Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On the fate of King, Robespierre gave a speech on December 3, in which he rejected the legal point of view, becoming political.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“Louis is not a defendant, and you are not judges,” he said, “you are statesmen, representatives of the nation... Your job is not to pronounce a court verdict, but to take measures in the forms of public good” (Speech in National Convention on December 3, 1792) [23].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

For him, the August 10 uprising has already sentenced Louis XVI to death:


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“When a king is overthrown from the throne by a revolution that is far from being strengthened by just laws, when his name alone brings the scourge of war on a rebellious nation, then neither prison nor exile can make the king's existence indifferent to the public good. And this brutal exception to ordinary laws, which is recognized by justice, can only be explained by the very nature of his crimes. I regret to say this fatal truth, but Louis must die, because the fatherland must live” (Speech at the National Convention on December 7, 1792) [23].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

According to Robespierre, the appeal to the people (French: appel au peuple), which was demanded by the moderate part of the meeting, threatened the proclaimed republic: the referendum gave the opportunity for revenge for the defeated royalists, “monarchists” (French: Monarchiens) and constitutionalists in voting on the fate of the king.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On January 20, Louis was sentenced to death.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI was executed in Paris, on Revolution Square [Ave. 6].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

By this time, Girondins are beginning to lose the support of the majority in the Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Constant attacks, accusations, personal hostility antagonized most of the meeting and paralyzed the executive branch.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In addition, defending the king since August and obstructing his trial, they opened themselves to accusations of royalism [12].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The financial crisis inherited from the monarchy has not been resolved.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Due to the continuous issue, bank notes began to fall in price, which in turn led to a rise in price, including food.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Sankulots unrest began in large cities.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

There were the first requirements to introduce a “maximum” on bread.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Both parties, Girondins and Jacobins, including Robespierre and Marat, resisted all economic control and the demands of the “mad” (French: Enragés) did not find support in the Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the victory at Valmy, the leaders of the Gironde returned to revolutionary propaganda, declaring “peace to huts, war on palaces” (French: paix aux chaumières, guerre aux châteaux), not having enough funds for achieving even immediate goals at that time.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Europe responded by creating the first coalition.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The fall of the bank note led to inevitable discontent in the “liberated” territories and undermined the position of French troops in Belgium.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Valmy's patriotic impulse could not last long; moreover, volunteers, having fulfilled their duty and defending their fatherland, began to return home.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the unsuccessful offensive and defeat at Neervinden, France again, like a year ago, was faced with a foreign invasion.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Accusations of betrayal began again, this time the Girondins, especially after the betrayal of Dumurier.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Convention takes urgent measures: a call of 300 .000, the establishment of a revolutionary tribunal, a law against emigrants.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Vendée uprising begins and the Republicans massacre in the western regions of the country begin.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The crisis forces both parties to rely on their base and allies.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Jacobins are increasingly closer to the sections of Paris, and the Girondins to the provinces, emphasizing the excessive dominance of Paris.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On April 10, Robespierre gives a speech at the Convention directly accusing the Girondins, and Camille Demoulin publishes a pamphlet “The Story of Brissotines”.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

As an indicator of this renewed alliance between the Jacobins and the Sankulots, on May 4, the Convention passes the first maximum law, despite the resistance of the Gironde.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In turn, the Girondins, taking advantage of the absence of 82 Montagnards sent to the departments on conscription missions, impeached Marat and arrested several members of the Commune .


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Girondins Isnar threatens the “anarchists of the Commune” in the Convention: “I tell you, on behalf of the whole of France, Paris will be destroyed.”


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The crisis culminates on April 15, when 35 out of 48 sections in Paris file a petition to the Convention containing a list of 22 “corrupt deputies guilty of committing serious crimes against a sovereign people.”


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On May 26, speaking at the Jacobin Club, Robespierre said: “When all laws are broken, when despotism has reached its limit, when honesty is trampled on, then the people must rebel. This moment has come” [23].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On May 29, he repeats again at the Jacobin Club: “I say that if all the people do not rise, freedom will perish” [23].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was during these days that Robespierre sketched out the following words in his notebook:


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“We need a single will (une volonte une). It must be either Republican or royalist. If it is republican, then we should have republican ministers, republican press, republican representatives, and a republican government. Internal dangers come from the bourgeoisie — in order to defeat the bourgeoisie, it is necessary to unite the people... A real uprising must continue until the necessary ones to save the Republic are taken measures. It is necessary for the people to join the Convention, and the Convention to use the help of the people...”


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On May 31, 1793, an uprising began in Paris.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Jacobin Convention


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The May 31 uprising overthrew Gironde for the same reasons as the monarchy on August 10: as an obstacle to revolutionary defense [25].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Gironde's 29 deputies, placed under house arrest, were able to move freely and many of them fled to raise departments against the rebellious Paris [Ave 7].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The federalist uprising, which began before May 31, began to grow, covering Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux, Toulon, not to mention the unhealed wound of Vendée.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

About 60 departments out of 82 were in some state of rebellion.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Republican armies retreated on the borders under the onslaught of European monarchies.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The rebellious sections defeated Gironde in the Convention; the Montagnards came to power.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Now they could implement their program.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On June 3, June 10 and July 17, they decreed the abolition of the last remnants of senior privileges in the country [20] [Ave. 8].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On June 24, the Constitution of 1793 was adopted, which was to become a symbol of democracy throughout the 19th century [12] [27].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On August 23, the Convention adopted “Levée en Masse” (“From now on, until its enemies are expelled from the territory of the Republic, all French are in a state of constant requisition for the needs of the army” [20]).


