Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The author bases this thesis on quotes from the “Letter of Yaska the Master to the Peasants of the Polish Land” [9].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In Polish, Russian (including Soviet) and some part of Belarusian historiography, the uprising of 1863-1864 in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus is traditionally defined as Polish.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Thus, according to the majority of Belarusian authors, its essential features in the Belarusian-Lithuanian region are ignored and, first of all, the fact that, as M. Beach, on the eve and during the uprising, for the first time, the course of the Belarusian national liberation movement led by K. Kalinovsky.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Based on this, a number of publications by Belarusian historians do not call it Polish in relation to the territory of Lithuania-Belarus [19].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

This postulate, however, is not accepted by some publicists.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

For example, S. Shiptenko writes that “the peasants evaded participation in the uprising, considering his case Polish and pansky, massively opposing the rebels, when organized by the Vilna Governor-General gr. M. N. Muravyov of rural guards, that is, it was Muravyov-Vilensky, and not Kalinovsky, who was able to rely on the folk element in the region” [32].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In turn, historian M. Bich points out that the distrust of Belarusian peasants was caused by the fact of support for the uprising by local Polish landowners, the limited program of its leaders and the slogan of restoration Polish state.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In addition, M. Beach concludes that the support of the uprising among the peasantry was influenced by false rumors spread by the tsarist authorities and the Orthodox Church - “as if the Polish landowners rebelled against the Russian tsar for freeing the peasants from serfdom and striving to restore the serfdom” [19].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

A similar opinion is shared by historian A. Gritskevich: “Orthodox peasants began to be told that they are “truly Russian and should help defeat this Polish rebellion.” They handed out guns and Belarusians started shooting Belarusians” [33].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The changes in the implementation of the reform on February 19, which the authorities made in connection with the uprising, also significantly affected the peasants [19].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Belarusian historian A. Gronsky expresses the opinion that the figure and life of Kalinouski, as well as the uprising itself, are largely mythologized to give them Belarusian features.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In the 10s of the XX century, when witnesses of the Polish uprising of 1863—1864 were still alive, representatives of the Belarusian national movement did not find any Belarusian figures in the uprising, including Vincent Konstantin Kalinovsky.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

There is not a single mention of him in the Nasha Niva newspaper.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

They tried to make Kalinouski a Belarusian national hero only at the end of the First World War, that is, more than 50 years after his death, when the vast majority of eyewitnesses to the uprising were already died, and no one could refute the statements of the new Belarusian historians.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The legend spread after the collapse of the Russian Empire among Belarusian separatists, successfully, albeit not without difficulties, fit into Soviet historiography and, finally, just as successfully moved into the new a nationalist concept of history that began to take shape in the late 1980s.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In Belarus in the late 20th century, the legend of K. Kalinovsky received a new development.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Gronsky A. D. Kastus Kalinouski: constructing a hero//Belaruskaya dumka.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

No. 2.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

P. 82-87.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

To this end, Kalinouski came up with a new name — Kastus (Belarusian diminutive of Konstantin; apparently, Kalinouski was “renamed” by Belarusian publicist Vaclav Lastovsky), although never during his lifetime it was not called that; Soviet historical literature began to feature a falsified signature of Vincent Kalinovsky: historian Anatoly Smirnov erased the letter B in his signature and inscribed the letter K [33].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Gronsky sees the root cause of mythologization in the fact that by 1916 (when the first reports about the “Belarusian” nature of the uprising appeared), the western part of the territory of the Russian Empire was under the German occupation.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Therefore, Lastovsky, who worked in the occupied territory, emphasized the anti-Russian orientation of Kalinovsky's activities to maintain the image of a national hero, and to give this anti-Russianism Konstantin (or Constanta) became Belarusian features with V. Lastovsky Kastsyuk [34].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Later, Kastsyuk was transformed into Kastusya, which has been consolidated to this day [5].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

According to modern Belarusian historian Y.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

AND. Treshchenka, “the history of the Polish (...) uprising of 1863 on the Belarusian lands is one of the most mythologized, tendentiously distorted events of the Belarusian past” [35].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

It was because of the creation of an artificial myth that Polish revolutionary Vincent Konstanty Kalinouski turned into a “Belarusian revolutionary democrat Kastus Kalinouski” [5].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In addition, Lastovsky was also engaged in direct falsifications of V. Kalinovsky.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

For example, in Kalinovsky's original text [36]:


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

My brothers, dear men!


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Maryska, my black brow dove


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The same poem by Lastovsky [34] turns into:


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Belarusians, dear brothers!


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Belorusskaya zemelka, my dove


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The author concludes that Kalinouski's whole “Belarusianism” comes down to the publication of several newspapers in Belarusian in order to spread the ideas of the Polish uprising among Belarusian peasants.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

According to A. Vashkevich, A. Gronsky in the article “Kastus Kalinovsky: Designing a Hero” is nothing more than a resuscitation of the old theoretical provisions of the Soviet historian S. Ogursky.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Vashkevich points out that Gronsky's publication contains contradictions characteristic of his Soviet predecessors, in particular, they are manifested in the author's assessment of Kalinovsky's social views .


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Vashkevich expresses the opinion that Gronsky's statements about ethnic Polish origin and religious indifference of K. Kalinovsky testify to the “attraction” of facts to specific conclusions [26].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

According to Doctor of Historical Sciences V. Golubev, in modern Belarus politics determines history.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The historian believes that “the Belarusian state now appeals less to historical figures who have done a lot for the national liberation movement. Moreover, official views on such people are being revised: new books on history are being published, documents appear in which Kastus Kalinouski is called not a Belarusian hero, but a Polish hero or in general an anti-Russian figure”.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Golubev argues that such publications are determined by the policy of individuals who are at the head of Belarus [37].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

According to Vadim Gigin, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Kalinovsky was not a popular figure among Belarusian revivals of the early 20th century.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The situation changed after the Bolsheviks came to power.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

According to their historical concept, the Communist Party had to have its forerunner in every nation.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

It was decided to make Kastus Kalinovsky such a “proto-Bolshevik” [38].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

memento


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In 1943, the Soviet partisan brigade was named after Kastus Kalinovsky, which was one of the most active units in the vicinity of Grodno and Bialystok [26].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kastus Kalinovsky is dedicated to a feature film shot in 1928, a drama by Evstigney Mirovich (1923) and the tragedy of Vladimir Korotkevich


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In 1963, in Minsk, the capital of Belarus, a street in the Vostok and Zeleny Lug microdistricts was named after Konstantin Kalinovsky.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kastus Kalinouski is named after one of the central streets in Grodno, as well as a street in Zhodino (Minsk region) and Svisloch (Grodno region).


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

The name of Kastus Kalinouski was given to Svisloch Secondary School No. 1 (now”).


