warhead with anthrax.


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Notes


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Sources


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Literature


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Russian-language resources


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Foreign language resources


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

P-17

Category:Surface-to-ground missiles


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Category:Operational-tactical missile systems


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Category:Soviet nuclear missile weapons


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Category:Military products of the State Missile Center


Question: What is the diameter of the R-17 missile body?

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Category:Military products of the Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

The Russian Central Film and Video Studio for Chronicle, Documentary and Educational Films (RCSDF) is a Soviet and Russian documentary film studio.


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

It was founded in 1927 in Moscow.


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

The studio was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1944) and the Order of Lenin (1970).


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Over the years, the studio was called:


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

1931—1936 — Soyuzkinokhronika


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

1933—1940 — Moscow newsreel studio


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

1940—1944 — Central newsreel studio


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

1944—1993 — Central Documentary Film Studio (CSDF)


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

1993 — Russian Central Documentary Film Studio (RCSDF)


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

He is one of the founders of the Laurel Branch National Award in the field of non-fiction films and television.


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

History


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

The history of the studio begins in 1927, when a special newsreel department was created at the Sovkino film factory.


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

In 1944-1946, the studio was headed by Sergei Apollinarievich Gerasimov.


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Dziga Vertov, Esfir Shub, Alexander Dovzhenko, Sergey Gerasimov, Roman Carmen, Mikhail Romm, Vladimir Osminin, Vasily Katanyan, Eldar Ryazanov and others worked at the studio at different times.


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

In 2004, the premises [2] of the studio in Likhov Lane were transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church by the decision of the Russian Government.


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

The RCSDF was located in the premises of RIA Novosti, and in 2009 it moved to the building allocated to it [3] in Kulakov Lane.


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

In November 2011, a group of cultural figures (Vladimir Mikhailovich Alenikov, Tofik Rzakulievich Shakhverdiev, Andrey Mikhailovich Shemyakin, Emmanuel Gedeonovich Vitorgan, Armen Borisovich Dzhigarkhanyan, Sergey Konstantinovich Komkov, Pyotr Efimovich Todorovsky, Maxim Romanovich Carmen, Gennady Ivanovich Poloka, Alexander Romanovich Carmen, Alexander Alexandrovich Goloborodko) wrote an open letter to the Chairman The Russian government Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin with a request for help from the studio.


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

[5] [6]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Leadership


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

CEO — Nikolay Voroshchuk (died October 24, 2015)


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Artistic Director: Alenikov, Vladimir Mikhailovich


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Studio Development Director — Antashkevich, Evgeny Mikhailovich


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Editor-in-Chief — Antashkevich, Yevgeny Mikhailovich


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Chief Producer — Natalia Nerushevskaya


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Studio Film Awards


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

2011 Nika Award for Best Non-Fiction Film — Tofig Shahverdiyev's “My Friend Dr. Lisa” [7]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

2010 Award for the best documentary of the International TV and Film Festival “Professional-Journalist” in Moscow — the film “Frontline Cameraman Boris Sokolov” by Igor Mordmillovich, Alexander Sokin [8]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

1960 Lenin Prize to Roman Carmen for the films “The Tale of the Caspian Oil Workers” and “Conquerors of the Sea”


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

1943 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature — Studio awarded for the film “The Defeat of Nazi Troops near Moscow” by Ilya Kopalin and Leonid Varlamov


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

1942 Stalin Prize — film “The Defeat of Nazi Troops near Moscow” by Ilya Kopalin, Leonid Varlamov


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Newsreels


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

During the Soviet period, the TsSDF published periodic newsreels:


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

“News of the Day” [9]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

“Foreign newsreel”


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Sovetskiy Sport [10]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Soviet Cinema [11]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Soviet Warrior [12]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Soviet Army [13]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Pioneria [14]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Moskva [15]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

“Across the USSR” [16]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

and others.


