Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Kolosov, The Government in the Fight against the Revolution (On the Memoirs of N. S. Tyutchev).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Russian notes.


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1914 № 1 (November).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

A monthly literary, scientific and political magazine published by Ruslanov N. S. Petrograd.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

The printing house of Slovo Joint-Stock Company — among other publications, the memoirs of N. S. Tyutchev.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

L. Deutsch, This is how history is written.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— Issue XXIV (1924), 284—288 (In Memory of N. S. Tyutchev).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

E.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Breshkovskaya, “Days” (Berlin) No. 393 of February 28, 1924 (Whole Man. From memoirs).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— “Hard Labor and Link” 1924, II (9), 230 (N. S. Tyutchev. From the editors).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

A. Pribylev, “Hard Labor and Link” 1924, II (9), 232—237 (N. S. Tyutchev).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— “Hard Labor and Exile” 1924, II (9), 324 (Funeral of N. S. Tyutchev).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— “Hard Labor and Exile” 1924, III (10), 217—219 (Letter to N. S. Tyutchev to E. K. Pekarsky).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

IN. G. Korolenko.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The stories of my contemporary.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Book Four, Part 1, Ch.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

XIV — Memoirs about N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Roman Gul.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

General Bo [Azef].


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Biographical essay.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

1929 — N. S. Tyutchev is present as a character.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

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— a lively, imaginary portrait of N. S. Tyutchev in communication with G. AND. Uspensky


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Aschenbrenner M. YU.


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The Military Organization of People's Will and Other Memories (1860—1904).


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The editors of N. S. Tyutchev; Society of former political prisoners and exiled settlers.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

M. 1924


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Jaurès Jean.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Socialist history (1789—1900).


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Tom I.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

The Constituent Assembly (1789—1791).


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Under.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

ed.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Jean Jaurès.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

/Per. Barteny E.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

G., Lvova M. , Tyutcheva N. S. Dal Book Publishing House.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

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March 1, 1881 of the year.


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Proclamations and proclamations issued after regicide.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

With a foreword by N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

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Petrograd.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

GUISE.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Dubreil L. “The Commune of 1871”.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Translated by N. S. Tyutchev, M.: GIZ 1920.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

A scan of the book, in 4 parts, in the Vive Liberta library:,,,.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Blos V. The French Revolution.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

an account of events and social conditions in France from 1789 to 1804.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Translated from German by N. S. Tyutchev.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

SPb: Pallada.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Spencer G. Essays.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Vol. 1 The system of synthetic philosophy: Main principles.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Translated from English by N. S. Tyutchev.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Kiev-Kharkiv.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Spencer G. The main beginnings.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Translated by N. Tyutchev; edited by S. Matveeva/Works in 7 volumes.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

VOL. 1.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

SPb.: Publisher.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Spencer G. The main beginnings.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

translated by N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

— Kyiv—Saint Petersburg—Kharkiv: F. A. Yoganson.


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Nikolay Tyutchev

1903//Full translations reviewed by the latest English editions.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Under the general editorship of N. A. Rubakina [Vol. 1]


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Siegele S. The criminal mob (La foule criminelle).


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Nikolay Tyutchev

The experience of collective psychology: Translation from French, supplemented by the author of the publication N. S. Tyutchev.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Novgorod.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Sources


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Chagin G. IN. Tyutchevs.


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

St. Petersburg: Nauka.


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Nikolay Tyutchev


Question: How many children did Nikolai Sergeevich Tyutchev have?

Nikolay Tyutchev

Notes


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Nikolay Tyutchev

References


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Nikolay Sergeevich


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Nikolay Tyutchev

Category:Narodovoltsy


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Category:Prisoners of the Peter and Paul Fortress


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Category:Personalies:Exiles to Minusinsk


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Category:Karl May School alumni


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Category: Burials at Literatorskie Mostki


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn (full name Bryansk Beloberezhskaya John the Baptist Male Hermitage) is a monastery of the Russian Orthodox Church in the village of Beloberezhsky Sanatorium of the Bryansk Region.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

It was founded in the early 18th century.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

It became widely known at the beginning of the 19th century as one of the first centers of Russian seniority [1] :216 [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1924-2004, the monastery was closed and almost completely destroyed.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Currently, it is under the jurisdiction of the Bryansk eparchy, since 2004 it has been an operating monastery and is gradually being restored.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Location


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn is located on the left bank of the Snezhet River, 15 kilometers east of Bryansk, 7 km west of the urban-type settlement Belye Berega and 3 km north of the railway platform Beloberezhskaya.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

It is surrounded by forests on all sides.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Currently, it is connected by asphalt roads to the Moscow-Kiev and Oryol-Bryansk-Smolensk highways.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The vicinity of the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn is an extensive sanatorium and recreation area.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

There are year-round sanatoriums and holiday homes “Dubrava”, “Berezka”, “Detsky Gorod”, as well as summer children's camps “Yunost”, “Rovesnik”, “Lesnoy Bor”, the sanatorium of the Internal Affairs Directorate “Dubok”, a boarding house administration of the Bryansk region, Beloberezhskaya tourist center, the Partizanskaya Polyana memorial complex, etc.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

[3] [4]


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

History


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

founding


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Information about the date of foundation of the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage is contradictory.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Many sources indicate that the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn arose at the beginning of the XVIII century, when Peter I, due to the preparation of the city of Bryansk for possible hostilities during the Northern War, in 1706 commanded by V. D. Korchmin demolish the buildings of the Resurrection Convent, and move the nuns to the male Baptist Pesotsky Monastery, for which the monks from the Pesotsky Monastery had to be first relocated to Petropavlovsky [5] :224.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

According to legend, a group of monks led by Archimandrite Leonid, dissatisfied with this decision, separated from the rest of the brethren and settled far from the city, on the white-sandy banks of the Snezheti River, digging out a dugout for housing and setting up a small chapel.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

This hermitage began to be gradually inhabited by elders who wanted to lead a solitary life [1] :209 [6] [7].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

However, exactly the same legend is associated with the emergence of another monastery located next door in the same area — the Polbinskaya Baptist Hermitage [1] :261 [8].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

This makes it possible to doubt the reliability of this legend, at least in relation to one of the deserts.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

As an alternative version, other sources indicate a different year of the founding of the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage — 1661, when the first copy (copy) of the ancient Byzantine icon of the Mother of God was transferred to Russia” Three Hands.”