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In 1995, the Order of Kastus Kalinouski was introduced into the system of state Belarusian awards [39], which was conceived as the highest state award of the country; its description was approved by the President countries on January 15, 1996 [40].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

However, this order was never awarded, and in June 2004 it was officially abolished.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In 1993, a postage stamp of Belarus dedicated to Kalinovsky was issued.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In February 2013, a postcard dedicated to the 175th anniversary of Kalinovsky's birth was issued [41].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

On March 11, 2013, the National Library of Belarus opened the exposition “For Dignity! For the Motherland!” , timed to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the uprising of 1863-1864 and the 175th anniversary of the birth of one of its leaders, Vikenty Kalinovsky (Kastus Kalinovsky).


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

In August 2013, on one of the buildings on the street. Kalinovsky's memorial plaque was restored in Minsk [42].


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Bibliography


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinouski K. For our volnasts.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Creations, dacuments.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

- Minsk, 1999.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Kalinovsky K. From printed and handwritten heritage.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

— Minsk, 1988.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Notes


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Literature


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Belyavskaya I. M. A. AND. Herzen and the Polish national liberation movement of the 60s of the XIX century — Moscow, 1954.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Smirnov A. F. Kastus Kalinovsky.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

— Minsk.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

— 1963.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Shalkevich V. F. Kastus Kalinouski: Biography pages.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

— Minsk, 1988.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Gronsky A. D. Kastus Kalinouski: constructing a hero//Belaruskaya dumka.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

— 2008.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

-No 2.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

— P. 82-87.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Karpovich O. IN. Participation of the population of Belarusian districts of Grodno province in the uprising of 1863—1864//Vesnik Grodzenskaga dzyarzhaunaga universiteta.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Gray 1.- 2009.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

— No. 1.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Smirnov A. P. Kastus Kalinouski and paustanni 1863 year.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

— Minsk, 1959.


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

References


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

on the Belarusian Wikiquote


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

(in Belarusian)


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Belarusian revolutionaries


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Polish revolutionaries


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Russian revolutionaries


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Lithuanian revolutionaries


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category: Polish rebels of 1863


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Members of the organization “red”


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Executed revolutionaries


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Hanged in the Russian Empire


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:Revolt Leaders


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category:People from Grodno


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Konstantin Semyonovich


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category: People executed in 1864


Question: Where was Vikenty Konstantin Semenovich Kalinovsky born?

Kastus Kalinouski

Category: Executed participants of the Polish Uprising of 1863 — 1864


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Of the 121 Decembrists convicted by the Supreme Criminal Court to hard labor and serfdom and to settlement, 115 people were transferred.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In addition to them, those involved in participation in secret societies were sent into exile by decisions of military field courts and by direct Supreme Decrees.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

It took two years to send convicts to Siberia (1826—1828), and to the Caucasus — more than two decades (1826—1848) [1].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In the context of a new phenomenon in the public life of Russia — mass political exile — the preparation and conduct of the transfer of the Decembrists in a special order reflected the desire of the authorities to ensure the strictest secrecy and isolation.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Sending convicts to the place of serving their sentences in accordance with the then “Statute on Stages” would not allow Nicholas I to achieve immediately one of the main goals of his sentence — political death of criminals.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Much of the mechanism for transferring convicted Decembrists was used by the repressive apparatus of Russia in later times, including by the organizers of the Gulag [2] [3].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Alexander I stage system


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In the era of Alexander I, during the reorganization of the military security system associated with the performance of punitive functions of the state, considerable attention was paid to the creation and reform of the internal service, including for the purpose of escorting exiled convicts.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Reform timeline


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The special situation of Siberia, associated with the interest of the authorities in the colonization of the region, the constant increase in the number of exiled convicts sent there and the remoteness of places of punishment and exile, led to attempts by the government to legislatively regulate the problems that arose during the transfer [4] [5].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In 1807, the escort of prisoners was entrusted to the Bashkirs and Meshcheryaks.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In 1810, the service was transferred to the Cossacks of the civil department.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In 1811, internal guard formations were separated from garrison battalions, whose tasks included organizing escort for prisoners.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

On March 30, 1816, a decree was issued renaming the Internal Guard as the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In 1817, a phased system for escorting prisoners was introduced.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Stage teams were formed as part of OKVS.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Taking into account regional features and routes through the Siberian provinces, the duties of internal guards were assigned to the Irkutsk Garrison Regiment, the Tobolsk and Tomsk Battalions, which were assisted by disabled teams have been formed in cities (respectively, in Nizhneudinsk, Verkhneudinsk, Yakutsk, Kirensk, Nerchinsk, Tyumen, Yalutorovsk, Ishim, Omsk, Turinsk, Kurgan, Tara, Yeniseisk, Kansk, Biysk Kuznetsk, Narym and Krasnoyarsk) and factories.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In the same year, gendarmerie units of the internal guard were established.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

On January 28, 1822, a regulation was adopted that determined the procedure and methods for using the shackles to convicts transferred to Siberia.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

July 22, 1822 Alexander I approved legislative acts — “Institution for the Administration of Siberian Provinces” and charters on exiles and stages [6].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Transfer to the “Institution” in 1822.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Proposals for reforming the system of managing hard labor and exile were developed under the leadership of M. M. Speransky and with the participation of the future Decembrist G. S. Batenkova [7] [8].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

They prepared most of the projects on the management of Siberian exile, including statutes on exiles and stages [9].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

At that time, it was impossible to assume that in just a few years they would test the effectiveness of the developed statutes by experience, only Speransky would be among the prosecutors, and Batenkov would be among convicts.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The management of the reception, distribution and general registration of exiles was entrusted to the Tobolsk Order on Exiles, which was to receive information about each exile: his promotion to Tobolsk, all movements on the territory of Siberia.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

All those exiled to Siberia were ordered to be transferred through St. Tobolsk.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Parties were allowed to be distributed only in provincial cities, from where they could depart once a week and strictly according to the schedule — on the day determined for this provincial city.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

When forming parties, it was necessary to separate convicts from other exiles.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

It was practiced to shackle and chain, attach several people to an iron rod (sending “on a rope”) [10] [11].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The route through Siberia (from the border of Perm province through Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yenisei, Irkutsk provinces to Irkutsk) was divided into stages: 40 stages in Western Siberia and 21 in Eastern Siberia.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

For each stage, a stage team of one officer, two non-commissioned officers and ordinary soldiers was determined [12].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Stage teams, which were stationed along the paths through one station, led a batch of exiles to the next stage, returned back.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Since 1823 Every 60 versts, the Siberian Highway was equipped with stage prisons and semi-stages for recreation.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Each prison had a blacksmith to remove and shackle the shackles.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Sending the Decembrists to Siberia


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The first convoy, which already on December 14, 1825, by order of Nicholas I, escorted the arrested rebels to the Peter and Paul Fortress, was led by the commander of the Separate Corps of Internal Guard, Adjutant General E.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

F. Komarovsky [4].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The new tsar, who personally led the defeat of the Decembrists on Senate Square, already during the investigation “became a judge over his political enemies, and his “transmittal notes” on the preliminary arrest to some extent were already sentences to punishment” [13].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

He also approved the report of the Supreme Criminal Court, established by the manifesto of June 1, 1826 and acting on his orders.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