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Despite the fact that the Montagnards were against the regulation of the economy, after journées on September 4-5, under pressure from the Paris sections, a “general maximum” (French: Loi du maximum général) is adopted [20].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Revolutionary defense is beginning to turn into what in the 20th century will be called “total war”.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But to guide and coordinate these efforts, a strong executive power is needed, which enjoys the trust of the Sankulots and relies on the authority of the National Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Revolutionary Government


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The provisional government of France will be revolutionary until peace is concluded” (Decree of the Convention of 19 Vendémiere II/October 10, 1793) [20].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The essence of the executive power of the Convention was in its committees.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Two of them were of the most significant importance — the Committee for Public Safety and the Committee for Public Safety.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The second had significant legal and police functions (the Revolutionary Tribunal and the direction of terror) and is less known than the first, which was the actual executive power and had large prerogatives.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was formed in April, but its composition was completely changed in the summer of 1793 [12].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was not yet the committee it became six months later.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

There was a lack of consistency in composition, authority and support, both inside and outside the Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On 10 July, the Convention renewed the Committee and Danton was not elected to its new membership.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Nevertheless, it took another two months for the Great Committee of Public Salvation of the Second Year of the Republic to take a certain form.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Couton, Saint-Just, Jeanbon Saint-André and Prieur of Marne formed a core of determined Montagnards, joined by Barere and Linde.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After Robespierre began to successfully advocate in the Convention for the need to support the decisions taken in the Committee, he was invited to its meetings and joined it on July 27.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On August 4, it included those with army experience, Carnot and Prieur from Côte D'Or, and on September 6, Collo d'Herbois and Billaux-Varenne as representatives of the sections.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

They were quite different personalities: temperament, experience, and social inclinations.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Linda did not like terror, Biyau-Varenne and Collo D'Herbois were closer to the Sanculots and, although they all belonged to the same social group, Carnot and Linda were more conservative, and Robespierre and Saint-Just were more democratic in social matters [26] [27].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

People are authoritarian, with strong convictions, honest and temperamental: their goal was to run the government, fight and win.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

And yet it will be a while when personal differences turn into hatred.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In the meantime, the dangers that threatened the Revolution have postponed for many months the inevitable split, which will eventually destroy them [26].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Public Safety Committee was a collegial body [29] [etc. 10] and its composition was approved by the Convention every month.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Laws, decrees, policy directions were presented in the form of reports and, after debates in the Assembly, were adopted in the Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Particularly important decrees, such as on the arrest of dantonists, were adopted at joint meetings of both committees: Salvation and Security [27].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was Robespierre, with the assistance of Barere, Saint-Just and Billaux-Varennes, who ensured the continuity of the Committee's composition, determining and defending the Government's course before the Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, having great influence and authority, seemed to be a link between the Convention, the Jacobin Club and the sections of Paris.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The theory of revolutionary government is as new as the revolution that gave rise to it.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It should not be found either in the books of political writers who did not foresee this revolution, nor in the laws of tyrants who, content with abuse of their power, care little about its legality; therefore, for the aristocracy, the words “revolutionary government” are only a subject of horror or slander, for tyrants it is only a shame, for many people it is only a mystery.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

These words should be explained to everyone in order to bring at least good citizens closer to the principles of public benefit.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The function of government is to direct the moral and physical strength of the nation towards its goal.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The goal of the constitutional government is to preserve the Republic; the goal of the revolutionary government is to establish it.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Revolution is a war of freedom against its enemies; the Constitution is a regime of victorious and peaceful freedom.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

A significant part of their method was still missing in the summer of 1793.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was largely imposed on them during the summer of 1793 by the explosion of popular passions caused by the political, military and economic crisis [26].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Terror


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Any part of the Convention, be it Montagnards or defeated Girondins, like the Convention itself, was a reflection of France's minority.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It inevitably followed that it was only possible to stay in power and cope with seemingly insurmountable dangers with the help of Terror.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

This understanding did not come immediately, as did the mechanism itself: step by step, partly from awareness of the need, partly under the pressure of circumstances.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Treason, desertion and defeat in the spring of 1793, along with sedition and civil war; France was on the verge of disaster.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The situation became even worse in the summer during the Austrian invasion of France; the victories won one by one by the Vendées; and the uprisings of major commercial and maritime cities of Lyon, Marseille, Toulon, and Bordeaux.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

To save France from dismemberment and the Revolution from destruction, the leaders of the Mountain took violent measures and created a dictatorship of national defense or, according to Marat, “the tyranny of freedom” [19].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It struck the enemies of the Republic everywhere indiscriminately and was not socially selective.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Its victims were anyone who opposed or hated the Revolution or lived in areas where the possibility of rebellion was most serious.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

25] The brutality of repressive measures in the provinces was directly dependent on the threat of rebellion [25].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Under pressure from the Sanculots, the Convention was forced to adopt a policy of terror.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Although under pressure, the Montagnards, followed by the deputies of the Plains, forced them to accept the demands of terrorism due to chronic food shortages and rising prices, which in turn depended on war, blockades and inflation.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The demands of the rabid were accepted; not all at once, of course, but one after another, partly in the form of indulging the Sankulots to attract them to the side of the Montagnards, partly under the threat of violence.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“Democracy is a state where a sovereign people, led by their own laws, do everything that is possible, and with the help of their representatives — everything they cannot do yourself... From the outside you are surrounded by all tyrants; and inside the country, all friends of tyranny are conspiracies; they will plot as long as the crime can hope to succeed. It is necessary to suppress the internal and external enemies of the Republic or die with it; and in this provision, the first rule of your policy should be to manage the people with the help of reason and enemies of the people — aid terror.”


