Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Each trademark is registered for certain goods and services divided into classes (the more classes, the more expensive the registration).


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In total, as of July 2018, there are 45 such classes (34 goods and 11 services), they are established by the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Registration of Marks (ICGS).


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Not all texts and images can be registered as a trademark.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

There are a number of restrictions here (see Article 1483 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

One of the restrictions is as follows: a designation that has entered into general use to indicate goods of a certain type cannot be registered as a trademark, for example, a thermos, a mac, a photocopier.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

There are restrictions on direct indication of the type, quality and property of the product.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

For example, it is not possible to register a trademark “computer” for computers.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

But at the same time, it is possible to register such a trademark for other classes, for example, for clothing, provided, however, that it will not be false for such goods, that is, introduce the consumer into misconception about the product or its manufacturer.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

According to the report of the Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Rospatent) for 2012, the state expertise considered 57,528 applications for trademark registration.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Of these, a negative decision was made on 15,698 applications (27%).


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Stages of trademark development and registration


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The development and subsequent registration of a trademark has several clearly defined stages [15], listed below.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A detailed algorithm and description of the procedure are also given.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Setting the goal of product positioning on the market.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Identification of the main elements of a sign as symbols of an industry or firm


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Selection from a number of completed series of sketches to designate two or three options for conducting a focus group.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Setting the task to search for designations selected as a result of the work of the focus group for the fund of trademarks registered in Russia and conducting a search in the databases of Rospatent with the identification of similar designations.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Comparison of selected sketches with the information selected as a result of the search.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

If necessary, adjust the designation in order to avoid similarity with the registered designation.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Approves the selected designation.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Works on completing a trademark application.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Submission of the designation for registration as a trademark.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Record keeping on a trademark application.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Obtaining a title of protection (certificate) for a trademark.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Legal support of a trademark certificate.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Registration of a registered trademark as an intangible asset of the enterprise.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Warning marking


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A warning mark is a special designation that indicates that a trademark is registered.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

As warning signs in the world practice, the following have become widespread:


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

security sign “®”;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

letter combinations “™” (short for English: t rade m ark);


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

“” (short for English: s ervice m ark);


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

as well as the words “Trademark”, “Registered Trademark”, “registered mark” [16], “Marque deposee”, “Marca registrada”.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

According to world practice, the “®” (“Registered”) marking can be used only by owners of officially registered trademarks.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The symbol is placed directly to the top right of the trademark image.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The application of such a mark is the right and not the obligation of the owner of the mark, which is supported by Article “5D” of the Paris Convention. [17]


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The designations “Trade mark”, “TM” and “™” are not regulated by law in Russia [18].


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In foreign countries, they usually mean that:


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

the trademark application has already been submitted;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

when using this name, after registering a trademark, you can get a claim from the copyright holder.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The TM marking, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, does not have legal protection, but performs only an informative function.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The validity period of the trademark right


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A trademark certificate is issued in the Russian Federation for a period of 10 years.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In the future, it may be extended for another 10 years upon an appropriate application to the registration authority and payment of the corresponding state duty, and so on an unlimited number of times [19].


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Significant investments and, usually, a significant period of time are required for a trademark to become known and recognized.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Therefore, it is in the interests of everyone who seeks to use a trademark to be sure that they are protected as a valuable object of intellectual property.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

This depends on trademark laws, but the most common way to protect a trademark is to register it in the Trademark Register, and a large number of countries register this registration as a condition for protecting trademarks.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The mark must first be registered, and once it is registered, it is protected and its owner has the right to prevent others from using it.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

However, registration is not the only way to protect a trademark.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Some countries also protect unregistered trademarks, but this is a less reliable form of protection, as an unregistered trademark is not protected until it is purchased sufficient recognition and reputation in the market, which can take a significant amount of time after initial launch.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

If you start to market your products under a new brand that no one knows about, that brand will be very vulnerable.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

It is possible to claim the protection provided by unfair competition laws, but in this case the most important point is that the mark must acquire a reputation.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The special status of trademarks


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Collective sign


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A collective mark usually belongs to a group or association of enterprises and is used to distinguish their goods or services from those of other enterprises.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

It is designed to inform consumers about certain specific properties of the product.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

An enterprise that uses a collective mark can also use its own trademark.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A collective trademark is protected in accordance with Article 1510


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

IV parts of the GKRF.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Collective trademarks and certification marks are also protected in most countries around the world.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Well-known trademark


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Well-known trademarks in accordance with Article 1508


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

IV Parts of the GKRF recognize trademarks that have become widely known in the Russian Federation among relevant consumers in relation to the goods they label as a result of their intensive use.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Legal protection for a well-known trademark [20] is valid indefinitely.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A trademark may be recognized as well-known by decision of the relevant executive authorities on intellectual property.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

There is no clear definition of a well-known trademark.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

There is also no general, clear scheme for determining the general knowledge of a trademark.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

However, factors must be identified that should be considered when determining whether a sign is well-known or not.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

These factors include the extent to which the mark is known or reputed in the relevant consumer sector, as well as the validity period, renewal and geographical distribution of the use of the mark.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

As one of the main evidence of the well-known trademark, the results of a sociological survey conducted by an independent specialized organization on the basis of recommendations of Rospatent, for example, the Sociological Service of Moscow State University, VTsIOM [21].


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

International trademark protection


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, not only registered trademarks are protected on the territory of the Russian Federation, but also marks in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Russian legal entities and citizens of the Russian Federation in accordance with Article 1507


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Part IV of the GKRF “has the right to register trademarks in foreign countries or carry out its international registration”.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Applications for such registration are submitted through the Federal Executive Body for Intellectual Property.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

For the first five years after the international registration of a trademark under the Madrid procedure, it is dependent on national registration and follows its fate.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

If, for one reason or another, the legal protection of a trademark in the country of national registration is terminated, the international registration of the trademark will also be canceled.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Since, like all intellectual property items, trademarks are ultimately protected by territorial protection, which essentially means that they are protected by national registration .