A special procedure and plan was developed to send those sentenced to hard labor in Siberia [14], testifying to the desire of Nicholas I to quickly isolate the participants in the incident.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

He could not allow the Decembrists to “travel” through half the country not only as part of parties of other prisoners, but also in a large group of like-minded people, so as not to arouse undesirable interest in unusual exiled.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The general management of the Siberian exile of the Decembrists was entrusted to the current Governor-General of Eastern Siberia [14].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In the period from the beginning of exile to the announcement of amnesty to exiles, these positions were held by: S. Lavinsky (1822—1833), N. S. Sulima (1833—1834), S. B.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Bronevsky (1835—1837), V. ME.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Rupert (1837—1847), N. N. Muravyov-Amursky (1847-1861) [15].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Special order


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The Decembrists sentenced to hard labor were not subject to the “Charter on Exiles” and the “Statute on Stages”.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Contrary to the current legislation, the Decembrists sentenced to hard labor were transported in leg shackles.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

A. E.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Rosen wrote in his Notes of the Decembrist: “I do not know why nobles sentenced to hard labor were shackled against the adopted order [16]; only those of hard labor are subject to such severe punishment , who are subjected to new punishment or attempt to flee. There was no fear of escape, because each exile was given a gendarme to guard; everyone was sent to the post office with couriers.”


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The conditions for the transfer and detention of convicts were determined only by the instructions of the tsar and the instructions of various institutions developed on their basis, and since August 31, 1826, by the specially created “Special Committee” on the Execution of Sentences over the Decembrists.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

It included Chief of the General Staff I. AND. Dibich and the chief chief of the III department and chief of gendarmes A. X.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Benckendorf, as representatives of the central authorities for the execution of sentences, Governor-General of Eastern Siberia A. S. Lavinsky and the commandant of the Nerchinsk mines S. R. Leparsky, as direct organizers of the Decembrist exile on the ground [17].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In accordance with the approved procedure, it was prescribed:


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

— keep itineraries secret;


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

— send to Siberia from St. Petersburg only along the Yaroslavsky highway, bypassing Moscow;


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

— send not on one day, but in groups of 2 to 4 people every other day, secretly and at night;


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

— have 1 gendarme for each criminal, and 1 courier for a group.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Decembrist N. AND. Laurer recalled the instructions received by the courier accompanying him [18]: “... go two nights, spend the third night, do not allow us to have the slightest message with anyone...”


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Courier delivery


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Nicholas I, who had previously used couriers to accompany active participants in the events of December 14, 1825 from fortresses for interrogation to the investigative commission, entrusted it to the courier corps responsibility for the distribution of those already sentenced to exile to temporary detention fortresses and for the delivery of convicted Decembrists to Siberia [19].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

To speed up the delivery and exclude the possibility of communication between convicts and with the local population, the couriers had special instructions to all local military and civilian commanders along the route from Petersburg to Irkutsk, “to provide, in any case, his speedy allowance upon request, as well as in supplying it with supplies” [20].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The first deliveries of the Decembrists to Irkutsk, however, revealed violations of the established procedure related to both abuse of escorts and the sympathetic attitude of some of them to exiled.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The procedure for escorting the Decembrists was tightened in December 1826. The General Staff approved a new instruction for couriers:


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

You are entrusted with state criminals, who, having received in the fortress from Mr. Commandant, follow with them to (the city) directly along the path assigned to you, without changing it or going anywhere in side.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

2. Carry these criminals each on the same cart with one gendarme, for which you will get run money for (quantity) of the cart and seconded with you (number) of gendarmes, but you yourself go behind the same on a special cart.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

3. Do not start any special carts, carriages and the like, dear, neither for yourself nor for prisoners or accept from anyone.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

4. For the food of the prisoners, you will receive feed money for 50 kopecks per person per day, which they should not give in their hands, but have at home.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

5. Do not stop by the road anywhere in taverns, taverns and the like, and under no pretext not to visit them, especially in cities, but try to get what you need for food food at the stations themselves, allowing criminals to eat what they need to maintain strength and health, but avoiding all luxury and excesses, such as large lunches, eating champagne and other grape wines.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

6. It is expensive not to allow meetings with arrested persons and conversations anywhere under any pretext, as well as accept benefits from strangers.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

7. Do not allow them to write any notes, letters or, in general, any kind of written papers, nor accept them in their name from anywhere.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

8. Don't tell anyone who you're escorting from and where.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

9. If any of the prisoners fall ill, leave them only when it is foreseen that it will not be possible to bring them to their destination without endangering their lives.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In this case, if it is impossible to reach the city, then leave it in the nearest place in terms of convenience, but only with one gendarme, and when passing through the provincial or district town, notify the local superiors to take the necessary measures both for care in it and for supervision.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

10. In the event of a prisoner's illness that does not have to leave him in the way, you are allowed to split him up at the discretion of the need, but at the same time increase his supervision when but he will be relieved to have to shackle him still.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

11. In any unexpected case, if the need requires, as well as in case of difficulties in obtaining a call, ask for help from the local boss on an open order that will be given to you.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

12. When the prisoners are delivered to their destination, hand them over and go back with the gendarmes yourself.”


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The route along which most of the convicts were sent passed through the cities: Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vyatka, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Tobolsk, Tara, Kainsk, Kolyvan, Tomsk, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk [21].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The courier was taken by the Decembrists to Tobolsk or Irkutsk (then they were transferred to local authorities and escorted by internal guards to their designated places), and also transferred them when changing places of punishment .


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Couriers who returned from a business trip gave explanations about the behavior of the persons accompanied by them on the road in the Inspectorate Department of the General Staff.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Violations of the transfer procedure were severely punished.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

For permission to split the first Decembrists who arrived in Irkutsk and temporarily send them instead of the Nerchinsk mines to work in the nearest plants, the chairman of the provincial government N. P. Gorlov was brought to trial and relieved of his post” [22].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Colonel of the Internal Guard Corps Shtempel, who allowed I. AND. Zavalishin to stay for several days in Moscow and then follow not the stage, but accompanied by a non-commissioned officer on a cart, was arrested for two weeks [4].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The courier Zheldybin, who agreed to deliver letters to I. AND. Pushchin's relatives, was arrested “for criminal complicity” [23].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Shipment schedule


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The transfer of the Decembrists to Siberia lasted two years — from 1826 to 1828.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The first two batches, sent on July 21 and 23, 1826, consisted of 8 Decembrists convicted by the Supreme Criminal Court in the first category to hard labor in Siberia.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Then, until the end of September, Decembrists of the V-XI categories were sent, sentenced to settlement and serfdom:


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Western Siberia — Berezov, Narym, Pelym, Surgut;


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Eastern Siberia — Verkhnevilyuysk, Verkhnekolymsk, Verkhoyansk, Vitim, Zhigansk, Kirensk, Olekminsk, Srednekolymsk, Turukhansk;


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

to garrisons — Bobruisk, Vladikavkaz, Kizlyar, Krasnoyarsk, Orenburg, Semipalatinsk, Tomsk and others,