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Paris Revolutionary Tribunal was established on March 9-10.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The first maximum and laws against speculators are May 5.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

And the main terrorist attacks in September are the law against the suspicious, the creation of the Revolutionary Army, the reorganization of the Revolutionary Tribunal, the forced requisition and the Universal Maximum under pressure sections that threatened to overthrow the Government.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Requisitions and maximum led to the alienation of the peasantry, not to mention the discontent of the middle classes [30].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Sankulots will support the Revolutionary Government as long as it maintains minimum living conditions for them.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

How could all this be achieved?


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

For the Jacobins of the II year of the Republic, the answer was to use terrorist measures: [26] [Ave 11].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“If in peacetime the instrument of people's government is virtue, then during the revolution its instrument is both virtue and terror at the same time: virtue, without which terror is fatal, terror, without whose virtue is powerless.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Terror is nothing but quick, strict, unyielding justice; therefore, it is a manifestation of virtue, it is not so much a special principle as a conclusion from the general principle of democracy, used by the fatherland in extreme need.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Proclaiming the need for terror, Robespierre was negative about the arbitrariness of many representatives of the Convention on the ground [Ave 12].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

With the centralization of executive power represented by the Revolutionary Government, many ultra-terrorists — such as Carrier, Foucher, Tallien — were recalled.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Foucher, for example, was expelled from the Jacobin Club, which at that time led to charges before the Revolutionary Tribunal.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was these excesses and the campaign of de-Christianization of the Ebertists that were the basis for the temporary rapprochement with Danton in the winter of 1794.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In turn, the Ebertists accused the Committee of easing terror (“dormant”, French: Endormeurs).


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Crisis of the Jacobin Dic


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The goal of the constitutional government is to preserve the Republic; the goal of the revolutionary government is to found it.” What does it mean to “found it?


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

First of all, to protect the Republic from external enemies, but also from internal enemies: revolutionaries and Robespierre believed that the greater threat came from internal groups trying to usurp power, in pursuit of their own interests.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

This was the rationalization of the struggle against factions in the winter of 1794 [12].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Fight against factions


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

By the end of 1793, the majority in the Convention continued to support the Committee of Public Salvation.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The first military victories were won, but the struggle for power between revolutionaries intensified in the context of the economic crisis and under the aggravating circumstances of the controlled economy.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Those who believed that the use of terror went too far grouped around Danton and Demoulin and were nicknamed the moderates (French: d'Indulgents ou citra-révolutionnaires).


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Radical members of the French: Cordeliers Club, Hebert, editor of Father Duchenne (French: Père Duchesne), Sanculot magazine, Vincent, Secretary General of the Ministry of War, Ronsen, the leader of the Revolutionary Army, with some support from the Commune, was called ultra-revolutionaries (French: ultra-révolutionnaires) or cordeliers (they entered historiography under the name Ebertists).


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Initially, the committees and Robespierre tried to take on the role of arbitrator or mediator and warn the warring factions about the danger of continuing the struggle between the factions:


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The internal enemies of the French people are divided into two factions, as if into two units of the army.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

They go under the banners of different colors and in different ways, but they go towards the same goal: the goal of disorganizing the people's government, the fall of the Convention, that is, the triumph of tyranny.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

One of these two factions pushes us to weakness, the other to all extremes.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

One wants to turn freedom into a bacchae, the other a prostitute...


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

... It is much more convenient to wear the guise of patriotism in order to distort the majestic drama of the revolution with arrogant parodies and compromise the cause of freedom with hypocritical moderation or sham extravagance...


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

... The common task of moderate and false revolutionaries is to constantly plunge us to one extreme or the other...”


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre was sharply negative about the de-Christianization campaign conducted by the Ebertists, and in December-January it seemed that he and Danton would form a common platform against the excesses of the Ebertists.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

With Robespierre's tacit approval, a campaign was launched against the leaders of the Ebertists.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

This offensive was supported by articles in Camille Demoulin's new magazine, French: Le vieux Cordelier, which was initially a great success.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But then, on December 15, criticism of the policy of the Committee of Public Salvation began on its pages.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

And this already threatened the position of the Revolutionary Government.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The two factions fought against each other for two months.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At the end of winter, due to the difficult economic situation and hoping for the support of the sections, in early March 1794, the Ebertists attempted an uprising, which was not supported by most sections or Paris Commune.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The committee arrested the leaders of the Cordeliers [Ave 13].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Hebert, Ronsen, Vincent, Momoro and other Ebertists with foreigners Kloots, and were presented as accomplices in a “foreign conspiracy” and executed on March 24.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The day after the arrest of the Ebertists, inspired by Danton and his friends resumed the offensive.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On March 30, the Committee ordered the arrest of Danton, Demoulin and Filippo.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The hearings began on April 2.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was a political process and the verdict was predetermined.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Danton and his friends were guillotined on April 5.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Committee played the role of an intermediary between the Assembly and the sections.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After destroying the section leaders, the committees broke with the Sankulots, the source of government power, whose pressure the Convention had so feared since the May 31 uprising.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

By destroying the Dantonists, it sowed fear among the members of the Assembly, which could easily turn into rebellion.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The government felt that it had the support of a majority of the Assembly.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was wrong.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Having freed the Convention from the pressure of the sections, it remained at the mercy of the Assembly.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The only thing left was the internal split of the government to destroy it [26] [12].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Supreme Being Cult


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

One of the aspirations of the Enlightenment was to find, through the activity of the human mind, the natural principles of human life (natural religion, natural law, etc.).