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

There are certain regional registration systems that simplify the registration of trademarks and, of course, there are international treaties.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

However, all these systems, after all, assume the registration of the mark in each individual country and in each individual territory.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

But in addition to the possibility of registering trademarks in countries, they can also be registered in customs territories.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

There are certain territories that are not recognized as states and cannot, for example, become members of the UN.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

However, there is a certain administrative structure in these territories, and registration of trademarks may become possible.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A good example is Hong Kong, which has a trademark registration system that is different from that of the People's Republic of China.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

WIPO is making great efforts to make both national and regional trademark registration systems more “friendly” by harmonizing and simplifying certain procedures.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In 1994, the “Trademark Law Treaty” (TLT) [23] was adopted, which sets out what information citizens of one State party must provide, as well as the procedures by which they must use to register trademarks with the trademark office of another State party.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Other types of signs or means of individualization


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Certification mark


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The certification mark is not a trademark, but indicates that the goods or services for which it is used are certified by the trademark owner in relation to:


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

origin;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

method of producing goods;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

quality;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

or other characteristics.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The certification mark can only be used in accordance with certain standards.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Trademark law does not apply to certification marks.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The Law on Technical Regulation provides for the registration of certification marks; such a mark affixed to a product/service indicates an established standard to which the product/service corresponds.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The main difference between trademarks and certification marks is that the former can only be used by certain enterprises, including members of an association that owns a collective sign, while the latter can be used by anyone who observes certain standards.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Brand name


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The company name is protected in accordance with art. 1473


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

IV parts of the GKRF.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A company name is the name under which a commercial organization (legal entity) acts in civil circulation and which is defined in its “constituent documents and was included in unified state register of legal entities when state registration of a legal entity.” (paragraph 1 of Article 1473).


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

It should not be confused with such a concept as corporate identity (English: corporate identity), which is defined as a set of permanent visual, visual, information means, with the help of which the firm emphasizes its individuality.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

At the same time, both the brand name and corporate identity are widely used in the design of the goods offered by the company, as advertising, labels and is used as a tool for promoting goods and services firms to the market, competition, attracting the attention of customers and are components of such a marketing concept as “brand”.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Russian Federation), a legal entity must have a full name and may have an abbreviated name in Russian.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A legal entity has the exclusive right to use its brand name as a means of individualization.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Appellation of origin


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Appellation of origin in accordance with Article 1516


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

IV Parts of the GKRF is a designation that is or contains the name of a country, urban or rural settlement, locality or geographical object, as well as a designation derived from such a kind of objects that has become known in relation to a product, the special properties of which are determined by natural conditions or human factors characteristic of a given geographical object.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The exclusive right of producers of goods may be recognized to use such a name.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Examples of such a name are cognac (a strong alcoholic beverage produced in the French province of the same name) or port wine (wine produced in a certain region Portugal).


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Commercial designation


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Commercial designation according to art. 1538


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

IV parts of the GKRF are designations used by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs to individualize their enterprises, while not their trade names, registered in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

It is not subject to mandatory inclusion in the constituent documents and the Unified State Register of Legal Entities.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The right to a commercial designation can be transferred to another person only as part of the enterprise for the individualization of which such a designation is used.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The enterprise can use its commercial designation in the manner and under the conditions provided for by the lease agreement of the enterprise or the commercial concession agreement.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

An enterprise ceases the right to a commercial designation if it does not use it continuously during the year.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Search for trademark information


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The Rospatent website has a search engine for databases containing various information about trademarks.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

For example, in the “Electronic Newsletters” section, you can view the latest official trademark bulletins published.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

The “Open Registers” section contains databases:


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

“Register of applications for registration of a trademark and service mark of the Russian Federation”;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

“Register of Russian Trademarks and Service Marks”;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

“List of well-known trademarks in Russia”;


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

“Register of International Trademarks with Indication of Russia”.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

See also


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

logo


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Brand


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Commercial designation


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Brand name


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

International Classification of Goods and Services


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Idiot in a hurry


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Literature


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

E.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

A. Danilina.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Legal protection of means of individualization.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

— M.: “Patent”, 2008.


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Notes


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

References


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Category:Marketing


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Category:Intellectual Property Law


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Category:Labeling


Question: When did the term “Commodity mark” appear?

Trademarks

Category:Signs


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Tetris (derived from “tetramino” and “tennis” [1]) is a computer game originally invented and developed by Soviet programmer Alexey Pazhitnov.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The game was released on June 6, 1984, at which time Pazhitnov worked at the Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Tetris is a puzzle built on the use of geometric figures “tetramino”, a type of polyomino consisting of four squares.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Polyomino was used in one form or another in board games and puzzles long before the creation of Tetris.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The idea of Tetris was suggested to Pazhitnov by playing pentamino [2].


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The original version of the game was written by Pazhitnov in Pascal [3] [4] for the Electronics-60 computer.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The commercial version of the game, the first of many subsequent ones, was released by the American company in 1987.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In the following years, Tetris was ported in many different versions to a great variety of devices, including all possible computers and game consoles, as well as devices such as graphics calculators, mobile phones, media players, PDAs and — as an Easter egg — devices that are not designed to play media content, such as oscilloscopes.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Particularly famous in the US, Europe and Japan was the version for the GameBoy portable console, produced by the Japanese company Nintendo - the game was supplied with each console; in Russia and China, a large more primitive Brick Game devices with built-in game were popular.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In terms of the number of commercial versions sold, Tetris surpasses any other computer game in history, selling 35 million copies for GameBoy alone [5]; in 2014, Hank Rogers, head of claimed that the number of paid downloads of the game for mobile phones exceeded 425 million [6].


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The game has consistently appeared on the lists of the best video games for individual platforms and in general in history.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In 2007, Tetris became one of the ten most important computer games accepted for preservation at the Library of Congress [7] [8].