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

as well as Muravyov A., who was exiled on a sentence “to live in Siberia” N.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Professor M. N. Gernet drew attention to the fact that the “facilitated” punishment of the Decembrists sentenced to settlement turned out for some of them a sophisticated nature of the transfer: those who barely arrived at the appointed places the settlers were waiting for the tsarist order of September 6, 26 to transfer them to other points: “... the order went to distant points of the settlement after the Decembrists who made their way there, as if in order to force them again to experience the agony of a phased move through vast Siberia” [13].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

After the first exiled convicts were brought to Siberia, it turned out that they were not ready to receive a large number of convicts there.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The shipments were suspended and about 70 people were temporarily kept in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and the rest were transported by couriers to the casemates of other fortresses: Vyborgskaya (Annenkov, Mukhanov, Lunin),


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Dinaburg (Bulgari, Kuchelbecker V. K.), Keksgolmskaya (Baryatinsky, Vadkovsky, Gorbachevsky, Kuchelbecker brothers, Poggio A. V., Spiridov)


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Rochensalmskaya (Arbuzov, Bestuzhev A. A., Muravyov-Apostol, Tyutchev, Yakushkin),


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Svartgolmskaya (Batenkov, Bechasnov, Pavlo-Shveykovsky, Panov, Sutgof, Steingeil, Shchepin-Rostovsky), Sveaborgskoy (Gromnitsky, Kireev, Lunin, Mitkov, Norov, Mukhanov),


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Shlisselburgskaya (Andreevich, Baryatinsky, Bestuzhev M. A., Bestuzhev N. A. Vadkovsky, Gorbachevsky, Poggio I. V., Pushchin I. I., Spiridov, Yushnevsky, Pestov, Divov).


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Most of the prisoners of Peter and Paul and other fortresses began to be sent to Siberia on December 10, 1826.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

DateSurnameSurnameSurnameSurnameNote21.07.26Davydov V. L.Muravev A. Z.Obolensky E.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

P.Yakubovich A. I.V. Irkutsk21.07.26Berstel A. K.Bodisco M. A.V. Bobruisk22.07.26Bestuzhev P. A.Vedenyapin Al.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

V.Kozhevnikov N. P.Konovnitsyn P. P.23.07.26Borisov A. I.Borisov P. I.Volkonsky S. G.Trubetskoy S. P.V. Irkutsk25.07.26Andreev A. N.Krasnokutsky S. G.Orzhitsky N. N.26.07.26Pushchin M. I.Okulov N. P.V. Garrisons27.07.26 Shakhovskoy F. P.Zaikin N. F.28.07.26Vishnevsky F. G.Lappa M. D.Musin-Pushkin E.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

S.V garrisons28.07.26Muravyov Al.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

N.On the Settle29.07.26 Vedenyapin Ap.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

V.Chizhov N. A.31.07.26Golitsyn V. M.02.08.26Bobrishchev-Pushkin N. S.Nazimov M. A.04.08.26Vranitsky V. I.Mozgalevsky N. O.17.08.26Fok A. A.22.08.26Bulgari N. ME.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Tsebrikov N. R.Shakhirev A. I.26.09.26Bodisco B.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

A.10.12.26Annenkov I. A.Muravev A. M.Muravev N. M.Thorson K. P.19.01.27Zavalishin D. I.Kryukov A. A.Kryukov N. A.Svistunov P. N.21.01.27Basargin N. V.Wolf F. B.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Fonvizin M. A.Frolov A. F.24.01.27Ivanov I. I.Kornilovich A. O.Mozgan P. D.Falenberg P. I.27.01.27Avramov P. V.Bobrishchev-Pushkin P. S.Laurer N. I.Shimkov I. F.02.02.27Belyaev A. P.Belyaev P. P.Naryshkin M. M.Odoevsky A. I.05.02.27Glebov M. N. Kuchelbecker M. K.Repin N. P.Rozen A. E.07.02.27Entaltsev A. V.Lisovsky N. F.Likharev V. N.Lyublinsky Yu.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

K.10.02.27Krivtsov S. I.Tizenhausen V. K. Tolstoy V. S.Chernyshev Z. G.15.02.27Avramov I. B.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Brigen A. F.Vygodovsky P. F.Cherkasov A. I.17.02.27Zagoretsky N. A. Ivashev V. P.05.03.27Gorsky O. V.Furman A. F.17.06.27Bechasnov V. A.Povalo-Shveykovsky I. S.Steygeil V. I.21.06.27Panov N. A.Sutgof A. N.Shchepin-Rostovsky D. A.28.09.27Baryatinsky A. P.Bestuzhev M. A.Bestuzhev N. A. Gorbachevsky I. I.02.10.27Andreevich Ya.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

M.Pestov A. S.Spiridov M. M.Yushnevsky A. P.V. Chitu02.10.27Muravyov-Apostol M. I.On the Settle05.10.27Arbuzov A. P.Tyutchev A. I.Yakushkin I. D06.10.2</b> 7Bestuzhev A. A.08.10.27Mukhanov P. A. Poggio A. V.Pushchin I. I.12.10.27Divov V. A. Norov V. S.17.11.27Vadkovsky F. F.jan.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

28Focht I. F.24.04.28Gromnitsky P. F.Kireev I. V.Lunin M. S.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Those who were serving sentences in fortresses were transferred out of schedule:


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In November 1827 Rayevsky V. F., the “first Decembrist” arrested back in 1822, was sent from the Zamosc fortress (Poland) to Siberia to settle in Olonki.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Contrary to the established procedure, the courier had to take him through Moscow.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

July 10, 1834 Poggio I. V., sentenced to 8 years of hard labor, was sent with a courier to Siberia to settle in Ust-Kuda after being imprisoned in solitary confinement at the Shlisselburg Fortress.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

December 14, 1835 Kuchelbecker V. K., sentenced to 15 years of hard labor, after imprisonment in fortresses (Kexholm, Shlisselburg, Dinaburg, Viapori), was sent to Siberia to settle in Barguzin.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

February 14, 1846 Batenkov G. S., who was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor and, by the decision of the tsar, spent not only the entire period of hard labor in the Peter and Paul Fortress, but also an extra 5 years, was sent “with a reliable gendarme non-commissioned officer” to Siberia to settle in Tomsk.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Tightrope dispatch


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

By decision of garrison courts, some members of secret societies sentenced to hard labor in Siberia were sent on foot.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Herzen wrote “... It is difficult and long to go to Siberia on foot, but some of the Decembrists had to...” [24].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

On September 5, 1826, in Mogilev, by decision of the military court at the Main Apartment of the First Army, officers of the Chernigov Regiment Bystritsky A. A., Mozalevsky A. E.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

, Soloviev V. N. and Sukhinov I. I. were sentenced to eternal hard labor and sent to the stage on foot with a party of prisoners from Kiev to Moscow through Kozelets, Nizhyn, Glukhov, Orel, Kaluga.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

On January 1, 1827, Mozalevsky, Solovyov and Sukhinov, without Bystritsky who fell ill, shackled, were sent from Moscow to Siberia through Kazan.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