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

From the point of view of such reasonable and natural principles, all historically established and actually existing forms and relationships (positive religion, positive law, etc.) were criticized.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Under the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment, reforms were undertaken that were supposed to restructure the entire public life [item 14].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Most of the figures of the French Revolution shared these views, as can be seen in the fundamental documents for the entire period of the Revolution:


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

References to the Supreme Being in documents of the French Revolution


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

(French: Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen) [33]


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Declaration of Human and Citizen's Rights (August 26, 1789)


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

... Accordingly, the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims before and under the protection of the Supreme Being the following human and civil rights...


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Declaration of Human and Citizen's Rights (June 24, 1793)


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

... As a result, he proclaims before the Supreme Being the following declaration of human and civil rights...


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Declaration of Human and Citizen's Rights (5 Früktidor II/22 August 1795)


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

... The French people proclaim before the Supreme Being the following declaration of the rights and duties of man and citizen...


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The French people recognize the existence of the Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul” (Decree on the Supreme Being 18 floreal II/May 7, 1794) [20].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The feast of the Supreme Being (French: La fête de l'être suprême) on the 20th prairie (June 8, 1794) was the happiest day in Robespierre's life [10] [18] [31].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, wearing a blue tailcoat and a tricolor republican scarf, with a large bouquet of flowers, fruits and ears of ears, walked ahead of the members of the Convention, of which he was elected president four days before the celebration.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

This was followed by representatives of all 48 sections of Paris and the National Guard.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The procession moved to a specially created “Sacred Mountain” (an allegory of the Mountain in the Convention), at the top of which was the Tree of Freedom, a symbol of unity and loyalty to the revolution.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre gave a speech about the importance of this day for the unification of all of France, after which he held a torch to the models of statues that symbolized Atheism, Ambition, Selfishness and Ignorance, from the ashes of which a statue of Wisdom appeared.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The festival was organized by David, the artist of the revolution.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

According to contemporaries, more than 400,000 participants, more than 400,000 participants gathered to celebrate the festival in Paris, where 600,000 souls lived at that time [Ave 15].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was a sunny Sunday and participants wore a festive weekend dress; flowers and wreaths were hung all over the city.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Such festivities took place throughout France and many, especially Catholics, enthusiastically perceived the holiday as the “return of religion”, especially after the excesses of de-Christianization and anarchy of previous years.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The impression was so strong that the royalist in exile wrote: “We really thought Robespierre would finally overcome the abyss of schism caused by the revolution” [15].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Thermidor


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Jacobins were never a homogeneous or unified party.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The destruction of the factions drove the remaining “rabble” (as they said then) underground and transferred the open struggle into a field of intrigue and conspiracies.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But such a rapid and unexpected fall would not have happened if there were no deeper reasons [16].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Most agreed to follow the policy of the committees as long as there was a real threat to the Republic.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Nobody liked the maximum and was constantly violated, although it was a logical application in a country waging a war with European monarchies [26].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The basis of the Jacobins in power, which consists in external pressure by the Paris sections, after the suppression of the Ebertists, lost its activity, and in turn was dissatisfied with economic policy committees [15].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The revolution froze, all its principles have weakened, leaving only a red cap on the heads of intrigue,” Saint-Just wrote at this time.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The conservatism of the sections was also explained by the fact that the most patriotic and young went to the front, sectional activists filled the government committees, becoming a nomenclature, felt fatigue from the constant tension of the last four years of the revolution [34].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It is not surprising that it was at this time, when the first victories were won (Fleurus, June 26) and it seemed that no one was opposing the authorities of the committees, personal differences of the members surfaced Revolutionary Government.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

If the committees were united, the thermidor could at least be avoided.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But it was these disagreements, suspicions and accusations that led to the events that marked the fall of the Robespierists, and then with them the degradation of the Revolutionary Government, the fall of the Mountain in the Convention and the entire Jacobin party [16] [35] [25] [15].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After the fall of the factions and the celebration of the Supreme Being, Robespierre's figure became more prominent, he lost his role as mediator, and as a permanent defender of the policies of the committees in the Convention and the Jacobin Club, became considered the head of government and any discontent was transferred to him as a desire for sole power [10].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In fact, he did not have special authority in the Public Salvation Committee [Ave. 16].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

He was one of the last to join it, could not and did not elect its members, and did not even chair the meetings.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

All actions of the members of the committee depended on the consent of the others [26].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Thus, the quarrel in the committee after the adoption of Prairie Law 22 was not about the essence of the law, but about its provision in the Convention without the consent of the entire composition of the Committees.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Of the 12 members of the Public Salvation Committee, he could only count on the support of Saint-Just and Couton.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Collo d'Herbois and Billaux-Varenne were more inclined to ebertism, Robert Lende to dantonists.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Lazare Carnot and Claude-Antoine Prieur were closer to moderates.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In addition, there were disagreements between the Public Salvation Committee and the Public Security Committee — both about the government's course and, of course, personal ones.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