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Rules


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Random tetramino figures fall from above into a rectangular glass 10 cells wide and 20 cells high.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In flight, the player can rotate the figure 90° and move it horizontally.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

You can also “drop” the figure, that is, accelerate its fall when it is already decided where the figure should fall.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The figure flies until it hits another figure or the bottom of the glass.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

If a horizontal row of 10 cells is filled, it disappears and everything above it falls one square.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In addition, a figure that will follow the current one is shown — this is a hint that allows the player to plan actions.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The pace of play is gradually increasing.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The game ends when the new figure cannot fit into the glass.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The player receives points for each row filled, so his task is to fill the rows without filling the glass itself (vertically) as long as possible in order to get as many points as possible.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Scoring


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The accrual of points in different versions of Tetris is quite diverse.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Points can be awarded for removed lines, for dropped figures, for switching to a new speed, etc.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

When scoring line points, the number of points usually depends on how many lines are removed at a time.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

For example, in Chinese Tetris, popular in the CIS in the 1990s, points were usually awarded as follows: 1 line — 100 points, 2 lines — 300 points, 3 lines — 700 points, 4 lines (that is, make Tetris) — 1500 points.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

That is, the more lines are removed at a time, the greater the ratio of points to the number of lines.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Interestingly, Tetris in many versions of the game is also called an action, after which 4 lines disappear at once.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The only way to do this is to drop the “stick” (a figure in which all the cells are on the same line) into a “shaft” 1 wide and at least 4 deep.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

When scoring points for dropped figures, the height at which the figure stopped can be taken into account (for example, the lower the better), the distance that the figure flew after “dropping” (accelerations) falls).


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Although lines are usually the priority, and figures are awarded a relatively small number of points.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

History


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Interest in domino, trimino, tetramino and pentamino figures in the USSR arose thanks to the book by S. IN. Golomb “Polimino” (Mir Publishing House, 1975).


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

[9] [10] In particular, pentamino was so popular that Science and Life had a permanent section since the 1960s on making figures from the pentamino set, and plastic sets pentaminos were sometimes sold in stores.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Tetris was first written by Alexey Pazhitnov in June 1984 on the Electronics-60 computer.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

While working at the Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Pazhitnov dealt with the problems of artificial intelligence and speech recognition, and used puzzles, including classical pentamino, to test ideas.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Pazhitnov tried to automate the laying of pentaminos in the specified figures.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

However, the computing power of the then equipment for rotating the pentamino was not enough, it was necessary to debug on tetramino, which determined the name of the game.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In those experiments, the main idea of Tetris was born — for the figures to fall and the filled rows disappear.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

For IBM PC, the game was rewritten to Turbo Pascal by 16-year-old schoolboy Vadim Gerasimov [1] [11].


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The game quickly spread throughout Moscow and further around the world.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

A few months later, Robert Stein, a software importer from Hungary, found out about the game.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Stein went to Moscow, where he met Alexey Pazhitnov, and agreed on a license to release the game.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

For some reason unknown to Stein, Pazhitnov gave him Tetris.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Robert Stein immediately decided that the game was free to publish.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Stein sold Tetris rights to Mirrorsoft (and its subsidiary Spectrum HoloByte), owned by British media mogul Robert Maxwell.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Stein came to negotiate the purchase of rights from real copyright holders a few months after the conclusion of the transaction.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The Russians refused to sell Stein the Tetris rights on his terms.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Meanwhile, Maxwell's two companies - British Mirrorsoft and American Spectrum Holobyte - are releasing their own version of Tetris.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The game has high-quality graphics and sound by the standards of that time, as well as a “Russian flavor” - Yuri Gagarin, Matthias Rust, who had recently landed before that, appear in the background screensavers of the program his sports plane on Red Square, and other appropriate characters.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

A sensation is born before our eyes — the first game from behind the Iron Curtain.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

It is quite possible that no one would have known about Pazhitnov if it were not for the sneakiness of CBS journalists, who introduced the real author of the popular game to the whole world.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

After the interview with Pazhitnov, Stein's position was shaken, he did not advertise his trips to Moscow and unsuccessful attempts to negotiate with Soviet organizations.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

While Stein is wasting time persuading the heads of Elektronorgtekhnika, Spectrum Holobyte and Mirrorsoft sublicense the rights to develop console versions of Tetris Bullet-Proof Software and Atari Games, respectively.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

At the same time, the former gets the opportunity to develop programs only for systems sold on the Japanese market.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The terms of the second are much more profitable — its “area of responsibility” includes Japan and the United States.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In 1989, Nintendo was in full swing developing the Game Boy handheld game console.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The head of the US branch of the firm Minoru Arakawa (Minoru Arakawa) convinces Bullet-Proof Software President Henk Rogers (Henk Rogers) to negotiate with Stein on the possibility of developing Tetris versions for Game Boy.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

He agrees, but Stein does not respond to attempts to contact him.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Then Rogers is flying to Moscow.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Feeling something was amiss, Stein followed him to the capital of the USSR.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Kevin Maxwell, the son of a media tycoon, is also flying there.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Rogers is the first to meet Elektronorgtekhnika.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The President of Bullet-Proof Software already knows Pazhitnov and Vladimir Pokhilko, who before joining the development of computer games, was a professor of psychology at Moscow State University.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Rogers makes a favorable impression on the interlocutors and signs a contract according to which his company can now develop versions of Tetris for handheld devices.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

After that, he proudly shows his new partners the Famicom version of Tetris.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Rogers is trying to explain the nature of his relationship with Spectrum Holobyte, Mirrorsoft and Tengen, a division of Atari Games, engaged in the development of console games.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

He had to acquire the rights to his Japanese Tetris from Tengen as well.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

And she, in turn, having a license to develop programs for the Nintendo Entertainment System, made a special chip that allows you to bypass Nintendo's protective mechanisms and create cartridges for this game systems to non-Nintendo licensees.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The contradictions between Nintendo and Atari (with Atari Games and Tengen) are so deep that almost no one doubts the lengthy legal confrontation between these firms.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The proceedings between Nintendo and Atari continued until 1993.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Kevin Maxwell arrives at Elektronorgtekhnika and there he will be shown a Tetris cartridge for Famicom.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Being completely unaware of the actions of the company founded by his father, Kevin initially refuses to believe his interlocutors.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

However, the inscription Mirrorsoft is clearly visible on the cartridge.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Younger Maxwell has no choice but to say that this is, in all likelihood, a fake.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

As a result, by early 1989, up to half a dozen different companies had claimed Tetris versions for various computers, game consoles, and handheld gaming systems.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

ELORG stated that these companies did not have any rights to the slot machine versions and granted these rights to Atari.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The rights to versions for game consoles (video consoles) and portable gaming systems, in the acute and dramatic competition with Atari (in which the tallest figures of the Soviet could be involved states) — Nintendo.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The deal with Nintendo amounted to 450 thousand US dollars, plus 50 cents for each cartridge sold.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Tengen (Atari's game console software division) released its version of the game for the Nintendo NES console, ignoring the agreement, and many players considered the version Tengen is better than the Nintendo version.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The game was called TETIAIS.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