On February 12, 1828, Chernigov residents came to Chita for a day, and on March 16 - to the Zerentui mine near the border with China, having spent 1 year, 6 months and 11 days on the road.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Two military field trials took place in St. Petersburg in the case of the lower ranks who took part in the uprising on Senate Square.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In January 1827, by the military court of the Moscow Regiment, participants in the uprising on December 14, 1825, non-commissioned officer Lutskoy A. N. and Private Povetkin N., and in June of the same year, by the military court of the Grenadier Regiment, privates Dolgovyazov P., Mezentsev G., Rytov S., Solovyov D., Trofimov F. and Fedotov T. were sentenced to indefinite hard labor works and sent to the stage with a batch of criminal exiles from St. Petersburg to Moscow and further along Vladimirka through Kazan and Perm to Tobolsk.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In addition, military field courts sentenced members of other secret societies to hard labor for various periods of hard labor and settlement in Siberia.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Members of the Society of Military Friends, Vegelin A., convicted on April 15, 1827 by the military court in Bialystok I., Vronsky L. I., Vysotsky I. S., Igelstrom K. G., Rukevich M. I., accompanied by gendarmes, were taken to Tobolsk.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

From Tobolsk, on foot along the stage with a party of convicts, Vegetin, Igelstrom and Rukevich were sent to the Chita prison, and Vronsky and Vysotsky to Omsk.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

On September 13, 1827, members of the Orenburg Secret Society Druzhinin Kh.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

M., Zavalishina I. I., Kolesnikova V. P., Taptikova D. P. was sent from Orenburg through Sterlitamak, Perm, Yekaterinburg to Tobolsk in leg shackles, shackled in pairs (Kolesnikov and Druzhinin, and Taptikov and Zavalishin) and attached to the rod.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

They came to Chita prison on September 9, 1828 [26].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In Irkutsk


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The first Decembrists of hard labor arrived in Irkutsk at the end of August 1826:


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

August 27 — V. L. Davydov A. H. Muravyov, Ye.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

P. Obolensky, A. AND. Yakubovich;


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

August 29 — brothers A. I. and P. AND. Borisovs, S. G. Volkonsky and S. P. Trubetskoy.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In accordance with the instructions handed over to the courier Sedov, who accompanied the first group, the convicts had to be handed over to the civil governor so that “it would be admitted to them in all respects the situation established for convicts” [27].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Taking into account the decision of the Supreme Criminal Court, the Decembrists brought to Irkutsk were subject to the imperial personal decree of September 13, 1797 “On the Distribution of Criminal and Other criminals in terms of their importance in hard labor for settlement and serfdom”, which prescribed “death killers, as well as uttering bold words against the Imperial Majesty, is equal to troublemakers of the people and priest-holders, on punishment to send to Nerchinsk in work</i> at” [28]


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Due to the fact that Irkutsk Civil Governor I. B.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Zeidler was away until mid-September, and the fate of the prisoners had to be decided by the chairman of the provincial government N. P. Gorlov.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Back on August 16, Gorlov warned the commandant of the city about the need soon, accompanied by eight gendarmes, “to send 8 people convicted by the Supreme Criminal Court to the Nerchinsk mining plants “and appoint sixteen gendarmes to escort another 8 people “to remote places in the Yakutsk Territory” [27].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

But upon the arrival of criminals in Irkutsk, he first ordered to remove their shackles, and then send them not to the Nerchinsk mines, but to nearby state-owned plants:


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

to the Alexandrovsky distillery — V. L. Davydova and A. H. Muravyova,


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

to the Irkutsk salt plant — E.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

P. Obolensky and A. AND. Yakubovich,


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

to Mykolaiv Distillery — A. I. and P. AND. Borisovs, S. G. Volkonsky and S. P. Trubetskoy.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The violation of the instructions did not go unnoticed - by October 6, the Decembrists were returned to Irkutsk, and on October 8, accompanied by Cossack officers - horunzhikh Chausov and Cherepanov, were sent to Blagodatsky mine of the Nerchinsk plant [~ 1].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

On the instructions of the head of the Nerchinsk plant T. S. Burnashev's criminals were placed there together with the bailiff of the mine and Verkhneudinsky quarterly warden Kozlov and a sergeant appointed “to look after them”.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In accordance with the instructions, information about criminals was sent every two weeks to I. B.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Zeidler “for reporting to the Tsar Emperor” [27].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Almost a year later, on September 20, 1827, the prisoners were transferred to the Chita prison, where all those convicted to hard labor were gathered.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

From Chita Ostrog to Petrovsky Zavod


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The Decembrists sent to the Chita prison remained there until 1830. It was not until the end of 1828 that he announced the removal of his shackles.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

And in the summer of 1830, the prisoners were sent to the prison at the Petrovsky Zavod.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The prisoners were divided into two parties, which left the Chita prison on August 7 and 9, 1830 [29] [30].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

One of them was headed by the commandant himself, Major General S. R. Leparsky, and the other is headed by the commandant's nephew, Parade Major [31].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The Decembrists marched with a convoy [32]: “Ahead was the avant-garde, consisting of fully armed soldiers, then state criminals, followed by carts with luggage, followed by a rearguard. Buryats, armed with bows and arrows, walked along the sides and along the road. The officers watched the order of the procession on horseback.”


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The parties went on the road at about 3 o'clock in the morning in order to stop for rest after 9 o'clock.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

We passed 20-30 versts a day, and two days later the journey was arranged for a day.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The crossing took place through the picturesque area of Eastern Siberia.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

After spending several years in the prison, the prisoners used the opportunity of almost neglected communication with each other, with nature and local residents.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

For overnight stays and rest, the Decembrists were accommodated either in peasant huts or in specially prepared yurts.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The facilitated transition regime provided those interested with the opportunity to engage in ethnographic observations, drawing, and collecting collections of plants and insects.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

After walking about 650 versts in 48 days, both parties arrived at the new place of detention at the end of September 1830.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

For settlement after hard labor


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

As the appointed terms ended, prisoners, starting with those convicted in junior ranks, began to be sent from the Petrovsky Zavod to the northern and remote places of Siberia, personally painted on the instructions of “the most emperor” [27] [~ 2].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Later, the Governor-General was allowed to choose places for settlement.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In accordance with the instructions of the Minister of War Chernyshev, it was ordered “... criminals should not be accommodated together and not sent to places where persons like them are already located, which rule should be observed exactly and on future tense” [33].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In 1828-1829, Avramov I. B.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

, Brigen, Vygodovsky, Entaltsev, Zagoretsky, Krivtsov, Lisovsky, Likharev, Tizenhausen, Tolstoy, Cherkasov, Chernyshev, Lyublinsky (13 people in total) - to the villages of Berezov, Vitim, Kondinskoye, Narym, Pelym, Surgut, Tunka, Turukhansk, Yakutsk;