All kinds of rumors spread about Robespierre [Ave 17], turned to his detriment the prophecy of the crazy old woman Catherine Theo, who called herself the Theotokos, and Robespierre her son [37].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Two attempts on Robespierre's life only contributed to his importance.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Three prairies wanted to kill him Henri Admire.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The next day, a young girl Cecile Renault was found in his apartment with two knives.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

After another verbal altercation, the relationship reached such an intensity that from July 1 Robespierre ceased to appear in the Committee of Public Salvation.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Realizing that disagreements in the government lead to a split, 5 thermidor made an attempt to reconcile under the pretext of discussing the Vantoz decrees.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Saint Just and Couton reacted positively to this reconciliation, but Robespierre doubted the sincerity of his opponents [38].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In his last speech at the Convention, Thermidor 8, he accused his opponents of intriguing and brought the issue of the split to the court of the Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It is necessary, he said, to renew the composition of the Public Salvation Committee, cleanse the Public Security Committee, and create government unity under the supreme authority of the Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre was required to name the accused Charlier: “When someone is proud of the courage of virtue, he must have the courage to proclaim the truth. Name the ones you're accusing!” [34].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But Robespierre refused to do so.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Everyone at the Convention felt threatened by proscription and the congregation assumed that he was demanding carte blanche.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

On the night of 9 thermidor, ultra-revolutionary terrorists, remnants of dantonists and leaders of the Plain or “swamp” (French: La Plaine ou le Marais) reached an agreement against Robespierre.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At the center of the conspiracy were members of the Convention who were directly in danger, Tallien, Foucher, Career and others, who were recalled to Paris in connection with excesses of mass executions: Tallien in Bordeaux, Foucher in Lyon Carrier in Nantes.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

They reached an agreement with members of the Public Rescue Committee Collo d'Herbois, Billau-Varenne and Carnot.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Now, after Robespierre's speech, members of both Committees, the Public Rescue Committee and the Public Safety Committee, felt threatened by proscription.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The leaders of Plains Ciyes, Cambaceres, Don and Boissy d'Anglas believed that after military victories, there was no need for emergency measures, terror and a controlled economy (French “maximum”: Loi du maximum général); and in view of the reduction of danger from the Commune and the radical sections of Paris, the Convention can and must regain full supremacy of government of the Republic.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

An action plan for the next day was developed.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Arrest


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

9 Thermidor (July 27), Saint-Just was to read out the report of the committees to the Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Before he had time to say a few words, he was interrupted by Tallien by agreement of the conspirators to prevent Saint-Just and Robespierre from speaking.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was followed by a series of speakers: Billau-Varenne, Barere, Vadier, then Tallien again.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Moreover, one accused Robespierre of excessive leniency towards the enemies of the revolution, the other of excessive terror.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre tried to object, but was drowned out by shouting “Down with the tyrant!” from the benches of the Mountain.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

It was decided to arrest Henriot, Commander of the National Guard, and President of the Revolutionary Tribunal.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In the ensuing confusion, a little-known Montagnard and Dantonist submitted a proposal to arrest Robespierre.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

To the shouts of “Long live the Republic!” , the proposal to arrest Robespierre, Saint Just and Couton was unanimously adopted.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“The Republic? The republic is dead — the kingdom of robbers has come!” Robespierre said his last words in the Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Loeba and Robespierre Jr. demanded arrest for themselves.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The arrested were taken to prison.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre was sent to Luxembourg prison, but the warden refused to accept the well-known arrested person.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

News of the incident reached the City Hall (French: Hôtel de Ville de Paris) at about 5 pm.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The commune of Paris is declared in a state of uprising.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The mayor of Paris, Fleurio-Lescaut, orders to close the barriers of the city, sound the alarm and calls on the sections of Paris to join the uprising.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The armed units of the sections are at the disposal of the Commune and are obliged to gather in front of the town hall.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The commander of the National Guard of Paris Henriot with several gendarmes tries to release the arrested, but is arrested himself.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Sections and the Jacobin Club announce continuity of meetings.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Commune and Convention proclamations, orders and counter-orders are sent throughout the city.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Of the 48 sections of Paris, 27 requested instructions from the Commune, but only 13 sent the National Guard.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Dissatisfaction with the policies of the committees and the Commune played its part.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Now the Robespierists could see what the destruction and suppression of activists of the sections who participated in the previous uprisings on August 10 and May 31 led to.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But at first, the situation is in favor of the rebels.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Coffingal, Vice-President of the Revolutionary Tribunal, frees Henrio, at the head of troops loyal to the Commune.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

One after another, the arrested deputies gather in the City Hall.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The Commune has more troops.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At the same time, the Convention recovered from the confusion in which it was plunged by the surprise of the uprising.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Deputations are sent to the central and western sections with a call to send the National Guard to protect the Convention.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Barras, who distinguished himself during the siege of Toulon, is appointed commander-in-chief of the Convention troops; at the suggestion of Barera, the rebels are outlawed, which means execution for anyone without trial or investigation, only determining the identity of the arrested person.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In turn, the Commune decreed the arrest of the conspirators, members of the Convention, Collot, Amara, Bourdon, Freron, Tallien, Carnot,, Vadier,,,, Foucher,,,.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