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

According to legend, the first refuge of the icon in Russia was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn, where the icon was brought by the first organizer of the desert, Hieromonk Simeon [9] [10] [11].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Currently, the Bryansk eparchy officially considers 1714 to be the founding date of the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage (skete) [12] :190.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Reliable information about the existence of the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage begins in 1717, when it (then in the form of a monastic skete) was headed by monk Serapion, who became the first builder of this monastery [13].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Name origin


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Establishing the exact time of the foundation of the monastery is further complicated by the fact that until the 18th century, the toponym “Belye Berega” did not exist in this area at all.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The forest in the lower reaches of the Snezhet at that time was known as the Polbino tract, from which the names “Bolshoye Polpino” and “Maloe Polpino” later came from (Beloberezhskaya Pustyn is approximately at an equal distance from both settlements) [3] [5] :219.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

From the oldest surviving documents [14] it follows that at the first time of its existence, the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn was called “Belopesotskaya” (since it was inhabited by former monks of Bryansk Pesotsky monastery).


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

However, this name was not established for the new monastery, since the Belopesotsky Monastery already existed in the Moscow region.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

It was necessary to add a clarification to the name of the Belopesotskaya desert - “what is on the white banks of the Snezheti River”.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Later, according to semantic similarity, the name “Belopesotskaya Pustyn” was replaced by “Beloberezhskaya Pustyn” (for example, both names already coexist in documents of the 1730s) [14] :338 and took root in this form.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the 19th century, the toponym Belye Berega, which became a colloquial synonym for the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage, spread not only to the monastery itself, but also to the area in which it is located.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

When the Oryol-Vitebsk railway ran here in 1868, there was a technical need to build a railway station — about halfway between Karachev and Bryansk.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

This station was also called Belye Berega and gave rise to the modern settlement of the same name.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1894, for the convenience of numerous pilgrims, the Beloberezhskaya platform [15] (originally Beloberezhskaya Pustyn, Pustyn) was built closer to the monastery [16].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Becoming


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On February 9, 1721, by decree of the Synodal State Order, the construction of a wooden church in honor of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist was allowed in the Desert [17].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Thus, church construction began in the Beloberezhskaya (then Belopesotskaya) monastery.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The Bryansk Peter and Paul Monastery, on whose lands the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn was located, initially did not prevent its formation, but then, probably seeing it as a competitor, began to seek it closure, and in 1724 the deserts were abolished.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Father Serapion (1672—1741), the builder of the desert, after undergoing numerous persecutions and suffering, eventually managed to achieve restoration.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

By decree of Empress Catherine I, the deserts were restored from year [18] and the Peter and Paul Monastery was instructed to return its property and monks [17].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the next few decades, the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn was under construction supervision [17].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

According to the establishment of 1764 on monastic states, the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn was proposed for abolition.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

But in 1766, on the occasion of the extermination by fire of the Yamenskaya Hermitage in the neighboring Trubchevsky district, the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn was left on its maintenance [17] [19].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

From 1770 to 1775, the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn was closed, but then restored again as a provincial monastery (which did not receive state support) [5] :226.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1777, Pustyn was again deprived of independence and assigned to the Bryansk Peter and Paul Monastery [20].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On February 14, 1779, the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn came under the jurisdiction of the Ploshchanskaya


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1780, it was abolished again, but through the efforts of the brethren and donors it was restored and again given to another monastery.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

This picture of the transfer of the desert from one monastery to another is painted until 1787, in which, by decree of the Oryol Consistory, of March 20, it was again given its management [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

At the same time, the Bryansk Spiritual Board was ordered to monitor the desert as strictly as possible and conduct monthly audits of it.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The reason for this strict order was rumors [2] that this desert accepts fugitive, suspicious, uncertified people and hides them.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

However, these rumors were not confirmed.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1798, the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn once again became the head of the Bryansk Peter and Paul Monastery, as can be seen from the decree of the Oryol Consistory of February 26 of the same year:


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Beloberezhsky elders


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1800, elder Vasily (Kishkin, 1745-1831), a student of Athos and Moldavian elders, was appointed head of the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn [17].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

By the time he took office, the monastery was in a neglected state; it was managed by a “white” priest, with only 7 brethren.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The new rector was faced with the task of restoring the monastery as soon as possible, and not only material, but primarily spiritual.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Hieromonk Vasily managed to restore “good order in everything and a satisfied organization in the economic part” and attract many monks to the monastery who left a noticeable mark on the history of Russian Orthodoxy.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Within three years, the number of brethren increased to 60.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

At this time, his disciples, Hieromonk Seraphim and Fr. Leonid (the future founder of seniority in the Optina Hermitage), tonsured by the same Fr. Vasily in 1801 [21].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Witnesses of the revival of the Desert, which began under Fr. Vasily, recalled:


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

From 1804 to 1808, the builder of the Beloberezhskaya Monastery was Hieromonk Leonid (St. Lev Optinsky), who later transferred the traditions of seniority to Optina Pustyn.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Father Leonid's spiritual mentor was his countryman, a student of Paisiy Velichkovsky, Schemonk Theodore, who was invited in 1805 from the Cholnsky Monastery to the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn and lived here until 1810.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

During the same years, two more students of Paisiy Velichkovsky were in the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn: Schemonk Afanasy (Okhlopkov) and Hieromonk Cleopa, who previously lived with their spiritual teacher in the Neamets Monastery ( now the territory of Romania).


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Thanks to this, at the end of 1805, a new monastery charter was adopted in the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn, drawn up with the active participation of Paisiy Velichkovsky's students and was distinguished by great rigor and the desire to strictly observe all vows of monastic life.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

These monastic rules soon diverged to many monasteries in Russia as exemplary; thus, in the first decade of the 19th century. The Beloberezhskaya Pustyn has become one of the most important centers for spreading the ideas of “monastery revival” in Russia through the restoration of the best traditions of monasticism [5] :227.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Burdened by the growing worldly fame and the attention of numerous pilgrims, Father Leonid voluntarily left the post of rector in 1808 and moved to live in a forest skete near the monastery, and in 1811 he finally left the Beloberezhskaya Monastery and moved to the Valaam Monastery [19].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

By this time, all other prominent religious figures of the early 19th century had moved to other monasteries, but the norms of monastic life introduced by them served the authority of the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage, attracted new monks and numerous worshipers to it and became the key to its future material recovery.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The heyday


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Since the 1820s, the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn complex began to be actively replenished with new buildings.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

A new stone two-story refectory, a stone fence, and a high bell tower at the cathedral appeared.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Numerous


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

household and household buildings.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

A hermitage was set up near the monastery.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Finally, in 1861-1876, a huge stone church of Our Lady of Three Hands was built near the main entrance.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The main shrine of the monastery was the icon of the Mother of God “Three Hands”, brought from Moscow by the builder Serapion around 1727.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On the back of this icon there was an inscription:


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Legend says that when the icon was taken out of Moscow, it was seen off with due honor — with the ringing of bells [22].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the 19th century, two silver robes decorated with gold and precious stones were donated to it.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Church literature describes numerous cases of miraculous healing from this icon [2] [19].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Its current whereabouts are unknown.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the middle of the 19th century, about 100 people labored in the monastery, and by 1916 - up to 200 brethren.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

During the holidays, the Deserts were visited by up to five thousand worshipers.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The monastery spent up to sixty pounds a day of bread alone in the summer months, and up to three hundred pounds on holidays [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

During the hungry years, the monastery provided the poor (up to 300-400 people) with free meals.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The monastery had a large library and archive [5] :228.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The monastery was maintained on interest from the contribution capital of 40 thousand rubles; there was also income from donations from worshipers and from the commemoration of the dead.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The monastery had no income items from the land holdings, except for satisfying its own needs (firewood, hay, vegetables).


