Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The reservation scheme generally repeated that on Brittany, with an increase in the thickness of the armor in some places.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The total weight of the protection was 7637.365 tons, or just over 30% of the total displacement.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The armor belt protected almost the entire side along the waterline, absent in a small area in the aft tip [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The main armor belt was made of cemented armor and had a thickness of 280 mm in the area of the citadel.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Through a teak lining, it was attached to a skin made of two layers of shipbuilding steel 10 mm thick [note 1].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In the underwater part, where the projectile had to pass another column of water, the belt had a thinning to the bottom.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

At the tip, the main belt continued with belts of smaller thickness — 120 mm in the stern and 180 mm in the bow [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In the area of the citadel, from the second turret of the main caliber to the stern casemate of medium artillery, there was an upper belt.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

It was made of slabs, the lower edge of which was 280 mm thick, and they gradually narrowed upwards to 240 mm.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Between the barbets of the second and middle towers of the main caliber, the casemate of medium artillery was covered with plates 180-160 mm thick.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The battleships had two armored decks.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Both were 50 mm thick.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The lower one had bevels 70 mm thick, which went to the lower edge of the main armor belt [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The defense of the main caliber artillery was designed to withstand its own shells [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The turrets of the main caliber had a frontal plate of 300 mm on two layers of 20 mm steel [7], side walls 250 mm thick and a roof 100 mm thick.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The barbets were 280 mm thick.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The cabin was protected by 300 mm armor.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The anti-torpedo protection in the midships had a depth of about 3 m and included one anti-torpedo bulkhead made of three layers of steel 10 mm each [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Arming


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The main caliber of the Normandy class battleships is twelve 340-mm 45-caliber guns of the 1912 model, housed in three four-gun turret mounts.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The towers were located according to a linearly elevated scheme — one at the ends and one in the center along the diametrical plane [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The height of the axes of the trunnions of the bow tower relative to the waterline was 11.1 m, at the middle tower - 9.8 m, at the stern tower - 7.5 m. The firing angles were 140, 150 and 135 degrees on each side, respectively [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The 340 mm gun of the 1912 model of the year weighed 66,950 kg [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Reciprocating gate valve, Velina system.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The gunpowder charge weighing 153.5 kg consisted of four caps [8].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The armor-piercing projectile had a mass of 555 kg, a high-explosive shell - 465 kg. The initial velocity of the armor-piercing projectile was 800 m/s.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

With a maximum elevation angle of 18°, the maximum firing range of this projectile was supposed to be 18,000 m [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Each tower was divided by an armored partition into two “half-towers”.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Each semi-tower had its own shell and charging cellars and a feed system.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

A pair of guns in each half-turret were in a common cradle and could only fire and reload together.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The rate of fire was supposed to be 2 shots per minute per gun.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The ammunition was supposed to be 100 rounds per barrel [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Five 3.66 m rangefinders were designed to control the main caliber fire.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Two of them were located on the roof of the wheelhouse, and one on each turret.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The firing of each tower could be controlled both from the central post and individually.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Each tower could also serve as a backup firing control post.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Five 90-cm combat searchlights were intended for night shooting [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The mine action caliber consisted of twenty-four 138.6-mm guns of the 1910 model of the year with a barrel length of 55 calibers.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The gun had a separate-sleeve loading and lifting angles of −7°/+15°.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The mass of the powder charge is 10.4 kg [9].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The high-explosive projectile weighing 31.5 kg was given an initial velocity of 840 m/s, which provided a maximum range of 15,100 m. The rate of fire was 5-6 rounds per minute.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Mine action artillery was located in eight three-gun casemates — four casemates on each side.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The bow pair of casemates was located in the bow superstructure in front of the middle tower of the main caliber.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The aft pair of casemates were located one deck below the upper deck.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The rest of the casemates were located on the upper deck in the central part.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The ammunition capacity was 275 shots per gun [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The armament was supplemented by 47-mm Gochkis guns of the 1902 model of the year.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

They were located on anti-aircraft firing machines on the deck of the polubak in the area of the second chimney.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The mine-torpedo armament consisted of six 450-mm torpedo tubes located side by side in the wheelhouse area (two on the starboard and one on the port side) and under the stern superstructure (two on the left, one with starboard).


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The total ammunition capacity was 36 torpedoes [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Power plant


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The power plant of the Normandy class battleships with a capacity of 32,000 hp provided a speed of 21 knots.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

For a short time, during afterburner, the power plant could develop 45,000 hp, which should have been enough to reach a speed of 22 knots [5] [note 2].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

All ships of this type were equipped with four propellers.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The first four battleships of the series received a combined power plant consisting of two four-cylinder triple expansion steam engines driven by a spring pair of shafts and steam turbines with direct drive on an internal pair of shafts.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The cylinder diameters of steam engines differed slightly depending on the manufacturer.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The first high-pressure cylinder had a piston diameter of 1.16—1.18 m, the second, medium pressure, had a diameter of 1.66—1.73 m, followed by two low-pressure cylinders with a piston diameter of 1.98 m. The turbine set included high and low pressure turbines.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Normandy and Flandre had Parsons turbines, Gascony - Rato Bretagne systems, and Languedoc - Schneider-Zolly systems [7].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The outer pair of four-bladed propellers had a diameter of 5.2 m in increments of 6.37 m at a full speed of 115 rpm.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The internal pair of propellers was three-bladed with a diameter of 3.34 m and a pitch of 3.1 m at a maximum speed of 280 rpm.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The turbines did not have reverse stages.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

For this purpose and for cruising 16 knots, steam engines were used.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The fifth ship of the series, the Bearne, was equipped with a four-shaft unit with four sets of Parsons turbines with direct drive to four shafts.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Despite the fact that a destroyer [note 3] with a gear reducer was ordered in France in 1913, they did not dare to install a turbo-gear unit on the Bearn, laid down in 1914.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The turbines driven to the inner shafts were the same as on the rest of the ships in the series.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The set of turbines driven by external shafts included a high-pressure turbine and two low-pressure turbines.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Along with each CND there was a cruising turbine.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The turbines were located in three parallel compartments.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The central part was occupied by low-pressure turbines.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Steam was supplied first to the theater of operations, then to one of the fuel pumps.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

All propellers were three-bladed with a diameter of 3.34 m in 3.1 m increments [7].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The ships provided ferry by vertical boilers with small diameter tubes with a steam pressure of 20 kg/cm² [7].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The number and type of steam boilers also differed among ships in the series.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Normandy and Gascogne each had 21 Guyo-du Temple water-tube boilers, Flandre and Languedoc - 28 Belleville boilers each, Bearn - 21 Nickloss boilers.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

All boilers had mixed heating [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

For battleships with 21 boilers, the first from the nose were boiler rooms No. 1 and No. 2 with six boilers each, then cellars of 138-mm guns, then boiler room No. 3 with 9 boilers, a turret compartment of the middle GC towers and steam condenser separation [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Fuel consumption during 10 hours of tests at a speed of 21 knots was 180 kg of coal or 135 kg of oil per 1 m² of grate.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

When boosting the power during three-hour tests, coal consumption was 225 kg per 1m².