But the sections fluctuate: the ambiguity of the situation, the lack of understanding of what is happening — knowledge of faces on both sides added to the general confusion.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Thus, Leonard Bourdon, sent to the Gravilliers section for the National Guard to help the Convention, was able to overcome the uncertainty only after he announced that Robespierre had secretly signed a prenuptial agreement with daughter of Louis XVI [39] [40].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

And one of the most revolutionary sections of the Saint-Antoine suburb, the Kenz-Ven section, which participated in all previous uprisings [Ave 18], sent a response to the call of the Commune:


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“Citizens of Antoine Suburb have not yet lost their characteristic republican energy, but in the current conditions of the Revolutionary Government, they need a governing council in order not to fall into traps, constantly placed for them by enemies of the Republic [18] [pr 19]”


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At about 2 a.m., two columns of the Convention, one led by Barras and the National Guard of the western neighborhoods, and the other, Leonard Bourdon with the guards of the Gravillier section, find the square in front of the Town Hall empty.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The troops of the Convention, knowing the password from Adjutant Henrio, break into the courtroom without a fight.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Loeba commits suicide, Augustin Robespierre rushes out of the window and breaks his leg, Couton's paralytic in a wheelchair pushed down the stairs.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre's jaw is shattered by a pistol shot.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Execution


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, bloody, is taken to the Committee of Public Salvation, where he lies on a table, presses his handkerchief against his wound until the surgeon bandages it.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At 9 a.m., they were transferred to the Conciergerie and appeared before the Revolutionary Tribunal at noon.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The sentencing process had to be speedy — the outlawed rebels only had to be identified.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Thermidor 10 (July 28), at 4:30pm, three carts carrying prisoners went to the place of execution.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

We drove past Duplet's house, where Robespierre lived, the shutters were tightly closed, the front door was stained with blood.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

At 18:15, the carts approached Revolution Square.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Couton was the first to be guillotined, then Robespierre Jr.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Then Saint Just.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The last was Mayor of Paris, Fleurio-Lescaut.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre was executed penultimate [13] [29].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

When the executioner's assistant tore off the bandage that supported his crushed jaw, Robespierre screamed in pain.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“A cry that came not only over Paris, but over the whole of France, over the whole of Europe; and reached us through all previous generations” [41].


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The blade fell off.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The heads of Robespierre, Couton and Mayor Flerio-Lescaut were shown to the people to the applause of those present.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The bodies of the executed were buried in the mass grave of the French: cimetière des Errancis cemetery and covered with lime so that Maximilian Robespierre would not leave any traces of Maximilian Robespierre.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

“But it exists, I assure you, sensitive and pure souls! It does exist. This tender, powerful, irresistible passion, torment and pleasure of noble hearts! A deep aversion to tyranny, zealous sympathy for the oppressed, this holy love for the fatherland, this most sublime and holy love for humanity, without which the great revolution is a clear crime, which destroys another crime; it exists — it is a noble ambitious desire to establish the first Republic in the world on earth!”


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Memory and culture


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre remains to this day one of the most controversial figures of the French Revolution and one of the few leaders of the revolution whose name was not named after the street of Paris.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The renaming mainly affected the “red belt” of the suburbs of the French capital, where Robespierre is named after a street in Montreuil (department of Saint-Saint-Denis), a station of the 9th metro line.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

The only statue of Robespierre in Paris is housed in the Pantheon.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

This work by sculptor François-Leon Sicard was originally supposed to be located in the Tuileries Garden, but then ended up in the Pantheon.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Other attempts to install a statue of Robespierre in the French capital have failed.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Essays


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Maximilian Robespierre, Selected Works.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

In three volumes.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

— Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1965.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Maximilian Robespierre, Revolutionary Law and Justice.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

— M.: State Publishing House of Legal Literature, 1959.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Uvres complètes de Maximilien Robespierre, 10 volumes, Société des études robespierristes, 1912-1967.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Réimpression Société des études robespierristes, Phénix Éditions, 2000, 10 volumes.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Réédition avec une nouvelle introduction de Claude Mazauric, Édition du Centenaire de la Société des études robespierristes, Éditions du Miraval, Enghien-les-Bains, 2007, 10 volumes et 1 volume de Compléments.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Un onzième volume, paru en 2007, regroupe les texts omis lors de l'édition initiale.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 1: Robespierre à Arras: les œuvres littéraires en prose et en vers, recueillies et publiées par Eugène Desprez et Émile Lesueur, Paris, 1912, 288.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 2: Robespierre à Arras: les œuvres judiciaires (plaidoyers et mémoires), recueillies et publiées par Émile Lesueur, 1914, 416.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 3: Correcdance de Maximilien et Augustin Robespierre, recueillie et publiée par Georges Michon, Paris, 1926, 334.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

(Supplément à la correspondence, par Georges Michon, Paris, 1941).