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

But considerable profit was brought by various crafts, which received great development in the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The monks sent tables, stools, buckets, barrels and wooden dishes to different provinces in whole carts.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The monks were especially famous for the production of wooden spoons, decorated with artistic carvings and covered with special linseed oil, the composition of which was kept secret [1] :222.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Since 1900, a literacy school for 50 rural children has been operating on the monastery farm near the village of Maloe Polpino.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The following year it was reorganized into a parochial church.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The monastery contributed considerable funds for the maintenance of the Oryol Theological School, the Bryansk Red Cross Hospital; since 1905, 150 rubles annually to the fund of victims of the Russo-Japanese War.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1916, she sent 600 rubles to the imperial chancellery “for the needs of the war”, receiving gratitude from Nicholas II for this [1] :228.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Extermination


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The calm course of monastic life in the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn was disturbed by the outbreak of the First World War, when an infirmary for the wounded was located on the territory of the monastery, and finally destroyed the revolutionary events of 1917 and the Civil War.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1918, the confiscation of the monastery's property began.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The monastery was deprived of the rights of a legal entity; the remaining brethren (about 150 monks) were forced to unite into the Beloberezhskoye Labor Brotherhood labor commune [23] and continued to perform services.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The story that happened to the former abbot of the Zhirovitsky Monastery, the elderly Father Mauritius, who lived alone in the Beloberezhskaya Monastery, is indicative.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The extraordinary commission confiscated all personal belongings and money from the elder, kept him in prison for a month without any explanation, and at a subsequent request “for the issuance of at least a small amount of money for the most necessary expenses” replied:


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1919, a summer cottage colony of the Moscow Department of Public Education was located on the territory of the monastery, and since 1920, a children's labor colony, which temporarily coexisted with the monastic brethren.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

As the number of inmates of the colony, which has been called a “children's town” since 1922, increased, monks were gradually displaced from residential and utility buildings previously transferred to them under the contract.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The monastery was finally closed by the decree of the Presidium of the Bryansk Provincial Executive Committee of June 17, 1924, while all previous agreements with believers were canceled.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On July 26, 1924, worship in churches completely ceased [17].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Two years later, the deliberate destruction of the monastery began.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

First, the main cathedral church was dismantled; the brick was used for the construction of the House of Soviets in Bryansk.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The roads were covered with battle.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1930, the same fate befell the cathedral in the name of the “Three Hands” [1] :233.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The children's town in the former monastery existed before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1941, the children were evacuated, and demolition miner courses operated within the walls of the former monastery for several months before the occupation [24].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The final death of the monastery occurred in the war and post-war times.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

All monastery churches and the bell tower were destroyed to the ground, and the brick was used to restore Bryansk [25].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The territory of the former monastery was transferred to a neurosomatic sanatorium, which since 1956 has been converted into a children's sanatorium [26].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the 1950s and 1970s, several new residential, educational and utility buildings, a boiler house and other facilities were built here [27].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Of the monastery buildings, several residential buildings and part of the monastery fence with a southeastern tower, which has lost its upper tier, have survived to this day [28] :160.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

A monastery in the 21st century


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The decision to transfer the buildings of the Beloberezhsky Children's Sanatorium (former Beloberezhskaya Pustyn) to the Bryansk Diocesan Administration was made by the Bryansk Regional Duma on October 30, 2003 [7].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In fact, the transfer of the territory of the monastery with the buildings and communications located on it to the jurisdiction of the Bryansk Diocese took place on January 14, 2004 [29] :212.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

By the decision of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church of August 17, 2004 (magazine No. 42), the “monastery of the Belo-Berezhskaya Pustyn in honor of the Nativity of the Forerunner and Baptist of the Lord John” was renewed as active [30].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Initially, it was planned to place the Bryansk Theological School within the walls of the Beloberezhsky Monastery, but due to its remoteness from the city, it did not attract a sufficient number of students in the future was moved to Bryansk.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Currently, repair and restoration work is underway on the territory of the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn, but due to the lack of proper funding, the modern appearance of the monastery is still not attractive for tourists and pilgrims.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Desert Buildings


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

This small, hastily erected wooden church became the first temple of the newly built monastery.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Beloberezhsky monks asked for permission to build it for more than one year, and only in February 1721 they achieved what they wanted [14].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The decree of Emperor Peter I on the construction of a wooden church in the Hermitage, in particular, states:


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

... make the top of that church in rank against other churches, wooden, not hipped.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

And make the altars round the throne, and in the church in the altar wall, the Royal doors are simply white, and on their right side are South, and on the left Northern... [2]


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

For the consecration of the church, Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina, the first wife of Peter the Great, donated three icons to the monastery: the Holy Trinity, Our Lady of Vladimir and John the Baptist [1] :213-214.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

To date, no description of this temple has been preserved, but it seems that it was decorated rather modestly and is not remarkable in terms of architecture.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1787, the wooden Baptist Church, due to dilapidation, “by decree of the Oryol Spiritual Consistory, was broken and burned, and a wooden log house was built on its place where the throne was” [31].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The “old” cathedral


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1732-1735, a stone Vladimir Church with two chapels — John the Warrior and Nicholas the Wonderworker was built in the monastery [31].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Initially, this church was planned as wooden, which was given permission from the Synodal State Order back in 1729, [14] but the monastery's benefactors found an opportunity to build a stone the temple.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1738-1755, it was built on the second floor.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

After the completion of the superstructure and the re-consecration of the church, it had 4 thrones: the main one (on the upper floor) was in the Name of the Holy Life-Giving Trinity, side chapels: the Nativity of St. John the Baptist (in the upper floor) floor), the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (both on the lower floor).