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In 1831-1833, Avramov P. V., Belyaev brothers, Bobrishchev-Pushkin P. S., Glebov, Ivanov, Igelstrom, Kuchelbecker M. K., Laurer, Mozgan, Mukhanov, Naryshkin, Odoevsky, Repin, Rosen, Falenberg, Fonvizin, Shimkov (18 people in total) — to Barguzin, Verkholensk, Kurgan, Minusinsk and other villages of Transbaikalia, Yenisei, Irkutsk and Tomsk governorates.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The exiled Decembrists, who were under the jurisdiction of the military department, traveled to Irkutsk, accompanied by officers and soldiers.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In Irkutsk, they were transferred under police supervision to civil authorities, who sent them further to the designated place of settlement under the supervision of commanders and Cossacks.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In 1836, when the rigors were already partially weakened and it was allowed to distribute the Decembrists in the southern regions of Siberia, Annenkov, Basargin, Volkonsky, Wolf, Gromnitsky were sent to the settlement, Ivashev, Kireev, Kryukov brothers, Lunin, Mitkov, Muravyov A. M., Muravev N. M., Svistunov, Thorson, Tyutchev, Frolov, Steigel, Yakushkin (19 people in total).


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

On July 27, 1839, of the 22 prisoners who remained in the Petrovsky Zavod Andreevich, Arbuzov, Baryatinsky, Bechasnov, Borisov brothers, Vadkovsky, Davydov, Zavalishin D. I., Artamon Muravyov, Obolensky, Panov, Povalo-Shveykovsky, Poggio A. V., Pushchin I. I., Spiridov, Sutgof, Trubetskoy, Shchepin-Rostovsky, Yushnevsky, Yakubovich were divided into several batches and sent on carts under escort to the places of settlement [29].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In early August 1839, they left for Selenginsk, waiting for permission to settle there together with K. P. Thorson, M. A. and N. A. The Bestuzhevs.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Only Gorbachevsky stayed at his own request to live in the Petrovsky Zavod.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Senior Decembrists were distributed throughout Siberia, taking into account, among other things, the opinions of the exiles themselves and their family and friendly ties that developed during hard labor.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

There were peculiar Decembrist colonies [17] [34]:


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

— Irkutsk (Volkonsky, Wolf, Lunin, A. M. Muravev, N. M. Muravyov, in Oyok — Trubetskoy, Vadkovsky, in Razvodnaya — Borisov brothers, Muravyov A. H. (since 1840), Yushnevsky, Yakubovich, in Ust-Kud — Mukhanov (since 1841), Poggio brothers, in Yelan — Muravyov A. Z., Odoevsky, Steingeil, in Olonki — Raevsky);


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

— Yalutorovskaya — (Basargin, Obolensky, Pushchin I. I., Yakushkin, Muravyov-Apostol, Obolensky, Vranitsky, Tizenhausen, Entaltsev, Cherkasov);


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

— Tobolskaya (Annenkovs, Baryatinsky, Basargin, Bashmakov (since 1853), Bobrishchev-Pushkin brothers, Wolf (since 1845), Ivashev, Kuchelbecker V. K. (in 1846), Muravyov A. M. (since 1844), Svistunov (since 1841), Fonvizin (since 1837), Steingeil (since 1840) );


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

— Selenginskaya (Bestuzhev brothers, Thorson);


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

— Minusinskaya (Belyaev brothers, Kryukov brothers, Mozgalevsky, Falenberg);


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

— Kurganskaya (Basargin (since 1842), Bashmakov (since 1838), Brigen, Kuchelbecker V. K. (since 1840) Likharev (since 1830), Laurer, Nazimov, Naryshkin, Odoevsky, Povalo-Shveykovsky, Rosen, Svistunov, Focht (since 1830), Shchepin-Rostovsky (since 1842)


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The rules established for the Decembrist settlers did not allow them to leave their place of residence for more than 30 versts.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

After the amnesty


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

While Nicholas I was alive, the Decembrists had no hopes for amnesty.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Only on August 26, 1856, on the day of his coronation, Alexander II issued a manifesto that allowed the Decembrists (34 people survived by this time) to return from Siberia and live (under supervision police) everywhere except Moscow and St. Petersburg.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

At the same time, D. AND. Zavalishin for criticizing the local authorities in 1863 was deported to the internal provinces of Russia - the gendarmes of Alexander II took him along the same road along which 37 years ago he was transported by the gendarmes of Nicholas I, also to link, but in the opposite direction [13].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Sending Decembrists to the Caucasus


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In exile to the Caucasus, to the “southern Siberia</i>”, as bitterly joked at that time, those involved in the events of December 14, 1825 were sent by court decision and instructions of Nicholas I (accompanied by couriers or gendarmes) under secret supervision with a monthly report on behavior, “so that they can not spread any harmful sense between comrades” [35].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In 1826-1828 the following were sent [34]:


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

— 39 “less guilty” who were not brought to trial, but subjected to administrative punishment (translated “the same rank”);


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

— 13 Decembrists of the VIII-XI categories, demoted by the decision of the Supreme Criminal Court to privates with and without deprivation of nobility, previously exiled to remote garrisons and fortresses: Bestuzhev P. A., Bodisco B.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

A., Vedenyapin Al.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

I., Vishnevsky, Kozhevnikov, Konovnitsyn, Lappa, Musin-Pushkin, Okulov, Orzhitsky, Pushchin M. I., Fok, Tsebrikov, and Lachinov E.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

E.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

by decision of the Military Court attached to the 2nd Army in Tiraspol.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In 1827-1848, in response to the petitions of prisoners, with the highest permission of Nicholas I to atone for his guilt in the Caucasus, after the completion of their sentences, Decembrists of various categories: in 1827 — Berstel, in 1829 — Bestuzhev A. A., Golitsyn, Tolstoy, Chernyshev, in 1831 — Krivtsov, in 1832 — Kornilovich, Nazimov, in 1836 — Igelstrom, in 1837 — Vegelin, Likharev, Laurer.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

, Naryshkin, Odoevsky, Rosen, Cherkasov, in 1838 — Zagoretsky, Mozgan, in 1839 — the Belyaev brothers, in early 1840 — Divov, in 1848 — Sutgof.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Some Decembrists, despite requests, were denied transfer to the Caucasus:


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

A. A. Kryukov (twice: in 1840 and 1841), Mozalevsky (1842) [36], A. H. Murvviev (twice: in 1837 and 1839), Fonvizin (in 1839), Focht (in 1837)


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The Decembrists, assigned by privates in a separate Caucasian Corps, were appointed “to different battalions under strict supervision and so that they would certainly carry out combat service according to their rank and without any reliefs” [13].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Nicholas I did not want to leave the Decembrists alone even after completing his service in the Caucasus.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In accordance with the “highest order” of July 1832, decrees on the dismissal of officers convicted by the Supreme Criminal Court were to specify their punishment for belonging to secret societies and a ban on entry to both capitals of the empire.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

In 1837, this requirement was extended to officers sent to the army not by court verdict, but with the personal permission of the tsar.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

The lower ranks “under the influence” of the rebellious officers were not ignored either.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

About 3000 ordinary participants in the events (Chernigov Regiment, 8th Infantry Division, 8th Artillery Brigade, Life Guards Moscow Regiment, Life Grenadier Regiment and Guards Crew) Nikolai too ordered to be sent to the Caucasus.