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Studio employees


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Mark Averbukh


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Oleg Konstantinovich Artseulov [17]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Boris Leonidovich Karpov


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Alla Kornienko


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Pavel Rusanov


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Vladimir Sofronov


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Vladlen Troshkin [18]


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Leonid Khmara


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Notes


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

References


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

on IMDb


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

on IMDb


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

on IMDb


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

on IMDb


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

on IMDb


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

on IMDb


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Category:Soviet film studios


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Category:Organizations alphabetically


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Category:Russian film companies


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Category:Companies established in 1927


Question: What was the first film created by Vladimir Vladimirovich Osminin?

RTSSDF

Category:Moscow film companies


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Constantinople (Ancient Greek: Kontinopolis, Constantinoupolis, or Ancient Greek: Polis - “City”, Ottoman Turkish: [kostantîniyye], Turkish: Konstantinopolis, Latin: Constantinopolis Inopolis) — the name of Istanbul until March 28, 1930, the unofficial [1] name (official - New Rome [1] [2]) of the capital of the Roman Empire (330-395), the Byzantine, or Eastern Roman Empire (395—1204 and 1261—1453), Latin Empire (1204—1261) and Ottoman Empire (1453—1922).


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Byzantine Constantinople, located on a strategic promontory between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara, on the border of Europe and Asia, was the capital of the Christian Empire, the heiress of Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Throughout the Middle Ages, Constantinople was the largest and richest city in Europe.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

To this day, it remains the largest city in Europe in terms of population.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Among the names of the city are Byzantium (Greek: Byzantium, Latin: Byzantium), New Rome (Greek: Nα, Latin: Nova Roma) (part of the title of patriarch), Constantinople, Tsargrad (among the Slavs; translation of Greek the names “Royal City” — Vasilevusa Polis, the city of Vasilevs) and Istanbul.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The name “Constantinople” is preserved in modern Greek, “Tsargrad” - in South Slavic.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

In the 9th-12th centuries, the magnificent name “Byzantide” (Greek: Byzantis) was also used [3].


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The city was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930 during Ataturk's reforms.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

History


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Constantine the Great (306—337)


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

In 324, after victories in internecine wars, the Emperor of the Roman Empire Constantine the Great deployed in the existing since the 7th century BC.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

as a Greek colony, the city of Visantia, the largest construction - the hippodrome has been rebuilt, new palaces have been built, a huge church of the Apostles has been erected, fortress walls are being built, from all over the empire in works of art are brought to the city.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

As a result of large-scale construction, the city is increasing several times, and population growth is significantly increasing due to migration from European and Asian provinces.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

On May 11, 330, Constantine officially moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the city on the Bosphorus and called it New Rome, Constantinople.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Subsequently, the city grew and developed so rapidly that in half a century, under the reign of Emperor Theodosius, new city walls were being built.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The new walls of the city, which have survived to this day, already contain seven hills — the same number as in Rome.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Divided Empire (395—527)


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

After the death of Theodosius in 395, the Roman Empire was finally divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

After the death of the Western Roman Empire (476), the Eastern Empire is traditionally called the Western term Byzantine Empire or simply Byzantium, although it was never self-named, and until the end the existence of Byzantium, the empire was called the Roman Empire (that is, Roman), and its inhabitants were called the Romans (Romans).


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

City of Justinian (527—565)


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

During the reign of Emperor Justinian in 527-565, Constantinople entered the “golden age”.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

After five years of his reign in 532, the largest uprising “Nika” broke out in the city - the city was significantly destroyed, Hagia Sophia burned down.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

After the brutal suppression of the riot, Justinian rebuilds the capital, attracting the best architects of his time.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

New buildings, temples and palaces are being built, the central streets of the new city are decorated with colonnades.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

A special place is occupied by the construction of Hagia Sophia, which became the largest church in the Christian world and remained so for more than a thousand years — until the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The “Golden Age” was not cloudless: in 544, the Justinian plague claimed the lives of 40% of the city's population.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The city grew rapidly and became first the business center of the then world, and soon the largest city in the world.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

They even began to call it simply the City.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

During its heyday, the city had an area of 30,000 hectares and a population of hundreds of thousands, which was about ten times larger than the typical size of the largest cities in Europe [4].