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1833-1837, the cathedral church was expanded to the south.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the new extension, on the upper floor, a side church was built in the name of the icon of the Mother of God “Seeking the Lost”, and in the lower floor — in the name of the Three Hierarchs [28] :160.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Thus, the total number of thrones in this church reached six, which is an absolute record for churches in modern Bryansk region.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

More than five thousand worshipers were accommodated in the temple [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The cathedral church was long and quite tall, architecturally gravitating towards the Ukrainian Baroque.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On its walls on the outside there were sacred images, and above the entrance to the lower church there was a large icon of the Svensk (Pechersk) Mother of God.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Schemonk Simeon, the founder of the monastery, was buried in the lower church.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

His grave, fenced with a cast-iron grate, was located in the Church of Our Lady of Vladimir — on the left side under the arch of the wall separating the temple.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On the other side, under the same wall and arch, rested the ashes of Archimandrite Moses; his grave was also fenced.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The iconostasis of the lower church and its entire decoration were much simpler than the upper one.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The painting was done in Greek and Italian style [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Two stairs from the gallery of the lower temple led to the upper temple, converging at the top, in front of the temple doors, with a common large platform.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The layout of the upper church was similar to the lower one, but it was separated not by three, but by two walls with arches; in addition, the upper temple was much higher and more spacious.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The place in front of the icon of the Mother of God of the Three Hands (the main shrine of the monastery) was fenced with a forged copper lattice to the iconostasis itself.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The Gate Church of Zechariah and Elizabeth


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1744, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, traveling to Kiev to worship the Kiev-Pechersk relics, deigned to donate two thousand rubles in bank notes to the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

With these funds, by 1747 [31] —1759 [19] :8, a stone church in the name of Saints Zechariah and Elizabeth was built at the Holy Gate of the Desert.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Subsequently, the same Empress donated a chalice, a disco, a star and a liar for this temple [1] :215.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The architecture and decoration of the gate church was quite simple.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The central volume, which had a shape close to the cube, was expanded to the west and east by a low refectory and altar part approximately equal in size.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The gently sloping faceted dome was crowned with a small dome on a small drum.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

At the end of the 19th century, the outer side of the gate church, as well as the adjacent part of the fence, was decorated with paintings on biblical themes [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Hospital Church of the Intercession of the Virgin


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1809, a wooden hospital building was built in the south-western corner of the monastery, with cells for sick and elderly brethren and a church in the name of the icon of the Most Holy Theotokos “Three Hands”.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

This construction was carried out with donations from Mrs. Ragozina, who helped almost all the monasteries of the Oryol province [19].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The temple was small like a house church; its decoration was the simplest.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1861, due to dilapidation, this building was dismantled and a new one was built in the same place, also wooden, on a stone foundation, with an iron roof, with a church in honor of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, because honor of the icon of the Mother of God “Three Hands” at the same time, a new five-domed church was founded [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Bell tower


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Initially, the monastery was content with a small bell tower that existed at the “old” cathedral.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1836, the construction of a freestanding stone bell tower began, with 35 fathoms above.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Due to the fragility of the foundation and masonry, on September 22, 1840, during lunch, the bell tower suddenly collapsed, however, without causing any harm to people or other buildings.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In subsequent years, two two-story residential buildings, a hotel, a horse yard and a carpentry were built from the brick left over from the collapsed bell tower [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The construction of the bell tower began again in May 1847, under the provincial architect I. P. Lutokhin, who carried out general supervision of the construction.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The majestic five-tier bell tower, covered with white iron, was fully erected by 1849.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Its height was 33 fathoms.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Ten bells were installed on the bell tower, the largest of which, weighing 646 pounds, was raised only in 1856.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Other bells weighed 317 pounds, 157 pounds, 52 pounds and so on.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The ringing of Beloberezhsky bells in good weather could be heard 10-12 miles away [1] :221.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

From the third tier of the bell tower, you could admire the views of the surroundings; from here you could see the city of Bryansk and the Svensky Monastery.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

At the beginning of the 20th century, a fighting clock was installed between the third and fourth tiers of the bell tower.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The size of the black dial with gilded numerals was about one and a half meters, which made it possible to determine the time from a distance of up to two kilometers.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The mechanism was connected by thin cables to the bells on the third tier, and the clock melodiously beat off the time every 15 minutes [1] :225.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The watch was driven by two cables with weights of 40-50 kg each, which were lifted with the help of a gate.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

One watch factory was enough for two weeks.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Around 1926, due to the fault of the children's town, the entire inner wooden part of the bell tower burned down along with the clock.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the surviving brick building of the bell tower, the forestry equipped a tower for detecting forest fires.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the first months of the Great Patriotic War, the bell tower, which served as a good reference point for enemy aircraft in the forest, was completely demolished [32].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Cathedral in honor of the icon of the Mother of God “Three Hands” (“new”)


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1876, a new five-domed two-story stone single-altar cathedral church in honor of the icon of the Mother of God “Three Hands”, made in the Russian style, was consecrated in the monastery.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Its construction began in 1861 [28] :160.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The main builder of this temple was Abbot Israel, who found a way to pay off the debts made on the construction of his predecessor, Abbot Anastasia, and attracted many new donors who helped to complete the construction [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Alexei Vasilyevich Shishkin, an artist of the Academy of Arts, painted 60 icons for the new cathedral, and three altar icons were painted by Tula merchant Chumakov.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The carved iconostasis and kiots were made by Bolkhov's master Konstantin Popov.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1895, the interior painting of the new cathedral in the “Italian” style was made by Moscow painter Vasily Kolupaev [1] :221.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Residential and service buildings


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

By 1916, the monastery had more than 30 buildings: abbot, fraternal, refectory, hotel, hospital, various workshops (icon painting, cooperage, locksmith, oil mill, etc.), equestrian and cattle courtyards.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The barnyard and hotel buildings were located outside the monastery fence, but most of the buildings were located directly on the territory of the monastery.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The two-story refectory building, which stood to the north-east of the old cathedral church, stood out especially.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

It was built in 1824 [28] :159.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On the ground floor there was a “bread house” (bakery), and on the second floor there was a refectory itself, which could accommodate up to 200 people at a time.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the middle of the refectory stood a pulpit, from which prayers were read during lunch.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The refectory was painted by the famous painter Tikhon Leontyevich Konovalov [1] :220.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Near the refectory there was a glacier, a cooperage building, an oil mill, a workshop for tailors and shoemakers.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On the west side of the refectory was a stone one-story residential building, the so-called “Ponomarsky”; to the north there was a large stone two-story building, in which there was a kvass factory below and at the top living space.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Nearby, on the left, there were barns for pouring bread and food; on the right there was a gate that went out of the monastery to the Snezhet River.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Near the gate there is another two-story (stone bottom, wooden top) building with a stone wing [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Behind the described gate, on the bank of Snezheti, a vegetable garden was arranged, and near it there was a stone bathhouse with a wooden laundry body (1850) [19].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the eastern part of the monastery, on the site of old wooden cells, three stone cells were built in the middle of the 19th century