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

They were led in batches, accompanied by internal guard convoys to Rybinsk on foot, then to Astrakhan and along the coast of the Caspian Sea by ships and then on foot to their destinations [4] [37] [38] [39].


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

comments


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Notes


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

References


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Category:Decembrist movement


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Category:Decembrists in Siberia


Question: How many Decembrists were exiled to settle in Irkutsk?

Transfer of convicted Decembrists

Category:Exiled to Siberia


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar, or Osokor [1] (Latin: Pópulus nígra) is a species from the genus Poplar of the Willow family.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Honey, tanning, essential oil, dye, medicinal, wood, ornamental plant, is cultivated in landscaping.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Name


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The species epithet nigra means “black” in Latin.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

N. AND. Annenkov in the Botanical Dictionary (1878), in an article on black poplar, cites the following common and book names used in different parts of Russia, indicating the place where these names there are also persons who recorded these names in print or in writing, as well as the existing names of this plant among different peoples living in Russia, and names in German, French and English languages:


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Oskor: m see insult.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

| Oskor m. insult w. tree osokor, osokor, species of poplar, broom, Populus nigra.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Synonyms


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

According to Germplasm Resources Information Network, the species synonymy includes names [2]:


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The Plant List gives only one name as a synonym — [3].


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Botanical description


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is a tree of the first magnitude, reaching 30-35 m in height and 1-2 m in diameter of the trunk.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The root system is well branched.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

It includes superficial and obliquely spreading roots, from which anchor roots that penetrate deeply into the soil depart.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

When the lowest part of the trunk is drifted with sand and silt, additional roots are formed, forming a more or less pronounced second tier.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The powerful root system ensures good growth of the entire mass of the tree and at the same time gives it high stability during the flow of flood waters and ice movement, as well as strong gusts of wind.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Windfall is not typical for black poplar.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

It has a great ability to form stump shoots.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The trunk is single or unfolded, more or less straight, weakly oval, in natural clones with curvature.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The branching type is monopodial.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In middle-aged and old trees, the bark in the lower part of the trunk is thick - 4-6 cm, dark gray, cracking, above the trunk it is light gray without cracks.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The crust crests are intermittent.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The crown is often broad or ovoid, with thick branches, especially in the lower part of the trunk.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Annual shoots are bare, cylindrical, yellowish-gray, shiny with whitish lentils.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Undergrowth is grayish-green.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The kidneys are multi-cover, renal scales are free.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Terminal (apical) buds 7-10 (15) mm long, elongated-oval, pointed, brown, shiny, covered with a resinous coating, sticky and fragrant when blooming.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The lateral buds are smaller, more or less pressed, the lower ones are often with a bent tip.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The leaves are simple, petiolate, whole, alternately arranged, falling off every year.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Leaf blades are bare, 4-11 cm long, 3-9 cm wide, diamond-shaped or oval-triangular, green above, paler below, with an elongated tip, less often with a short pointed, at the base broad-shaped or straight cut.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The largest width of the plate is close to its base.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The ratio of the length of the leaf blade to its width is on average 1.34.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The edge of the leaf blade, with the exception of the base and the elongated tip, is serrated (finely serrated, large-serrated, unequal), sometimes sharp-edged, with glandular teeth.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Petioles are bare, flattened laterally, shorter than the leaf blade, without grooves at the base of the plates.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Leaf scars are heart-shaped.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Leaf venation is pinnate.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The leaf trail is three-bundle.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The epidermis is single-layer.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Stomata are located on both sides of the leaf blade, but are more numerous on the underside.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The average length of closure cells is about 30 microns.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

One closing cell contains 7—10 (12) chloroplasts.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The size and shape of leaves vary greatly on elongated shoots of young trees and on fast-growing root offspring.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is a dioecious plant.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

It blooms in late April — early May, almost simultaneously with the leaves open.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The method of pollination is anemophilic (wind pollination).


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Inflorescences are same-sex, multi-flowered, hanging catkins.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Men's earrings are 6-9 cm long. Bracts are brown, usually bare, 3-5 mm long, deeply incised, fringed.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

On a pale green oval-oblong disc (torus), there are 8—30 (45) stamens with bright purple anthers.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The diameter of colored (swollen) pollen grains is ~28 microns.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Women's earrings are 5-6 cm long with 30-40 flowers sitting on short pedicels.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The ovary up to half or up to ²/3 is enclosed in the perianth.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

After fertilization of flowers, the catkins increase to 8-11 cm. Under laboratory conditions, at an air temperature of 18—22°C, the seeds ripen 28—30 days after pollination of flowers, under natural conditions this period is much longer.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The fruit is a single-nest polyseminal dry bivalve capsule 5-7 mm long, 3-5 mm thick, containing 10-12 seeds 2-2.5 mm long.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The seeds are provided with a bunch of silky hairs that facilitate their transfer by the wind.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

It reproduces well by seeds, which, due to their long hairs, spread very far away.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Under suitable conditions, it produces dense shoots (up to 500 thousand pieces per 1 ha).


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

It also reproduces vegetatively, by root offspring; one tree can produce up to 200 offspring.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

It grows very fast [4].


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Diploid chromosome number 2n = 38 [5].


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Geographical distribution


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Eurasian species.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The general range of black poplar is extensive: Europe, Siberia (before the Yenisei), Central and Minor Asia, East Kazakhstan, Western China, Iran, North Africa.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Cultural forms are widespread in temperate countries.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In the CIS, it occupies the territory of the European part in the north from Grodno, Tula, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Kirov, Perm, in the south to the Crimea and the Caucasus.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In Russia, it is confined mainly to the chernozem regions of the European part.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In Central Russia, it occurs sporadically, only along the valleys of large rivers, without going beyond the Upper Volga and the upper currents of the Dnieper and Don.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

It grows alone, in groups of trees and small groves along flood river valleys, on pebble and sandbanks and among flood meadows, on riverine sands, less often along terraces, as well as along channels, elders and the shores of lakes.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

It forms both pure and mixed plantations with white and laurel poplars and white willow.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

It easily tolerates sand covering the lower part of the trunks, forming additional roots on the filled parts [4].


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Osokor is a representative of lowland forests and does not climb high into the mountains.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In rare cases, mountain rivers in the Caucasus rise to 1500 m at sea level, and in Altai it penetrates to an altitude of 1200 m.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In addition to the East European Plain, it is distributed in the North Caucasus and in the Siberian region — in Western Siberia and the southwestern part of Central Siberia.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

On the territory of Russia, the northernmost point of distribution of wild osokor is 64° N.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

on the Yenisei River, the easternmost — 96°E on Kana (Yenisei basin).