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The first mention of the Turkish toponym İstanbul ([isˈtanbul] - istanbul, local pronunciation sˈtambul - ystambul) appear in Arabic and then Turkic sources of the 10th century and come from ([es τn Polin] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), “is tin polin” — “to the city” or “to the city” — is an indirect Greek name for Constantinople.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Sieges and Decline


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

In the period from 666 to 950, the city is subjected to repeated sieges by Arabs, Bulgarians and Rus.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

During the reign of Emperor Leo Isavr in 717-741, a period of iconoclasm began, which will last until the middle of the 9th century, and many frescoes and mosaics on religious themes are destroyed.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The heyday of the Macedonians and Komnenos


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The second greatest prosperity of Byzantium, and with it Constantinople, began in the 9th century with the coming to power of the Macedonian dynasty (856-1071).


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Then, simultaneously with major military victories over the main enemies - the Bulgarians (Vasily II even bore the nickname Bolgarofighter) and the Arabs, the Greek-speaking culture flourishes: science (being reformed Constantinople Higher School is a kind of the first European university founded by Theodosius II in 425), painting (mainly frescoes and icons), literature (mainly hagiography and chronicles) ).


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Missionary activity is increasing, mainly among the Slavs, as exemplified by the activities of Cyril and Methodius.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

As a result of disagreements between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople in 1054, the Christian Church was divided, and Constantinople became an Orthodox center.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Since the empire was no longer as large as in the days of Justinian or Heraclius, it had no other cities comparable to Constantinople.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

At this time, Constantinople played a fundamental role in all areas of Byzantine life.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Since 1071, when the invasion of the Seljuk Turks began, the empire, and with it the City, has been plunging into darkness again.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

During the reign of the Komnenos dynasty (1081—1185), Constantinople experienced its last heyday, although not the same as under Justinian and the Macedonian dynasty.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The city center is shifting westward to the city walls, to the present-day districts of Fatih and Zeyrek.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

New churches and a new imperial palace (Vlaherna Palace) are being built.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Genoese and Venetians took up trade hegemony and settled in Galata.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Falling


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

On April 13, 1204, Constantinople was captured by the Knights of the Fourth Crusade, who burned it and almost completely ruined it.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The city became the capital of the Latin Crusader Empire, in which economic domination passed to the Venetians.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

In July 1261, the Byzantines, supported by the Genoese, conquered the city, and power again passed to the Byzantine dynasty of Paleologues.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Until the middle of the 14th century, Constantinople remained a major shopping center, then gradually fell into disrepair, key positions in the city were captured by the Venetians and Genoese.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Since the end of the XIV century, Ottoman Turks have repeatedly tried to seize Constantinople.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

After Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror built the Rumel Fortress in 1452, the fate of the city was decided, and on May 29, 1453, after a long siege, the city fell.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Constantinople became the capital of a new strong state — the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Tsargrad


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Tsargrad is the Slavic name of the city or land of Constantinople, the capital of the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire and modern Istanbul in Turkey.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

It is presented in several ways depending on the language, for example, Old Slavonic: Tsesargrad; Church Slavonic; Tsargrad, Russian: Russian: Tsargrad; South Slavic languages: Karigrad or Tsarigrad, depending on their alphabets; Slovak: Carihrad; Czech: Cařihrad; Polish: Carogród; Ukrainian: Tsargorod; also Czargrad and Tzargrad; cf. Tsar.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Tsargrad is an ancient Slavic translation of the Greek Besils Polis.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Combining the Slavic words tsar for “Caesar/Emperor” and hail for “city”, this meant “City of Caesar”.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

According to Per Thomsen, the Old Russian form influenced the Old Norse name of Constantinople Miklagard (Mikligarðr).


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Bulgarians also used this word to Veliko Tarnovo (Tsarevgrad Tarnov, “Imperial City of Tarnov”), one of the capitals of the Bulgarian kings, but after the Balkans fell under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, the Bulgarian word was used exclusively as another name for Constantinople.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

[5] [6] [7]


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the flourishing Russian state began to see itself as the last continuation of the Roman Empire and the power that would resurrect the lost Leviathan (Third Rome).