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

buildings with mezzanines (one of them has been preserved), a horse yard with stables, where up to forty sled horses were kept; a carpentry, barns for pouring oats and an outbuilding for craftsmen and workers.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The preserved building with a mezzanine is made in the spirit of classicism and in the traditions of manor architecture of that time (1840s); at the beginning of the 20th century, the facade was decorated with a four-column portico.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On the sides of the portico there are two entrance porches on two columns supporting a wooden canopy with a pediment at the end.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Only a wide profiled cornice that completes the walls has been preserved from the previous facade decoration.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The shape of the window openings was changed during the post-war renovation [28] :162.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On the north side of the new cathedral, a long building with cells for the brethren was built.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On the south side there is another stone residential building with a mezzanine [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The monastery also had a large hotel complex, probably the largest in the diocese (cf. A settlement at the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage).


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Fences and towers


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The territory of the monastery looks like a rectangle oriented to the cardinal points.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The first monastery wall, built in the middle of the 18th century, was wooden, with four towers in the corners.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In 1828, the wooden fence was replaced by a stone wall, which had a height of 3 to 4 meters and was dissected by pilasters into separate short curtains, each of which was decorated with a diamond-shaped niche - panel [28] :162.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Four tetrahedral stone towers of the same type towered at the corners of the monastery wall, looking like squares with cut corners in plan.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Each tower was completed by a sloping faceted domed roof with a short spire.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Along the edges of the wide edges there were columns supporting the crowning entablature, and these faces themselves are decorated with an arched niche [28] :162.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In one of the northern towers, a water pump was later built, which supplied water to the monastery using a horse drive [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Three gates were built in the monastery fence: the Saints (in the southern wall), the Horse (in the eastern wall, facing the barnyard) and the Rear (in the northern wall, facing the Snezheti and the monastery gardens) [19] [27].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

At the Holy Gate, the fence went in a semicircle into the territory of the monastery, forming a small square where horse-drawn carriages stopped.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The holy gate, the walls of the fence and the church at the main entrance were painted with paintings from the Holy Scriptures.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The Hermitage Hermitage and its All Saints Church


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On the north-western side of the desert, a quarter of a verst from it (now the territory of the Dubok sanatorium), there was a skete founded in the 1850s.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

It was surrounded by a wooden fence on a stone foundation and with stone pillars; on its eastern side were painted St.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

gate.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the center of the skete stood a two-story church (1856), which contained two churches: the upper one, wooden, cold — in the name of All Saints, and the lower, stone, warm — in the name of the Pechersk Icon of the Mother of God [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

For the monastics, four wooden buildings with cells were built in the skete, where old hermit monks lived.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The pilgrims did not visit the skete [32].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the fence of the skete, around the church, there was a small cemetery, where the deceased Beloberezhsky monks were buried.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Outside the skete, at its very gate, there was another cemetery, where wanderers and worshipers who died in the monastery were buried [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The description of the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage in 1909 indicates that the wooden part of the skete church was formerly a rural church that stood for more than two hundred years before being transferred to Belye Berega [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The more surprising is its further history.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Unlike the stone churches of the monastery, which were ruthlessly destroyed and dismantled into bricks during the Soviet era, believers were officially allowed to move the All Saints Church to the village of Maloe Polpino, which was carried out in 1926 [33].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

According to old-timers, a few years later the church was officially closed, but the service was held there until 1943, when it completely burned down [32] [34] :124.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

A settlement at the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

It arose at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries in connection with the need to provide wandering worshipers with overnight accommodation.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Initially, it was a one-story building of a hospitable hut located opposite the Holy Gate of the monastery.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

By 1841, the wooden hotel had become dilapidated and was replaced by a stone building [19].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

By the end of the 19th century, the hotel complex in front of the Holy Gate already consisted of three buildings, not counting auxiliary buildings.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The main building, stone, two-storey, had about 50 rooms heated by stoves.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Next to this building there was a larger second building, also stone, two-story, with a large mezzanine: it had 24 “warm” rooms and 60 “summer” (without stoves); near it there was a third two-story hotel: the bottom is stone, and the top is wooden, with a wooden wing, for 22 rooms.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

At the hotels there was a large courtyard, built on both sides with wooden buildings; also, for the placement of worshipers, on the third side, directly opposite the hotels, a row of sheds stretched, the attics of which, with a large number of people, the common people spent the night [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

On the other side of the road leading to the deserts, in 1890, Dyatkovo breeder Maltsov built a wooden residential building for his workers on a stone foundation [1] :226.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

With a large number of worshipers, this building was also used as a hotel; it had 15 rooms.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Nearby, closer to the bank of Snezheti, on the east side of the monastery, there was a brick factory with special buildings for burning coal and lime “for monastery needs”, as well as a barnyard where they bred Tyrolean and Kholmogory cows, and a carriage house.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

A small monastery hotel was also located on the Beloberezhskaya railway platform.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Monastery carriages, “rulers”, went here for each train, delivering worshipers to the deserts [2].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

But all these hotels were often not enough: during the holidays, up to five thousand worshipers flocked to the monastery, many of whom, who arrived from afar, were forced to stay overnight.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

There was no fee for hotel accommodation [19], but wealthy visitors (mostly residents of Orel), as a rule, left quite generous voluntary donations.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

To date, none of these buildings have survived, but a residential settlement near the walls of the monastery still exists (also called “Beloberezhskaya Wasteland” [35], “Beloberezhsky Sanatorium”,” Beloberezhskaya tourist center” [36]).


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

In the second half of the 20th century, several panel apartment buildings were also built here.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

For a long time, the status of the village remained uncertain [37]; in 2008, it was assigned to the Zhurinichsky rural settlement of the Bryansk District [38].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Other properties of the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Unlike the oldest Bryansk monasteries — Petropavlovsky, Svensky and Spaso-Polikarpov — the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn never had serfs and was not a major landowner, but it did not also knew the bitterness of Catherine's secularization.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

By 1916, its land amounted to 1,895 acres of forest and 473 tithes of arable and meadow land [1] :228.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

All possessions of the Hermitage were located within the Bryansk district, but some were located at a sufficient distance from the monastery, such as the wasteland on the site of the former village of Dolgoye [39] (now the territory Zhiryatinsky District).