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 4: Les journaux: “Le Défenseur de la Constitution” (1792), édition complète et criticism, avec une introduction, des comments et des notes par Gustave Laurent, Paris, 1939, XXXIII-454.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 5: Les journaux: “Lettres de Maximilien Robespierre, membre de la convention nationale, à ses commettans” (1792—1793), édition critique préparée par Gustave Laurent, Paris, 1961, 384.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 6: Discours, première partie (1789—1790), édition préparée sous la direction de Marc Bouloiseau, Georges Lefebvre et Albert Soboul, Paris, 1950, XXXII-740.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 7: Discours, deuxième party (janvier - septembre 1791), édition préparée sous la direction de Marc Bouloiseau, Georges Lefebvre et Albert Soboul, Paris, 1952, 771.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 8: Discours, troisième party (octobre 1791 - septembre 1792), édition préparée sous la direction de Marc Bouloiseau, Georges Lefebvre et Albert Soboul, Paris, 1954, XII-486.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 9: Discours, quatrième party (septembre 1792-27 juillet 1793), édition préparée sous la direction de Marc Bouloiseau, Georges Lefebvre, Jean Dautry et Albert Soboul, Paris, 1958, 646 pages ().


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 10: Discours, cinquième party (27 juillet 1793-27 juillet 1794), édition préparée sous la direction de Marc Bouloiseau et Albert Soboul, Paris, 1967, 660.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Tome 11: Compléments (1784—1794), édition présentée et annotée par Florence Gauthier, Paris, 2007, 472.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, texts choice, 3 vol, Paris, Éditions sociales, coll.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Les classiques du peuple, 1957.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Réimpression en 1973-1974, préface, comments et notes explicatives de Jean Poperen.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

tome premier (avril 1791-juillet 1792), 198.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

tome deuxième (août 1792-juillet 1793), 198.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

tome troisième (novembre 1793-juillet 1794), 194.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, écrits présentés par Claude Mazauric, Paris, Messidor/Éditions Sociales, 1989, 370.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, Pour le bonheur et pour la liberté, Discours, choix et présentation de texts par Yannick Bosc, Florence Gauthier et Sophie Wahnich, Éditions La Fabrique, 2000.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Discours sur la religion, la République et l'esclavage, Éditions de l'aube, 2006.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Robespierre, entre vertu et terreur (introduction de Slavoj Žižek), Éditions Stock, 2008.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Notes


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

comments


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Sources


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Literature


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Cite journal requires |journal= (help) CS1 maint: date and year (link)


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

References


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

A. Mathiez.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

A. Sobul.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

A. Sobul.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

WELL. Zhores.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

A. Manfred.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

N. Lukin.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

ME.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Sacher.


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Maximilian Robespierre

E.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

Serebryanskaya


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

A. Tevdoy-Burmuli.


Question: In what year was Maximilian Robespierre elected Third Estate Deputy to the States General?

Maximilian Robespierre

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Maximilian Robespierre

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Maximilian Robespierre

Category: People executed in 1794


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Shamil (Avar: Shamil, Kumyk: Shamil [1];, Gimry, now Untsukul District, Dagestan — Medina, now Saudi Arabia) was the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, recognized as an imam of the theocratic in 1834 state — the North Caucasus Imamate, which united the highlanders of Western Dagestan and Chechnya.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

National Hero of the Peoples of the North Caucasus [2] [3].


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Origins


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Shamil came from the Avars [4] [5].


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

The son of the Avar Uzden blacksmith Dengav-Magomed and the daughter of Avar bay Pir-Budakh - Bahu Meseda.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

There is also information that Shamil's mother was a kumychka [6].


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Shamil's paternal ancestors were Kumyks (grandfather Ali, great-great-grandfather Amirkhan) [7] [8] [9].


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

According to M. N. Chichagova, his great-great-grandfather Kumyk-Amir-Khan was “a well-known person in the Caucasus” [10].


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

However, a number of sources regarding his ethnicity [11] [12] traditionally call him an Avar [13].


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Shamil was born in the village of Gimry (Genub) of the Khindalal Accidents Society (Avar Khanate; now Untsukul District, Western Dagestan) and, according to the Muslim calendar on the first day of Muharram, that is, on the first New Year's Day.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

His name was given in honor of his grandfather Ali.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

As a child, he was sick a lot, and his parents, according to legend, gave him a new name — Shamil (Shamuel — “Heard by God”) [14], in honor of his uncle (mother's brother).


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Spiritual development


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

The boy was named Ali in honor of his grandfather.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

As a child, he was thin, weak and often ill.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

According to the popular belief of the highlanders, in such cases it was ordered to rename the child.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

It was decided to give him the name “Shamil” in honor of his uncle, his mother's brother.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Little Shamil began to recover and later became a strong, healthy young man, who amazed everyone with his strength.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

As a child, he was distinguished by his liveliness of character and playfulness; he was playful, but not a single prank was directed to anyone's harm.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Gimri old people said that Shamil in his youth was distinguished by his gloomy appearance, unyielding will, curiosity, pride and power-hungry disposition.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

He was passionate about gymnastics, he was extremely strong and courageous.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

No one could catch up with him on the run.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

He was also addicted to fencing, the dagger and sword did not leave his hands.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

In summer and winter, in all weather, he walked barefoot and with his chest open.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Shamil's first teacher was his childhood friend Adil-Muhammad (Gazi-Muhammad), originally from Gimra.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

The teacher and the student were inseparable.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Shamil began serious teaching at the age of 12 in Untsukul, with his mentor Sheikh Jamaluddin Kazikumukhsky [15].


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

At the age of 20, he completed courses in grammar, logic, rhetoric, Arabic and began courses in higher philosophy and law.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Caucasus War


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

The formation of the Imamate


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

The sermons of Gazi-Muhammad, the first imam and preacher of the “holy war”, tore Shamil away from books.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Gazi-Muhammad's new Muslim teaching, “Muridism”, spread rapidly.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

“Murid” means “seeking salvation.”