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The normal fuel supply was 900 tons. The full fuel reserve is 2,700 tons of coal and 300 tons of oil.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

For ships with a combined propulsion system, a full supply of fuel should have been enough for a range of 1,800 miles at full speed, and with only steam engines, 3,375 miles at 16 knots and 6,500 - 6,600 miles at 12 knots [7] [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

To generate electricity, four turbine generators with a capacity of 400 kW each were used, providing the on-board network with power with a voltage of 220 V. Turbogenerators were located around the middle tower of the main caliber and each was equipped with its own steam condenser [7] [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Construction and destiny


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Representatives [4] ShipOriginal


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

TitlesWerfBookmark dateDescent date


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

on waterPlanned date


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Normandy Normandieateliers et Chantiers de la Loire, Saint-Nazer18 April 191319 October 1914March 1916 LanguedocForges et Chantiers de la Gironde, Bordeaux18 April 191301 May 1915 March 1916 Flandres FlandreBrest Naval Shipyard October 01 191320 October 1914June 1917 Gascogne Naval Shipyard in Lorient01 October 191320 September 1914June 1917 BearnForges et Chantiers de la Mediterranee, La Seyne sur Meryannvar 1914april 19201917 [note 4]


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

After the construction of a series of five battleships of the Normandy class, the French fleet was to receive two divisions of superdreadnoughts of four ships.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The construction of the first four battleships was included in the 1913 program.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The order for Normandy and Flandre was issued on December 12, 1912, and for Gascogne and Languedoc on July 30, 1913.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The fifth ship was built according to the program of 1914.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

At first it was called “Vande”, but then it was changed to “Bearn”.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The order for it was issued on December 3, 1913.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Its contract value without weapons amounted to 57,165 million francs.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Bearn was laid down on January 5, 1914 at slipway No. 1 of the shipyard of the private company Forges et Chantier de la Mediterrane in La Seyne with factory No. 1071 [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

With the outbreak of the First World War, work on battleships was suspended, as all resources were directed to the needs of the army.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In order to free the slipways, the first four ships were launched from August 1914 to May 1915.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

On July 23, 1915, the naval leadership suspended all work on them, as they considered their construction a low priority task.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The hulls at the shipyards were mothballed.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

At the end of July 1915, work on weapons systems was also suspended.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Four ready-made 340-mm guns were mounted on railway installations and converted by the army.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Another 9 guns made for the Languedoc were converted into railway guns after the war in 1919.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Several 138.6 mm guns manufactured were also used on land.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

By the time work on the Normandy stopped, the readiness for the hull was 65%, for the power plant - 70%, for weapons - 40%.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The boilers intended for it were used in the construction of destroyers of the “Adventurier” type.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Languedoc had 49% readiness for the hull, 26% for weapons and 73% for the power plant.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Its boilers were used in the construction of anti-submarine advisories [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

For Flandr, the readiness for the hull was 65%, the mechanisms 60% and the main caliber tower installations — 51%.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

For Gascony, 60%, 44% and 75%, respectively.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Work on Bearn was in its early stages.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Readiness for the hull was 8-10%, for turbines — 25%, for boilers — 17%, for tower installations — 20%.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In January 1918, an order was issued on Normandy dreadnoughts, according to which the work remained frozen, but the materials prepared by the shipyards were to remain ready for resumption works.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

However, according to Gascony, 3,086 tons of sheet material have already been used for other needs [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

A few days after the conclusion of an armistice with Germany, on November 22, 1918, the design department sent a request to the headquarters to obtain requirements for the project for the modification of battleships of the Normandy type.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

On November 29, the General Staff formulated the following requirements: a speed of 26-28 knots, a significant increase in defense, more powerful weapons.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In response, the engineering department prepared a report, signed by Chief of Technical Department Doyer, addressed to the Minister.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The report said that the requirements expressed by the General Staff are unrealizable in terms of budget restrictions and terms.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The technical restrictions in 1919 differed little from those in 1913.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The shipyards were still limited to Normandy and Lille sizes, especially in width.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Dredging works in ports and upgrading of their infrastructure were also not completed and were proceeding with long delays.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Only one dry dock in Brest could receive ships up to 250 m in length and up to 36 m in width. The completion of two more docks in Toulon was expected no earlier than in a year.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The expected completion dates for the docks in Lorient and Bizerte were even longer.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

All this led to the fact that the width should not exceed 29.5 m. This imposed significant restrictions on the capabilities of anti-torpedo protection, the effectiveness of which strongly depended on its depth.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Ultimately, on February 25, 1919, the General Staff concluded that in the next 6-7 years, new battleships could not be built taking into account the experience of the past war.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Therefore, it is necessary to complete the construction of four battleships of the Normandy class.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The guns from the fifth, the Bearn, were supposed to be used to replace those captured by the Germans in Lille produced for the Gascony.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The General Staff and the Design Department agreed on the following points [10]:


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

1) The ships are being completed with the existing power plant.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

To increase the speed from 21 to 24 knots, you need to find additional hp.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

, which requires too much rework [10].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

2) Anti-torpedo protection is strengthened.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

All compartments not occupied by coal in front of the anti-torpedo bulkhead must be filled with cork chips.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The installation of external boules with a width of 1 m will allow raising the displacement to 27,000 tons. According to calculations, the defense of the original Normandy project withstood the explosion of only 100 kg of torpedo warhead.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The measures taken should increase the resistance of PTZ to 200 kg of TNT [10].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

3) The General Staff hoped that it would be possible to abandon the middle tower of the main caliber and return to the scheme with two four-gun and two elevated two-gun towers at the ends.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In any case, the elevation angle of the guns should be increased to 23-24°.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

This will increase the maximum firing range from 16,000 m to 25,000 m. The French were very mistaken in their calculations for the expected combat distances [10].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