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The most famous possession of the Pustyn is the Zhitnaya Polyana inn [40], located on the old Orlovsko-Bryansk tract, 12 versts south of the monastery.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

There was a solid wooden building for worldly guests and cells for monks [19].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

An important monastery possession could be the village of Maloe Polpino, built on land bequeathed to the monastery back in 1731 by the landowner Jacinthos Evstratovich Alymov:


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

However, the heirs did not fulfill his will, and the desert itself, due to a series of abolishments and re-subordination, lost the original of this will and could not prove its rights [5].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

To the north of the desert there was a monastery mill [19] on the Velje River with a chapel attached to it, as well as several small hermitages (usually in the form of dugouts) scattered in the thicket of the forest.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Since the second half of the 19th century, these hermitages were practically not used, but were preserved in memory of the ascetics of past times who lived there.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

There were also several remarkable trees in the forest, with which various legends were associated [32].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The Beloberezhskaya Pustyn also had its own metochions in Bryansk and Karachev, used mainly for the residence of their monastery brethren, who accompanied the miraculous icon “Three Hands” when before her prayers in these cities [1] :225.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Sometimes pilgrims on their way to the deserts also stayed in these farmsteads.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, monks who came out of the White Banks founded a skete in the Vatopedi Monastery on Holy Mount Athos, which they called Beloberezhsky.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The first abbot of this skete from among the same monks was Fr. Varsonofy (Vavilov) [17] [19].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Hieromonk Vissarion (Tolmachy) and Schemonk Varsonofy (Vavilov), immigrants from the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage, founded St. Andrew's Skete on Mount Athos.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Thus, the spiritual connection between Mount Athos and the Beloberezhskaya Monastery, once revived by Vasily Kishkin, a pupil of Mount Athos, was restored.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Abbots of the monastery


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

DatesRector [2] [19] 1717—1740builder monk Serapion (in Schema Simeon; 1672—1741) 1741-1742builder Hieromonk Joasaf1743—1745Builder Hieromonk Anthony (Gorsky) 1748—1752builder Hieromonk Cornelius1752— 1756builder Hieromonk Avvakum1759—1766Builder Hieromonk Samson1766—1766Builder Hieromonk Aaron1766—1773Abbot Arseni1773—1774Treasurer Hieromonk Panteleimon1774—1778Builder Hieromonk Serapion1778— 1778Chief Hieromonk Andronik1778—1780Chief Hierodeacon Lawrence 1780—1784Chief Hieromonk Irinarch1784—1784Chief Hieromonk Lawrence 1784—1784Chief Hieromonk Arseni1784—1788Chief Treasurer Hieromonk Anania1788—1788Chief Hieromonk Paisiy1788—1795Chief Hieromonk Caesarey1795 —?


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Chief Hieromonk Joseph 1799—1799Chief Treasurer Hieromonk Efrem1799—1800Chief Hieromonk Adam1800-1800Chief Hieromonk Vasily 1800-1800Chief Hieromonk Pitirim1800-1804Chief (from 1804 — builder) Hieromonk Vasily (Kishkin) (1745—1831) 1804-1808 builder Hieromonk Leonid (Lev Danilovich Nagolkin) (1768—1841) 1808-1810 builder Hieromonk Melchizedek (in the world — Maxim Sokolnikov) 1810— 1818builder Hieromonk Seraphim 1818—1820Builder Hieromonk Moses (aka since 1824) 1820—1822 builder Hieromonk Ambrose 1822—1824Builder Hieromonk Seraphim 1824-1848Builder hieromonk (from 1836 - abbot, with 1847 — archimandrite) Moses (1772—1848) 1848-1849 builder Hieromonk Pimen († 1862) 1849—1863 builder hieromonk (from 1858 — abbot) Anastasy † (1863) 1863—1872 builder hieromonk (since 1864 — abbot) Israel1872— 1881 builder Hieromonk (abbot) Joasaph1881—1885 Abbot Joseph 1885—1907 Abbot (archimandrite from 1892) Kallistrat1907 — after 1910 Abbot Gervasius [41] [42] to 1916—1918 Abbot Israel [43] [44] 1918 —?


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Hieromonk Samuel [44] 1924—2004 closing periodfrom August 17, 2004 Hieromonk (now abbot) Gleb (Shmatov) [30]


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The image of the monastery in literature


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Certain elements of monastic life at the beginning of the 20th century, presented in a negative light [45], formed the basis of I. F. Kallinikov's “Relics” (1925-1929), which brought the author scandalous fame.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

As a child, I. F. Kallinikov often spent his summer holidays with his grandfather, a clergyman in the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn, and as a student, having a penchant for drawing, participated in the painting of Beloberezhsky churches.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The writer's sister-in-law, V. A. Ryurikov, recalled: “During the day Joseph Fedorovich worked as a painter, and at night he wrote, which aroused the suspicion of the abbot, who, after consulting with all the brethren, decided to dismiss the suspicious painter from fears of undesirable publicity of some aspects of monastic life” [46].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

These youthful impressions of Kallinikov served as the basis for the novel, written more than ten years later.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Despite the fact that the name of the monastery is never mentioned throughout the novel, the image of the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage is easily recognizable due to many small details (centuries-old forest, railway, proximity to Bryansk and Orel, production of wooden spoons, etc.).


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The monastery itself is shown only in passing — as crowded and prosperous, actively visited by pilgrims; the main emphasis is on the low morality of its monks and novices, who are easily involved in fornication, theft, revolutionary struggle.


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

The novel, revolving around the inhabitants of the Beloberezhskaya Hermitage, is transferred to closer and more remote cities, including Moscow and Petrograd [47].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Almost immediately after its first publication, the novel “Relics” was translated into Czech, Polish, Dutch, German, English, Spanish, but in Soviet Russia, contrary to the author's expectations, it was declared “pornography” and banned, which largely predetermined the sudden death of I. F. Kallinikova [45].


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Photo gallery (modern view of the monastery)


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

180px180px180px180pxHoly gate of the monasterTemple in an adapted roomResidential building of the former sanatoriumSame building (view from the yard)


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

180px180px180px180pxPxPxPxPxPxPxPxThe remaining part of the wall Horse GateRear GateRear GateView


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

———————————— Separate surviving buildings of the 19th — early 20th centuries ——————————————


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Notes


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Literature


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

References


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

External link in |publisher= (help)


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Category:Monasteries of the Bryansk Diocese


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Category:White Shores


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Category:Monasteries in Bryansk Oblast


Question: When was the Beloberezhskaya Pustyn Monastery closed?