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

This belief was maintained in the Russian Orthodox Church and gave at least an appearance of legitimacy to the marriage of Ivan III to Sophia Paleolog, a relative of the last Byzantine emperor.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

It was argued that the goal of the tsars was to return the city, but despite many southern offensives and the expansion of the empire, this was not realized due to Western intervention in the Crimean War.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

As the Zeitgeist (Zeitgeist), which gave rise to this term, disappeared, the word Tsargrad is now an archaic term in Russian.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

However, it is still used in the Bulgarian language, especially in a historical context.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The main transport artery in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, is named Tsarigradsko Shosse (“Tsarigrad Road”); the road starts as Tsar Osvoboditel Boulevard and continues to the main highway leading to the south - east to Istanbul.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The name Tsargrad has also been preserved in such groups of words as the Tsarigrad grozde (“Tsarsky grape”, which means “gooseberries”), the Tsarigrad kuftenza dish (“small Tsarigrad kyufta”) or statements like “You can even get to Tsarigrad by asking.”


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

In Slovenian, this name is still used and is often preferred to the official one.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

[8] People also understand and sometimes use the name Carigrad in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Gallery


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Bird's-eye view of Constantinople from the Byzantine era (reconstruction)


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

This huge key stone in Chamberlitas (Fatih) may have belonged to the triumphal arch at the Forum of Constantine; the forum was built by Constantine I in the quarter of present-day Chamberlitash


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Constantine's Column, built by Constantine I in 330 AD to commemorate the proclamation of Constantinople as the new capital of the Roman Empire


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Constantine the Great donates the City to the Mother of God (mosaic).


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Hagia Sophia, about 1000


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Coin issued by Constantine I in honor of the founding of Constantinople


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Another coin issued by Constantine I in 330-333 AD


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

in honor of the founding of Constantinople and Rome also confirms as the traditional center of the Roman Empire.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Theodosius I was the last Roman emperor to rule an indivisible empire (detail from the Obelisk at the Hippodrome of Constantinople).


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The map of Constantinople (1422) by the Florentine cartographer Buondelmonti [9] is the oldest map of the city and only one that precedes the Turkish conquest of the city in 1453


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Today's Hagia Sophia was commissioned by Emperor Justinian I after the previous one, which was destroyed during the Nika uprising in 532.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

It was turned into a mosque in 1453, when the Ottoman Empire established itself, and became a museum in 1935


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Emperor Leo VI (886—912) worships Christ.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Mosaic at the top of the imperial gate in Hagia Sophia.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

12th century mosaic from the upper gallery of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Emperor John II (1118—1143) is shown on the left, with the Virgin Mary and Child Jesus in the center, and John's wife Empress Irina on the right.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Crusaders in Constantinople.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Picture Delacroix.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The Latin Empire, the Empire of Nicene, the Empire of Trebizond and the Kingdom of Epirus.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The boundaries are very vague.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Mehmed the Conqueror enters Constantinople


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Eagle and snake, 6th century mosaic on the floor, Constantinople, Grand Palace.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The monumental center of Constantinople.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The interior of Hagia Sophia, now a museum.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

A page depicting Constantinople in the Nuremberg Chronicle published in 1493, forty years after the fall of the city


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Fragment of Milion (Greek.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

: Mile (λ) ion) is a monument marking the mile


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

The final siege of Constantinople, modern French miniature of the 15th century


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Notes


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Literature


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Ball, Warwick (2016).


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire, 2nd edition.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

London & New York: Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-72078-6.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Korolija Fontana-Giusti, Gordana 'The Urban Language of Early Constantinople: The Changing Roles of the Arts and Architecture in the Formation of the New Capital and the New Consciousness' in Intercultural Transmission in the Medieval Mediterranean, (2012), Stephanie L. Hathaway and David W. Kim (eds), London: Continuum, pp 164-202.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Yule, Henry (1915).