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Muridism did not differ from classical Islam either in rituals or in teaching.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Besieged together with Imam Gazi-Muhammad in 1832 by troops under the command of General Velyaminov in a tower near his native village of Gimry, Shamil managed, albeit terribly wounded, to break through the ranks while Imam Ghazi Muhammad, who was the first to attack, was killed.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Much later, Shamil himself, while in Kaluga, described this battle as follows: Kazi-Magomed told Shamil: “Here we will all be killed and we will die without harming the infidels, we'd rather go out and die making our way.”


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

With these words, he pulled his hat over his eyes and rushed out the door.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

He had just run out of the tower when a soldier hit him in the back of the head with a stone.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Kazi-Magomed fell down and was stabbed with bayonets at the same time.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Shamil, seeing two soldiers standing against the door with aimed guns, jumped out of the door in an instant and found himself behind both.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

The soldiers immediately turned to him, but Shamil cut them down.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

A third soldier ran away from him, but he caught up and killed him.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

At this time, the fourth soldier stuck a bayonet in his chest, so that the end went into his back.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Shamil grabbed the barrel of the gun with his right hand, cut the soldier with his left hand (he was left-handed), pulled out the bayonet and, holding the wound, began to cut in both directions, but did not kill anyone, because the soldiers ran away from him, hit by him courage, and they were afraid to shoot so as not to injure their own people surrounding Shamil [16].


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

On the advice of Said al-Arakani, in order to avoid new indignation, the body of the imam was transported to Tarki, near the city of Petrovsk (now Makhachkala), to the territory controlled by Gazi-Muhammad's enemy, Shamkhal Tarkovsky and Russian troops.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

In all likelihood, during the meeting with Sister Fatimat, due to excitement, Shamil's barely healed wound was revealed in the blood, which caused not him to become the new imam, but Gamzat-bey Gotsatlinsky, another close associate of Gazi-Muhammad, son of Alikandirbek.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

This was at the end of 1832.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

In 1834, Gamzat-bey managed to take Khunzakh and exterminate the Avar Nutsal dynasty.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

However, on September 19, 1834, Gamzat-bey was killed in the Khunzakh mosque by conspirators who avenged him for the extermination of the Nutsals.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

The early years


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

In 1839, after a heavy defeat at Akhulgo, Shamil was forced to leave Dagestan and move to Chechnya, where for some time he and his family lived with Batuko Shatoisky in the village of Gush - Court [17] [18].


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

On March 7, 1840, Shamil, at the invitation of Isa Gendargenoevsky, arrived in Urus-Martan for the congress of Chechen military leaders [19] [20].


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Major General Piryatinsky, the head of the center of the Caucasian line, wrote about this: “Troublemaker Shamil with two hundred murids arrived in the village on the 7th of this month. Urus-Martan, where he placed his murids in apartments and himself became with a resident of that village. Isa Gendir Geva”


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

The next day, March 8, 1840, a congress of the Chechen people was held in the house of Isa Gendergenoevsky, at which Shamil was proclaimed imam of Chechnya and Dagestan [21] [22] [23] [24].


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Having become the third imam of Chechnya and Dagestan, Shamil has been uniting the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya for 25 years, successfully fighting against the quantitatively superior Russian troops.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Less hasty than Gazi-Muhammad and Gamzat-bey, Shamil had military talent, and most importantly, great organizational skills, endurance, perseverance, and reduce the choice of time for the strike.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

With a firm and unyielding will, he was able to inspire the highlanders to selfless struggle, but also to force them to obey his power, which he extended to the internal affairs of the communities under his control, the latter was difficult and unusual for the highlanders and especially Chechens.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Shamil united under his authority all societies of Western Dagestan (Avar-Ando-Tsez jamaats) of Chechnya.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Based on the teachings of Islam about the “holy war” against infidels (gazavat), and the struggle for independence attached to it, he tried to unite the scattered communities of Dagestan and Chechnya.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

To achieve this goal, he sought to abolish all orders and institutions based on centuries-old customs — adat; he made Sharia law, that is, the basis of life of the highlanders, both private and public a system of Islamic prescriptions based on the text of the Koran used in Muslim legal proceedings.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Shamil's time was called “Sharia Time” among the highlanders, his fall - “The Fall of Sharia”.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

The entire country subordinate to Shamil was divided into districts, each of which was under the control of the Naib, who had military administrative power.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

For the court, in every naibety there was a mufti who appointed a cadi.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Naibs were prohibited from deciding Sharia cases under the jurisdiction of the mufti or kadi.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Every four naibts were first subordinate to the murid, but Shamil was forced to abandon this establishment in the last decade of his domination, due to constant strife between the Jamaat amirs and naibs.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

The assistants of the Naibs were Jamaat, who, as experienced in courage and devotion to the “holy war” (gazavat), were instructed to perform more important things.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

The number of Jamaat students was uncertain, but 120 of them, under the command of Yuzbashi (centurion), were Shamil's honorary guard, were with him without reason and accompanied him on all trips.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

Officials were obliged to obey the imam unquestioningly; for disobedience and misdemeanors, they were reprimanded, demoted, arrested and whipped, from which the murids and naibs were spared.


Question: When was Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, born?

Shamil

All capable of carrying weapons were required to carry military service; they were divided into tens and hundreds, who were under the command of the Tithes and Hundreds, subordinate in turn to the Naibs.