Beloberezhskaya Pustyn

Category:Monasteries


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Nestor Ivanovich Makhno (Ukrainian: Nestor Ivanovich Makhno;, Gulyaypole, Alexandrovsky Uyezd, Yekaterinoslav Province, Russian Empire - July 6 (25) [1], 1934, Paris, France) was a revolutionary anarchist.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

During the Civil War of 1917-1922, he commanded the peasant rebel army.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He is the author of the memoirs “Memories” [2].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Early years


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He was born into a family of peasants from Gulyaypole (now a city in the Zaporozhye region of Ukraine).


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Father Ivan Rodionovich Makhno (Mikhnenko) [3] (1846—1889) and mother Evdokia Matveyevna Makhno (née Perederiy) were rural residents (state peasants).


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Ancestors are serfs of the Shabelsky landowners [3].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Nestor had four older brothers (Polikarp, Savely, Yemelyan, Grigory) and sister Elena.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Yemelyan died in the war in 1915, Polikarp was killed by the Haidamaks of Hetman Skoropadsky, Savely by the whites, Grigory by the reds [3].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Nestor grew up without a father.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He graduated from the Gulyaypole two-year elementary school.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

From an early age, Nestor worked on seasonal agricultural work for landowners and wealthy peasants.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Since 1903, he worked as an auxiliary worker in a paint shop, in a merchant's shop, at the iron foundry of M. Kerner in Gulyaypole.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Until the end of his life, he remained a convinced sober [3].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He was Ukrainian and spoke surzhik, but he treated any national idea with complete indifference [3].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno is an anarchist


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Since the end of August 1906, Nestor was a member of the “Peasant Group of Anarcho-Communists” (also called the “Union of Free Grain Growers”), operating in Gulyaypole.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Since October 14, 1906, as part of the group, he participated in terrorist acts and “expropriations” of the rich.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He was first arrested at the end of 1906 for illegal possession of weapons (soon released), then on October 5, 1907 on charges of attempting on the life of Gulyaypole guards Zakharov and Bykov (held in Alexander Uyezd Prison).


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On August 26, 1908, he was arrested for the murder of an official of the military government.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

By the session of the Odessa Military District Court of March 22, 1910, he was sentenced to death by hanging, which was replaced by indefinite hard labor.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In 1911, he was transferred to the hard labor department of Butyrskaya Prison in Moscow.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In the cell, Makhno met the famous anarchist activist Pyotr Arshinov.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Arshinov engaged in ideological training of Makhno.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Illiterate Makhno studied history, mathematics and literature in the cell.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

As an active participant in prison protests, he was imprisoned six times and fell ill with pulmonary tuberculosis [4].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Between the February and October revolutions


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

After the February Revolution of 1917, Makhno, like many other political prisoners, was released from prison ahead of schedule and returned to Gulyaypole three weeks later.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

There he immediately took an active part in public life — he was elected a friend (deputy) chairman of the volost zemstvo, on March 29 he headed the steering committee of the Gulyaypole Peasant Union anarchist, and after its reorganization into the Council of Peasants and Soldiers Deputies, Nestor Makhno was elected chairman of the Council and at the same time became a member of the Gulyaypole Committee of the Public salvation.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

During the same period, Makhno also led a local anarchist group.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Under the anarchist group, expropriator detachments were formed, which carried out several armed raids [5].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno advocated immediate radical revolutionary transformations, without waiting for the convening of the Constituent Assembly.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On May 1, 1917, he signed a dispatch to Petrograd demanding to expel ten “capitalist ministers” from the Provisional Government.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In June, at the initiative of Makhno, working control was established at the enterprises of Gulyaypole.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In July, with the support of supporters, Makhno dispersed the former composition of the zemstvo, held new elections, became chairman of the zemstvo and at the same time declared himself commissar of the Gulyaypole district


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In August 1917, during the struggle against Kornilov region, Makhno created the Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution in Gulyaypole, forming the Black Guard combat squad from members of the anarchist organization.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The authority of the anarchists and Makhno personally was strengthened by the confiscation of landlord lands he carried out in September 1917 [5].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno proposed “to immediately take away the church and landlord land and organize a free agricultural commune in the estates, if possible with the participation of the landowners themselves and kulaks in these communes” [6].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On September 25, Makhno signed a decree of the district council on the nationalization of land and divided it between peasants.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

After the events of October 1917


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In early December 1917, in Yekaterinoslav, Makhno took part in the work of the provincial congress of Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Deputies as a delegate from the Gulyaypole Council.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He supported the demand of the majority of delegates to convene the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was elected to the judicial commission of the Alexander Revolutionary Committee to consider the cases of persons arrested by the Soviet authorities.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Shortly after the arrests of the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries, he began to express dissatisfaction with the actions of the judicial commission, proposed to blow up the city prison and release the arrested.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

He reacted negatively to the elections to the Constituent Assembly, calling the current situation a “card game” [7].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Having not received support in the Revolutionary Committee, he left it.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

After the capture of Yekaterinoslav by the troops of the Central Rada in December 1917, he initiated an emergency congress of Soviets of the Gulyaypole District, which issued a resolution demanding “death Central Rada”.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

1918 year


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On January 4, 1918, Makhno refused the post of chairman of the Council, decided to take an active position in the fight against opponents of the revolution.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Soon he headed the Gulyaypole Revolutionary Committee, which included representatives of anarchists, Left Social Revolutionaries and Ukrainian socialist revolutionaries.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On January 27 (February 9), 1918, in Brest-Litovsk, the German and Austro-Hungarian delegations signed a separate peace treaty with the delegation of the Ukrainian Central Rada.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On January 31 (February 13) in Brest, the UPR delegation appealed to Germany and Austria-Hungary with a request for help against the Soviet troops.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

German troops that entered the territory of Ukraine on February 18 (the Austro-Hungarian army launched an offensive a week later) gradually advanced in the eastern and southern directions, without meeting significant resistance from front-line units of the former Russian army or Soviet troops.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The territory of Yekaterinoslav province was transferred to the control of the Austro-Hungarian occupation administration [8].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

With the approach of the occupation troops to the Gulyaypole district in mid-April, the weakness of the anarchist partisan detachments became obvious.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The Makhno Black Guard detachment, unable to provide serious resistance to regular units, retreated, like other detachments of Ukrainian anarchists, to Russian territory, to Taganrog, where the Makhno detachment and has ceased to exist [5].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Having decided to familiarize himself with the activities of Russian anarchists, Makhno visited Rostov-on-Don, Saratov, Tambov and Moscow.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In Moscow, he met with local anarchist leaders P. A. Arshinov, A. A. Borov, and I. S. Grossman, P. A. Kropotkin, L. Cherny (Turchaninov), as well as the leaders of the Soviet government V. AND. Lenin, Ya.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

M. Sverdlov, L. D. Trotsky, G. E.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Zinoviev [7].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Yakov Sverdlov organized a meeting with Vladimir Lenin to discuss “the place and role of anarchists in the revolution.”