But Nintendo sued Tengen and won.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Just a few months after the release of TETIIS, the game had to be recalled, after selling about 50,000 copies.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In March 1989, Rogers returned to Moscow, followed by Arakawa and Howard Lincoln, Chief Executive Officer of Nintendo's American branch.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Elektronorgtekhnika assures them that if the Tetris topic is in the trial between Atari and Nintendo, then Nintendo can count on “Moscow's help”.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The meeting ends with the signing of a contract, the amount of which is estimated by various sources from $3 to $5 million.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Nintendo officially notifies Atari Games that it does not have the rights to legally release Tetris for the Nintendo Entertainment System.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Only two weeks later, Tengen will apply for copyright on this product.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Robert Maxwell is furious — Mirrorsoft and Atari need to be strengthened urgently.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Trying to reverse the situation, he uses the resources of his empire, which includes the Mirror Newspaper Group (in England) and Macmillan (in the United States).


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Maxwell's connections are extensive - it is not for nothing that he was called “probably not only a Soviet agent” at that time.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The governments of Great Britain and the USSR enter into a dialogue with the tycoon.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

From Moscow, Maxwell receives an assurance that he “does not need to worry about the Japanese company.”


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The message was sent personally by Mikhail Gorbachev.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

But on Rogers's side was Pajitnov, as well as generous promises from Nintendo.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

After 4 days of negotiations, they finally agreed.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

An agreement was signed, and Pazhitnov and Rogers celebrated it in the only Japanese restaurant in Moscow.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Howard Lincoln once again flies to Moscow and is convinced that Elektronorgtekhnika does not want to concede to power structures.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In May, Tetris is released for Tengen's Nintendo Entertainment System.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In June, hearings in the case of Nintendo against Tengen and Atari Games begin.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

On June 15, Judge Fern Smith (Fern Smith) decides in favor of Nintendo — Tengen banned the production and sale of Tetris.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

A little more time passes, and Nintendo introduces Game Boy, which comes with Tetris.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Nintendo made very good profits from the sale of the game, but Alexey Pazhitnov himself was able to take advantage of the fruits of his brainchild only in 1996, when the original license expired, and he began receive the first (very small) deductions from sales.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In 1996, he and Hank Rogers (English: Henk Rogers) created The Tetris Company LLC and Blue Planet Software in an attempt to profit from the Tetris brand.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The Tetris Company LLC (TTC) has registered the word Tetris as a trademark.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Since then, several companies have bought a trademark license from TTC, but the legality of tetramino games that do not use the Tetris name has not been challenged in court.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

According to US law, the game cannot be protected by copyright (only patented), so the main property of the company is the Tetris trademark.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Despite this, TTC pursues clones of the game under names different from Tetris.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In May 2010, a TTC lawyer sent [12] a letter to Google demanding that all 35 clones of the game be removed from the Android Market, although their names do not resemble the name “Tetris”.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In 1996, Alexey Pazhitnov got a job at Microsoft, where under his leadership the Pandora's Box puzzle set was released.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Currently, Alexey Pazhitnov has not been directly engaged in programming for a long time; he worked at Microsoft as a computer game developer from 1996 to 2005.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

However, on June 29, 2010, in an interview with journalists from one of the gaming portals, Alexey Pazhitnov said that for the past ten years he had been working on a multiplayer mode for his brainchild.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

But the most interesting thing is that it hasn't finished yet.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

He said that the main problem lies in the dynamism of Tetris.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

At the last levels, all your attention is focused on the game, any careless move and you will lose.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

So you just won't have time to watch what other players are doing.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Implementation and options


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The game is implemented on almost all modern computers, including PDAs, mobile phones, video game consoles, TVs (as an additional function), many handheld gaming devices.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

There are game options for all common operating systems, as well as for Java.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

There is even a port for an oscilloscope [13].


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

It is difficult, if not impossible, to name a computing platform where this game does not exist.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Perhaps the most popular was the implementation of Tetris for the Game Boy game console and the NES video console (and its numerous clones).


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In many implementations, the glass is not initially empty.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

There are implementations (for example, the free Gravytris for Microsoft Windows) with more realistic gravity rules: for example, when a horizontal row disappears, the blocks that are higher than it are connected in connected areas and each area falls down until it hits a block; this can lead to new rows filling and falling again, and so on.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Three- (California Games Blockout, 1989), four- (HyperTetris, 1996) and even n-dimensional (Polytope Tetris, 2003) versions of Tetris were written, as well as modifications for two or more players [ 14].


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

There are also versions of the game in which the game is played not for points, but for revealing a hidden image.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

To facilitate the game, there are options without complex S- and Z-shapes and without increasing the speed of the game.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In addition, a very popular variety of Tetris is TetColor [15], written in 1991 by Sergei Sotnikov (Tula), where lines (horizontal, vertical and diagonal) collected from same color.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Acid Drop developed by programmer Dennis M. Kissom.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

There is also a more complex version of Pentix (Pentix), which uses all pieces from 1x1 to pentaminos (18 pentaminos, 7 Tetris pieces, and 4 pieces from fewer cells).


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

There is also an implementation of the game where the elements of the figures are triangles — Crazy Tetris by Astatix Software [16], Amazing Tetris.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

One of the newest examples is Dwice, developed in 2006 by the inventor of Tetris himself, Alexey Pazhitnov [17].


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Tetris is also embedded as an Easter egg in the emacs text editor (opens after pressing Esc+X and entering the tetris command).


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In addition, Tetris is built into the μTorrent client.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

To do this, open “Help” - “About” and press the T key.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Phystris is a Tetris with realistic physical behavior of figure blocks.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In the game, you can change the game mode, the number of pieces cubes (4.5 or more), music and background.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The game was developed by Peter Petrov in 2009.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

music


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The original versions of the game by Pazhitnov and Gerasimov did not have musical accompaniment.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The most famous melody associated with Tetris in the West is the Russian song “Korobeyniki” (“Oh, my box is full...”), often referred to simply as “music from Tetris”.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Early commercial editions of the game, released by Mirrorsoft and Spectrum HoloByte, also did not have any musical accompaniment or used original music.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

“Peddlers” was used as one of the music tracks in the American version of the Apple IIGS computer game and as the main theme of the game in its Japanese edition.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The GameBoy version of the game firmly linked the game to the melody “Peddlers” arranged by composer Hirokazu Tanaka [18].