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Henri Cordier (ed.),.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

London: Hakluyt Society.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Accessed 21 September 2016.


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

References


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

(audio recording)


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Category:Historical city names


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Category:Sacred Cities of Christianity


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Category:Objects named after people during their lifetime


Question: When was Constantinople founded?

Constantinople

Category:Objects named after saints


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda of Great Britain, Danish: Caroline Mathilde of Great Britain (English: Caroline Matilda of Wales [1]; July 22, 1751, London — 10 May 1775) was the youngest daughter of Prince Frederick of Wales, wife of King Christian VII of Denmark and mother of King Frederick VI.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda was the youngest daughter of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and his wife Augusta of Saxe-Gotha; the girl was born a few months after Frederick's death.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The princess was brought up in a secluded family atmosphere away from the royal court.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

At the age of fifteen, she was married to her cousin, King Christian VII of Denmark.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Christian suffered from a mental illness and remained cold to his wife throughout the marriage, in which he had two children, Frederick and Louise Augusta, who was allegedly born in as a result of adultery.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In 1769, Johann Friedrich Struense, a doctor, joined the king.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

At first, Carolina Matilda treated him cold, but he quickly won the heart of the eighteen-year-old queen.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

A romantic relationship ensued between them, and Johann Friedrich himself began to quickly move up the career ladder.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

He soon reached the peak of power and carried out a series of reforms that Carolina Matilda supported.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Struense's actions, as well as his connection with the Queen, led to the emergence of powerful enemies, including Christian VII's stepmother Juliana Maria and her son Frederick.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Under the leadership of Juliana Maria, a conspiracy matured at the court, as a result of which Struense was executed, and Carolina Matilda was divorced and expelled from the country.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

She died in Celle, Hanover possession of her brother George III, at the age of twenty-three from scarlet fever.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Origins and early years


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda was born on July 22, 1751 (July 11 [2] O.S.) at [3] [4], the Prince of Wales's residence in London, and was the youngest child of nine children of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta Saxe-Gotha [2] [5].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

By father, Carolina Mathilde was the granddaughter of King George II of Great Britain and Carolina of Brandenburg-Ansbach, by mother - Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, and Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerb; By mother, the princess was also the second cousin of Empress Catherine II.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The girl's father died a few months before the birth of Carolina Matilda [6] [3].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

From birth until 1766, the princess was called Her Royal Highness Princess Carolina Matilda.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The girl was baptized on August 1 at Leicester House and received by the young Prince of Wales George and Princesses Augusta (sister of Carolina Matilda) and Carolina (her aunt), represented by powers of attorney another family member [7].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Augusta of Saxe-Gotha raised her children in a secluded family atmosphere away from the royal court and its strict etiquette.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Due to these circumstances, the princess was not interested in politics and court intrigues at all [6].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The family spent most of the time in Leicester House, but during the holidays of Augusta with the children went to.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda preferred outdoor games and horse riding; however, the girl's education was superficial and irregular [3].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Despite this, she was musically gifted, had a beautiful voice and sang well, and spoke three languages — Italian, French and German [8].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

A marriage.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Queen of Denmark


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In 1764, an agreement was reached between the Danish and British royal houses on marriage between Prince Christian, heir to the Danish throne, and one of the British princesses.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Christian was the son of King Frederick V and Louise of Great Britain and, thus, was Carolina Matilda's cousins: the princess's father and Christian's mother were siblings [3].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The choice of the British princess as the bride was partly due to the fact that the late mother of Christian VII by that time was very popular in Denmark.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Initially, Carolina Matilda's elder sister Louise Anna was considered for the role of the future queen, but she was in poor health since birth, as informed by the Danish delegate Count von Botmer, and therefore Carolina Matilda was chosen to marry the prince [9].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The impending marriage was announced on January 10, 1765 [10] [3].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On January 14, 1766, while preparations for the wedding were still underway, seventeen-year-old Christian became king [6].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On October 1 of the same year, a wedding ceremony took place in the royal chapel of St. James's Palace (according to another version, in Carlton House [2]), at which the groom was represented by the princess's brother.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Two days later, Carolina Matilda left Harwich for Rotterdam; three weeks after leaving England, the princess arrived in Altona, where she broke up with the British motorcade and was met by the Danish courtiers.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Twelve days later, Carolina Matilda arrived in Roskilde, where she met her future husband and was accommodated until her second wedding ceremony.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The wedding ceremony in the presence of the bride and groom took place on November 8, 1766 at the royal chapel of Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen [3].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The wedding celebrations and balls lasted another month after the wedding.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On May 1 of the following year, Carolina Matilda was crowned in Copenhagen [2].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The young queen at the Danish court was described as a temperamental, bright and charming person.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Because of her slight plump, Carolina Matilda was not beautiful, but very attractive; her appearance allowed her to avoid criticism of women and, at the same time, attract the attention of men.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