According to their pre-war calculations, the visibility conditions at sea will limit the firing distance to 15,000 m. Based on this, the angles of lifting the guns and the capabilities of rangefinders were planned.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

But the battles between the German and British fleets in the North Sea began at a distance of 20,000 m [11].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

4) Due to the increased combat distances, horizontal defense should be revised.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

At long distances, the shells fell at a fairly large angle and began to hit the decks.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The total thickness of the decks should be increased to 120 mm, and the roofs of the towers to 200 mm [11].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

5) Dismantling of underwater torpedo tubes and replacing them with six 550-mm surface torpedo tubes.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Ammunition of 4 torpedoes per vehicle, if possible, place them above the casemate of 138-mm guns [11].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

6) Since the released compartments of torpedo tubes were well protected and were located behind the anti-torpedo bulkhead, one electric generator should be placed in each of them.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Each of them must be able to independently provide power to the devices necessary for combat [11].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

7) Installation of command and rangefinder posts with fire control directors on tripod masts, two directors for 138.6 mm guns, installation on the wheelhouse of a rotating unit with three rangefinders with a wide base and three central fire control stations (two for the GK and one for mine artillery) [11].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

8) Add a torpedo fire control center, radio equipment for artillery fire control systems and six or eight 90-cm searchlights with external control from observation posts [11].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

9) Provide supplies for a two-seat reconnaissance aircraft and a single-seat fighter, but without the installation of take-off platforms [11].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Bearn was the least ready, so a more extensive modernization program was offered for it.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In addition to works similar to the other four ships of the series, a modification of the power plant and main caliber guns was proposed.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Niklass boilers were transferred to the Flandre, and eight oil boilers were installed on it, similar to those installed on destroyers.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The new turbine unit with a capacity of 80,000 hp was supposed to provide a speed of 24-25 knots.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Either four-gun 340-mm turrets with an increased elevation angle, or new two-gun 420-mm mounts were considered as weapons [11].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The decision on the Bearn was delayed, so in April 1920, its hull was launched to free the slipway.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Ultimately, since 1923, work began on its conversion into an aircraft carrier [11].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The decision on battleships of the Normandy type was delayed.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The cost of their completion in 1919 was estimated at 200-250 million francs.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

As a result, in four to five years, the French fleet would receive a division of homogeneous battleships, which in their characteristics could well be compared with at least 50 capital ships of other countries [11].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

But they were inferior to the best representatives of foreign fleets.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

As Doyer himself noted, one should not expect too much from them, they are “ships for today”, not for the future [12].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

On February 25, 1919, Captain Vandier became the coordinator of the Normandy Project between the Technical Department and the General Staff.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

He spent 18 months as a French observer at the British Grand Fleet and was able to assess the proposed changes from the point of view of practical experience with the use of the British fleet.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Studies of the technical department showed that by extending the Normandy hull by 15 meters, it was possible to increase the speed to 26 knots and the General Staff on March 4 ordered a more detailed study of this option.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Meanwhile, the issue of new battleships became more and more relevant.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

To replace the ships worn out during the four years of the war, a program for the construction of six light cruisers, ten destroyers and 20 submarines was approved.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

On July 19, 1919, Admiral Ronarc (French: Ronarc), in a note addressed to the Minister, noted that the French fleet must maintain an advantage over the Italian fleet.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

And since the Italians, according to available information, are resuming work on battleships of the Caraciollo type with 381-mm guns, the issue of completing the Normandy should be considered.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In total, three options were proposed [13]:


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

1) Completion of the existing project.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

This was already estimated at 430 million francs.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The construction period is from 30 to 36 months


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

2) Completion with a number of improvements.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

A boule with a width of 1 m was added, the elevation angles of guns increased, and defense was improved.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The cost increased to 482 million francs, the work time is approximately the same as in the first option


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

3) Lengthening the body, putting on boules 2.7 meters wide, increasing the power of the power plant to hp


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

and speeds up to 26 knots.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The cost is more than 700 million francs.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The term of work performance is 54-60 months [13].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

According to information received from Rome, the Italians did not plan to build more than one battleship of the Caraciollo type.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In addition, the French economy was in a difficult situation, exhausted by the war.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Therefore, in a note dated August 4, 1919, Admiral Ronark already wrote that he sees no expediency in completing the construction of battleships of the Normandy type.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

On September 12, 1919, a very modest naval program was proposed to the government, from which even submarines were excluded.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In his cover note, Ronark wrote that the idea of completing five battleships of the Normandy type should be abandoned.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

At least until the government approves naval policy.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Although the press of that time still flashed projects for the completion of battleships of the Normandy class, the naval leadership actually resigned to the refusal to build them [13].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Options for completing them as passenger liners, cargo ships and tankers and even non-self-propelled floating tanks were considered.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

But all of them have not been implemented.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

After the ratification of the Washington Treaty on April 18, 1922, the first four ships were removed from the fleet lists, and their equipment was used to complete the construction of the Bearn and cruisers of the 1922 program years.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Equipment was dismantled from the ships, and the hulls were sold for scrapping.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The Normandy was sold for 1.8 million francs to an Italian company and dismantled for metal in 1924-1925.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The Languedoc was towed to Port Brook.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In May 1925, it sank after a storm due to parted seams.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

It was later raised and dismantled for metal by June 1929.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The Flandre was cut in Toulon from July to October 1924, and the Gascogne in Lorient from 1923 to 1924 [5].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Project evaluation


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The project of battleships of the Normandy class had shortcomings, largely due to the inability of France to build and maintain ships with a displacement of more than 25,000 tons. Doyer's head of technical department (French: M. Doyere), who succeeded Lisse in 1911 (French: M. Lyasse), there was no shortage of critics.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Being an intelligent person with a critical mindset, he, however, did not always behave kindly, so he made many ill-wishers.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Nevertheless, Doyer himself recognized the defense of Normandy as insufficient, especially underwater protection [14].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The French paid much attention to protection against medium artillery shells.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The vertical defense of the French dreadnoughts covered most of the board, while the main armor belt included in it was relatively thin.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The main belt of 280 mm occupied two interdeck spaces and continued at the tip with belts 180 mm thick.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Only a very small section at the aft end was not covered by protection at the waterline level.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Above the main belt there were an upper belt of 180 mm and casemates of mine action caliber, protected by armor 160-180 mm thick.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

For comparison, the British dreadnought Iron Duke had a main belt 305 mm thick [note 5], the newest battleship Queen Elizabeth - 330 mm, and the German Koenig - all 350 mm with a smaller board armor area .