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Many Western music bands and performers remixed this melody and made their own arrangements, claiming that this melody is from the famous Tetris.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Although there are quite a few DJs who remixed the melody, designating “tetris remix”, but not publishing it on albums.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

For the German band Scooter at the end of 2007 (the song is called Whistling Dave, “Whistling Dave”), this melody whistles throughout the track.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Tetris is indicated by the characteristic computer voice at the end of the song, saying “Game over”.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

There's also a remix from popular singer and composer Basshunter.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

This melody, for example, is used as part of the music track for a version of Tetris called TETRIS-2, written in 1990 on the ZX-Spectrum computer.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

There it sounds alternately with the melody of the international, smoothly passing into each other.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

At the end of 2015, British comedy music group Pig with the Face of a Boy released a video called “A Complete History of the Soviet Union Through the Eyes of a Humble Worker, Arranged to the Melody of Tetris” to his song of the same name.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In the song, the chorus repeats the melody from Tetris, and the video clip contains scenes with falling figures from the game.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

In some versions, one of the melodies is Kalinka by Ivan Larionov.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Theoretical problems


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Typically, the player loses because he can't handle the pace of the game too fast, or because the implementation reacts too slowly to the keys compared to the accelerating tempo falling figures, as a result of which the player can no longer make enough shifts to the figure in principle.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

An article was published, the author of which proves that even if a player reacted instantly and always made the right decisions, he would eventually lose.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

The problem is S- and Z-shaped figures.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

A fairly large number of S figures will cause the player to leave a hole in the lower right corner.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

A fairly large number of Z-pieces will then cause the player to leave a hole in the left corner of the next row without filling the previous hole.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

If after that enough S-figures fall out again, quite a lot of Z-figures, and so many times, the entire field will be filled (with holes at the edges), and there will be no room for the next figure.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

If the random number generator is perfect and produces a discrete uniform distribution, any combination (including this one) will sooner or later fall out [19].


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

However, the average time after which such a combination will fall is huge and exceeds the lifetime of the universe.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

However, it is possible that there is some other, more difficult to prove reason why the ideal player should lose well before the upper bound.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Some of the challenges that a player faces during the game are NP-complete.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Computer games


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Quadrapassel is in the GNOME Games set.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

bastet [21] is a classic Tetris with a broken figure generator, it gives the player the most inappropriate pieces.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Tetris, developed by order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Drowning [23] is an original version of Tetris, the gameplay of which is tied to physical elements.


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

See also


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Notes


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

References


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

//secretmag.ru, October 18, 2016


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

//igromania.ru


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

//membrana.ru


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

— copyright holder of the TETRIS trademark


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Category:Computer puzzles


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Category:Xbox 360 Live Arcade Games


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Category:Games for Amiga


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Category:Games for Sega Genesis/Mega Drive


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Category:PC games with free clones


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Category:Games for NES


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Category:iOS games


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Category:1984 video games


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Category:Video games developed in the USSR


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Category:Soviet inventions


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Category:Video games with 2D graphics


Question: Who developed the Tetris game?

Tetris

Category: June 1984


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

New Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası) is a center-right [1] political party in Azerbaijan.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

It is the ruling pro-presidential party, which, according to official data, has 725,000 members by 2018 [2].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Since 1993, its representatives have held the majority of seats in the Milli Majlis (Parliament).


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

At the end of March 2005, President Ilham Aliyev became the chairman of the party, replacing his father, who died in 2003, Heydar Aliyev, who was its founder at one time.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

History


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The New Azerbaijan Party entered the political arena of the country in the early 1990s, when the socio-political situation was difficult.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

On November 16, 1992, a group of intellectuals appealed to the Chairman of the Supreme Majlis of Nakhichevan Heydar Aliyev with a proposal to create a party; approval was received on October 24.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The constituent assembly of the party was held on November 21, 1992 in Nakhichevan, where 550 representatives from different regions of Azerbaijan participated.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Heydar Aliyev was elected chairman of the party.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In December, the party was officially registered with the Ministry of Justice [3].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In a short period of time, the party was able to unite many people around it.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In 1992-1992, regional party representations were established in the regions of Azerbaijan.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In April 1993, the first issue of the newspaper “New Azerbaijan” was published.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Having become the ruling party, New Azerbaijan began to show more and more activity in all spheres of state life.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In June 1995, the Women's Council and the Youth Association of the New Azerbaijan Party were established.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The management composition of the Women's Council consists of 23 [4], and the Council consists of 58 members [5].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The management staff of the Youth Association is represented by 15 members [6], and the Council is represented by 62 [7].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

On November 14, 2017, an anniversary ceremony was held dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the creation of the New Azerbaijan Party [8].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Structure


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Chairperson


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

4 vice-chairmen [9]


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The 86-member Political Council [10]


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The management team consists of 20 members [11]


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

15-member Central Control and Audit Commission [12]


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Executive Secretariat


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Principles


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The unity of ideas and beliefs;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Equality of party members;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Respect for the opinion of each party member;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Priority of responsibility and discipline;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Binding decisions of governing bodies to all lower bodies;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The coordinated role of elected bodies.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Rights and obligations of party members


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Rights


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

To elect and be elected to governing bodies;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Freely participate in determining the policy and activities of the party;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Take part in events held by the party;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Submit proposals for the implementation of the party's goals and objectives;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Use party support;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Discuss and freely criticize the policies and activities of the party and its bodies;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Express your opinion before or after making decisions;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

If necessary, familiarize yourself with all, including the financial documents of the party;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Suspend membership or leave the party.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Responsibilities


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

To facilitate the implementation of party activities through practical activities;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Follow the basic principles of the party;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Comply with the provisions of the Party Program and conduct activities in accordance with its organizational principles;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Take part in party work and fulfill the tasks of the party;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

To protect the authority of the party, disseminate ideas and observe the principles of the party;