However, her natural and lively personality was not popular in the strict Danish court [8], despite the fact that she was originally warmly received in Copenhagen; Carolina Matilda herself, parting with British escort in Altona, was actually alone in an environment that clearly did not suit her.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In addition, Christian VII, weak-willed, selfish and had mental problems, remained cold to his wife and was in no hurry to consume the marriage [8].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The reason for this attitude towards his wife on the part of Christian could be that the marriage was actually imposed on him by the courtiers, who believed that this would improve the mental health of the young king [3]; In addition, some courtiers believed that Christian preferred men to women [8].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Despite rumors about Christian's homosexuality, he had a mistress with whom he began a relationship in Holstein in the summer of 1766, and often visited courtesans in Copenhagen, including the most famous was [11].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

At the Danish court, the young queen became close to her lady of the bedchamber, who considered the favorites of the king and immoral personalities who wanted to alienate Christian from his wife.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

However, the intimacy with von Plessen did not contribute to the rapprochement of Carolina Matilda with her husband: one day, when he wanted to share a bed with his wife, Louise advised the Queen to affect the patient, which, in her opinion , was supposed to rekindle passion in the king, but it further alienated him.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In the end, Christian, on the advice of his mentor, shared a bed with his wife only for procreation, and after the birth of his son Frederick in January 1768, he returned to entertainment in the capital's brothels [8].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda, although not interested in politics, began to play one of the key roles at court after the birth of her heir, and opposition circles concentrated around her [12].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Her dislike for her husband's favorites led to the fact that in 1768 Holk achieved the removal of the lady of the bedchamber and the expulsion of Louise von Plessen from the country, thus depriving the young queen of her only close a man at the Danish court who was able to keep Carolina Matilda from making serious mistakes.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On May 6, 1768, Christian embarked on a long journey through Europe, leaving his wife and son in Copenhagen.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In the absence of her husband, Carolina Matilda was engaged in raising her son, as well as walking around the city and establishing ties with neighbors [11].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The Queen's hiking was condemned, as Danish noble women traditionally moved around the city exclusively in carriages [8].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Mathilde spent the summer of that year at Frederiksborg Palace in Hillerod, before returning to Copenhagen in the fall.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

At the same time, rumors spread about the Queen's connection with a certain La Tour, an actor at the French-speaking theater Hofteatret.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

La Tour was the lover of Carolina Matilda's maid of honor, but often received gifts from the Queen herself and was said to have actually visited the royal apartments for her, not Eiben.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The Queen's connection with La Tour was not proven, but upon the return of the king, he was expelled from the country.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In addition to Aben, in the absence of Christian, Carolina Matilda's circle of friends entered, and; all of them were known for love affairs [13].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Contact Struense


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Christian returned from his trip in January 1769.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Johann Friedrich Struense, a German doctor, arrived in Copenhagen with him, whom the king met in Altona at the beginning of his journey [14].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

At this time, Christian's mental state deteriorated, but Struense apparently managed to cope with this, while earning the trust of the king, the respect of Parliament and the position of royal physician.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In Copenhagen, Struense became actively involved in the political life of the country, but initially he did not plan to rely on the support of the Queen - on the contrary, he believed that he was the best ally in this matter could be the king's new mistress, whom Struense himself had to choose.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