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

At the time of designing their first super-dreadnoughts, the French believed that in order to achieve decisive results, the opponents would have to approach a distance of 6000 m and during the battle this distance is unlikely whether it will exceed 8,000 m. Therefore, vertical protection was given priority over horizontal protection: the armored decks of French battleships were easily armored.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Two decks of three layers of steel sheets were more likely to keep fragments from shells passing through the belt flying along flat trajectories than serve as protection against falling at a large angle projectiles.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The very first battles of the First World War showed that the combat distances significantly exceed those predicted by French experts.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In the battle of the Falkland Islands, fire was opened at a distance of about 15,000 m, and the main battle was conducted at a distance of 9,000 —13,000 m. In the Battle of Dogger Bank, fire was fought at distances of 14,500 to 18,000 m, and in the Battle of Jutland, daytime battles began at ranges of 18,000 to 19,000 m [note 6].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

At such distances, projectiles fell on the target along a hinged trajectory, more often hitting the decks from above, which the protection of French dreadnoughts was not designed for [note 7].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Doyer, as responsible for the project, was criticized for choosing 340-mm guns, while fleets of other countries were already switching to guns caliber 356 mm and 381 mm.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

However, the choice of the 340-mm caliber was associated not only with restrictions on displacement, but also with the fear of delaying the development of new guns.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

In any case, the General Staff noted that for 25,000 tons of ships, twelve 340-mm guns fired an onboard volley, weighing more than those of most modern battleships [14].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

The choice of a combined installation instead of direct-acting turbines or turbo-gear units was also criticized.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Meanwhile, direct-acting turbines had too low efficiency, and the gearbox of the turbo-gear unit was at that time a new and not yet tested technology.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Having suffered at one time with the installation of turbines of undeveloped design on the Dantons, the French preferred not to risk it for the second time [14].


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

We took this step, realizing that the combined installation should lead to difficulties in operation.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

It was necessary to train personnel to work with two diverse units and store spare parts for both of them.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Brittany


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Normandy


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Iron Duke


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Queen Elizabeth


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Koenig


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Bayern


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Nevada


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Fuso


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Caracciollo


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Bookmark19121913191219121911191319121914Entry into stroy1916 —19141916191619161915-Length×width166×27177.6×27190×27.5197×27.6175.4×29.5179.8×30.8177.7×29,1202.7×28,7212×29,7212×29,7212×29,7212×29,7212×29,7212×29,7212×29,7212×29,7212×29,7212×29,7212×,6normal displacement, t23 50025 20026 100 dl.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

t32,000 dl.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

t25 39028 07427 500 dl.


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

t30 60031 400 Speed, knots202121,2524212220,522,525 weapons10 × 340 mm


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

22×138-mm12×340 mm


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

14×150-mm8×380 mm


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

12 × 152-mmBelt, mm250280305330350343305300 Weapons layout scheme


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Notes


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Used literature and sources


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Literature


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: Why weren't Normandie-class battleships in service?

Normandie-class battleships

Category: Normandie-class battleships


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

Pamyatnik Karl Marx in Moscow is a sculptural monument made of gray granite erected in honor of the founder of Marxism, figure of the international communist movement Karl Marx in Moscow on Teatralnaya Square.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

Sculptor — Lev Kerbel; architects — R. A. Begunts, N. A. Kovalchuk V. G. Makarevich V. M. Morgulis.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

It was opened on October 29, 1961.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

The history of creation


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

IN. AND. Lenin considered the installation of a monument to Marx one of the most important tasks within the framework of the implementation of the Monumental Propaganda Plan; according to it, the monument in Moscow was supposed to appear in the first years Soviet power.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

At the beginning of 1920, a competition was held for the creation of the monument, and on May 1, 1920, the day of the first all-Russian clean-up in history, it was laid on Teatralnaya Square.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

However, the original plan was not implemented, and for many years on Teatralnaya Square there was a granite block with the text: “The first stone of the monument to the great leader and teacher of the world proletariat Karl Marx.”


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

They returned to the implementation of Lenin's plan only during the reign of N. S. Khrushchev.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

At the beginning of 1957, a new open all-Union competition was held for the best design of the monument to Marx; its winner was a creative team led by sculptor Lev Kerbel.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

The grand opening of the monument took place on October 29, 1961, during the XXII Congress of the CPSU, in the presence of the highest party and Soviet leadership, congress delegates, guests from the Communist Parties of other countries.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

The monument weighing 160 tons is made of a monolithic block of gray granite mined near Dnepropetrovsk in the Kudashevsky quarry.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

Marx is depicted as a speaker standing on the podium, as if giving a fiery speech to the workers.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

The monument is decorated with the slogan “Workers of all countries, unite!”


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

The sculptural composition is complemented by two granite pylons on both sides of the monument.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

One of them carved the words of Friedrich Engels, said at Marx's funeral: “His name and work will survive centuries”; on the other - the Leninist phrase “The teaching of Marx is omnipotent, because it is true.”


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

L. E.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

Kerbel was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1962 for creating the monument.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

Interesting facts


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

The sarcastic remark of actress F. G. Ranevskaya, who called the monument to Marx a “refrigerator with a beard”.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

One of the versions of Marx's bust by Kerbel was installed in Yaroslavl in 1972.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

Used literature


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

Literature


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

Gak A. On the history of the creation of K. Marx//Iskusstvo.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

1977, #10.


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

See also


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

Karl Marx Monument (Ulyanovsk)


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

Marx


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

Moscow


Question: Where was the first monument to Karl Marx erected in Russia?

Karl Marx Monument (Moscow)

Category:Buildings and structures of Theatre Square (Moscow)


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro (January 31 (February 12) 1874, p. Smeloye, Poltava Province, Russian Empire - January 28, 1943, Belorechenskaya village, Krasnodar Krai, USSR) was a Russian public figure, professional gardener, one of the founders and propagandists of Siberian horticulture, founder of the testing and scientific garden (later the West Siberian Garden Station) on Tagarsky Island near Minusinsk, and in 1918 a member of the Siberian Regional Duma.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Biography, scientific and social activities


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Childhood, adolescence, life in Ukraine (1874—1909)


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro was born on January 31 (February 12), 1874 in the town of Smely, Romensky Uyezd, Poltava Province (Russian Empire), in the family of Cossack Prokhor Alekseevich Bedro.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Hidro studied at the Uman School of Agriculture and Horticulture (Kiev province), then at the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy (now the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev).