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Methods of reproduction and distribution


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is propagated by seeds, stump shoots and root offspring.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is a dioecious, cross-pollinated species.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

On some of its trees, only stamen flowers form, on others only pistil flowers.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

And only in rare cases are monoecious individuals found.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

A characteristic feature of black poplar, like other species of the genus Populus, is the ability to produce a huge number of seeds and disperse them widely, one tree produces about 28 million seeds per year.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Trees begin to bear fruit from 10-15 years, sometimes earlier, but massively produce seeds only after 20 years of age.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The timing of seed ripening depends on the geographical area and climate.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Cold, humid weather delays seed ripening.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In warm, dry weather, seed pods open much earlier and quite quickly.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In the conditions of Central Russia, fruits usually ripen in May-June [6].


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Each box contains 10-12 seeds.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In the crown of an adult tree, the boxes open for about 3-4 days.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The average weight of 1000 seeds is 0.76 g. Equipped with a bunch of thin silky hairs, they are easily carried by the wind over long distances from the mother tree, and are also successfully spread by the flow of river water.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The seeds of the sookore do not have a period of physiological dormancy, but the laboratory germination of seeds is quite high (95-98%), which decreases rapidly when stored indoors at a temperature of 18—22°C.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

However, their viability can be extended for 1-2 years, keeping them at a low temperature (from -3 to −8°C) and low relative humidity (6%)


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In a humid environment, fresh seeds swell after 5-6 hours. Then the peel at the base of the seed breaks and a hypocotyl appears, which bends downward towards the substrate during growth.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Approximately 15-18 hours after sowing (in some seedlings - after 12-14 hours), numerous long hairs form at the base of the hypocotyl, with the help of which the seedling is fixed on the substrate.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

At the beginning of the second day, the germ root begins to grow in the center of the hypocotyl base.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

With its appearance, the cotyledons increase in size, tear the seed membrane more strongly, gradually shifting and then dropping it.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Mass release of cotyledons from the seed coat occurs 26-30 hours after sowing the seeds.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Approximately 40 hours after sowing, hypocotyl in the vast majority of seedlings takes an upright position, and the cotyledons fully open and acquire a pale green color.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

After that, the growth of the main root is noticeably increased, and root hairs appear on its surface - the suction zone of the root is formed.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

After about two weeks, a real leaf appears and almost simultaneously with it, a second leaf appears.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Seed renewal is the initial stage in the formation of a natural plantation from black poplar.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The process of formation of floodplain forest takes place on open, well-lit and devoid of grass cover sand and sand-pebble shoals.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

After the fall of flood waters, these shallows have good aeration, their surface is sufficiently moistened and warms up well during the daytime, the substrate is characterized by neutrality and absence salinity.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The rooting and survival of young seedlings is most successful in conditions under which they are not washed off by water flows, and the roots are constantly in a humid environment.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

This is especially important in the first 1-1.5 months of seedling life, when their root system is poorly developed and they are unstable to drought.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Therefore, in the absence of optimal conditions for successful rooting and germination of seeds, seed renewal in a particular habitat can occur not in the first year of shallows formation, but through a few years.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Under production conditions, black poplar is sometimes propagated by seeds.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Propagation in this way makes it possible to grow and select high-quality planting material to create fast-growing plantations.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

For sowing, freshly harvested seeds, peeled from “fluff”, are used.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Seeds are harvested from pre-selected fast-growing female trees without rot, without frost cracks, with a good trunk and crown shape.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Ecology and phytocenology


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar grows in floodplains of rivers on moist alluvial sandy, sandy-pebble, sandy loamy silty soils.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

It is predominantly a flat plant, although it penetrates into the lowlands.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In the Sayan Mountains, it climbs up to 1100 m, in Altai - up to 1200 m above sea level.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

As part of floodplain forests, it performs important water protection, water regulating, shore protection, clogging and sanitary and hygienic functions.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Osokor is ecologically plastic.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In the development of a natural sedge planting, depending on its age, location in the floodplain and the duration of flooding, four stages are distinguished: bloodless poplars (1-15 years), poplars- stallions (20-30 years), mature poplar forests (40-70 years), overripe poplars (80-120 years).


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is a photophilous plant species.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The need for good sunlight is already manifested in the process of seed germination and the development of seedlings: in low light, the seedlings stretch out, become frail and die en masse in the early days life.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In natural and artificial plantations mixed in composition, poplar, in the struggle for light, surpasses other species of woody plants of the same age as it in growth intensity.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar belongs to microthermophytes - cold-resistant plants adapted to exist in conditions of a long harsh winter, which they experience at rest, showing high winter hardiness.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The vast range of osokoria consists of several climates.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Its southern forms are thermophilic and freeze in the conditions of St. Petersburg.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

The most winter-hardy populations of black poplar grow in Siberia along the shores of the middle reaches of the river. Ob, where the northernmost point of distribution of black poplar near the village was found. The trimming of the Tyumen region, which corresponds to 61°20' north latitude [7].


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

According to some researchers, black poplar is hygrophyte, a plant that lives in places of excessive soil moisture and in a humid atmosphere, according to others, mesophyte.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

In general, the osokor is a moisture-loving floodplain plant.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

It grows well on fairly moist soils (within 60-70% of their total moisture capacity) with a groundwater level of up to 1-1.5 m and, at the same time, is able to grow, albeit less successfully, on soils with a long excessive or temporarily insufficient hydration.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

It is especially demanding on high soil moisture during seed germination and seedling development.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Adult plants with a well-developed root system are able to extract water from deep soil horizons and therefore more or less easily tolerate dry periods.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Among poplars, the osokor is the most hardy to prolonged flooding.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Soil dryness, when groundwater lies at a depth of more than 2-3 m, adversely affects the growth intensity and durability of poplar plantations.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

According to the demands on soil fertility, the content of minerals in it, the osokor belongs to the group of oligotrophs, mesotrophs and megatrophs.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

But this attribution of it to the number of species that are undemanding for soil richness is conditional.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Although plants grow and develop normally on medium-fertility soils, their biological productivity increases significantly on more fertile soils.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Poplar plantations grow well and produce high wood reserves on humus-rich, with good aeration and water permeability of non-acidic soils (pH 5-7).


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Osokor is extremely responsive to improving soil nutrition, especially to the introduction of full mineral fertilizer.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Soil salinity is one of the main factors limiting the success of growth and longevity of poplar plantations.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Poplars do not grow well on heavy loams, on swampy and swampy meadow lowlands with stagnant water, on dune hills with deep groundwater.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

All acidic soils, mobile and dry sands, poor sandy, sandy loam, dense clay, podzolic soils are not suitable for cultivation.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Poplars react negatively to soil compaction by pedestrians or excessive grazing.


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar is a rare species classified as taxa that requires further study and biological control in the territory of Vologda [8], Arkhangelsk (including the Nenets Autonomous Area) [9], and Moscow regions [10].


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Chemical composition


Question: What is the branching type of black poplar?

Black poplar

Black poplar buds contain resin, essential oil (up to 0.5%), phenol glycosides salicin and populin [11], tannins, flavonoids, malic and gallic acids, ascorbic acid, leukoanthocyanins and fatty oil.