His choice fell on an aristocrat; she was well educated and intelligent, which, according to Johann Friedrich, could improve the condition of the king and facilitate communication between the courtiers and him.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

However, the idea failed due to Birgitta's refusal, and the attempt to organize a connection between the king on the side turned Carolina Matilda against Struense [11].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Later, in the summer of 1769, Carolina Matilda developed swelling and, at the insistence of her husband, sought help from Struenza.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

He advised the Queen to have fun and exercise as the best medicine; the advice of the royal physician helped Carolina Matilda, and she gained confidence in him.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Trust was strengthened when Struense successfully vaccinated Carolina Matilda's sickly son against smallpox.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The attraction that soon arose between the Queen and Johann Friedrich amused the king, but it was originally due to Johann Friedrich's desire to bring Christian closer to his wife.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In January 1770, Struense received rooms at Christiansborg Palace.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In 1770, the king became more and more passive and introverted, and he entrusted daily public affairs to Struenza, whom he trusted infinitely [11].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

By the spring of 1770, there was already a love affair between the Queen and the Royal Physician [8].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Later, during the divorce of Carolina Matilda and Christian, the courtiers accompanying the Queen reported that they suspected the connection at the end of 1769.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

After that, for some time, the Queen limited communication with Johann Friedrich, but it did not last long: by the summer of 1770, the entire capital knew about the proximity of Carolina Matilda and Struense, and in the provinces where the yard went in June, the lovers were no longer hiding.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

While the royal couple traveled with the court through Schleswig-Holstein, Struensee implemented his ambitious plans.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

These plans also concerned Carolina Mathilda: together with several supporters, Johann Friedrich managed to save the Queen from Holk and her other enemies, including the ruler Carolina Mathilde's dressing room, Holk's sister Madame von der Luhe [11].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

In the summer of 1770, Carolina Matilda's mother, Princess Dowager of Wales, visited the continent, where, for many reasons, she wanted to talk to her daughter.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Initially, the meeting was scheduled in Braunschweig, but was moved to Lüneburg; Carolina Mathilde and Augusta met in Lüneburg no earlier than August 1770, and this was their last meeting.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Struense was with the Queen during this meeting, so the Princess of Wales did not find an opportunity to do more than instruct Woodford, the British Minister of Lower Saxony, to make a suggestion Carolina Mathilde for her behavior; however, neither Woodford nor, who visited his sister in Copenhagen that year, were successful in this matter [11].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The court spent the rest of the summer in, where it became known about the fall of Chief Minister Bernstorf.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

His dismissal was the result of intrigues by Struense and, according to many courtiers, Carolina Matilda; when Augusta of Saxe-Gotha asked her daughter about these rumors in August, the Queen said that she herself would to decide how to rule in her country.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Struense quickly moved up the career ladder: in December 1770 he became Recketmaster; in July of the following year he joined the Cabinet and it was announced that his orders had the same force as if signed by the king; on July 22, the Queen's birthday, Struenze declared himself and his assistant Brandt Counts [15].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Having received virtually unlimited power, Struense began to carry out a number of reforms, many of which were based on healthy, reasonable principles, but he carried them out regardless of anyone's interests and desires .


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

All this led to the extreme unpopularity of Struense and the emergence of a circle of ill-wishers led by Queen Dowager Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and her son Frederick [16].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Carolina Matilda shared the unpopularity of her lover, partly because he publicly stated the Queen's attitude towards him, partly because of support for his reforms [17].


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

Court scandal


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

On June 17, 1771, the royal court left for Hirschholm for the summer, where Carolina Matilda spent the perfect summer with her son and lover.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

By the time she left the capital, the Queen was pregnant and on July 7, 1771 gave birth to a daughter, Louise Augusta, whom she chose to take care of herself.


Question: Who was Carolina Matilda's husband of Great Britain?

Caroline Matilda of Great Britain

The birth of the princess was greeted coldly at court, although the Dowager Queen was ready to become Louise Augusta's godmother if her mother so wished [17].