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Among the best graduates of the Academy I. P. Bedro trained in nurseries and seed farms in France, Belgium, Holland and Germany, studied seed production of vegetable crops at the farm of the famous Vilmorin company, as well as viticulture on south of France [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Returning to his homeland, I. P. Bedro, renting 10 hectares of land on the outskirts of the city. Lokhvytsia, Poltava province, created a fruit nursery and horticultural farm, from where grown and grafted apple seedlings were sent throughout Ukraine.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Being popular among the population, I. P. The thigh was twice elected from local peasants by the Zemstvo vowel of Lokhvitsky district.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Since 1895, I. P. Hidro, being a secretary-agronomist and a member of the board of the Lokhvitsky Uyezd Agricultural Society, organized warehouses of machines and seeds.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1904, he was elected chairman of the Peskov Agricultural Society, which he significantly expanded, creating eight cooperatives (small agricultural societies).


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

At the same time, he served in Lokhvitsa as an agronomist of the district zemstvo and head of the experimental field


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On the eve of the first Russian revolution of 1905—1907, I. P. The hip begins to take an active part in political life.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

For discussing political issues at a meeting of the Peskov Agricultural Society (chaired by him) and promoting the nationalization of land, I. P. In September 1905, the hip was expelled for three years outside the Poltava province.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

However, after the release of the tsarist manifesto of October 17, 1905, I. P. The hip returned to Lokhvitsa and in November-December 1905 became a member of the All-Russian Peasant Union (cf. Stolypin agrarian reform), created to involve peasants in revolutionary activities.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Regarding the political events of that time in Lokhvitsky district, the assistant to the head of the Poltava Provincial Gendarme Administration reported [1], [2]: A party called itself was formed in Lokhvitsky district liberal, the head of which is the leader of the nobility Alexander Rusinov, the landowner with. Pozniki, and his son-in-law, who lives on his estate, known for his political unreliability, former Professor M. AND. Tugan-Baranovsky.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Under the influence and recommendation of Tugan-Baranovsky A. Rusinov began to appoint his henchmen to various positions, and due to the lack of places, under the guise of raising the economic situation of the county, he created an agricultural society and a credit partnership with small county offices, in which he has established new posts with high salaries.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Of his henchmen A. Rusinov also formed a Zemstvo party, choosing unconditionally loyal or indifferent to public affairs persons as part of his vowels.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The Zemstvo government included Sluz and Priymak, Solomakh's secretary, assistant accountant Alexandra Renning, secretary of the Lokhvitsky Agricultural Society and the Credit Partnership Ivan Bedro, accountant of the credit partnership Gelya Volynskaya, member of the school council from the zemstvo, court councilor Vlahopulov, head of the economic part of Priymak.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Having this circle of persons, A. Rusinov began the selection of persons for Zemstvo schools.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

These persons exchange views on the phone every day and serve as censors for messages received from others.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Thus, all teachers and employees under the Zemstvo government and other societies, willingly or unwittingly, are united into one group.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The main figures in Lokhvitsa are Sluz, Lieberman, Renning, Solomakha, recently appointed secretary of the leader of the nobility Mikhail Kozhushko and I. P. Your thigh.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

They hold gatherings, and on Fridays Sluz, Renning, Lieberman and Bedro go to Pozniki, where meetings are held in Tugan-Baranovsky's apartment at night, from which even servants are removed.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The meetings began to be attended by nobles Nikolai Tereshkovich and Nikolai Khodoli.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In December 1905, the Black Hundreds and the police tried to organize a Jewish pogrom in Lokhvitsa, but I. P. The thigh managed to prevent a pogrom and revealed initiators, in particular the assistant to the local police officer.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Detained for the second time by the police in December 1905 [3] I. P. The thigh was released only under pressure from the masses, who forced the governor to give a special instruction [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

After that, I. P. Hidro went abroad and worked for some time in the gardening farms of the French Riviera.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Upon his return to Russia, he was arrested again (March 1906).


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

He was in prison in Poltava.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The meeting of the Kharkiv Court Chamber of Justice held on October 14—17, 1908 with the participation of class representatives and the famous lawyer A. S. Zarudny, having considered the case of I. P. Thigh, sentenced him for participating in a criminal association (creating cells of the Peasant Union) under Art.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

126 of the Criminal Code in force at that time to deprive all rights of state and exile to Siberia for eternal settlement.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the autumn of 1909, it was delivered to the village of Bystraya, Minusinsky District, Yenisei Province.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Life in Siberia (1909—1935), gardening and social activities


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the spring of 1910, I. P. The hip purchased [4], [5] (according to other sources [6] leased) 17 acres of land on Tagarsky Island (Yenisei River) near Minusinsk and founded a fruit nursery and an experiment garden, which soon turned into the first experimental fruit-growing station in the Siberian region, later called the West Siberian Garden Station.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The main purpose of the station and the “Old Garden”, planted in 1912, was to test a large collection of apple trees and other fruit and berry crops.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The area of the “Old Garden” was 2 hectares, and apple trees on it entered into economic fruiting in 1925 [6].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

There were more than 120 varieties of ranets and semi-clature apple trees here, including seedlings obtained from specialists from the northern gardening zone, with whom I. P. The thigh was in correspondence.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

At the request of Professor N. F. Kashchenko (who moved from Tomsk to Kiev in 1912 for health reasons) I. P. The thigh received and planted his small collection of hybrid apple trees (about 20 pieces), bringing some of them to variety formation.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In general, to collect such a northern assortment of apple trees as was in I. P. The hip was a very difficult task in 1910-1912, since the number of amateur gardeners who had their own seedlings was then hardly 15-20 people in the entire northern zone of horticulture of Russia, and experienced There were no gardening stations here [6].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

From the north, the “Old Garden” was protected by a strip of pine forest growing on the dunes.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On the south side, 500 apple trees of 74 large-fruited varieties were planted obliquely (according to the Canadian method).


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Every year, in late autumn, these trees were bent down and covered with pine branches, potato tops and earth.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

This collection of apple trees was supported primarily for hybridization purposes.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

For the purpose of inspection and introduction, collections of Ussuri and Canadian plums (about 50 trees) were also collected, red, white and golden currants, gooseberries, irgi, Trans-Baikal apricot, etc.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Apple plantings were compacted with bushes of local black currant (more than 1000 pieces).