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Pay a membership fee in accordance with the procedure established by law.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Participation in elections


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In 1993, the party's representative won the presidential election.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In the first parliamentary elections based on a multi-party system, on 12 November 1995, the party won a majority of benches (59/125) and thus proved its political strength.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In 1998, a representative of this party won the presidential election again.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

A year later, in 1999, the party was also active in the municipal elections.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In 2000, regular elections to the Milli Majlis were held, in which the “New Azerbaijan” took the lead; it won 75 seats out of 124.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In 2003, regular presidential elections were held, in which the candidate of the “New Azerbaijan” party was elected president with 76.8 per cent of the vote.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In 2005, 61 candidates from this party won the regular parliamentary elections, and 71 candidates won the next parliamentary elections, that is, in 2010 [13] [14].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In 2015, in the regular elections to the Milli Majlis, the party won 69 benches in parliament [15] [16].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

In 2008 and 2013, the candidate of this party won the regular presidential elections, as well as in 2018 in early presidential elections [17].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The next parliamentary elections will be held in 2020.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Party congresses


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

On December 20-21, 1999, the first party congress was held, which was attended by more than 2,000 party members from different regions of the country, as well as more than 30 foreign representatives.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

At the congress, reports on activities were presented, amendments were made to the Charter and Program of the party, and Governing Bodies were elected [18].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

On November 21, 2001, the second congress of the ruling party was held in Baku, at which some changes were made to the Charter, including the creation of a new post of first deputy chairman of the party.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Ilham Aliyev was elected to this position.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The Political Council, which consisted of 108 members and a Management Composition of 26 members, elected the governing bodies of the party.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

About 2,000 party members took part in the congress [19].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

On March 26, 2005, the third congress of “New Azerbaijan” was held, which was attended by about 1,800 members.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

A report on the activities of the Management Council and the Central Control and Audit Commission was presented.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Also, by unanimous decision, the first deputy chairman of the party was elected to the post of chairman of the party [20].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

On August 2, 2008, the fourth party congress was held in Baku, at the Heydar Aliyev Sports and Concert Complex with the participation of more than 600 members — representatives from different regions.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The main topic of the congress was the nomination of a candidate for the post of head of state in the regular elections of October 15, 2008 [21].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

On June 7, 2013, in Baku, at the Buta Palace, the fifth congress of the party was held [22], at which the chairman of the party was re-elected, as well as his candidacy in the next presidential elections, which were scheduled for October.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Also at the congress, a composition of 90 people of the Political Council was elected, after which another 21 people formed the Board of the Party.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Fifteen members of the party's central control and audit commission were also elected [23].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

On February 8, 2018, the VI Congress of the New Azerbaijan Party was held [24], at which the deputy chairman of the party Ali Ahmadov presented the draft resolution of the congress on the nomination of the chairman parties for the post of head of state in early presidential elections [25].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The resolution of the congress was put to a vote, as a result of which it was unanimously adopted.


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

The congress was attended by representatives of more than 700,000 members of the ruling party [26].


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Cooperation with parties from other countries


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

United Russia


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

“Nur Otan” People's Democratic Party


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Tajikistan People's Democratic Party


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

See also


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Milli Majlis of Azerbaijan


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

List of deputies of the Milli Majlis of Azerbaijan of the third convocation


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Mirzazade Aydin


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Notes


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

References


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

(in Azerbaijan) (in English)


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Category:Political parties in Azerbaijan


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Category:Nationalist parties


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Category:Center-right parties


Question: Which party is the ruling party in Azerbaijan for 2019?

New Azerbaijan

Category:Liberal Conservative Parties


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Alexey Ivanovich Buldakov (born March 26, 1951, Makarovka, Altai Krai, USSR) is a Soviet and Russian theater and film actor, People's Artist of the Russian Federation (2009) [1].


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Biography


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Born on March 26, 1951 in the village of Makarovka, Klyuchevsky District, Altai Krai.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Then the family moved to Pavlodar.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

was engaged in boxing and classical wrestling [2].


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

He graduated from the theater studio at the Pavlodar Drama Theater named after M.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

A. P. Chekhov (1969).


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

He worked at Pavlodar Tractor Plant.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Until 1976, he worked in theaters in Pavlodar, Tomsk, Ryazan.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Until 1982, he worked at the Karaganda Regional Russian Drama Theater named after K. S. Stanislavsky.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

In 1985-1993 he was an actor at the Theater-Studio of the Belarusfilm Film Studio.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Until 1995, he was mainly a supporting actor, but the role of General Ivolgin (prototype - General Lebed, Alexander Ivanovich) in the film “Features of the National Hunt” made him really people's star.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

In the late 1990s, together with Vlad Zabelin, he released the album “Features of the National Chanson”, where he sang the songs “With a hangover”, etc.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

In 2001, as a singer, he released a solo CD with Yevgeny Bednenko's band “Horus” “Hugging Everyone”, which included 14 songs specially written for the actor by poet Anatoly Poperechny and composer Yevgeny Bednenko.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

In February 2011, the actor's new CD “Old Tango” was released — Alexey and Lyudmila Buldakov sing accompanied by the Horus band — songs by Yevgeny Bednenko to poems by Dmitry Zdraevsky.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Public position


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

On March 11, 2014, he signed a Collective Appeal to the Russian public of cultural figures of Russia in support of the President's position on Ukraine and Crimea [3].


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

family


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Father Ivan Semyonovich Buldakov (1922-1990) [4], worked as a driver [5].


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

mother Evdokia Maksimovna Buldakova (Boyko) (1921—2003) [4]


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Two sisters and two brothers live in Pavlodar, the brothers are drivers, one sister worked as an accountant, the other worked as an accountant [2].


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

sister Olga Buldakova (b. 1947) lives in Kazakhstan [4]


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

brother Nikolay Buldakov (b. 1949) lives in Kazakhstan [4]


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Alexey Buldakov was married twice.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

His first wife, actress Lyudmila Pavlovna Kormunina (died suddenly on November 28, 2016), daughter of People's Artist of the Byelorussian SSR Pavel Vasilyevich Kormunin (1919-2002).