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

According to Makhno himself, who called himself a “Bakunin-Kropotkin anarchist communist”, he wanted to know the intentions of the Bolshevik authorities from primary sources [5].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

A few days after the meeting with Lenin, Makhno addressed his Gulyaypole like-minded people with a letter, the main idea of which was as follows: “Together we will deal with the destruction of the slave in order to enter ourselves and put our other brothers on the path of the new system. We will organize it on the basis of a free public, the content of which will allow the entire population who does not exploit someone else's labor freely and independently of the state and its officials, to build your entire social and social life completely independently at home, in your environment... Long live our peasant and workers' association! Long live our auxiliary forces — the selfless labor intelligentsia! Long live the Ukrainian Social Revolution! Your Nestor Ivanovich” [5].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In June, Makhno participated in the Moscow Conference of Anarchists, which developed tactics of struggle against the power of Hetman Skoropadsky and Austro-German troops in Ukraine.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Realizing that in Soviet Russia anarchists do not have the opportunity to significantly influence the course of revolutionary events, Makhno decided to return to Ukraine, where such an opportunity existed.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

By this time, dozens of scattered peasant detachments were already operating on the territory of Ukraine.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Soviet Russia, bound by the terms of the Brest Treaty, helped the rebel movement with weapons, food, and money [5].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In agreement with the All-Ukrainian Bureau for the Management of the Insurgency Movement and implementing the decision of the Taganrog Conference of Anarchists, on June 29, Makhno, with the assistance of the Russian Bolsheviks, left Moscow for organization of armed struggle against German-Austrian and hetman troops in Ukraine.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On July 21, with a passport in the name of I. ME.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Shepel Makhno arrived in Kharkov, and later joined the partisan detachment that already existed in the Gulyaypole area with his group.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

After the first successful combat operation against the German punishers, Makhno was elected commander of the detachment.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

To purchase weapons, Makhno carried out a number of expropriations in banks in the Yekaterinoslav province, and later obtained weapons, horses, etc., attacking landlord estates and detachments of occupation troops.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Courage, experience, organizational talent and conviction in the correctness of his cause made Makhno a real leader of the rebel movement and attracted new fighters to him [9].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Until autumn, Makhnovists operated mainly within the Aleksandrovsky district, attacking the Austrian detachments and the “Varta” of Hetman Skoropadsky.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In September-October 1918, under the command of Batka Makhno, several partisan detachments united, led by Gulyaypole anarchists Viktor Belash, V. Kirilenko, Fedosy Shchus and others.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

By this time, Makhno actually led the rebel movement not only in the Gulyaypole district, but also in the entire Yekaterinoslav province.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The peasants of Yekaterinoslav and Northern Tavria provided all possible assistance to the rebels, fed, supplied weapons, horses for cavalry, were engaged in reconnaissance and entire villages merged into the Makhno squads.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

By November, Makhno's detachments numbered up to 6 thousand people.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The growth of Makhno's popularity was facilitated by acts of expropriation and distribution of property and products taken from the “bourgeoisie” to the population [9].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The November 1918 revolution in Germany led to its defeat in World War I.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

By this time, the troops of Hetman Skoropadsky were demoralized and did not want to fight, and the command of the occupation troops sought to withdraw their units from Ukraine as soon as possible.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Soviet Russia declared the Brest-Litovsk Treaty annulled.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In mid-November, Ukrainian bourgeois-nationalist parties formed their own government, the Directory, which began an armed struggle for power in Ukraine.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On November 28, a group of members of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Ukraine proclaimed the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine, which announced the restoration of Soviet power on Ukraine.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In the current situation of “Ukrainian dual power”, Makhno tried to preserve his independence.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

To the proposal of the Directory on joint actions of Petliurites and partisan detachments against the Red Army, Makhno replied: “Petliurivshchina is an adventure that distracts the attention of the masses from the revolution” [9].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On November 27, Makhno occupied Gulyaypole, declared it under siege, formed and headed the Gulyaypole Revolutionary Headquarters.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In relation to the Soviet power, Makhno took a wait-and-see attitude these days.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

However, after the Directory and Petliurov units intensified hostilities, threatening Makhno, they began to disperse the revolutionary working detachments, eliminate the created Soviets and deal with Bolsheviks and sympathizers, Makhno accepted the proposal of the Yekaterinoslav Committee of the Communist Party (b) U on joint armed actions against the Petliurites [9].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On December 26, armed detachments of the Yekaterinoslav Provincial Committee of the Bolshevik Party and the Gubrevkom, together with the Makhno detachments, knocked out the Petliurites from Yekaterinoslav.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

As a result of this operation, the seven-thousandth Petliurov garrison was defeated.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's detachments were entrusted with the task of defending the Yekaterinoslav fortified area and restoring normal life in the city.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was included in the Military Revolutionary Committee and appointed commander of the Soviet Revolutionary Workers and Peasants' Army of the Yekaterinoslavsky District.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno was ordered to strengthen the front, but he primarily cared about providing his army with weapons and ammunition.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Taking advantage of the carelessness of the rebel command, the Petliurites in two or three days launched a counteroffensive with large forces and knocked out the Makhnovists from the city.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Batka, having actually surrendered Yekaterinoslav without a fight, returned to his “capital” Gulyaypole.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Meanwhile, Petliurites brutally dealt with the participants of the Yekaterinoslav uprising.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

The rebels also suffered considerable losses.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

From Makhno's army, a cavalry detachment of 100 sabers and 400 infantrymen participated in the campaign.


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Only about two hundred people returned to Gulyaypole [9].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

In January-February 1919, in the Gulyaypole area, Makhno fought against armed formations of German colonists that arose in 1918 with the assistance of the Austro-German occupiers; prevented events on the Bolsheviks to conduct a surplus assessment; called on peasants to voluntarily implement the idea of “equalizing land use on the basis of their own labor.”


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

On February 12-16, 1919, at the 2nd District Congress of Soviets of the Gulyaypolsky District, Makhno said:


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

If comrades Bolsheviks go from Great Russia to Ukraine to help us in the difficult struggle against the counter-revolution, we must tell them: “Welcome, dear friends!”


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

If they come here to monopolize Ukraine, we'll tell them, “Hands off!” [10].


Question: When was Nestor Makhno born?

Nestor Makhno

Makhno's first alliance with the Reds