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Since 1914, I. P. For several years, the thigh published a catalog of fruit and ornamental plants, seeds, vegetables and flower crops, which was sent throughout Siberia.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

His scientific research by I. P. During his work in Siberia, the hip led mainly in four areas:


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

acclimatization of fruit and berry plants;


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

hybridization for breeding particularly winter-hardy varieties;


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

“vegetative hybridization” — the study of the interaction between rootstocks and grafts;


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

cultivation of wild fruit and berry plants.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the spring of 1916, I. P. The hip created the “New Garden” (an area of 4 hectares), planting 10-50 trees of 75 varieties selected for winter hardiness in the “Old Garden”.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The orchard began to bear fruit by 1928.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Since many imported apple varieties turned out to be unsuitable for Siberia, I. P. The hip moved to breeding local varieties through hybridization.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Having studied more than three hundred varieties of various breeds, including, in addition to the apple tree, sea buckthorn, apricot, cherry, barberry, plum and garden strawberries, I. P. The thigh developed methods for protecting cultivated plants from adverse winter factors, conducted experiments to identify the optimal crown shapes, studied methods of grafting and budding, and received successful results on cultivation of Zabaikalsky Pallas apple trees.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In winter, I. P. The thigh corresponded with prominent gardeners of the country - I. IN. Michurin, V. IN. Pashkevich (Saint Petersburg), L. P. Simirenko (Cherkasy Region), N. F. Kashchenko (Kiev), with the Khudyakov brothers (Primorsky Krai), A. M. Lukashov (Khabarovsk), A. K. Thomson (Irkutsk), with gardeners from Omsk and the monastery on Valaam Island.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The natural and climatic conditions of the Minusinsk depression (sharply continental climate) greatly complicate the implementation of effective gardening in this area.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The disadvantages include harsh, little snow and windy winters, late spring and early autumn frosts.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The advantages are the hot summer, which contributes to the good ripening of shoots and, consequently, the winter hardiness of plants.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

This climate is due to the fact that Eastern Siberia, as I. P. Hip L. AND. Vigorov is “the kingdom of ranets and currants”.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Only very few semi-cultivated apple trees, such as Kuzmina Seyanets No. 16, Serzhik Kopylova and Ivanitsky Yellow Cheldon, as well as some of the hybrids obtained by I. P. Hip from N. F. Kashchenko, yielded crops in the garden of I. P. Hip [6].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

While living in Minusinsk, I. P. Hip married Khakaska F. K. Kharina, a native of the Ulus of Bij, who became the mother of his two sons — Alexey Bedro (later Leonid Vigorov) and Yuri Bedro (later Georgy Bedrov, geologist, 1913-1961), as well as daughter Galina (Galina Ivanovna Afanasyeva).


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1915, I. P. The hip was amnestied, but remained to work in Minusinsk.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

He served as secretary and chairman of the Minusinsk Uyezd Union of Credit Cooperation, which helped peasants develop farms by providing them with loans, cars and seeds.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

With the beginning of the revolutionary events of 1917, I. P. Bedro was elected chairman of the Minusinsk Public Security Committee, defended peasant interests in the zemstvo.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1917 he visited Ukraine [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On the pages of Soviet memoirs by I. P. The hip was repeatedly presented as a Social Revolutionaries and an “ardent enemy” of the Minusinsk Bolsheviks [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Modern historians define his political face in different ways.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

However, the documents of the criminal case initiated against him by the Yenisei Provincial Cheka indicate that I. P. The hip was a socially active person who could not be attributed to any political camp.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

His views were typical for the general population of Siberia [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Without sharing the views of either the Bolsheviks or the Social Revolutionaries, without participating in their struggle and trying to protect the peasants from the influence of representatives of these parties, I. P. Bedro continued to act as a public defender in Minusinsk district.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Residents of the village of Bystraya on November 19, 1917 delegated it with an advisory vote to the III Minusinsk Uyezd Peasant Congress.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Despite the fact that the Bolsheviks persuaded the participants of this congress to transfer power to the Soviets, I. P. Hidro opposed the specific actions of the Bolsheviks.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Thus, having received information from the central authorities of credit cooperation that the Council of People's Commissars nationalized Credit Bank of Moscow, I. P. Hidro, with the support of the board of the Minusinsk Uyezd Union of Cooperative Partnerships, wrote a circular on December 23, 1917, in which he notified the cooperators and the population about the nationalization of their monetary deposits and called for protests against this by sending telegrams to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On December 29, 1917, the Bolsheviks, members of the Minusinsk United Executive Committee, decided to arrest I. P. The thigh, and the circular itself with relevant comments should be published in local Izvestia.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

While under investigation, I. P. The hip, as a representative of credit cooperation in Minusinsk Uyezd and a delegate to the 2nd All-Siberian Congress of Cooperators, was elected a member of the Siberian Regional Duma.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On March 6, 1918, the Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced I. P. Thigh to a three-month suspended sentence [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Persecuted by the authorities, I. P. In January 1918, the thigh still found time to compile the Atlas of Fruits with descriptions and drawings of 87 varieties of ranetok that have proven themselves better than others in the climatic conditions of Minusinsk.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Complemented in the late 1920s, this description was prepared by I. P. Bedro and his son Alexey Bedro for publication in the form of a book on Siberian pomology.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

At the beginning of 1918, I. P. Bedro also created a manuscript of the future guide to fruit growing in Siberia (published in 1925 and 1928), then wrote and published in the newspaper “Svoboda i Trud” “Letters from the Prison” of a feuilleton nature.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The Bolsheviks later, using these “letters”, accused I. P. The thigh is in slander of Soviet reality [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In May 1918, I. P. The hip was elected a delegate to the VI Minusinsk Uyezd Peasant Congress.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

After the Military Revolutionary Headquarters (VRS) created by the Bolsheviks dissolved the congress for anti-Soviet protests, I. P. On the night of June 8, 1918, the thigh was arrested by the Red Guards and put in prison.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

After power in Minusinsk passed to the anti-Bolshevik forces (under pressure from the VII Peasant Congress with the support of peasant Cossack squads) I. P. The thigh was released from prison and co-opted with advisory votes to this congress.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

At this time, I. P. The thigh opposed the beginning of the robberies of the urban population of Minusinsk by the rebels vigilantes, as well as against the mobilization of peasants into the Volunteer Army.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In July 1918, I. P. The hip was invited to participate in the work of the Siberian Regional Duma.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