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

His son, Ivan Buldakov (September 1988 [6] [7]), lives in Malta with his mother (with whom Buldakov was not married [8]) and stepfather.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

The second wife, Lyudmila Andreevna Buldakova, a teacher by training, worked as the director of a shoe store [5] [2].


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Alexey Ivanovich and Lyudmila Andreevna Buldakov got married on December 3, 1993 [6] [7]


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Discography


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

— Peculiarities of the national... [9]


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

1999 — “Hugging Everyone” [10]


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

— Actor and Song [11]


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

— “Old Tango”


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

He starred in Larisa Dolina's videos “Weather in the House”, “Offended” and “You Fell in Love with Another Woman” [7].


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Recognition and awards


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1989).


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Nika Award in the Actor nomination for 1995.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

People's Artist of the Russian Federation (2009) [1]


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Gratitude from the President of the Russian Federation (2011) — for great services in the development of Russian culture and many years of creative activity [12]


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Honorary Citizen of Krasnoznamensk City District of the Moscow Region.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Creativity


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Filmography


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Voice-over


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

— Intervention” — Michelle.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

When restoring the film in 1987, he voiced Vladimir Vysotsky in defective places of the phonogram.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

— D'Artagnan and the three musketeers — skipper, owner of the schooner (role of G. Yungvald-Khilkevich) (not credited)


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

“Radio Day”, a musical performance by Uncle Lyosha.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

“The Jungle Book” by Colonel Hathi (voiceover for DVD release)


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

“It” — male roles


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Tango & Cash


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

“The Crusader” — Tosha (role of Pyotr Zaichenko).


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Gremlins — Rendell Peltzer (dubbing for Varus-Video studio)


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Batman Forever — Two-Face/Harvey Dent (dubbing for Varus-Video studio)


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Cartoon voice-overs


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

1990 — Pokatigoroshek


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

1999 — Big Firing


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

2004 — Paratrooper Stepochkin — General


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

2006 — Elka — Leader


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

2008 — Stepochkin and lunar landing


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

Notes


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

References


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

official site


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

on Akademik


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

on the Belopolyye website.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

ru


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

on the website of the Unified Portal of Altai


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

on People


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

on Ruskino's website.


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

ru


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

on Kino.ukr.net


Question: Who played the main male role in the Russian drama film “The Edge”?

Alexey Buldakov

on To-name.ru


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy (from Ancient Greek: “soul”, “spirit” + — “treatment”, “recovery”, “medicine”) is a system of therapeutic effects on the psyche and through the psyche on the human body.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

It is often defined as an activity aimed at saving a person from various problems (emotional, personal, social, etc.).


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

It is usually carried out by a specialist psychotherapist by establishing deep personal contact with the patient (often through conversations and discussions), as well as using various cognitive, behavioral, medication and other methods.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

However, this definition is not complete.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

It is necessary to distinguish the concept of psychotherapy from both psychiatry and psychology.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy may be a form or part of psychiatric treatment (and described in psychiatry textbooks, recommended for use by psychiatrists), but psychiatric treatment it is often not limited to it (or, in some cases, for example, in acute psychosis, can generally be reduced to drug treatment).


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

A psychologist can also be a psychotherapist (for example, after taking courses and obtaining the appropriate qualifications).


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Definition of a concept


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Today, there is no single view in the world on the definitions of the concept of “psychotherapy”.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

But thanks to the efforts of the European Psychotherapeutic Association [1], a lot of work is being done in European countries to standardize the EU legislative framework according to the definition of psychotherapy in within the framework of the Strasbourg Declaration.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

This document concisely and accurately defines the modern concept of psychotherapy:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

The Strasbourg Declaration:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy is a special discipline, the occupation of which is a free and independent profession;


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapeutic education requires a high level of theoretical and clinical preparedness;


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

A variety of therapeutic methods is guaranteed;


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Education in one of the psychotherapeutic methods must be carried out integrally; it includes theory, personal therapeutic experience and supervised practice; at the same time, extensive ideas about other methods;


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Access to such education is possible subject to extensive preliminary training, in particular in the humanities and social sciences.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

European Psychotherapeutic Association (EAP).


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Strasbourg, October 21, 1990


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

History


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

In the history of psychotherapy, pre-scientific (up to the XIX century) and scientific periods are distinguished.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

In the first half of the 19th century, Mesmer's teachings were widespread in Europe.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

In 1841, British scientist Brad attended a Mesmerist speech.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

He was interested in the demonstrated phenomenon, and he began to conduct his own experiments.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Brad managed to put his friend to sleep by fixing his gaze.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Continuing his experiments on the study of the phenomenon he called hypnosis, Brad presented their results in the book “Neurohypnology” (1843).


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

In 1860, the French physician Liebo got acquainted with the description of Brad's method.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Liebo continued his research on hypnosis and suggested using voice suggestion to immerse the patient in sleep.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Liebo presented his conclusions in 1866 in his book “Sleep and Similar Conditions...”.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

In 1882, the French physician Dumont decided to use verbal suggestion during a hypnotic session to treat patients in a psychiatric shelter.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

He invited Liebo to collaborate; their collaboration attracted the attention of Professor Bernheim, who introduced hypnosis into widespread use in his clinic.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Hypnosis was the beginning of scientific psychotherapy.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

For the first time, the term “psychotherapy” was introduced at the end of the XIX century by the English doctor Daniel Hack Tuke (English: Tuke, Daniel Hack).


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

In his 1872 book “Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body” (English: Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body), one chapter is titled “Psychotherapy” (English: Psychotherapeutics).