At a meeting of the Duma on August 15, 1918, I. P. Bedro was elected a member of the credentials committee, and then the bureau of one of the four Duma factions — regional and non-partisan.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Hidro advocated the replenishment of the Duma with peasant representatives (the expansion of the true peasant representation in the Duma), which the Social Revolutionaries were against [7].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

At that time, the Social Revolutionaries accounted for almost half of the Duma members.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Initiatives by I. P. The hip did not find support among the deputies, and at the end of 1918 he refused to work in the Siberian Regional Duma and returned to Minusinsk, where he continued to act on the side of the interests of the peasantry [8], [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Friendly relations have developed with I. P. Hip with the Commander-in-Chief of the Partisan Army A. D. Kravchenko.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Subsequently, Deputy Kravchenko P. E.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Shchetinkin testified that I. P. Hidro provided the guerrillas with all kinds of material support.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Chairman of the Minusinsk Uyezd Council V. G. Soldatov, a man of Bolshevik beliefs, said that the impetus for the growth of Social Revolutionary sentiments among the partisans was allegedly the appearance in the political arena of Minusinsk of an agronomist gardener and “a famous Social Revolutionaries” by I. P. Hip [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On May 2, 1920, I. P. The thigh, on the denunciation of the Minusinsk Bolsheviks, who accused him of anti-Soviet agitation, was arrested and escorted to the Krasnoyarsk Provincial Cheka.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

During interrogation on May 29, one of them testified that Bedro, who enjoyed authority among employees of credit partnerships and the population, during the peasant uprising of 1918 agitated residents of the village. Minor Minus against the “Bolshevik bandits”.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

However, the testimony of whistleblowers was based only on rumors.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Having stated that the reason for the charge was personal accounts, I. P. The thigh easily refuted the reservation.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

He was supported by peasants d. It's fast.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On May 23, their meeting, stating that I. P. Hidro with his activities contributed to the transition of the population to the side of Soviet power and saved people from the “punishers”, asked to release him from prison as a “supporter of the working people”.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The security officers were strongly impressed by the testimony of the deputy commander-in-chief of the partisan army P. E.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Shchetinkin, who, during interrogation on June 18, assured them that he knew I. P. The thigh is like a person who did not commit any actions against the Soviet power.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On July 20, I. P. The thigh was released on the bail of P. E.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Shchetinkina and A. D. Kravchenko.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

However, this outcome did not suit some Minusinsk Bolsheviks.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On August 1, 1920, I. P. Hidro was arrested again and sent to the Krasnoyarsk House of Detention.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

This time, the investigation into the Bedro case turned out to be longer, but on December 12, for lack of evidence of guilt, he was released from custody and sent to serve in the Minusinsk District Labor Committee.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

However, on January 10, 1922, the provincial Cheka still sentenced I. P. Hip to one year in prison.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The accusation was so shaky that on November 11 of the same year, the Board of the Prosecutor General's Office, on the basis of the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, was forced P. Hip ahead of schedule [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Meanwhile, the data of the Krasnoyarsk Krai Public Organization “Memorial” indicate that I. P. Bedro, arrested on July 31, 1920 and accused of “counter-revolutionary agitation”, was sentenced by the provincial Cheka on August 19 of the same year to five years in prison in a correctional labor camp, where stayed until December 1924 [1] (according to other sources [6] until April 25, 1925).


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Returning to Minusinsk in 1925 from prison and achieving the return of the neglected garden (during the imprisonment of I. P. The hip garden was transferred first to the experimental station, and then to the local prison [1], [9]), I. P. The hip put the garden in order, although much had to be rebuilt.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Combining gardening work with service in credit cooperation (credit agricultural partnership), I. P. The thigh continued to carry out mass hybridization of apple trees in order to obtain frost-resistant varieties with more or less large fruits.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

About this work by I. P. The hip is well written in the book [6], which also refers to the works of I. P. Hip for the introduction into the culture of wild fruit and berry plants (various types of wild currants, Ussuri pear, Canadian plum, Manchurian apricot, wild Siberian apple tree, sea buckthorn, bird cherry), as well as about the works of I. P. Hip in the area of “vegetative hybridization”.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1925, I. P. Bedro appealed for support to the All-Union Institute of Applied Botany and New Crops (later the All-Union Institute of Crop Production), which in those years was headed by the outstanding Russian scientist N. AND. Vavilov said.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

VIR expressed its readiness to consider the testing and scientific garden of I. P. The hip (more precisely, the West Siberian Experimental Station of Fruit Growing) as its stronghold, to ensure the supply of the station with the latest biological literature, subject to the fulfillment of some instructions.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Among them were the collection of rare plants promising for introduction and breeding, phenological and morphological observations of the apple tree.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

However, the patronage of VIR did not change anything in the legal status of the station.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Local authorities still considered it as a private farm, the financial inspectorate continued to impose large taxes on the garden, and science was not taken into account [6].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1926-1927, I. P. Bedro received an additional land plot of 5 hectares.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

By 1928, the third, “Far Garden”, was planted on this site on an area of about 2 hectares and nurseries were laid.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The nurseries where planting material was grown (almost exclusively apple seedlings) were small, with an area of more than 0.5 hectares and the production of 2000-3000 annual grafted apple trees per year.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the last five years of the work of the experimental horticulture station (1925—1929), grafted seedlings were sent throughout Siberia.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The largest part of the assortment was made up of small-fruited winter-hardy apple varieties, and in recent years, larger hybrids.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Since orders from hobby gardeners were usually small (5-10 seedlings each), the total number of parcels sent annually in autumn reached 300 pcs.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The experimental station, which at that time was famous throughout Siberia, was regularly visited by students of the Minusinsk Agricultural Technical School.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Often, they also underwent short-term practice in the garden.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Students from the Omsk Agricultural Institute and the Minusinsk Pedagogical Institute also practiced here.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Of no small importance for the dissemination of information on gardening was the holding of short-term practical courses for two or three years since 1927, in agreement with the Minusinsk Land Administration for gardening peasants and agronomists [6].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In conclusion to his book Fruit Growing in Siberia (1925), I. P. Hip wrote [10]:


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Humanity, apparently, has crossed the line beyond which faith in bliss in heaven remains... It is embarking on the path of firm knowledge and confidence that it is necessary to build a happy and beautiful life here — on sinful land...


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Behind this confidence, we expect a broad and deep impulse to creativity in this direction.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Gardening is one of the conditions for happiness.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

It is not for nothing that great thinkers and our Leo Tolstoy considered communication with plants a necessary condition for happiness, by the way...


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Almighty nature gives into man's hands countless beautiful forms of plants it has created.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Science shows ways to make them even more beautiful, even more useful for humans.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Describing the scale and value of the widely conceived, lovingly done work and trying to save I. P. Hip from ruin due to exorbitant taxes [11], Vl.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

M. Krutovsky wrote in the fall of 1929 in the magazine “Siberian Fruit Growing and Gardening” [1], [9]: And the most surprising thing is that all this gigantic work is done by the hands of the Bedro family, which he makes up himself, his wife, two teenage sons, and only for autumn work, harvesting, day laborers are temporarily taken.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

... He does not have any savings, even reserves, and his family life is the most working and modest in everything from food to clothing.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

It takes care of the minimum, everything stays in the garden.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

... The scientific part of the work is interesting and is carried out with amazing consistency and energy.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The work plan was reviewed by the Institute of Applied Botany and New Cultures (Leningrad) and approved by it on April 20, 1925.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The work mainly refers to the production of hybrid apple forms created in Siberia by Acad. Kashchenko in the second and next generations... This activity of Bedro is of great importance.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The Thigh Garden must be saved, its scientific work must be preserved and continued, and Bedro himself, as a valuable and rare specialist of a high brand, selflessly dedicated to his work, must be preserved for Siberia.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1929, no longer being able to cope with financial difficulties, avoiding ruin and another arrest that threatened him as a well-known cooperative figure in Siberia (in the USSR, it began collectivization), I. P. Hidro accepted the offer of the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine (on behalf of Chief Engineer I. P. Bardin) about the organization of a large horticultural farm in them.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the autumn of 1929, I. P. The thigh signed an act on the transfer of the garden to the Minusinsk fruit and berry experimental field and left Minusinsk for St. Stalinsk (now Novokuznetsk).


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In Stalinsk, I. P. Hidro worked as the head of the garden and park farm of Kuznetskstroy (Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine), laid a fruit and berry orchard (more than 180 hectares), which subsequently occupied about 300 hectares (in the western on the outskirts of the city).


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Subsequently, this gardening and park economy was transformed into the Sadovo-Parkovoe state farm.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On February 18, 1933, I. P. Bedro was arrested by the Stalin Civil Defense Department of the OGPU and was unreasonably accused of allegedly being a member of a counter-revolutionary organization, making anti-Soviet statements, contributing to mismanagement and thefts in gardening [12], [13].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

On June 5, 1933, I. P. The hip at a meeting of the Special Troika of the Plenipotentiary Representative Office of the OGPU of the West Siberian Territory was convicted under Art.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

58-10, 11 of the Criminal Code and the Law of August 7, 1932 and sentenced to three years of exile to Narym Krai.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the autumn of the same year, he was sent to settle in the village of Podgornoye, Chainsky District, Narymsky District, West Siberian Territory [12], [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In the village of Podgornoye I. P. The hip also planted and, according to [14], worked on the Tiskinsky experimental field, which was under the jurisdiction of the colonization and taiga station of the Narymsky North (since 1933 - a complex agricultural Narymsky North station).


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The reference letter of the KGB of the USSR [12] contains the following data from the archival file on the composition of the family and marital status of I. P. Hip for 1933:1st wife Bedro Maria Grigoryevna.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

2nd wife Bedro (Kharina) Feodosya Konstantinovna, born in 1888


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Kononov's 3rd wife Varvara Andreevna, born in 1898


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Sons Alexey, born in 1913


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

and Yuri.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Daughters Vera, born in 1901


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

and Mariana, born in 1922


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The last years of I. P. Hip (1935—1943)


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. The thigh was released ahead of schedule in 1935 and moved from Siberia to the North Caucasus to the village.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Shuntuk of Maykop district.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Since the beginning of 1936, I. P. Hip worked as a senior researcher in the Department of Flower and Ornamental Plants of the Maikop Experimental Department of VIR, collected a large collection of roses.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

But at the beginning of 1938, when, shortly before N. AND. Vavilov reduced staff and funding of the experimental department, I. P. Bedro resigned and moved to the village of Belorechenskaya (Krasnodar Krai) [15].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Departure from Siberia and departure from breeding, according to [1], saved I. P. The thigh is from a new pursuit.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

The fact is that the Krutovsky brothers arrested by Krasnoyarsk security officers, known in the past for socio-political, medical and horticultural activities, were interrogated in August-September 1938 are forced to show that the former “exiled Social Revolutionaries” I. P. After the civil war, the hip was a member of the “counter-revolutionary organization of regionalists”.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

In 1928, he allegedly agreed to participate in intelligence activities in favor of Japan and with relevant information came to them from Stalinsk to Krasnoyarsk.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

After that, I. P. The thigh was supposed to be arrested as a “Japanese spy”, but there was a malfunction in the work of the special services: he was probably simply not found immediately.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Later, senior Krutovsky (Vladimir Mikhailovich) died in a prison hospital, and the youngest, who retracted his testimony, was soon released [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Hidro died on January 28, 1943, a few days before the end of the fascist occupation of the village of Belorechenskaya [14].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Rehabilitation in all cases filed against I. P. The thigh by Soviet law enforcement agencies took place on December 25, 1963 and November 28, 2003 [1].


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Some works by I. P. Hip


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Brief report of the acclimatization pomological station in St. Minusinsk, Yenisei Gubernia


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

for 1911, 1912 and 1913//Otd.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

an impression from the magazine.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

“Scientific fruit growing”.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Petrograd: Imperat.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Hey, Ross.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

fruit growing society, 1915.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

25 p.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Fruit growing in Siberia.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

H. I: Initial Foundations of Siberian Fruit Growing.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

H. II: A short guide to fruit growing in Siberia.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Fruit school.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Fruit nursery.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Orchard.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Omsk: Omsk Gubl.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

57 p.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Is fruit growing profitable in Siberia?


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Siberian fruit growing and gardening.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

No. 2. P. 1—3.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Ways of development and prospects of Siberian fruit growing.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Siberian fruit growing and gardening.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

#3. P. 6—11.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

AND. P. Your thigh.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

//Ussuri gardening and gardening: zhur.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

pract.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

gardening and gardening.


Question: Where was Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro born?

Ivan Prokhorovich Bedro

Vladivostok: Seaside Peasant Publ., 1927.