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

This word referred to the therapeutic effect that the patient's spirit could have on the patient's body due to the influence of the doctor.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Directions and schools of psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Currently, there are a number of areas in psychotherapy, which are based on various provisions of the main areas of psychology:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

dynamic (psychoanalysis), which is based on deep psychology;


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

cognitive (cognitive psychotherapy) based on the cognitive approach in psychology;


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

behavioral (behavioral psychotherapy), which is based on the psychology of behaviorism;


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

rational emotional-behavioral therapy that is close to cognitive psychotherapy, but also uses behavioral aspects;


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

humanistic (client-centered psychotherapy - K. Rogers, conversational psychotherapy, somatic approach, spiritual approach) related to humanistic psychology;


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

existential therapy is formed as an application of the ideas of existential philosophy to psychology and psychotherapy, which aims to lead the patient to understand his life, realize his life values and change their life paths on their basis, taking full responsibility for their choices.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

It includes as one of the types of logotherapy based on the search and analysis of the meaning of existence;


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Gestalt therapy is a humanistic direction based on experimental-phenomenological and existential approaches.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

At the moment, there are a large number of areas of psychotherapy.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Often they try to classify them according to some criteria, distinguishing large groups:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

By number of participants:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Individual psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Group therapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

By tasks:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Search psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Corrective psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

By purpose:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Procedural psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Target-oriented psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

According to the degree of theoretical generalization:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Analytical psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Phenomenological psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

According to the role played by the therapist:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Directive psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Non-directive psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

In relation to the problem being solved to medical (including psychopathological) concepts:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Clinical psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Non-clinical psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

According to the areas and activities used for therapy:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Based on the use of art and creativity - art therapy;


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Based on the use of gaming activities, game psychotherapy.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

There are other divisions as well.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Clinical psychotherapy


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Clinical (medical) psychotherapy is a direction of psychotherapy (part of medicine) based on a materialistic approach [2], where the biological factor in the development of the disease plays a decisive role [ 3] [4], respectively, treatment is carried out taking into account the clinical picture, differential diagnosis, and a well-thought-out system of indications-contraindications [5] [6].


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Methods of clinical psychotherapy include: hypnosis; Jacobson's progressive muscle relaxation, Schultz's autogenic training, Dubois rational psychotherapy [5]; therapy of adolescent accentuations by A. E.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Lichko [3]; methods of behavioral psychotherapy: combination-reflex therapy by V. M. Bekhterev and A. M. Svyadoscha; clinical psychotherapy of somatic and sexual disorders [7] [8], neuroses, etc.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

[9] [10] [11], methods of clinical psychotherapy also include biofeedback technology (BOS) and the method of desensitization and processing by eye movement (DPDG).


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

The clinical approach as a whole combines the traditions of classical psychiatry, makes it possible to solve the problems of diagnosis and rehabilitation of patients, is aimed at activating their potential reserves in adaptation and fixture [12].


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy and religion


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Following the registration of psychotherapy into an independent discipline, the question arose about its attitude to religion.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

If Sigmund Freud had a negative attitude towards religion and opposed it to psychoanalysis [13], Freud's colleague Karl Jung called for the joint efforts of psychotherapists and priests in the matter healing the human soul [14] [15], emphasizing that the scope of application of psychotherapy and religion actually intersects:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

What are all religions?


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Religions are psychotherapy systems.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

So what do we psychotherapists do?


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

We are trying to relieve the suffering of the human mind, psyche, or perhaps the soul, but religions solve the same problem.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Therefore, our Lord Himself is a healer; he is a healer; he cures illness and heals mental illness; and this is exactly what we call psychotherapy.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

An important step towards the synthesis of religious teachings with psychotherapy was the classic work “Psychoanalysis and Religion” by E.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Fromm, in which the leader of the school of “philosophers from psychology” gave a detailed justification for the position that religion and psychoanalytic therapy pursue the same goal:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

The founders of all the great Eastern and Western religions considered the highest goal of life to care for the human soul and unleash the forces of love and reason.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Psychoanalysis does not pose any threat here, on the contrary, it greatly contributes to the achievement of this goal.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

As a soul healer, the analyst deals with the same problems as philosophy and theology — the human soul and its healing.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

This view, however, has not been universally accepted.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

It was denied, for example, by the creator of logotherapy Viktor Frankl, emphasizing that, contrary to the tasks of psychotherapy, the goal of religion is not to heal, but to save the soul [16].


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Currently, the question of the relationship between psychotherapy and religion is still controversial [17].


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Some authors consider it necessary and fruitful to include religious teachings in the theory and practice of psychotherapy [18], while others strongly deny this possibility [19].


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

In our country, this controversy is widely represented, for example, on the website of the Svet Orthodoxy publishing house of the Makarievo-Reshemsky Monastery [20], as well as in the journal Consultative Psychology and Psychotherapy.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapist in Russia


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

The word “psychotherapist” is often used in different ways.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Thus, the order of the Ministry of Health defines the specialty “psychotherapist”.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

This is a person with a higher medical education in the specialty “general medicine”, who has received training in the specialty “psychiatry” and further training in psychotherapy [21] [22].


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

For brevity, they are often called simply a “psychotherapist”.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

At the same time, the word “psychotherapist” is used to refer to persons who have received education in the field of one of the methods of psychotherapeutic practice.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

These are people with higher psychological (but not medical) education, which is similar to some European countries, where “psychotherapists” are humanitarian education that is not tied to medical .


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

However, for example, in Germany, only people with higher psychological or medical education who have additionally undergone psychotherapeutic training have the right to be called a psychotherapist by law methods.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

The former are called a “psychological psychotherapist” (German. Psychologischer Psychotherapeut), the second “medical psychotherapist” (German. Ärztlicher Psychotherapeut) [23].


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

It should be noted that Sigmund Freud has already written that medical education is not necessary for his method.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

The substantiation of this thesis is specifically devoted to the work of Z. Freud “To the Question of Amateurish Analysis: Conversations with an Outsider” (1926).


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Freud began writing this pamphlet in connection with the trial that began in the spring of 1926 in Vienna against Theodor Reick, a famous member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association, who did not have medical education.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

T. Rajk was accused of violating the Austrian law against quackery, a law that declared it illegal for a person who did not have a medical diploma to treat patients.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Explaining that “amateurs are not doctors” [24], Freud defended the right of “amateurs” to engage in psychoanalytic practice:


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

The doctor received an education at a medical school, which is generally the opposite of what he would need to prepare for psychoanalysis.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

His attention was directed to objectively established anatomical, physical, chemical facts... Interest in the mental side of the phenomena of life does not awaken, the study of higher mental manifestations in has nothing to do with medicine.


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Since, according to Freud, the causes of neurotic diseases are not rooted in the body, but in the psyche, medical training does nothing, nothing at all to assess a neurotic, “as well as for his treatment” [ 25].


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

See also


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Psychological assistance


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Psychological counseling


Question: What is psychotherapy?

Psychotherapy

Psychological correction